qetevan goderzisviliqetevan goderzisvili polemika ... goderdzishvilis... · qartuli literaturis...
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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetiivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetiivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetiivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetihumanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetihumanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetihumanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
qarTuli literaturis institutiqarTuli literaturis institutiqarTuli literaturis institutiqarTuli literaturis instituti
qeTevan goderZiSviliqeTevan goderZiSviliqeTevan goderZiSviliqeTevan goderZiSvili
polemika warmarTobasTan Zvel qarTul polemika warmarTobasTan Zvel qarTul polemika warmarTobasTan Zvel qarTul polemika warmarTobasTan Zvel qarTul hhhhagiografiul agiografiul agiografiul agiografiul
literaturaSiliteraturaSiliteraturaSiliteraturaSi
filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
warmodgenili
d i s e r t a c i ad i s e r t a c i ad i s e r t a c i ad i s e r t a c i a
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori elguja xinTibiZe
TbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisi
2012012012011111
2
sarCevisarCevisarCevisarCevi
SesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4_6
Tavi I.
warmarTuli da mazdeuri warmodgenebis Serwyma winaqristianuli warmarTuli da mazdeuri warmodgenebis Serwyma winaqristianuli warmarTuli da mazdeuri warmodgenebis Serwyma winaqristianuli warmarTuli da mazdeuri warmodgenebis Serwyma winaqristianuli
qarTlis RvTaebriv panTeonSi da qristianobis polemika qarTlis RvTaebriv panTeonSi da qristianobis polemika qarTlis RvTaebriv panTeonSi da qristianobis polemika qarTlis RvTaebriv panTeonSi da qristianobis polemika
kerpTayvankerpTayvankerpTayvankerpTayvanismcemlobasTanismcemlobasTanismcemlobasTanismcemlobasTan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7777____111107070707
qveTavebi: qveTavebi: qveTavebi: qveTavebi:
1. mazdeizmis arsi da warmarToba: (mazdeizmis kvali saqarTveloSi). .
7_25
2. Zveli qarTlis warmarTul RvTaebaTa panTeoni . . . . . . . . . . . 26_47
3. qristianobis polemika warmarTobasTan: warmarTobis Zleva
saswaulebiT (,,ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48_57
4. qarTlis moqcevis legenda da wminda nino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58_76
A
5. qristianobis polemika warmarTobasTan: qristianobis zeimi warmarTul
garemoSi (,,kolael yrmaTa wameba~ da ,,sibrZne balahvarisi~) . . . . .
77_107
Tavi II.OO
filosofiur_Teologiuri polemika warmarTul da mazdeur filosofiur_Teologiuri polemika warmarTul da mazdeur filosofiur_Teologiuri polemika warmarTul da mazdeur filosofiur_Teologiuri polemika warmarTul da mazdeur
warmodgenebTan warmodgenebTan warmodgenebTan warmodgenebTan Zvel qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi da aristides Zvel qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi da aristides Zvel qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi da aristides Zvel qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi da aristides
,,,,,,,,apologiaapologiaapologiaapologia~~~~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111108080808____111158585858
qveTavebiqveTavebiqveTavebiqveTavebi:
1. Zveli qarTuli polemikuri mwerloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108_121
3
2. ,,evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122_134
3. ,,abibos nekreselis martviloba~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135_143
4. ,,raJden pirvelmowamis martviloba~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5. aristides ,,apologia~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145_158
Tavi III. Tavi III. Tavi III. Tavi III.
warmarTobiswarmarTobiswarmarTobiswarmarTobis kritikis Setana qarTulis gziT bizantiur mwerlobaSikritikis Setana qarTulis gziT bizantiur mwerlobaSikritikis Setana qarTulis gziT bizantiur mwerlobaSikritikis Setana qarTulis gziT bizantiur mwerlobaSi . . .. . .. . .. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 111159595959____222211116666
qveTavebi:qveTavebi:qveTavebi:qveTavebi:
1. qarTuli ,,balavarianidan~ berZnul ,,varlaam da ioasafamde~ . . . .
159_199
2. aristides ,,apologia~ da ioane damaskelis dogmatika berZnul
,,varlaam da ioasafSi~ da efTvime mTawmindeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200_216
daskvnadaskvnadaskvnadaskvna 222211117777____222222222222
gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222222223333_2_2_2_222228888 danarTi I. aristides ,,apologia~, somxuri fragmenti . . . . . 229_231 danarTi II. aristides ,,apologia~, berZnuli da siriuli redaqciebi . . 232-262
4
SesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavali
Cveni sadisertacio naSromi qarTul hagiografiul mwerlobaSi
warmarTobasTan polemikis Seswavlas isaxavs miznad.
sazogadod, warmarTuli religiuri panTeoni Zveli qarTuli
mwerlobisaTvis ucnobi ar iyo. TviT Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis
klasikur xanaSi, ukve efrem mciris mier qarTul mwerlobaSi Semotanili
,,elinTa zRaprobanis~ mixedviT Cans, rom qarTuli ganaTlebuli
sazogadoeba icnobda Zvel berZnul warmarTul panTeons.
Cveni intersi upiratesad im realur istoriul mdgomareobas
iTvaliswinebs, romelic qarTul samyaroSi arsebobda da romlis mimarT
qristianuli religiuri idealis dapirispireba sakuTriv saqarTveloSi
moxda. amitomac Semoifargla Cveni interesi sakuTriv qarTuli
hagiografiuli ZeglebiT, rac aisaxa naSromis saxelwodebaSic:
“polemika warmarTobasTan Zvel qarTul hagiografiul literaturaSi”.
miuxedavad Cveni sakvlevi problemis amgvarad dakonkretebisa, mainc
gamoikveTa oriode garemoeba, ramac Cveni sakvlevi sagnis da kvlevis
farglebis erTgvari gafarToeba gamoiwvia, rac amTaviTve saWiroebs
ganmartebas.
uZvelesi qarTuli werilobiTi da materialuri kulturis sxva
wyaroebis mixedviT sagulisxmoa, rom saqarTveloSi qristianoba Semodis
istoriulad arsebuli religiuri warmodgenebis fonze. es warmodgenebi
araa erTgvarovani. esaa qarTuli warmarToba, kerpTayvanisamcemloba, Tu
zeciur mnaTobTa Tayvaniscema, romelic Tavis mxriv gadajaWvulia
cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan, mazdeizmTan. savaraudebelia, rom
saxelmwifo karis oficialuri religia saqarTveloSi qristianobis
Semosvlis periodSi mazdeizmi iyo. amaze metyvelebs warmarTuli
RmerTebis panTeonis arseboba ,,ninos cxovrebaSi~. aq moxseniebuli
RmerTebi sparsul zoroastrul RvTaebebTan amyarebs kavSirs da maTi
Tayvaniscema qarTul sinamdvileSi ufro adreuli droidanac
dasturdeba.
qristianoba saqarTveloSi erTdroulad daupirispirda orive saxis
religiur warmodgenebs: qarTul warmarTobas da sparsul mazdeanobas.
5
amitomac, polemikis elementebi orive religiis mimarT erTad da
erTnairad iCenda Tavs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTul hagiografiul mwerlobaSi mravlad
SemogvrCa mazdeizmTan polemikis elementebi. Zvel qarTul
martvilobebSi: ,,evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~, ,,abibos nekreselis
martviloba~, ,,raJden pirvelmowamis martviloba~ garkveviTaa
gamoxatuli polemika mazdeanobis winaaRmdeg: mtkiceba kerZod imis, rom
cecxli ar aris RmerTi. magram am polemikaSi principuli Teologiuri
argumenti moxmobilia berZnuli Teologiidan, romelic mimarTuli iyo
berZnuli warmarTuli panTeonis winaaRmdeg.
amdenad, qarTul hagiografiaSi mazdeur RvTaebasTan polemika
zogadad warmarTobis polemikis farglebSia Semotanili, ra Tqma unda
am ori religiuri warmodgenis yovelgvari gamijvnis gareSe.
aman ganapiroba is garemoeba, rom Cvens naSromSi es polemika
gaerTianebulia erTi saTauris qveS _ polemika warmarTobasTan da
bunebrivia, rom cneba warmarTobis amgvarad gaazreba pirobiTia.
qarTul hagiografiul TxzulebebSi warmarTobasTan polemikis
sakiTxze dakvirvebam kidev erT mniSvnelovan problemamde migviyvana,
ramac Cveni interesis sferoSi adrindeli bizantiuri mwerlobis iseTi
polemikuri Txzuleba Semoitana, romelic sakuTriv qarTuli
literaturis Zegli ar aris. esaa aristides ,,apologia~. saqme isaa, rom
II saukunis berZeni mwerlis aristides `apologia~, berZnul warmarTul
panTeonTan qristianuli religiis poziciidan polemikis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani klasikuri Zeglia. misi Semotana Cveni kvlevis sferoSi
imiT aRmoCnda ganpirobebuli, rom adrindeli qarTuli hagiografiuli
Zeglebi warmarTobasTan polemikaSi im Teoriul debulebebs emyarebian,
rac qristianobaSi aristides `apologiiTaa~ Semotanili. es garemoeba
imTaviTve ganapirobebda Cvens mier am Txzulebis komentirebis sakvlev
problematikaSi CarTvis aucileblobas. amave dros aRmoCnda, rom Tavad
aristides `apologia~ bizantinologiis is Zalze mniSvnelovani Zeglia,
romlis bizantiur mwerlobaSi aRmoCenis Sesaxeb Zalze didi samecniero
kvlevebia Sesrulebuli. rogorc irkveva, es bizantiur mwerlobaSi VI
saukunidan dakargulad miCneuli Txzuleba berZnul mwerlobas
6
daubruna qarTvelma mweralma efTvime aTonelma, Tavis berZnul enaze
dawerili hagiografiuli TxzulebiT `wm. varlaamisa da wm. ioasafis
sulismargebeli moTxrobiT~.
ase rom, aristides `apologia~ qarTveli mwerlis mier daweril
hagiografiul TxzulebaSi aRmoCnda CarTuli da TavisTavad es
Txzuleba, anu `wm. varlaamisa da wm. ioasafis sulismargebeli
moTxroba~, TviT qarTuli hagiografiuli Txzulebis e.w. `balavarianis~
safuZvelzea Seqmnili. aman kidev ufro metad aucilebeli gaxada
aristides `apologiis~ problemis SedarebiT dawvrilebiTi kvleva da
qarTul samecniero literaturaSi TviT am Txzulebis teqstologiuri
problematikis safuZvlianad Semotana.
Tavis mxriv am sakiTxma Cveni interesis sfero kidev ufro gaafarTova.
aucilebeli gaxda im problemis komentirebac, rom berZnuli
`wm.varlaamisa da wm.ioasafis sulismargebeli moTxroba~ marTlac
efTvime aTonelis Seqmnilia da marTlac qarTuli hagiografiuli
teqstebis berZnul mwerlobaSi gadatanis safuZvelzea dawerili. aman ki
isev hagiografiul literaturaSi warmarTobasTan polemikis Cvens
sakvlev TemasTan dagvabruna: ratom dasWirda X_XI saukuneebis mijnaze
bizantiur mwerlobas warmarTobis polemikis problemasTan dabruneba,
ratom dainteresda efTvime aToneli am polemikis sakiTxiT da sxva . . .
ase rom, Cvenma sadisertacio naSromma qarTul hagiografiul
literaturaSi warmarTobasTan polemikis sferoSi sakiTxTa aseTi rigi
Semoitana: warmarTobis asaxva da masTan dapirispireba uZveles qarTul
hagiografiul literaturaSi (`ninos cxovreba~, `cxra yrma kolaelTa
wameba~, `balavariani~), warmarTobisa da mazdeanobis ganqiqeba qarTul
hagiografiaSi (`abibos nekreselis martviloba~, `evstaTi mcxeTelis
martviloba~, `raJden pirvelmowamis martviloba~), warmarTobasTan
polemikis gadatana qarTuli hagiografiidan bizantiur mwerlobaSi
(efTvime aToneli da berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafi~), warmarTobasTan
polemikis klasikuri Zegli _ aristides `apologia~ qristianuli
aRmosavleTis literaturul wyaroebSi.
7
Tavi I.Tavi I.Tavi I.Tavi I.
warmarTuli da mazdeuri warmodgenebis Serwyma winaqristianuli warmarTuli da mazdeuri warmodgenebis Serwyma winaqristianuli warmarTuli da mazdeuri warmodgenebis Serwyma winaqristianuli warmarTuli da mazdeuri warmodgenebis Serwyma winaqristianuli
qarTlis qarTlis qarTlis qarTlis RvTaebrivRvTaebrivRvTaebrivRvTaebriv panTeonSi da qristianobis polemika panTeonSi da qristianobis polemika panTeonSi da qristianobis polemika panTeonSi da qristianobis polemika
kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan
mazdeizmis arsi da mazdeizmis arsi da mazdeizmis arsi da mazdeizmis arsi da warmarTobwarmarTobwarmarTobwarmarTobaaaa: (: (: (: (mazdeizmimazdeizmimazdeizmimazdeizmis kvalis kvalis kvalis kvali saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi))))
uZvelesi qarTuli werilobiTi da materialuri kulturis Zeglebis
mixedviT naTelia, rom saqarTveloSi qristianoba Semodis istoriulad
ukve arsebuli religiuri warmodgenebis bazaze. es warmodgenebi
sxvadasxvagvaria: qarTuli warmarToba, (kerpTayvanisamcemloba, an
zeciur mnaTobTa Tayvaniscema), romelic Tavismxriv gadajaWvulia
cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan, igive mazdeizmTan. es ukanaskneli,
saqarTveloSi qristianobis Semosvlis dros, saxelmwifo karis
oficialuri religia gaxldaT. amaze naTlad metyvelebs warmarTuli
RmerTebis panTeonis arseboba `ninos cxovrebaSi~. es warmarTuli
RvTaebebi sparsul zoroastrul RvTaebebs Seesatyviseba, romelTa
Tayvaniscema qarTul sinamdvileSi ufro adreuli droidanac
dasturdeba.
sxvadasxva wyaroebze dayrdnobiT vgebulobT, rom qristianoba
saqarTveloSi erTad daupirispirda orive saxis religiur warmosaxvebs:
qarTul( ZirZvel) warmarTobas da sparsul mazdeanobas, romelTa
nazavsac qmnida maSindeli qarTlis warmarTuli RmerTebis panTeoni.
swored am motiviT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom uZvelesi droidan,
dapirispireba da kritika qristianobisa orive warmarTuli religiis
mimarT erTdroulad da erTi mimarTulebiT iCenda Tavs.
qarTvelTa warmarTobis Sesaxeb cnobebi Semonaxulia erTis mxriv
im ucxo erebis istoriul_literaturulsa da geografiul
TxzulebebSi, romlebsac Cvens qveyanasTan hqondaT Sexeba da meores
mxriv, qarTul, saistorio da hagiografiul nawarmoebebSi, aseve saxalxo
TqmulebebSi, zne-CveulebebSi da rwmenaSi.
8
qarTvelebis uZvelesi rwmeniT, mTeli buneba gansulierebuli da
ganpirovnebuli iyo. rac gamoixateboda imaSi, rom bunebis Zalebsa da
movlenebs SeeZloT Tavis nebaze keTilic eqnaT adamianebisTvis da avic.
swored amitom miaCndaT saWirod adamianebs maTi Tayvaniscema, maTTvis
msxverplisa da ZRvenis mirTmeva da locvis Sewirva, raTa RmerTebs
maTken kargi TvaliT gadmoexedaT (30,2). mematiane leonti mrovelTan
vkiTxulobT: `da mas Jamsa daiviwyes RmerTi, dambadebeli maTi, da iqmnes
msaxur mzisa da mTvarisa da varskvlavTa xuTTa, da mtkice da ufrosi
saficar maTi iyo saflavi qarTlosisi~ (19,5). am sityvebidan naTlad Cans,
rom uxilavi RmerTis mnaTobTa TayvaniscemiT Canacvleba saqarTveloSi
uZvelesi droidan dasturdeba.
warmarTul RvTaebaTagan saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebuli adgili
mTvaris RvTaebas ekava, rogorc mamakac RvTaebas. Cveulebriv, msoflios
iseTi civilizebuli erebi, rogorebic: egviptelebi, ebraleebi, berZnebi,
romaelebi, arabebi da finikielebi iyvnen, mTvares dedakac RvTaebad
miiCnevdnen. mTvaris kulti, rogorc mamakaci RvTaebis, mxolod
asurelebs, qanaanelT da qarTvelebs hqondaT. Tavdapirvelad, mTvaris
Tayvaniscmis dros, adamianTa msxverplad Sewirva Cvens qveyanaSi
miRebuli yofila. mogvianebiT ki adamianTa msxverplSewirva pirutyviT
Seicvala. am faqts leonti mroveli mefe revis miawers. miiCneven, rom
megruli sityva `TuTaSxia~, mTvaris tols, kac RmerTs unda niSnavdes. es
sityva literaturul ZeglSic gvxvdeba ukve XX saukuneSi. istoriuli
Zeglebidan cxadia, rom sadac qarTvelebs ucxovriaT, mTvaris
Tayvaniscema yvelgan arsebobda. amis gamo, mTvaris, rogorc meufis da
RvTaebis Tayvaniscema, SesaZloa yvela qarTveli tomis uZveles rwmenad
CaiTvalos. aRsaniSnavia agreTve fuZis mfarveli RvTaeba `nerCi pateni~,
rac fuZis batons niSnavs. sityva nerCi sulxan _ saba orbelians `qveda
kerZo~-d aqvs ganmartebuli. afxazebs hyoliaT fuZis `angelozi~, ojaxis
mfarveli RvTaeba, romelsac `aJahara~, anu `aSaharas~ uwodeben. (roca
afxazi patarZals saxlSi Seiyvans, saxlis ufrosi axal Semosul
wevrebs `aJaharas~ avedrebs).
droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTvelebi mnaTobTa zeciuri RvTaebebidan
`miwaze daeSvnen~. warmarTul Cveulebebsa da tradiciebs axali
9
`asparezi~ mieca maSindel sinamdvileSi da gaCndnen sxva mravali
`RmerTebi~, rogorc nadirTa da monadireebis RvTaebani: anatori,
oCopintre da boCi. amavdroulad Camoyalibda `xeTa msaxurebis~
tradicia. `xeTa msaxurebis~ Sesaxeb istoriuli naSTebi, saqarTvelos
TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi, dRemdea SemorCenili. magaliTad, xevsurebsa da
fSavelebs swamT, rom arsebobs gansakuTrebuli `muxis angelozi~.
saqarTveloSi arsebobda iseTi Cveulebebic, rogoricaa magaliTad
svaneTSi SemorCenili… `muryvamobis~ wesi, aseve `adrekilai~ da `melai-
tulefai~, `kvirai~ da sxva mravali.
Tu gadavxedavT saqarTvelos istoriis I_IV saukuneebs da
SevimecnebT qarTvelTa kulturul, zneobriv-fsiqologiur, sulier Tu
fizikur samyaros, advili misaxvedria rom maSin, rodesac saqarTveloSi
arsebobda iseTi warmarTuli wes-Cveulebebi da tradiciebi rogoricaa:
muryvamoba, adrekilai, meliatulefai, xeTa msaxureba da mcenareebis
RvTaeba kopala, mnaTobTa Tayvaniscema, tarosis RvTaeba vobi,
monadireTa RvTaebani: anatori, oCopintre da mravali sxva, rogori
religiuri Sexedulebis xalxi iqneboda. amis gaTvaliswinebiT,
gasaocaria mociqulTa gambedaoba, SemdgomSi, aseT warmarTul garemoSi
qristianobis qadagebis da warmarTobasTan dapirispirebis gamo (30,1-4).
Cveni interesis sagani ki amjerad, warmarTuli religia, mazdeanoba
gaxlavT. religia, romelmac moicva uamravi qveyana da maT rwmenaze didi
gavlena iqonia, maT Soris winaqristianul saqarTvelozec. Cvens
qveyanaSi es religia qarTul ZirZvel warmarTobas (mnaTobTa
Tayvaniscemas, kerpTayvanismcemlobas) Seerwya, qarTulad gadasxvaferda
da qarTlis saxelmwifo religiac ki gaxda. imdenad Zlieri iyo
mazdeanuri rwmena da warmarTuli tradiciebi qarTlSi, rom
qristianobas saukuneebi dasWirda mis dasaZlevad.
mazdeanobis, igive zoroastrizmis, damfuZneblad iTvleba zaratuStra,
berZn. zoroastri, spars. zarduSi an zerduSti. zoroastris moZRvreba
iyo iranis Zveli mosaxleobis religia. Tavdapirvelad, midielebis da
baxtrielebis, Semdgom ukve aqemeniduri da sasaniduri sparseTis.
winaswarmetyveli zoroastris Sesaxeb biografiuli monacemebi cotaa.
aRmosavluri legendebi mogviTxroben, rom zoroastri cxovrobda
10
baxtriaSi _ mefe viStaspis (igive guStnaspis) mefobis dros. erTi
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, is cxovrobda qserqses mefobamde 600 wlis win.
meore wyaroze dayrdnobiT, troas omamde 5000 wlis winaT. SedarebiT
ufro damajerebelia davuSvaT, rom is cxovrobda araugvianes 1000 wlisa
qserqses dabadebamde (50,56). axalgazrdobaSive is gancalkevebula maRal
mTaze, sadac misTvis ormuzds uswavlebia axali moZRvreba. zaratuStras
mier Cadenili saswaulebis gavleniT, pirvelad mefe viStaspi eziara mis
moZRvrebas. mogvianebiTi periodis `avestas~ nawilebi, zaratuStras
warmogvidgenen `demonebTan~ mebrZol raindad, romelic maT winaaRmdeg
moqmedebda ara mxolod wminda sityvebiT da saswaulebiT (mag: mas
kvebavs ori araCveulebrivi Txa, cecxli iqceva vardisfer buCqad),
aramed materialuri iaraRiTac (arimanis Tavdasxma didi lodebiT da
a.S). berZeni mwerlebi masze saubroben rogorc brZenze, romelic
warmoSobiT iyo magi. mas miewereba uamravi winaswarmetyveluri wignebis
Seqmna (50, 57).
zoroastrizmis, igive mazdeizmis, wminda nawerebia `avesta~ da `zenda
avesta~ (avesta Zv.spars._wminda ena, zenda_komentari), aseve gviani drois
fexlevuri komentarebi. `avesta~ Sedgeba Zvel iranul enaze
Sesrulebuli uamravi fragmentuli da Sereuli teqstisagan. (es ena
msgavsia veduri sanskritisa). teqstebi gaxlavT uZvelesi koleqciisa.
misi zogierTi nawili daikarga sasanidebis imperiis dacemis Semdgom,
islamis Semosvlisas, daaxoebiT 651 wels. `avestas~ garkveuli teqstebi
zepiradac gavrcelda da saukuneebs gadaecemoda. `avesta~ Sedgeba oTxi
mTavari nawilisagan. esenia: `iasna~, liturgikuli naSromi, romelic
moicavs `gaTebs~ (simRerebs); es `avestas~ uZveles nawilad miiCneva.
SesaZloa, Tavad zoroastris dawerili iyos. aq zoroastri gvauwyebs
ahura mazdas uzenaesobis Sesaxeb. `iasnas~ damatebiTi wyaroa `visferdi~,
romelic `iasnas~ amxsneli nawilia. iaStebi, himnebi rwmenaze, romelic
Seicavs mcire (xurda) `avestas~. aseve `videvdati~, xSirad mas
“vendidatad” moixsenieben, romelic aRwers boroti sulebis sxvadasxva
formebs da gviCvenebs gzebs, Tu rogor unda gaveqceT maT. sxva mokle
teqstebis da salocavi koleqciebis mxardamxar, gvxvdeba zoroastrizmis
sxva wyaroebic. esenia: aqemeniduri nawerebi, herodotes, strabonisa da
11
plutarqes Canawerebi da komentarebi `avestaze~, romelic Seqmnili unda
iyos Cv. w. aR. VI saukuneSi fexlevurad, sparsul dialeqtze, romelic
sasanidebis epoqaSi religiur enad ixmareboda (58,3).
mazdeanuri swavlebebis mixedviT mTeli buneba iyofa or samefod: erT
mxares sinaTle da sikeTea, meore mxares sibnele da boroteba. sikeTe
adis zeciur SemoqmedTan ahura mazdasTan (ormuzdTan), romelic mudmivi
sinaTlis samefoSi imyofeba da garSemo hyavs eqvsi Tanmxlebi RvTaeba
(ameSa spenta). mas upirispirdeba boroti suli angra mainu (arimani),
romelic cxovrobs sibneleSi, romelmac Seqmna mkacri zamTari,
autaneli sicxe, qurdoba, mavne da uwminduri qvewarmavlebi: gvelebi,
morielebi, xvlikebi da a.S. is SeZvra miwis ormoSi da jojoxeTs misca
dasabami. is damnaSavea yvela borotebaSi, is aris sawyisi sicruisa (58,4).
mazdeanuri wminda nawerebis Tanaxmad, `ameSa spentasTan~ axlos dgas
sraoSa, erTgulebis suli, romelic qveyanas icavs ubedurebisagan. ahura
mazdas samefoSi arseboben aseve sulebi, (iazatebi,yazatebi), romlebic
warmoadgenen Zvel xalxTa religiis RmerTebs, romlebsac adgili ergoT
zaratustras qadagebebSic. maT Soris mniSvnelovania miera, romelic
kosmiur naTels ganasaxierebs da mzisgan damoukidebelia. ahura mazdas
gunds ekuTvnian aseve fravaSebi, eseni arian naTeli gonebis, simarTlis
sulebi. `zenda avestas~ mixedviT, borot sulebs ewodebaT devebi. mag:
aeSma devi gaxlavT risxvis da Zaladobis demoni, romelic keTili
geniis, `sraoSas~, mowinaaRmdegea. am xangrZlivi brZolis daniSnuleba
zogadad aris is, rom adamianebma gaakeTon swori arCevani sikeTesa da
borotebas Soris. es brZola moicavs mTeli msoflios istorias da
gagrZeldeba 12000 weli (50,58). zoroastruli (mazdeanuri) esqatologiiT,
pirveli 3000 wlis ganmavlobaSi ahura mazdam Seqmna sufTa arsebebi: ca,
miwa da mcenareebi; Semdegi 3000 wlis ganmavlobaSi pirvelyofili
adamianebi da cxovelebi. maSin gamoCnda swored angra mainu, mokla
pirveli adamianebi da cxovelebi da amiT, saTave misca xangrZlivi
brZolis periods, romelic dasrulda zoroastris dabadebasTan erTad.
zoroastris dabadebidan daiwyo axali periodi, romelic grZeldeba 3000
wlis ganmavlobaSi, sadac Cven vcxovrobT. am periodis dasasrulisaTvis,
qalisgan daibadeba mxsneli `soSianti~ da 3 winaswarmetyveli, romlebic
12
ameSa spentebTan erTad daamarcxeben borot devebs, borotebisagan
ixsnian mTel samyaros da aRadgenen mkvdrebs. gardacvlilebs miezRvebaT
maTi cxovrebis stilis mixedviT mas Semdeg, rac maTi sicocxlis dros
Cadenili saqmeebi Sefasdeba e.w. `Cinvadis xidTTan~. zogierTi maTgani
kvlav daisjeba, zogi ki gadarCeba. amis Semdgom qveynad dausruleblad
imefebs sikeTe. keTili adamianebi am axal samyaroSi icxovreben uWmelad,
SimSilisa da wyurvelis gareSe, uiaraRod. yvela erT enaze ilaparakebs.
iarsebebs erTi eri sazRvrebis gareSe. yvela icxovrebs ahura mazdas
sadideblad (50,58).
mazdeizmi aRiarebs ahura mazdas saRvTo bunebas da mis avtoritets.
ahura mazda aris dasawyisic da dasasrulic. Semqmneli yvelaferi imisa,
rac xilvadia da rac uxilavia. mazdeizmi religiis istoriaSi Zalze
mniSvnelovani religiaa, radgan maSi Serwymulia dasavleTis da
aRmosavleTis religiuri tradiciebi da Taviseburebebi. mas, rogorc
uZveles religias, Zalze didi gavlena mouxdenia kacobriobaze, rogorc
arcerT sxva rwmenas. am religiis sibrZnis mTavari aspeqti aris
adamianis moraluri da fizikuri siwminde. cxovrebaSi da yoveldRiur
qmedebaSi adamiani unda iyos sufTa, raTa eziaros ahura mazdas RvTiur
sibrZnes. is, vinc uwminduria da Cadis raime danaSauls, amiT daxmarebas
uwevs angra mainus borot zraxvebs. ahura mazdas arseboba esaa sinaTle,
simarTle da wesrigi, romelic upirispirdeba qaoss, siyalbes da
uwesrigobas. es konfliqti moicavs mTel kacobriobas. `avesta~ mudmivad
RaRadebs adamianis: azris, sityvis da saqmis siwmindis Sesaxeb. boroti
suli warmoadgens samyaros umaRles borotebas, romelsac mTeli
ZalebiT sWirdeba SebrZoleba. sulieri sisufTave ki, udidesi madlia,
romelzec damokidebulia materialuri bunebis da adamianuri
sazogadoebis ayvaveba (58,5).
mazdeizmis religiis arsi gamoixateba: RvTismsaxurebaSi,
msxverplSewirvebSi, ganwmendebSi da sxva. pirvel adgilze dgas
cecxlis msaxureba, misi Tayvaniscema, rogorc sinaTlis
warmomadgenlisa dedamiwaze, rogorc stiqia sisufTavisa da yvelafris
ganwmendisa. cecxli miiCneva RvTaebriv, wminda arsebad. mazdeanebi
miiCnevdnen, rom ahura mazda manamde iqneboda maT gverdiT, sanam
13
ritualuri cecxlis ali iqneboda gaRmerTebuli da Tayvancemuli maT
saxlebSi da samlocveloebSi. sawyis etapze, cecxli iyo TanasworTa
momxre da maTi simbolo. misi kulti TandaTan izrdeboda, metic,
Tanamedrove sparselebSi es kulti dResac arsebobs. RvTismsaxureba
sruldeboda specialur samlocveloebSi, sadac sul enTo cecxli.
mazdeanebi salocavebs saxuravis gareSe akeTebdnen specialur
adgilebSi, romlebic mxolod magebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. TavianTi
sunTqviT rom ar evnoT wminda cecxlisTvis, magebi pirsafars ikeTebdnen.
TiTo WeSmarit mazdeans aucileblad unda hqonoda saxlSi danTebuli
cecxli. cecxlis mimarT didi pativiscema da misi religiur ritualebSi
gamoyeneba qmnis warmodgenas, rom zoroastrizmis mimdevrebi
cecxlTayvanismcemlebi iyvnen. cecxlis mofrTxileba, rogorc
siwmindisa, aucilebeli piroba gaxldaT zoroastrizmis mimdevarTaTvis
(50,59). cecxlTan erTad mazdeanTaTvis gansakuTrebuli Tayvaniscemis
obieqtebia sxva stiqiebic: haeri, wyali, miwa. zoroastruli kosmogoniiT,
wyali da cecxli arian ritualuri siwmindis agentebi da pativsacemi
elementebi. maTTan asocirebuli ganwmendis ceremoniebi miiCneva
ritualuri RonisZiebebis sawyisad. miiCneva, rom cecxli sawyiss
wylebidan iRebs. wyalic da cecxlic miiCneva cxovrebis Semadgenel
nawilebad da orive elementi warmodgenilia `cecxlis taZris~ wminda
nawilebad. zoroastrebi yovelTvis loculoben cecxlis raime formiT
arsebobaze, sinaTleze, sinaTlis sxvadasxva formebze. cecxli miCneulia
mediumad, romlis meSveobiT miiRweva sulieri siRrme da sibrZne; wyali
ki, sibrZnis wyarod moiazreba (58,5). mazdeanTa rwmeniT, mazdeanis
gardacvalebis Semdeg, mis gvamSi Sedis qali demoni, `nasuSi~. gvami
xdeba uwminduri da afuWebs yvelas, rac mas exeba, an mis axlos dgas.
amitom, mazdeanebs, saxlidan gaaqvT yvela sufTa sagani: cecxli da a.S.
mkvdari sxeuli ar SeiZleba daiwvas, es cecxlis Seuracxyofaa. misi arc
wyalSi Cagdebaa miRebuli, radgan wyalic wminda stiqiad miaCniaT da
arc gvamis miwaSi daflva. maTi erTaderTi gamosavali iyo mkvdris atana
maRal mTaze da iq datoveba mxecTa da frinvelTa sajijgnad.
(sagulisxmoa, rom Tanamedrove `sparsebs~ aqvT amisTvis specialuri
Senobebi). roca xorci moSordeba Zvlebs, maSin is aRaraa bunebisaTvis
14
uwminduri (50,59). religiuri niSnebidan maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo
msxverplSewirva. msxverpls asxamdnen xaomas RvTiur wvens da mRerodnen
locvebs da himnebs “zenda avestadan”. religiur pirs, romelic
aRavlenda msxverplSewirvis process, marcxena xelSi eWira finikis xis
nayofi, broweuli. msxverplSewirva ZiriTadad xdeboda mcenareTa
samefodan. msxverplad swiravdnen: purs, xorbals, yvavils, xaomas nayofs
da mis totebs, romelic nakurTx mcenared iyo miCneuli. Sesawir
cxovelebs cecxlze ar wvavdnen, radgan es faqti am stiqiis udidesi
wabilwva iqneboda (58,5).
saxelmwifo religiad mazdeizmi iqca sasanidebis dros. am dros
ayvavda zoroastruli literatura saSualo iranul enaze, fexlevze.
sasanidebis dinastiis dacemasTan erTad, VII s_is Sua wlebSi, iranis
erovnuli religia islami gaxda da zoroastrizmic TandaTan gauCinarda.
(dResdReisobiT zoroastrizmis mimdevrebi arseboben indoeTSi, maT
`sparsebi~ hqviaT. sagulisxmoa, rom dRemde, cecxlis kulti da salocavi
rituali, kvlav rCeba am religiis RvTaebriv simboloebad). xangrZlivi
periodis ganmavlobaSi iqmneboda mravali seqta, romelic cdilobda
moegvarebina ahura mazdas dapirispireba arimanTan. mag. cnobilia
zurvanistebis seqta. (zurvani igivea, rac ahura mazda. misi antipodia
angra mainu). maTi swavlebis mixedviT, dro iTvleba yvelafris mTavar
mizezad. arimani da ahura mazda arian gauTavebeli drois Svilebi. es
seqta sparseTSi wamyvani gaxda mefe ezdegerdis dros. zoroastrizmis
religiis gavlenaa agreTve miTras kultic, romelic dominanti iyo
mTels wina aziaSi, romaul samyaroSi da winaqristianul kavkasiaSic.
iranuli warmoSobis: mzis, sinaTlisa da samarTlianobis RvTaeba
miTra, Zalze popularuli iyo romis imperiis samxedro fenaSi II-III ss-Si.
miTra iyo idealuri RvTaeba maTTvis: RvTaeba megobari da Tan meomari.
gvianromaul periodSi, miTraizmi imperiis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
religiadac ki iTvleboda, gansakuTrebiT imperiis provinciebSi.
zogierT bareliefze miTras gamoxataven lotosis yvavilze mdgomares,
radgan lotosis qimTa raodenoba Seesatyviseba `ameSa spentas~.
trapezuntis saqalaqo monetebze yvavia Camomjdari, romelic
apolon/miTras simboloa. gvelic mcireaziuli miTras Tanamdevia (10,8-31).
15
miTra_mxedris gamosaxuleba mocemulia trapezuntis (II-III ss.) saqalaqo
monetebze cxenosani Wabuki meomris saxiT, romelsac cxenis floqvebTan
gamosaxuli aqvs gveli. iranul-qarTuli urTierTobis mkvlevari,
mecnieri, T. dundua, miTras msgavsebas xedavs wm.giorgis
ikonografiasTan. mravali evropeli mecnieris azriT, miTras kulti, e.w.
`Trakieli mxedris~ saxiT, qristianobis xanaSi gavrcelebuli wm.giorgis
ikonografiis prototipi gaxda (10,78). zoroastrizmma mniSvnelovani
roli Seasrula mediur, aqemenidur da parTiul epoqebSi. mas xSirad
konfliqti hqonda qristianobasTan, aseve maniqeizmTan. Tumca,
`saxarebidan~ cnobilia, rom is sami brZeni kaci, romlebic nazareTSi
Cavidnen axalSobili iesosTvis ZRvenis misatanad, swored zoroastreli
magebi iyvnen parTiis imperiidan (58,4).
zoroastrizmi istoriul matianeSi pirvelad Cndeba herodotesTan
Zv.w.aR. 440 wels. herodotes Tanaxmad, swored aqemenidTa periodSi
moixveWa zoroastrizmma saxeli iranSi. `avestas~ didi nawilic, swored
am periodSi unda Seqmniliyo. didi raodenobis zoroastruli
literatura ganadgurda aleqsandres jarebis mier, roca maT daipyres
persepolisi da daangries qserqses sasaxle da samefo biblioTeka.
sagulisxmoa, rom zoroastrizmma berZnul da romaul filosofiaze
didi gavlena iqonia. laTineli avtori pliniusi, zoroastrizmis
literaturas afasebs, rogorc `yvelaze cnobils da yvelaze saWiros~.
platonma eudoqsesgan Seiswavla zoroastrizmi da daesesxa kidec mas
Tavis moZRvrebaSi. platonis Tanamedrove heraklide pontikusma Seqmna
teqsti saxelwodebiT “zoroastri”, romelic efuZneboda zoroastrizmis
filosofias. herodotes mixedviT, zoroastrizmi, zurvanizmis formiT,
CrdiloeT CineTSic yofila gavrcelebuli. zoroastrizmi sparselTa
kulturuli memkvidreobis nawilia. cnobili sparseli mwerali,
firdousi, swored `avestadan~ iRebs figurebs da maTze agebs
moTxrobebs Tavis `SahnameSi~. pirveli mimoxilviTi xasiaTis naSromi
zoroastrizmze dasavlur mecnierebaSi ekuTvnis Tomas brauns. is
“Religio Medici”-Si mokled exeba zoroastrs. pirvelad termini
zoroastrizmi 1874 wels dafiqsirda oqsfordis inglisur leqsikonSi.
zoroastrizmis religiis saxelwodeba esaa mazdaiasna, anu, avestas
16
enaze, ahura mazdas Tayvaniscema. termini mazdeizmi tipiuri XIX saukunis
konstruqciaa (50, 59).
sasanidebis imperiis suverenitetis dros, sasanidebs kavkasiis
regionSic hqondaT mazdeizmis damkvidrebis mcdeloba da xSir
SemTxvevaSi, es gamosdiodaT kidec. zoroastrizmi, igive mazdeizmi,
Tavisi saxesxvaobebiT, wina qristianuli kavkasiis regionis erT-erTi
mTavari religia gaxldaT. amas mowmobs somxeTisa da saqarTvelos
istoriuli wyaroebi da arqeologiuri masala. im faqtis
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, rom saqarTveloSi, mefe farnavazidan
moyolebuli, qristianobis Semosvlamde oficialuri religia mazdeizmi
gaxldaT, romelic Serwymuli iyo qarTul ZirZvel warmarTobasTan da
romlis kvalsac ukve SemdgomSi, qristianoba fizikurad anadgurebda,
Cven saqarTveloSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis or magaliTs
warmovadgenT.
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, yvarlis raionSi, mdebareobs nekresis
naqalaqari. nekresis qalaqad daarseba ukavSirdeba mefe farnajoms Zv.w. II
saukuneSi. naqalaqari cnobilia mravali adreqristianuli
arqiteqturuli ZegliT, maT Soris IV saukunis eklesiiT. (nekresi
popularuli gaxda hagiografiuli literaturis adreuli ZegliT
`abibos nekreselis wamebis~ Sesaxeb, romelSic aRwerilia abibos
nekreselis, nekresis episkoposis, brZola cecxlTayvanismcemlobis
winaaRmdeg qristianobis dasamkvidreblad da misi mowameobrivi
aRsasruli).
nekresis naqalaqarze, 1984 wlidan, arqeologiur samuSaoebs
awarmoebda saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumi, arqeolog, l.WilaSvilis
xelmZRvanelobiT. gaTxrilia II_IVss. cecxlis taZari, antikuri xanis
qalaqis zRudis nawili; IV_VI ss. nagebobis naSTebi (sasaxle, marani), VI
saukunis eklesia da sxv. aRmoCenaTa Soris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
imsaxurebs IV_VI ss. daTariRebuli arqiteqturuli nagebobis kedlebSi
meoradi gamoyenebiT Catanebuli qvis filebi qarTuli uZvelesi
warwerebiT, romelTa asaki ganisazRvreba ax.w. I_II saukuneebiT.
paleografiuli niSnebiTac isini uZvelesi warwerebis rigSi eqcevian.
sul dadasturebuli Svidi warweridan I_II saukuneebs miekuTvneba 5
17
warwera. 1999 w. dadasturebuli iqna kidev erTi warweriani fila. is
aRmoCnda naqalaqaris teritoriis centrSi, im adgilis maxloblad,
sadac iTxreboda IV saukunis monumenturi eklesia. qvis zeda nawilis
dazianebis gamo, dakargulia warweris dasawyisi. es warwera erTis
mxriv aRniSnavs dakrZalulis vinaobas; meores mxriv Txovnas, Tu
mowodebas: nuravin Seexeba mas, nuravin arevs. warwera asomTavrulia.
rogorc irkveva, saqme exeba warwerian saflavis qvas, romelic stelis
saxiT SesaZloa yofiliyo saflavze aRmarTuli. xolo warweris
dazianebul adgilas ki, savaraudod, micvalebulis saxeli unda
yofiliyo. nekresis sxva warwerebisagan gansxvavebiT, aRniSnuli warwera
ori siaxliT xasiaTdeba. is xanmeturia da masSi gvxvdeba Zveli qarTuli
wyaroebisaTvis ucnobi socialuri termini azati, romelic niSnavda
Tavisufals da savaraudod, parTul xanaSi unda Semosuliyo. (mezobeli
qveynebis _ iranisa da somxeTis magaliTebiT, azatebi mZimed SeWurvili
cxenosani meomrebi iyvnen. SesaZloa, rom masTan iyos dakavSirebuli
qarTuli socialuri termini _ aznauri, maRali socialuri fenis
warmomadgenlis saxeli, romelic dadasturebuli gvaqvs pirvelive
qarTul literaturul ZeglSi `SuSanikis wameba~). warweris mixedviT,
azatis institutis arseboba saqarTveloSi SeiZleba ax.welTaRricxvis
pirveli saukuneebidan vivaraudoT, radgan adreul qarTul ZeglebSi is
ar gvxvdeba.
aRniSnuli warwera, nekresSi aRmoCenil sxva ramodenime warwerasTan
erTad, dReisaTvis cnobil qarTul warwerebs Soris yvelaze uadresia
da is SesaZloa ax.w I_II saukuneebiT daTariRdes. warweris daTariRebaSi
mecnierebs daxmarebas uwevs arqiteqturuli nagebobis qveS arsebuli
kulturuli fenis arqeologiuri masala. garda amisa, nekresis warwerebi
xasiaTdeba yvela paleografiuli gamorCeuli niSniT, romliTac
TariRdeba qarTuli warwerebis yvela adreulad miCneuli warwera
(palestina, bolnisi, urbnisi). nekresis warweraze ar gvxvdeba teqstis
dasawyisis da dasasrulis standartuli, dakanonebuli formebi:
`qriste~, vedreba _ `ufalo~, `RmerTo~, `iyavn~, `amen~ da sxva., rac
damaxasiaTebeliaQqristianuli xanis warwerebisaTvis. warweris aRmomCeni,
arqeologi, l.WilaSvili, am faqtebze dayrdnobiT akeTebs daskvnebs: 1.
18
zemoT ganxiluli warwera, nekresis sxva xuT warwerasTan erTad
winaqristianuli Semoqmedebis nayofia. arqeologiurad isini TariRdeba
ax.w I-II saukuneebiT. yvela ganekuTvneba cecxlTayvanismcemelTa saflavis
qvebs. amgvar daTariRebas eTanxmeba warweraSi dadasturebuli
socialuri termini `azati~ da teqstis xanmeturi xasiaTi. 2. warweriani
qva dazianebulia _ motexili aqvs Tavic da boloc. asevea dazianebuli
sxva warweriani qvebic, rac SemTxveviTobiT ar aris ganpirobebuli. isini
ganzrax, winaswar mofiqrebuladaa dazianebuli, rac qristianobis
gavrcelebisas cecxlTayvanismcemlebTan dapirispirebis dros unda
yofiliyo ganxorcielebuli. am magaliTidan naTlad Cans, saqarTveloSi,
warmarToba_cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan qristianobis fizikuri
dapirispirebis suraTi. istoriuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, IV s. dasawyisSi,
mTeli sisastikiT daangries da gaZarcves mazdeanTa taZari _ metad
STambeWdavi, monumenturi da arqiteqturuli Zegli. rogorc Cans, es iyo
saerTo RonisZieba mazdeanTa winaaRmdeg, rodesac gaunadgurebiaT maTi
taZar-salocavebi an gadaukeTebiaT qristianul eklesiebad; saflavis
qvebi daumtvreviaT da dauyriaT, mogvianebiT ki samSeneblo masalad
gamouyenebiaT. 3. nekresis warwerebis aRmoCenis Semdgom, l.WilaSvili
Tvlis, rom dRes gavrcelebuli mosazrebis sapirispirod, qarTuli
asomTavrulis ganviTareba ar SeiZleba daukavSirdes qristianobis
Semosvla_damkvidrebas. es gacilebiT adrea momxdari sxva socialuri
garemosa da religiuri mrwamsis pirobebSi. 4. l.WilaSvili varaudobs,
rom qarTuli anbanis SemoRebac ki SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos
mazdeanuri religiis teqstebis_locvebis, himnebis saTargmnelad da
qarTvel mazdeanTa sakuTar erovnul enaze aRniSnuli teqstebiT
uzrunvelsayofad, religiuri ritualis srulyofilad warmarTvis
mizniT. 5. aqedan gamomdinare, arqeologis azriT, saqarTveloSi
qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg, msgavsi RonisZiebis ganxorcielebas _
religiuri wignebis qarTul enaze Targmnis saqmes, eklesiis mesveurebi
da qristiani mrevli momzadebuli Sexvda, radgan maT ukve hqondaT
erovnuli anbanic da mwignobrobac. 6. l. WilaSvili miiCnevs, rom zemoT
aRniSnulis Semdeg, leonti mroveli cnobas farnavaz mefis mier
(Zv.w.IIIs.) mwignobrobis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb (`da aman Seqmna mwignobroba
19
qarTuli~) ndobiT unda movekidoT. farnavazis dros iwyeba cecxlis
kultis gansakuTrebuli gavrceleba, manve daafuZna ahura mazdas
(armazis) kulti da TviT ki RmerTis rangSi mogvevlina. l. WilaSvili
miiCnevs, rom `mwignobroba~ pirvel rigSi unda gavigoT, rogorc
religiuri Sinaarsis sjulis kanonTa `wignis~ Seqmna; `wignis xalxi~ ki
garkveuli sjulis mimdevari. maSasadame, mwignobrobis SemoRebaSi
WilaSvilis azriT, pirvel rigSi, saeklesio wignebis Targmna
igulisxmeba, konkretul SemTxvevaSi ki `avestas~ wignebis
gadmoqarTuleba (32,20-24). Tumca, vfiqrobT, es sakamaTo sakiTxi unda
iyos.
miTras kultis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebis faqtze metyvelebs,
arqeolog, l. WilaSvilis kidev erTi arqeologiuri aRmoCena nekresidan.
qvevris piris natexi, zed SemorCenili qarTuli warweris fragmentiT,
aRmoCnda 1987 w. nekresis naqalaqaris `nagebebis~ ubanze. gaTxrebis
adgili, sadac warweriani qvebi da qvevris piri aRmoCnda, marans
warmoadgenda. marnis teritoriaze gaTxra mimdinareobda 1986-87 wlebSi
da didi xarvezis Semdeg 1996 wels kvlav ganaxlda. bolo gaTxrebisas,
aRmoCnda qvevris piris kidev erTi natexi, romelic miesadaga adre napovn
warwerian fragments da ufro meti, Tumca arasruli, informacia mogvca
warweris Sesaxeb. warwera ase ikiTxeba: `m-b ese Wuri me. . . …davrge.~
(Zvel qarTul, originalur Tu naTargmn, werilobiT wyaroebSi, Wuri,
Rvinis WurWlis mniSvnelobiT, maincdamainc ar gvxvdeba. `SuSanikis
wamebaSi~, `bibliis~ TargmanebSi, `abibos nekreselis wamebaSi~, leonti
mrovelis TxzulebaSi CarTul `ninos cxovrebis~ teqstSi da `saxarebis~
qarTul TargmanSi, is `WurWeli~ da `WurWeria~. nekresis warweraSi
naxsenebi `Wuri~, rogorc saRvine WurWeli, albaT uZvelesia am saxis
terminTa Soris, romlidanc unda wamosuliyo `WurWeli~ da `WurWeri~.
warweriani qvevris piri dadasturebulia aseve urbnisis naqalaqaris
gaTxrebisas, VI s. marnis fenaSi, romelzec sami qarTuli asoa
gamosaxuli `qWe~. savaraudod ase ikiTxeba: `qristes Wuri ese~. rac
Seexeba `Wuris dargvas~, es forma araa Tanamedrove qarTulisaTvis
misaRebi. amboben: qvevri Cavdgi da a.S. rogorc Cans, dargva adrindeli
metyvelebis normebs Seesabameba). arqeologebis mier Catarebuli
20
samuSaoebisas, naTeli gaxda, Tu ra sisastikiT iqna es marani
ganadgurebuli. qvevrebi saguldagulod iyo Calewili. am namtvrevebSi
napovni iqna warweris meore natexi. miuxedavad warweris
fragmentulobisa, misi mniSvneloba Zalze didia. masSi Cadebulia didi
informacia qarTuli damwerlobis ganviTarebis erTi uZvelesi etapis
gamosayofad da winaqristianuli religiuri mrwamsis dasadgenad.
yovelive es ukavSirdeba warweris dasawyisSi ori daqaragmebuli asos
gaxsnas da gaSifvras.
istoriulad cnobilia, rom qristianobis uadresi periodidanve yvela
warwera iwyeboda qristes saxelis pirveli asoTi da mTavrdeboda
sityviT `amin~, `iyavn~, `iyos~. es iyo miRebuli trafareti, aucilebeli
forma. aseve aucilebeli iyo teqstis dawyeba vedrebiT _ `ufalo~,
`RmerTo~, `ieso qriste~. l.WilaSvilis azriT, vinaidan gansaxilveli
warwera qristianuli periodis maxasiaTeblebiT ar gamoirCeva, misi axsna
saqarTveloSi qristianobis damkvidrebamde arsebul religiur sivrceSia
saZebari (33,32). l. WilaSvilis varaudiT, Tu gadavavlebT Tvals
mazdeanuri religiis aRmsareblobisas dafuZnebul kriteriumebs, vnaxavT,
rom msgavsad qristianuli cxovrebiT dakanonebuli wesebisa, iqac
sakmaod didi Stampia religiur_ideologiuri kanonikisa. warwerebis
Seqmnisas Camoyalibebuli yofila garkveuli wesi, romlis dacvac
savaldebulod iTvleboda. aseTi wesi ki, rogorc Cans, jer kidev
aqemeniduri iranis mefeebis dros yofila dadgenili. istoriuli
wyaroebis Tanaxmad, pirveli aqemenidi mefeebi tolerantobas iCendnen
sxva religiebis mimarT. suraTi mkveTrad icvleba qserqses (486-465) dros.
persepolisis warweris pirvelive striqonidanve Cans imperatuli forma:
`baga vazraka ahuramazda~_ ahura mazda uzenaesi RmerTiao. swored ase
iwyeba mazdeanuri formula, romelic dakanonebul saxes iRebs sasanidi
mmarTvelebis dros. arqeologis azriT, sainteresoa naxSi_rustamis
reliefis, ardaSir I_is (227-240) warwerac. aq weria: `es aris
gamosaxuleba mazdas Tayvanismcemeli uflisa ardaSirisa, mefeT-mefisa,
warmoSobili RmerTebisagan, mefe papakis vaJisa~. aseve sayuradReboa,
naxSi rajabis reliefze gamosaxuli, Sapur I-is (240-272) warwera: `es
aris gamosaxuleba mazdas Tayvanismcemeli Sapurisa, iranis da arairanis
21
mefeTa-mefisa, warmoSobili RmerTebisagan, vaJi mazdas Tayvanismcemeli,
ufali ardaSirisa, iranis da arairanis mefeTa-mefisa~. imave Sinaarsisaa
nerses warwera Sapuris reliefze: `es aris gamosaxuleba mazdas
Tayvanismcemeli ufal nersesi, iranis da arairanis mefeTa-mefisa,
warmoSobili RmerTebisagan, vaJi ahura mazdas Tayvanismcemeli Sapurisa~.
sagulisxmoa, nerses paikulis warwera: `me mazdas Tayvanismcemeli ufali
nerse…. vaJi mazdas Tayvanismcemeli Sapurisa. . .…~ analogiuri
formulebia mocemuli sasanidi mefeebis saxeliT moWril monetebzec.
l. WilaSvilis azriT, daskvna erTaderTi SeiZleba gamovitanoT: msgavsad
qristianobis xanis warwerebisa, mazdeanur periodSic Camoyalibebulia
mimarTvis formula, romlis warwerebSi aRniSvnac savaldebulo yofila
(ix.33,29-37).
davubrundeT nekresis qarTul warweras. l. WilaSvils miaCnia, rom
qaragmis qveS moTavsebuli ori aso (m-b) ori sityvis Semokleba unda
iyos. imis gaviTvaliswinebiT, rom winaqristianuli xanis nekresSi
cecxlTayvanismcemlobis kultis aRmsarebloba iyo, warweris adresatad
SeiZleba vivaraudoT miTra, ahuramazdas popularuli iazati (uaxloesi
damxmare), romlis kulti aseve gavleniani Cans saqarTveloSi da kerZod,
nekresSi. qaragmis pirveli aso (m) unda aRniSnavdes miTras, aseve mzes.
(miTrasa da mzis RvTaebis igiveoba kargadaa cnobili). rac Seexeba meore
nawils (b), is unda aRniSnavdes Zvel sparsul baga-s (RmerTi), mimarTvis
formaSi `ufalo~. maSasadame daqaragmebuli m-b, l. WilaSvilis azriT,
unda wavikiTxoT: `miTra baga~, qarTulad: `mzeo ufalo~. warwera ase
unda gaiSifros: `miTra baga (mzeo ufalo) ese Wuri me (saxeli) davrge.~
arqeologis azriT, warweris dakargul nawilSi naCvenebi unda yofiliyo
Wuris dargvis mizani. mecnieris azriT, saqme unda gvqondes
sadResaswaulo ritualTan dakavSirebiT miZRvniTi xasiaTis teqstTan.
l. WilaSvilis varaudiT, SesaZloa, qvevrSi zedaSis Rvinosac inaxavdnen.
aRniSnulTan kavSirSi, l. WilaSvilis azriT, sainteresoa gavixsenoT
mevenaxeobis mfarvel RvTaebad xalxur rwmenaSi SemorCenili aguna,
romlis kultic dasavleT saqarTveloSia SemorCenili, gansakuTrebiT ki
guriaSi. aguna, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT, yurZnis
RvTaebis pativsacemi saaxalwlo ritualia, romlis erTi nawili maranSi
22
mimdinareobs. Rvino tradiciulad wminda sasmeli iyo da mis gareSe
dabadeba, naTloba, qorwili Tu dakrZalva ar Catardeboda. amdenad,
Rvinisa da yurZnis dResaswauli, gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo Zveli
droidan moyolebuli. am ritualis dros, qvevrTan miaqvT moxarSuli
Roris Tavi, romelsac urtyamen da saTanado teqsts eubnebian. Roris
CarTva ritualSi, romelic sruldeboda Soba_axali wlis periodSi,
mecniers aucileblad agulisxmebinebs miTras kults, romlis dabadebis
dRes _ 25 dekembers iwyeboda Rorebis dakvla da Sewirva, rac dRemdea
SemorCenili nekresobis dResaswaulze. es dRe amavdroulad yurZnis
dResaswaulia, radgan agunas meore saxelia angora, rac sparsulad
yurZens niSnavs da meore mxriv ki miTrasTan Cans dakavSirebuli.
l. WilaSvils miaCnia, rom Tu zemoT mocemuli varaudi misaRebia,
saqme unda gvqondes winaqristianuli xanis religiuri formulis
aRdgenasTan da TviT warweris mikuTvneba winaqristianuli xanisadmi
sakamaTo SesaZloa arc iyos (ix. 33, 29-37). mzis da Sesabamisad miTras
kultis ase win wamoweva nekresSi kanonzomieria, radgan nekresis
midamoebi uZvelesi droidanve gamoirCeva kultebis siWarbiT. am
teritoriaze dadasturebulia: ciuri mnaTobebisadmi miZRvnili
samlocvelo, aseve miTreumi, romelic qristianul eklesiad aris
gadakeTebuli da masStaburi arqiteqturuli Zegli – `cecxlis taZari~.
aseTi Zeglebis arsebobiT aSkarad Cans Zveli qarTuli qalaqis
mosaxleobis warmarTuli rwmenis moWarbeba, rac mizezi unda gamxdariyo
rwmenis gamo mZafri dapirispirebisa. amis SesaniSnavi dasturi, `abibos
nekreselis wameba~ gaxlavT. Sesabamisad, l. WilaSvilis mosazrebiT,
materialuri faseulobis Rirebuleba gaaCnia nekresis teritoriaze
aRmoCenil warwerebsac, maT Soris ki zemoT warmodgenil qvevris pirze
fragmentulad SemorCenil warweras, romelic religiuri dapirispirebis
uSualo matianea (33,36). sagulisxmoa, rom qvevris pirze amotvifruli
qarTuli asoebi urbnisSicaa aRmoCenili da is ganekuTvneba qristianobis
damkvidrebis adreul periods. am warwerebSi, l. WilaSvilis varaudiT,
,,q~ udaod qristes aRniSnavs, iseve rogorc zog qvevrze amoWrili jvari,
eklesiis sakuTrebaze miuTiTebda. sagulisxmoa, rom es yvelaferi
dadasturebulia urbnisis im maranSi, romlis qveda Sre antikuri,
23
winaqristianuli xanisaa da Tanac sakulto daniSnulebis. am
SemTxvevaSic, aSkaraa religiuri memkvidreobis naSTi im WurWelze
(Wurze), romelsac garkveuli mniSvneloba unda hqonoda religiuri
mrwamsis ganmtkicebisaTvis. mesia ambobda: ,,moved Sen, rameTu me Wuri
rCeuli mipovnies igi, raiTa ze aqundes saxeli Cemi winaSe yovelTa
warmarTTa da mefeTa da mTavarTa, ZeTa israelisaTa~.
(saqme, 9, 15) (ix.33,29-37).
mecnieri T. dundua miiCnevs, rom adreqristianuli xanis monumentur
xuroTmoZRvrebaSi SesaZloa gamoiyos ZeglTa jgufebi, romelTa
kompoziciaSic iranuli zoroastruli cecxlis taZrebis arqiteqturis
gavlena igrZnoba. misi azriT, IV s-is bolodan, gansakuTrebiT ki V s-is
dasawyisidan, qarTul xelovnebaSi iranuli kulturidan momdinare
motivebis gamoCena logikurad jdeba politikuri istoriis procesebSic,
radgan am periodidan Zlierdeba iranis eqspansia amierkavkasiaSi,
gansakuTrebiT: qvemo qarTlSi, Sida qarTlSi da kaxeTis dablob
regionebSi. saukuneebis manZilze, gansakuTrebiT antikursa da
adreqristianul xanaSi, qarTul samyaros mWidro politikuri da
kulturuli kontaqtebi akavSirebda islamamdel iranTan. swored
mazdeanobis intensiuri propagandis Sedegia, rom IV-VI ss-Si qarTlSi,
ufro metad mcxeTaSi, TbilisSi da zogierT sxva qalaqSi, iranuli,
zoroastruli mosaxleoba arsebobda. iranuli mosaxleobis,
zoroastruli, cecxlTayvaniscemelTa Temebis, cecxlis taZrebis,
salocavebis da sakurTxevlebis arsebobis Sesaxeb mocemulia cnobebi
qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSic: `SuSanikis wameba~, `evstaTi mcxeTelis
wameba~, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~, `qarTlis cxovreba~, `raJdenis wameba~ da
sxv. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, vaxtang gorgasalma da misma meuRlem
wm.raJdeni wromidan niqozSi gadaasvenes da iq eklesia aagebines
`sagzebelsa Tana cecxlisasa~ (10,74).
T. dundua, saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebul qristianul
martiriumebsa da warmarTul samlocveloebs Soris aSkara kavSirs
xedavs. misi azriT, martiriumebi, Tavisi arsiT da kompoziciiT, Zalze
axlos dgas warmarTuli arqiteqturis tipebTan, warmarTul RvTaebebTan
da maTTan gaTanabrebuli mmarTvelebis, pirovnebebis kultebTan.
24
T.dunduas mosazrebiT, martiriumi qristianobasa da warmarTobas Soris
erTgvari kompromisis saukeTeso magaliTia. dundua miiCnevs, rom
sazogadod, yofil warmarTul salocavze eklesiis agebis praqtika,
farTod gamoiyeneboda saqarTveloSi. mag. zemo niqozis Zveli bazilika,
romelic amJamad mogviano xanis gumbaTiani taZris struqturaSia
CarTuli. mecnieris azriT, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom saqarTvelos
teritoriaze arsebuli nekresis monasteri, jer kidev warmarTuli
periodis wminda adgilze an raime salocavze iyos agebuli, riTac is
iziarebs istorikos l. WilaSvilis mosazrebas miTra_mzis salocavis
arsebobis Sesaxeb nekresSi. mecnieri g. CubinaSvilic varaudobs kaxeTSi
aseTi adgilebis arsebobis mdidari tradiciebis Sesaxeb. nekresis
bazilikasTan qronologiurad Zalze axlos unda idges wm.ninos taZris
pirvelsaxe bodbeSi. es Zeglic, T.dunduas azriT, aRmosavlur
qristianul martiriums warmoadgenda. mag. Weremis mcire eklesia,
iranuli tipis cecxlis taZris TiTqmis sruli analogiaa. am kuTxiT
sainteresoa ioane zedaznelis saflavze agebuli eklesiac (10,68).
T.dundua miiCnevs, rom qarTul_iranuli kulturis elementebis Serwyma
da iranuli warmarTobis gavlena saqarTveloze adreqristianul
periodSic grZeldeba. mag. dmanisis raionSi, sof. ukanagorSi,
aRmoCenilia reliefuli stelis fragmenti, romlis erT-erT waxnagze
gamosaxulia wreSi Casmuli tolmklava jvari, romlis aqeT-iqiT mosCans
zoroastruli wminda wasakravis boloebi. T.dunduas azriT,
saqarTveloSi zoroastruli frTebi da mzis simbolika, SemdgomSi
qristianuli jvris simbolikas Seerwya. sainteresoa agreTve e.w.
qarTul_sasanuri vercxlis draqmebi _ monetebi, romlebic iWreboda
qarTlSi erismTavrebis mier. am monetebis erT mxares mocemulia iranis
mmarTvelis gamosaxuleba, xolo zurgis mxares cecxlis sakurTxeveli
da ori mcveli. sakurTxevelze ki zog SemTxvevaSi wminda cecxlia
mocemuli, zog SemTxvevaSi ki masze aRmarTuli qristianobis
simbolo_jvari (10,81).
mazdeizmis saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan damkvidrebis faqtze
da mis Serwymaze qarTul sinamdvilesTan, metyvelebs zogierTi qarTuli
sityvac. sagulisxmoa, rom qarTulSi Semonaxulia ramodenime iseTi
25
sakuTari saxeli da sityva, romelic Tavisi formiT warmomdgari unda
iyos avesturi, Zv.sparsuli dialeqtidan. enaTmecnier, m.andronikaSvils
miaCnia, rom qarTuli sityvebi, rogoricaa: marTali, codvili, cru,
netari, wminda, jojoxeTi, eSma, eSmaki, barZimi, feSxveni, zorva, zuaraki,
taZari, kerpi, bagini, jvari, warmoSobiT Zvel iranul epoqas
miekuTvnebian. m.andronikaSvili, qarTul sityva warmarTs, sparsul
sityva artoSanTan akavSirebs, rac Zv.sparsulad mowinaaRmdeges, mtyuans
niSnavs. kerZod, mecnieri Tvlis, rom war_m_arT_i unda iyos warmomdgari
sityvidan m_arT_ali. swored, am arT(arts) unda hqondes kavSiri
sparsul artoSanTan. rogorc vxedavT, es terminebi, ZiriTadad sakulto,
religiuri saxis terminebia, radgan mecnieris azriT, saxeldeba
ZiriTadad religias da kults ukavSirdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, gasakviri
ar unda iyos, rom swored qristianobasTan dakavSirebul qarTul
leqsikaSi vxvdebiT iranuli warmoSobis sityvebs (3,34). vfiqrobT,
`avestas~ enis kvali qarTul leqsikaze ganpirobebulia imiT, rom
mazdeanuri religia, Tavisi saxesxvaobebiT, qristianobis Semosvlamde,
qarTlis saxelmwifo religia iyo. Semdgom saukuneebSi ki, es religia
gaxldaT saqarTvelos dampyrobeli sparseTis religia, romelsac
qarTvel xalxs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Tavs axvevda mazdeanuri
sparseTi.
warmodgenili masalebidan naTlad Cans mazdeizmis kvali da gavlena
winaqristianul saqarTveloze. cxadia, rom qristianobas, saqarTveloSi
Semosvlis dRidan, erTad mouwevda galaSqreba qarTuli ZirZveli
warmarTobis da mazdeanobis winaaRmdeg, rac misTvis erT saerTo
`warmarTobas~ warmoadgenda.
26
Zveli qarTZveli qarTZveli qarTZveli qarTlislislislis warmarTul RwarmarTul RwarmarTul RwarmarTul RvTaebaTavTaebaTavTaebaTavTaebaTa panTeonipanTeonipanTeonipanTeoni
is faqti, rom ZirZveli qarTuli warmarTobis (kerpTayvanismcemloba,
mnaTobTa Tayvaniscema) da sparsuli mazdeizmis (cecxlis Tayvaniscema)
Serwymas saqarTveloSi erT saerTo warmarTobad didi xnis istoria
hqonda da maTTan polemika qristianobisa erTnairad xdeboda,
gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa im Cvenamde moRweuli literaturuli Tu
istoriuli Zeglebis mixedviT, romlebSic, mTeli sicxadiT aris
warmodgenili Zveli qarTlis warmarTul RvTaebaTa panTeoni da
naCvenebia qristianobis masTan dapirispirebis suraTi.
Cveni interesi upiratesad mimarTulia im qarTuli warmarTuli
RvTaebebisaken, romlebic SesaZloa ar iyvnen qarTuli warmoSobisani da
Semotanilni iyvnen sxva qveynebidan, magram qarTul samyaroSi
arsebobdnen, Serwymulni iyvnen qarTlis ZirZvel warmarTul
tradiciebTan da romelTa mimarT qristianuli religiuri idealis
dapirispireba sakuTriv saqarTveloSi moxda. maT Sesaxeb saintereso
masalas vpoulobT `ninos cxovrebaSi~ da qarTul istoriul qronikebSi.
originalur, qarTul hagiografiul TxzulebaSi `ninos cxovreba~,
Cven vxvdebiT warmarTul RvTaebebs, romlebsac, qristianobis miRebamde
da qarTlis garkveul adgilebSi mis Semdegac, eTayvaneboda qarTveli
xalxi. am ZeglSi naCvenebia warmarTul RmerTebTan polemika
qristianobisa ara mxolod fizikuri gziT, aramed polemika RvTaebrivi
saswaulebis safuZvelze. sagulisxmoa, rom zogierTi RmerTi, romelic
kerpis saxiT hyavdaT Seqmnili warmarT qarTvelebs, maT qarTuli
Zirisad miaCndaT, zogic sxva qveynidan Semotanil kultad. `ninos
cxovrebis~ mixedviT,Ees RmerTebi gaxlavT: armazi, zadeni, gaci, ga(gaimi).
`ninos cxovreba~ maT ase moixseniebs: `esera RmerTni, didTa nayofTa
momcemelni da soflis mpyrobelni, mzis momfenelni da wÂmisa
momcemelni, queyaniT nayofTa ganmzrdelni, qarTlisani, armaz da zaden,
yovlisa dafarulisa gamomeZiebelni da Zuelni RmerTni mamaTa CuenTani,
gaci da ga~ (28,132).
faravnis tbasTan misul ninos meTevzeebi Sexvdebian. ninos
SekiTxvaze, Tu saidan arian isini, meTevzeebi pasuxoben: `zogni dabiT
27
da zogni safurcliT da zogni qinjarelni da rabatelni didisa
qalaqisa mcxeTisani, sada RmerTni RmerToben da mefeni mefoben~ (28,116).
am sityvebidan ukve naTelia, rom ninos qarTlSi Sesvlis dros, mcxeTaSi
mravalRmerTianobaa. nino xedavs xalxs, romelic: `ucxoTa RmerTTa
msaxuri, cecxlsa da qvaTa da ZelTa Tayuanis_scemdes~( 28,117).
`ninos cxovrebaSi~ warmodgenili qarTlis warmarTuli RmerTebis
panTeonidan, upirveles yovlisa, unda SevexoT armazs. armazis kerpi,
romelsac qarTlSi mosuli nino xedavs armazis mTaze, warmoadgenda
meomars spilenZis javSniT da oqros muzaradiT, SubiT xelSi. armazi
sinkretuli RvTaeba iyo, romelic: uzenaesi RmerTis, cis, Weqa-quxilis,
wvimisa da mcenareTa mbrZaneblis da meomari RmerTis funqciebs
iTavsebda. armazis dResaswaulis dReebSi, romelic Cveulebriv
zafxulSi imarTeboda, feradi naWrebiTa da yvavilebiT morTul mcxeTis
quCebSi mravalricxovani msvlelobebi imarTeboda samefo ojaxis
monawileobiT. `wm.ninos cxovrebaSi~ aRwerilia armazisadmi miZRvnili
warmarTuli dResaswauli: saqarTveloSi Camosuli nino urbnisSi
gaCerda. erT dRes urbnisidan xalxi daiZra savaWrod da salocavad
mcxeTisaken. ninoc maT gahyva. is gaocebuli adevnebda Tvals magebis da
cecxlis msaxuri xalxis moqmedebas. meore dRes, wm. nino, uSualod
armazis sapativcemulo dResaswaulis TviTmxilveli gaxda: `Seiqmna
oxraÁ saSineli da SesaZrwunebeli erTa uricxuTa da ÃmaÁ sayÂrTa
friadTa. da gamovida eri uricxÂ, viTarca yuavilosanni zarad, da
saSinel iyo xilvaÁ maTi~ (28,118). amis mnaxvelma ninom SeaRwia armazis
cixe_simagreSi da armazis kerpis axlos gaCerda `napralsa zRudisasa~.
wm.ninos win SemaZrwunebeli sanaxaoba gadaiSala: `dga kaci spilenZisaÁ,
da tansa missa ecua jaWÂ oqroÁsaÁ, da Cafxuti oqroÁsaÁ, da samÃarni
esxnes frcxili da bivriti, da Ãelsa missa aqunda Ãrmali lesuli,
romeli btwyinvida da iqcevoda Ãelsa Sina, reca Tu romeli Seexebin,
Tavi TÂsi sikudid ganiwiris~ (28,119). xalxi Tavis codvebs SiSiT
ixsenebda didebuli armazis winaSe. maSindeli qarTlis mosaxleoba,
armazs da sxva warmarTul kerpebs, Svilebsac ki swiravda msxverplad.
maT cecxlSi wvavdnen. `ninos cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `amas queyanasa
qarTlisasa iyvnes orni mTani da maT zeda orni kerpni, armaz da zaden,
28
romelni iynosdes sulmyralobiT aTassa sulsa yrmisa pirmSoÁsasa,
armaz da zaden, da Sesawirvad uCndes mSobelTa maTTa msxuerplad,
viTarmca ukunisamde ara iyo sikudili. da ese iyo moaqamde~( 28,126).
armazis kerpis aRmarTvas qarTuli matianeebi farnavazs miaweren,
romelic leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovrebis~ mixedviT, pirveli
qarTveli mefis azos memkvidred da amavdroulad, qarTuli, erovnuli
samefo dinastiis pirvel mefed saxeldeba. mas unda emefa III s-is adreul
xanebSi. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mixedviT, farnavazma: `aRmarTa kerpi didi
cxÂrsa zeda, da dasdva saxeli misi armazi da moqmna zRude wyliT
kerZo da hrqÂan armaz~ (28,82).
mecnier n. mars, romelmac Zveli qarTlis warmarTul RvTaebaTa
panTeons vrceli gamokvleva miuZRvna, miaCnia, rom armaz_ormuzdis
kerpis dadgma armazis mTaze saqarTveloSi sparsuli religiis
damkvidrebaze metyvelebs. n. mari Tvlis, rom Zvel qarTul ZeglebSi,
nawilobriv `wm.ninos cxovrebaSic~, ZirZvel qarTvel RmerTebad miCneul
RvTaebaTa gverdiT, iranuli RmerTebic moixsenebian. mecnieris azriT,
iranul RmerTTagan, qarTul panTeonSi gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs
swored armazs, somxur armazds, sparsul ormuzds, igive ahura mazdas,
romelic `ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT qarTlis uzenaes RvTaebas
warmoadgenda: `RmerTi RmerTTa armaz~. n. maris azriT, SesaZloa armazis
mTasac swored am RvTaebisagan mieRo Tavisi saxelwodeba, razec,
mecnieris varaudiT, TviT qarTuli literaturul_istoriuli wyaroebi
mianiSneben. (armazis mTas moixsenieben istorikosebi: straboni, pliniusi
da a.S) (44,3). somxur TargmanebSi Semonaxul qarTul matianeTa Zveli
redaqciiT, saqarTvelos `eponimurma~ fuZemdebelma qarTlosma daikava
mTa, (SemdgomSi) armazi. am mTaze igi daasaflava SemdgomSi misma Svilma
mcxeTosma, aseve `eponimurma~ figuram. mogvianebiT, qarTul matianeTa
imave redaqciaSi, armazis kedlis amSeneblad dasaxelebulia adarmosi,
romelic afridunma gamoagzavna. n.maris azriT, am cnobebSi istoriuli
monacemi cotaa, garda adarmosisa, rac albaT, mecnieris azriT,
gadakeTebuli adarmogia da unda niSnavdes sazogado saxels _ cecxlis
mogvs, igive cecxlis qurums, rac savsebiT miesadageba pirovnebas,
romelic armazis zRudes, anu saqarTveloSi iranuli kultis centrs
29
aSenebda. n.mars miaCnia, rom Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom armazis
(Zveli formiT armazdi) msgavsad farnavazic farnavazdis mogvianebiTi
formaa, am ukanasknelSi miviRebT damatebiT xarisxs zedsarTavi
saxelisa brwyinvale…. . . . aseTi mniSvnelobis epiTeti ki, mecnieris
azriT, savsebiT kanonzomieria da Cveulebrivi ahura mazdasTvis,
romelic, rogorc cnobilia, `xvarnis~, anu umaRlesi RvTaebrivi
brwyinvalebis mqonea (ix.44,4). mecnier T.dunduas azriT, iranizacia
qarTlSi Zalze Zlieri aRmoCnda. misi azriT, ahura_mazdas nominaluri
derivacia SesaZlebelia, miuxedavad imisa, rom armazi kerpia. T. dundua
miiCnevs, rom iranuli ahuramazda qarTlSi paganizms daeqvemdebara (10,11).
`qarTlis moqcevis~ mixedviT, wminda adgili armazi, qarTvel mefeTa
gansakuTrebuli pativis sagani iyo: farnavazis memkvidrem, saurmagma,
aRaSena igi, misma memkvidrem mirvanma ki daasrula. amgvarad, rogorc
Cans, armazis kerpis adgilsamyofeli wminda qalaqad gadaiqca. n.mars
miaCnia, rom qarTuli warmarTuli RmerTebi SesaZloa TviT qarTvel
mefeebs warmoadgendnen, radgan mefeebi TavianT Tavs udgamdnen kerpebs,
rogorc mag. farnavazis SemTxvevaSi. xalxma daiwyo maTi Tayvaniscema
ise, rogorc RmerTebisa. SesaZloa, `mefeTa cxovreba~ mogvevlinos
qarTlis warmarTuli panTeonis matianedac, radgan swored am wyarodan
vigebT, rom qarTvelebi gauazreblad eTayvanebodnen erTdroulad:
cecxls, qvebs, xeebs. qarTlSi arsebobda mravalRmerTianoba (ix.44, 1-29).
Zveli qarTlis warmarTuli panTeonis mazdeur da ZirZvel qarTul
religiur nazavze saubrobs mecnieri n. mari, rodesac is `ninos
cxovrebaSi~ asaxul armazisadmi miZRvnil dResaswaulis aRweraSi, or
erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel mxares xedavs. esenia: erT dRes mogvTa
msaxureba, rasac qarTul matianeTa gviandeli redaqcia sparsul
religias uwodebs, meore dRes ki, `gvirgvinosanTa~ meTaurobiT saxalxo
zeimi sadideblad didi armazisa, romelsac qarTul matianeTa gviandeli
redaqcia cdilobs qarTuli RmerTi uwodos. qarTul matianeTa uZvelesi
redaqcia, gamoricxavs yvelanair azrs dResaswaulis ori nawilis
Sesaxeb, anu sparsuli nawilisa mogvebiT da qarTuli nawilisa armaziT.
n. maris varaudiTac, am wyaroebSi erT dRezea saubari, kerZod, RmerT
armazis sadidebel dResaswaulze armazSi, sadac midis wm. nino
30
morwmuneebTan erTad (ix.44,6). n. maris azriT, xSirad mematiane debs
zRvars sparsuli religiis magebsa da armazis kults Soris, romelsac
is mSobliurad, qarTuli warmoSobisad miiCnevs. n. mars, armazis kerpis
qarTuli warmoSoba arasworad miaCnia. rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebidan
irkveva, sparsul religias saqarTveloSi qurumebi ganagebdnen,
romlebsac iq, iseve rogorc mTel dasavleT iranSi, magebs uwodebdnen.
isini realuri warmomadgenlebi iyvnen warmarTobisa
(cecxlTayvanismcemlobisa) saqarTveloSi, romlebic ebrZodnen
qristianobas. mecnieris azriT, magis forma xmliT, TvlebiT da a.S,
armazis kerpis msgavsia. `ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT, isini margueTSi
cecxls emsaxurebodnen, rodesac qarTvelma aznaurebma aaSenes
wm.stefanes eklesia mdinare aragvTan, Vs-is dasawyisSi. SemdgomSi
sparselebma daipyres qarTuli eklesiebi da iq cecxls anTebdnen, rac
maTi siwminde iyo. gavida dro da: `aman herakle tfiliss da mcxeTas da
ujarmas ganavlinna qadagni, raÁTa yovelni qristeaneni qalaqTa Sina
eklesiaTa Sina Semokrben da yovelni moguni da cecxlisa msaxurni
moinaTlnen, anu moisrnen. xolo maT naTlis-RebaÁ ara inebes, zakuviT
Tana-aRerines qristeaneTa, vidremdis yovelTa zeda warhmarTa maxvili
da eklesiaTa Sina mdinareni sisxlisani diodes~ (ix. `moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁ~ Satberdis krebuli, gv.326-327) ( 44, 11).
sagulisxmoa, rom armazi, Tavisi warmarTuli salocavebiT, swrafad
ver gaxdeboda qristianobis centri. axali religiis, qristianobis,
momZlavreba warmarTuli kultis centrzec iqoniebda did gavlenas da
mis Sesustebas gamoiwvevda. am faqtze metyvelebs istoriuli wyaroc.
`qarTlis moqcevis~ avtori gvatyobinebs: `mcxeTa aTxeldeboda da
tfilisi eSeneboda, armazni Semcirdebodes da kalaÁ gandidneboda~(28,95).
n.maris azriT, am SemTxvevaSi, armazisa da kalas dapirispireba SesaZloa
gavaigivoT qristianobis mier warmarTobis TandaTanobiT Zlevis faqtTan.
qarTveli mematiane, siamovnebiT upirispirebs Tbilisisa da kalas
mSvenierebas mcxeTisa da armazis dacemas. n.mari Tvlis, rom qarTuli
matianeebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, simagre kala sparselebs auSenebiaT
mcxeTis armazis sapirispirod. amitom safiqrebelia, rom es
urTierTdapirispireba sxva epoqis faqtebs asaxavdes, roca kala,
31
qristianTaTvis es wminda adgili SesaZloa dapirispirebuli yofiliyo
armazTan, anu Zveli warmarTuli kultis centrTan. (cnobilia, rom
kalas cixe_simagreSia moqceuli Tbilisis uZvelesi taZari, sadac
mdebareobs saqarTvelos pirveli mowamis _ wm. SuSanikis saflavi).
sagulisxmoa, rom `qarTlis moqcevi~ avtori, armazisa da kalas Sesaxeb
mogviTxrobs SuSanikis wamebis amsaxveli striqonebis Semdeg. miuxedavad
yvelafrisa, faqtia, rom cecxlTayvanismcemloba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
ar amoZirkvula saqarTveloSi. qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT,
saqarTvelos ukanaskneli kerpTayvanismcemlebi isev mogvebi iyvnen
(ix.44,27).
sayuradReboa, armazis kerpTan dakavSirebiT, s. makalaTias da
k.kekeliZis mosazrebani. es mecnierebi, pirvelebi Seecadnen `wm.ninos
cxovrebaSi~ daculi armazis kerpisaTvis ara marto misi etimologiis,
aramed aRwerilobis struqturis mixedviT moeZebnaT paraleli. aseTad ki
maT `mixr_iaStebSi~ iranuli RvTaebis, miTras, aRweriloba miiCnies
(20,189). k.kekeliZis azriT, miTraizmi qarTvelTaTvis ucxo ar yofila.
jer erTi imitom, rom mWidro kavSiri hqondaT mcire aziis qveynebTan,
meorec imitom, rom ahura mazda, igive armazis religia, sasanidebis
periodSi saxelmwifo religia iyo da kidev erTi, miTraizmis
wes_Cveulebebi saqarTveloSi SemorCenili gaxldaT (16,350). k. kekeliZis
mosazrebiT, mazdeanobam sazogadod kerpTayvanismcemloba ar icoda.
kerZod, arsad ar akeTebdnen da ar dgamdnen ahura mazdas an armazis
kerps. miuxedavad amisa, mematianis gadmocemiT, mcxeTaSi qristianobis
SemoRebisas mdgara armazis kerpi, mxedris atributiT, romelic CvenSi
winaprebis samlocvelos warmoadgenda da romelic, gadmocemis Tanaxmad,
setyvam da mexma Semusra. am garemoebas n. mari da i. javaxiSvili xsnian
mazdeanobis qarTul niadagze gadagvarebiTa da SecvliT. k. kekeliZes
miaCnia, rom ufro marTebuli iqneboda gvefiqra, rom matianem tyuilad
monaTla armazis saxeliT kerpi, romelic sinamdvileSi warmoadgenda
miTras gamoxatulebas, radgan miTra yvela dRemde aRmoCenil
bareliefze warmodgenilia mxedris saxiT. mas mosxmuli aqvs samxre,
Tavze axuravs Cafxutiseburi qudi da xelSi uWiravs alesili xanjali,
romliTac is xars klavs (16,351). `wm.ninos cxovrebidan~ vigebT, rom
32
armazs xelT epyra maxvili da `biws~ is aravis hpatiobda. sulxan _ saba
orbelianis `sityvis konis~ ganmartebiT, biwi `knini rame Seryvnilebaa~,
anu mciredi siyalbea (21,67). miTra ki, mixr_iaStebis mixedviT aris
RvTaeba, romelic sicrues da siyalbes aravis hpatiobs (16,350).
armazis kerpSi miTras moiazrebs T. dunduac. qarTul_iranuli
istoriul-kulturuli urTierTobebis mkvlevari, mecnieri T. dundua,
miiCnevs, rom saqarTveloSi iranuli miTraizmi Semovida berZnul-
romaulad gadagvarebuli saxiT. mecnieris mosazrebiT, adreuli
periodis qarTul monetebze gamosaxulia: cecxli da mogvi, rogorc
adreuli xanis qarTuli gliptikis tradiciuli detali da amavdroulad
mazdeanobis simbolo, sadac mogvi warmoadgens miTras. ukve SemdgomSi,
qarTvel erismTavarTa numizmatikaSi _ e.w. qarTul-sasanuri dramebis
zurgis mxares, mazdeanuri simbolos _ wminda cecxls emateba
qristianuli jvari, rac mecnieris azriT, warmarTuli panTeonis
etapobrivi cvlis da TandaTanobiT qristianobiT Canacvlebis naTeli
ilustraciaa. T.dundua miiCnevs, rom saqarTveloSi, bazaleTis tbis
fskerze, gmiris dabadebis folkloruli Temac, swored zoroastrizmis
bundovani reminiscenciaa. gmiri igive ga-miria, anu miTra. (T.dunduas
azriT, am gancxadebis safuZveli Semdegi faqtorebia:Aa) miTras erT-erTi
epiTetia gayo-da, sicocxlis momniWebeli, b) miTras proteJea _gah, g)
miTras ucilobeli kavSiri ahura mazdasTan, triada_armazi, gaci da ga
bagineTze). T. dunduas azriT, saxeli “miTra” socialur kontraqtsac
gulisxmobs. swored misi saxelidan unda iyos wamosuli sityva sa-marT-
al-i, marT-va (10,11). T.dundua Tvlis, rom zogadad miTraizmi, feodaluri
iberiisTvis proiranuli fsevdo monoTeisturi socialuri qaosia (ix.
10,29). T.dunduas azriT, TxoTis mTaze momxdari mzis dabnelebis epizodi,
antimiTraistuli momentia, xolo armazisa da cecxlis dapirispireba,
gviandeli antimiTraistuli improvizacia. T.dunduas azriT, miTras
kults bevri saerTo aqvs qristesTan, iseve rogorc iranul mazdeanobas
monoTeistur religiasTan (10,44-45).
armazTan dakavSirebiT, saWiroa yuradReba SevaCeroT `farnavazis
cxovrebaze~. Zveli qarTuli istoriuli Tu literaturuli wyaroebis
mkvlevarebi miiCneven, rom leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovreba~
33
dafuZnebulia Zvel qarTul wyaroebze da zogierTi uZvelesi Zegli
masSi Sesulia TiTqmis Seucvlelad. es faqti gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania leonti mrovelis Zeglis erT TavTan mimarTebaSi,
romelic XI saukuniT TariRdeba da romelsac ewodeba `cxovreba
farnavazisi~ (55,5). r. baramiZis azriT, es Tavi udaod gaJRenTili unda
iyos warmarTuli ideologiiT, radgan `cxovreba farnavazisi~,
gansxvavdeba mrovelis Zeglis sxva Tavebisagan literaturuli maneriT,
sagmiro_zRapruli stiliT da elementebiT (mag:farnavazis sizmari),
romelic miTosuri azrovnebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. amave dros, misi
qronologiuri da istoriuli detalebi Seesatyviseba realur periods.
rac unda niSnavdes imas, rom leonti mrovelma Tavis `mefeTa
cxovrebaSi~, `farnavazis cxovrebis~ saxiT, Seitana warmarTuli epoqis
raRac nawarmoebi, romelic originalur Txzulebad unda miviCnioT (5,10).
`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT : `amanve farnavaz Seqmna kerpi didi
saxelsa zeda TÂssa: ese ars armazi, rameTu farnavazs sparsulad armaz
erqua. amarTa kerpi igi armazi Tavsa zeda qarTlisasa, da mieriTgan
ewoda armazi kerpisa misTÂs. da qmna satfureba didi kerpisa misTÂs
aRmarTebulisa~ (19,25). n. maris azriT, qarTlis mefe farnavazs ki ar
uwodebdnen sparselebi armazs, aramed piriqiT, SeiZleba RmerT
armazisaTvis ewodebinaT farnavazi. mas miaCnia, rom RmerTs, romlis
kerpic savaraudod armazis mTaze iyo aRmarTuli, misi Tayvanismcemlebi
moixsenebdnen damatebiTi epiTetiT _ farnavazi, romelsac ahura
mazdasTan (mazdeanuri iranis mTavar RvTaebasTan) aigivebdnen (44,11).
farnavazi pirveli qarTveli mefea, romelmac moaxdina religiuri
reforma da iranuli RmerTi Semoiyvana qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi,
romelsac sakuTari saxeli uwoda.Aam RmerTs farnavazi aniWebs udides
Zalauflebas. es kerpi xdeba qarTuli ZirZveli RvTaebebis meTauri.
migvaCnia, rom am faqtiT dasabami mieca sparsuli mazdeanuri RvTaebebis
qarTul warmarTul panTeonTan damynobas, maT gaqarTulebas. farnavazi
gvevlineba mazdeizmis pirvel damamtkiceblad saqarTveloSi. es faqti
Cans iqidanac, rom farnavazis dros: `arRara Wamdes kacsa TÂnier romel
Seswirian kerpsa msxuerplad~ (19,26). `farnavazis cxovrebis~ mixedviT,
farnavazs religiuri reformis garda, mwignobrobis Seqmna da qarTuli
34
enis gavrceleba miewereba: `iyo pirveli mefe qarTlsa Sina qarTlosisa
naTesavTagani. aman ganavrco ena qarTuli, da arRara izraxebodes sxua
ena qarTlsa Sina TÂnier qarTulisa. da aman Seqmna mwignobroba
qarTuli~ (19,26). n. mari Tvlis, rom SesaZloa, zogierTi epizodi
farnavazis istoriisa, gamogonili iyos. mag: epizodi, mis mier ganZis
povnisa. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia farnavazi qarTvel mefed an
didebulad miviCnioT da ara ahuramazdas epiTetad, Tumca faqtia, rom
qarTul matianeebSi mis Sesaxeb dadasturebuli cnobebi ar aris da TviT
misi sikvdilic arasarwmuno cnobebiT aris moculi. n. maris varaudiT,
daujerebelia, rom farnavazma, armaz-ormuzdis (ahuramazdas)
Tayvanismcemelma, sikvdilis Semdeg gansasvenebeli hpova armazis kerpis
win: `da mokuda farnavaz, da dafles winaSe armazisa kerpisa~ (19,26).
wesisamebr, mazdeanebs im dros miwaSi ar marxavdnen. (n. maris azriT,
rodesac qarTul matianeTa uZvelesi redaqciis avtori pirvel warmarT
qarTvelebs ganaqiqebs da brals sdebs maT imaSi, rom qorwinebis dros
naTesaobas ar daeZebdnen da saflavebi ar hqondaT, cxadia, qarTvel
mwerals mxolod zoroastruli rjulis mimdevarTa Sesaxeb hqonda
cnobebi) (ix.44,1-29). vfiqrobT, farnavazis armazis kerpis win damarxvis
faqtic dasturi unda iyos imisa, rom saqarTveloSi, sawyis etapze,
sparsuli mazdeanuri religiis qarTul warmarTul tradiciebTan
Serwyma xdeboda.
armaz_farnavazis Semdeg, meore RmerTi qarTlis warmarTuli
panTeonidan, gaxlavT zadeni. `ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT, rodesac nino
saqarTvelos sazRvrebs uaxlovdeboda, faravnis tbasTan meTevzeebs
Sexvda, romlebic saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan iyvnen. es meTevzeebi
ninos somxurad elaparakebodnen da RmerTebs:Larmazsa da zadens
ificebdnen. `ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT, zadens, iseve rogorc armazs,
msxverplad adamianebs swiravdnen. am RmerTebs, `ninos cxovrebis~
mixedviT, erT adgilze hqondaT taZrebi. kerZod, qalaq mcxeTis
misadgomebTan, anu rabadSi, igive armazSi. amaze mogviTxroben qarTul
matianeTa Zveli redaqciebic. zadenis kerpze, sxva literaturul Tu
istoriul wyaroebSi, maincdamainc didi masala ar mogvepoveba. zadeni,
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli qronikebis mixedviT, Zveli qarTlis (iberiis)
35
mosaxleobis mier, wina qristianul panTeonSi, miiCneoda nayofierebis da
mosavlianobis RmerTad. qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT,
zadenic armazis msgavsad qarTlis warmarTuli panTeonis iranul
RvTaebad gvevlineba.
`mefeTa cxovrebis~ mixedviT, mefe farnajomma, mirvanis memkvidrem,
`aRaSena cixe zadeni, da Seqmna kerpi saxeliT zaden, da amarTa zadens
da iwyo Senebad kaxeTs qalaqsa nelqarissa, romel ars nekresi~(19,29).
igive informacias gvawvdis zadenze `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁc~. aq
vkiTxulobT: ` da mefobda farnajom da aRmarTa kerpi zaden mTasa zeda
da aRaSena cexÀ~ (28,82). rogorc Cans SemdgomSi farnajom nebroTianma:
`Seiyuara sjuli sparsTa, cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvanna sparseTiT
cecxlismsaxurni da moguni, da dasxna igini mcxeTas, adgilsa mas,
romelsa aw hqÂan moguTa, da iwyo cxadad gmobad kerpTa~ (28,29). am
faqtisaTvis qarTlis mosaxleobas farnajomi mouZulebiaT kidec, radgan
maT `kerpTa mimarT didi rwmena da ridi hqondaT~ (28,29). istoriuli
qronikebis mixedviT sagulisxmoa, rom rogorc armazis kerpis aRmarTvas,
ise zadenis kerpis aRmarTvasac mosdevs im adgilis ganaSenianeba,
galavnis aSeneba. swored aseTi galavnis bzaridan adevnebda Tvals
wm.nino warmarTul zeims armazis dResaswaulis dRes. (n.maris varaudiT,
`ninos cxovrebaSi~ saubari unda iyos cecxlTayvanismcemelTa taZarze,
romelic warmoadgenda galavanSemortymul sivrces, sadac wminda
cecxli enTo da kerpTmsaxureba mimdinareobda: erT aseT taZarze
kabadokiaSi strabonic mogviTxrobda, rogorc TviTmxilveli) (ix.44,1-29).
`ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT, rom zadenis mTaze
kerpTayvanismcemlebs odesRac godoli augiaT da iq samsxverplo idga,
romelzedac amazrzen eSmakTa mier SemaZrwunebeli msxverplSewirva
mimdinareobda. istorikosebi: herodote, straboni, klimenti
aleqsandrieli gadmogvcemen, rom sparselebi ahuramazdas msxverpls
swiravdnen maRal adgilas. rogorc istoriuli wyaroebidan Cans,
saqarTveloSic es ase xdeboda.
zadeni, mecnier n. maris azriT, gaigivebulia `avestas~ zoroastrul
iazatTTan, romelic keTil genias aRniSnavda, gansakuTrebiT ki
mecnieris varaudiT miTrasTan, igive mihrasTan. n.mari Tvlis, rom zaden-
36
mihras RvTiuri bunebis gaazreba armaz-ormuzdis Semdeg, savsebiT
Seesatyviseba imas, rom miTra, ahura-mazdas Semdeg erT-erTi umTavresi
RvTaebaa iranul religiaSi da Sesabamisad zadenic iranuli RvTaebaa.
sparsul religiur ZeglebSi, miTra ahura_mazdas gverdiT moixsenieba.
n.maris azriT, iseve rogorc ormuzdi, miTrac `xvarnis~, anu uaRresad
didi RvTaebrivi brwyinvalebis matarebelia. mas darTuli aqvs tituli,
romelsac Tavisi sididiT utoldeba mefe farnajomis saxeli. qarTuli
wyaroebis mixedviT ki, es is farnajomia, romelmac saqarTveloSi
aRmarTa am titulis matarebeli zaden_miTras kerpebi. n.mari
istoriulad ar gamoricxavs mefe farnajomis moRvaweobis faqts. Tumca,
mecnieris azriT, savsebiT dasaSvebia, rom is farnajomi, romlis
Sesaxebac `qarTlis moqcevis~ aRniSnul adgilzea saubari, RmerT
zaden_miTras epiTeti iyos mxolod (44,13).
`ninos cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT, rom armazis kerpis marjvniv: `dga
kerpi oqroÁsaÁ da saxeli misi gaci, da marcxl misa _ kerpi vercxlisaÁ
da saxeli misi ga, romelni – igi RmrTad hqondes mamaTa TquenTa arian
qarTliT~ (28,120). `ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT, am RvTaebebsac swiravdnen
msxverplad bavSvebs: `da Seiwirvoda maTa erTi sefewuli cecxliTa
dawuvad da mtueri gardabnevad Tavsa kerpisasa~ (28,126).
rogorc vxedavT, `wm.ninos cxovrebaSi~ es ori warmarTuli RmerTi:
gaci da ga(gaimi), ZirZvel qarTul RmerTebadaa moxseniebuli. mefe
miriani da dedofali nanac maT mama_papaTa Zvel RmerTebad
moixsenieben. `wm.ninos cxovrebidan~ maTi sqesic irkveva, isini mamakaci
RvTaebebi yofilan. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ sxvadasxva redaqcia maT
`yovelTa dafarulisa gamomZiebelns~ uwodebs. Tumca, ar arsebobs arc
erTi piris aRmniSvneli saxeli Tu geografiuli dasaxeleba qarTlSi,
romelic am RmerTebTan iyos dakavSirebuli, arc raime dResaswauli
arsebobs maT sapativcemulod. isini ficis drosac ar moixseniebian.
uSedegoa maTi Zieba Zvel qarTul xalxur gadmocemebSic. SesaZloa,
qarTul mwerlobaSi am RmerTebis saxelebi mwignobrul_sqolastikuri
gziTac iyos Semosuli.
sagulisxmoa, rom `ninos cxovreba~ maT `kerpTa mamaTa CvenTas~ ki
uwodebs, magram ar miuTiTebs maT istorias. Tumca, sxva istoriuli
37
Txzulebebi avseben am xarvezs. qarTuli qronikebis mixedviT, azonma,
iaredis Svilma makedoniidan, aleqsandre makedonelis naTesavma,
romelmac daniSna is saqarTvelos patrikad, ori vercxlis kerpi _ gaci
da gaimi aRmarTa da kerpTayvanismcemeli gaxda; miuxedavad imisa, rom
aleqsandres anderZis mixedviT, saWiro iyo mxolod mnaTobebis: mzis,
mTvaris, 5 varskvlavis da uxilavi RmerTis Tayvaniscema. mecnier, T.
dunduas azriT, es faqti miuTiTebs monoTeizmisa da warmarTobis
dualizaciis faqtze qarTlis warmarTul panTeonSi (10,16). `qarTlis
moqcevis~ mixedviT, azoni pirveli mefea mcxeTaSi da amave dros aranis _
saqarTvelos mefis Svili. n. maris azriT, SemdgomSi cnobebma gacis da
gaimis, e.w. qarTuli RvTaebebis, Sesaxeb, sxva ZeglebSic SeaRwia. mag:
saeklesio muzeumis #96 xelnaweris mcire nomokanonis qarTul teqstSi,
im kerpebs Soris, romlebsac mospoba emuqrebodaT, dasaxelebulia
adgilobrivi kerpebi _ boCi, kaci (sic), ga, geoni da armazi (44,12).
naTelia, rom literaturuli da istoriuli wyaroebis avtorebi
Segnebulad cdilobdnen am RmerTebisaTvis miecaT gansakuTrebuli,
erovnuli mniSvneloba.
qarTul mecnierebaSi, gacisa da gaimis warmomavlobaze
gansxvavebuli azrebi arsebobs. qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis
mkvlevar mecnierTa erTi jgufi saerTo azrisaa gacis da gaimis
warmoSobis Sesaxeb da maT adgilobriv qarTul RvTaebebad miiCnevs.
i.javaxiSvili gacTan da gaimTan mimarTebaSi aRniSnavda, rom:
`qarTvelebs TavianTi pirvandeli samSoblodan Tan ori uZvelesi
mamapapeuli salocavi da RvTaeba kerpi moutaniaT. yvela danarCeni
kerpebi mermindeli SenaZeni da aRmarTuli RvTaebebi yofilan~(40,99).
s.janaSias, `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ naxsenebi fraza, rom es kerpebi `mamaTa
CvenTani arian qarTlidan~, ganmartebuli aqvs, rogorc RmerTebi,
romlebsac Tayvans scemdnen qarTvelTa winaprebi, arian qarTlidan
(43,46). g.meliqiSvilic iziarebda am mosazrebas da aRniSnavda, rom
`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ cnoba arian qarTlidan qarTvelebis winaprebis
gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb, gamoyofs warmarTuli panTeonis or jgufs: arian
qarTlidan mosulebs (esenia gaci da gaimi) da adgilobrivebs (armazsa
da zadens) (46,39). mecnierTa nawili gacis da gaims axlo aRmosavlur
38
wyaroebs ukavSirebda. n. mari RvTaeba gas (gaims) semitur samyaros
ukavSirebs da paralels kerp astartesTan avlebs, romelic, misi azriT
CvenSi wignieri gziT Semovida, razec misi meore forma gaimi metyvelebs.
gaci ki mars asurul RvTaebad gatis msgavs saxed miaCnia, radganac
berZnulSic am formiT yofila SenarCunebuli) (44,2). misi azriT, gaimi,
rogorc rTuli sityvis Semadgeneli nawili, gvxvdeba finikiur, kerZod
karTagenul warwerebSic. n. maris mixedviT, prof. levi varaudobda, rom
ga arameulidan nasesxebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT da avxsnaT igi, rogorc
RvTaebis atributi, mniSvnelobiT `amaRlebuli~. Tumaca, am ukanasknels,
ufro damajereblad miaCnda, rom finikielebma da arameelebma es saxeli
romeliRac saerTo, mag: egvipturi wyarodan isesxes (44,3). n.maris azriT,
am RvTaebebis saxelebi qarTvelebSi mwignobruli gziT gaCnda da
SemdgomSi moxda qarTul wyaroebSi maTi qarTul kerpebad warmoCena.
rogorc Cans, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ avtors aradamajereblad miaCnda
arsebuli monacemebi am RmerTebis qarTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da
moaxdina maTi kidev ufro gaerovnuleba. n. mari miiCnevs, rom `wm.ninos
cxovrebis~ avtorma ga qarTul RmerTad aqcia, magram mecnieris azriT,
TviT dasaxeleba ga jer kidev bibliis qarTul teqstSi iyo naxsenebi.
misi azriT, ga_s rogorc RmerTis an kerpis dasaxeleba gvxvdeba mefeTa
pirveli wignis qarTuli TargmanSi astartas kerpebis Sesatyvisad. is
faqti, rom RmerTi ga saqarTveloSi wignieri gziT Semovida Cans misi
meore formidan _ gaim, rac xelovnurad warmoqmnili mravlobiTi
ricxvia, romelic ebraulad mogvagonebs elohim RmerTs. bibliis imave
muxlSi, sadac kerpi ga aris dasaxelebuli, paralelurad aris naxsenebi
kerpebi _ baali da astarte, sityvasityviT baalebi da astartebi; am
formiT gvxvdeba ara mxolod ebraul dedanSi, aramed zogjer
TargmanebSic, rogorc mag. berZnulSi, somxursa da qarTulSi. amgvarad,
ori kerpi _ gaci da ga, romlebic `wm.ninos cxovrebis~ avtorma iranuli
RvTaebis marjvena da marcxena mxares daayena, n. maris azriT, semituri
RmerTebis mwignobruli gziT nasesxebi saxelebia. imis miuxedavad, rom
gacisa da gaims armaz_ormuzdis gverdze moiazrebs zogierTi mecnieri,
n. maris mosazrebiT, armazis sparsul RvTaebasTan maTi dakavSireba
saTuoa, radgan SesaZloa TviT armazis kerpis arsebobac saeWvo iyos
39
(44,3). m. wereTelic, n. maris msgavsad, gacis da gaimis warmomavlobas
mcire azias ukavSirebda, Tumca n. marisagan gansxvavebiT, qarTuli gaci
man yaTed miiCnia (mamrobiTi sqesis sirielTa RmerTi, igive mcire aziis
RmerTi atisi), xolo gaimi, semitur panTeonSi gadasul xeTur RmerTad
(31,98). xeTur-luviur samyaros ukavSirebda g. giorgaZe gacisa da ga-s
warmomavlobas. qarTuli gacis sinonimad man xeTuri xaci, tarosis
mcveli RvTaeba miiCnia. g. giorgaZe miiCnevs, rom xaci, iseve rogorc gaci
xeTur leqsikasa da toponimikaSic dasturdeba. manve xeTur-xuritul
samyaros daukavSira armazis marcxniv mdgomi kerpi ga (gaimi). g.giorgaZes
aseTi varaudis safuZvels isic aZlevda, rom man qarTul werilobiT
wyaroebSi moxseniebuli armazis aRwerilobas mcire aziur (xeTur-
xurituli) omisa da tarosis(TeSubis) RvTaebebTan mouZebna paraleli.
xeTur triadaSi tarosis mcvel RvTaebad xaci ixsenieba, msgavsad
armazis gverdiT moxseniebuli gacisa (8, 147_157). M
mecnieri vlas vawaZe, gacs da gaims qarTvelTa winaprebis mier
motanil RvTaebebad miiCnevs, romlebmac adgilobriv warmarTul
panTeonSi sxva RvTaebebTan erTad myarad daimkvidres adgili. v.vawaZis
azriT, sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovreba~
saxel armazs sparsul samyaros ukavSirebs maSin, roca `wm.ninos
cxovrebaSi~ gaci da gaimi Zvel, winaparTa RmerTebad iwodebian. rogorc
istoriuli wyaroebidan dasturdeba, modis ra farnavazi azos Semdgom
qarTlis samefos saTaveSi, is religiuri reformas atarebs, anu armazis
kerpis Tayvaniscemas awesebs. wyaroebSi araferia naTqvami imaze, Seexo
Tu ara farnavazi azos mier Semotanil kerpebs, mxolod `wm.ninos
cxovrebidan~ vigebT, rom gaci da gaimis kerpebi mirianis dros
moTavsebulni iyvnen mTavari RvTaebis, armazis gverdiT da erTgvar
triadas qmnidnen. amasTan, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaro ramdenimejer xazs
usvams gacis da gas warmoSobas da maT Seqmnas qarTvelTa winaprebs
miawers. v.vawaZis varaudiT, farnavazis gamefebis Semdeg am RvTaebebma ar
Sewyvites arseboba qarTlis warmarTul panTeonSi SesaZloa swored
imitom, rom isini qarTvelTa uZvelesi RvTaebebi iyvnen da maTi sparsuli
RvTaebebiT Canacvleba ki ar moxda, aramed adgilobrivi qarTuli
RvTaebebi Seerwya sparsuls (ix.11,279).
40
v. vawaZe miiCnevs, rom marto es faqtebi araa sakmarisi imisTvis, raTa
gaci da gaimi ZirZvel qarTul RvTaebebad miviCnioT, radgan gviandel
xalxur gadmocemebSi, tradiciebSi, aseTi saxelis matarebeli RvTaebebi
ar dasturdeba, arc imis faqtebi arsebobs, rom maTTvis raime salocavi
daedgaT, saqarTveloSi ar dasturdeba gacisa da gaimis saxelebTan
dakavSirebuli toponimikuri adgilebi, gansxvavebiT armazisa da
zadenisa. v. vawaZis mosazrebiT, gacis da gaimis etimologiis gamorkveva
qarTul leqsikaSia saZebari, vinaidan `ninos cxovrebis~ literaturuli
wyaro, maT Zvel qarTvelTa RmerTebad miiCnevs. v.vawaZis azriT, gaimi
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ sxvadasxva redaqciaSi sxvadasxvanairad moixsenieba:
gaima, gim, gaim, gaiam, ga. sulxan saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, ga
SesaZloa niSnavdes: ganRmrTobas, gamefebas, gauflebas, gacxovelebas,
gaqalaqebas, gakeTebas, gacemas, gaborotebas. TiTqos, ufro advili unda
iyos meore kerpis, gacis etimologiis gamorkveva, romelic SesaZloa
gaciskrebas ukavSirdebodes. leonti mroveli maT oqrosa da vercxlis
kerpebad moixseniebs. Tumca, zog adgilas orive kerpi vercxlisad
iwodeba. simbolizmis mixedviT, sagulisxmoa, rom liTonis simbolikaSi
vercxli mTvaresTanaa kavSirSi, oqro ki, adreul stadiaSi, mzesTan
asocirdeboda. misi asociaciis gamo mzesTan, oqro iTvleboda mamakacuri
sawyisis simbolod (56,123). `wm.ninos cxovreba~ gac-s oqros mamakac
kerpad warmogvidgens, rac Seesabameba mis mzesTan da mamakacur
sawyisTan dakavSirebas, Tumca amasTan unda iTqvas, rom Tu Satberdis
krebulSi, qarTlis cxovrebis Zvel somxur TargmanSi, anaseul nusxaSi
gaci oqros kerpad warmogvidgeba, mariamiseul nusxaSi oqros kerpad
gaimia moxseniebuli. vaxuSti batoniSvili erTgan xazgasmiT miuTiTebda:
`azon. . . qmna kerpni didni_gaci oqrosa da gaim vercxlisa~(12,55). Tumca
meore adgilas, rodesac avtori armazis kerps da mis Tanmdev RvTaebebs
aRwers, ambobs: `armazis imier da amier iyo gaim da gacim oqrosi da
vercxlisa~(12,78). `wm.ninos cxovreba~ Zvirfas cnobebs gvawvdis gacis da
gaimis RvTaebrivi funqciebis Sesaxeb. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ sxvadasxva
redaqcia maT `yovelTa dafarulisa gamomZiebelns~ uwodebs. `qarTlis
cxovrebis~ Zveli somxuri Targmanidan ki vigebT, rom Cveni mamebis Zveli
RmerTebi, gaimi da gacimi: `mzis aRmomabrwyinveblebi da wvimaTa
41
momcemlebi da qveynis nayofTa aRmomacenlebi yofilan.~ erTi SexedviT,
gacis unda Seesabamebodes `mzis aRmomabrwyinveli~, Tumca qarTlis
moqcevis sxva nusxebSi gacisa da gaimis RvTaebrivi funqcia mxolod
dafarulis gamoZiebaa. sagulisxmoa, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Zveli
somxuri Targmani, RvTaebaTa aRweris dros, ar ixsenebs arc armazs da
arc zadens. qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi gacis funqciebis gasarkvevad
arasakmarisi cnobebia. mxolod gaciskrebasTan da oqros kerpis mzesTan
dakavSireba ar unda iyos sakmarisi misi RvTaebrivi funqciebis
amosacnobad. v. vawaZe gacis da gaimis paralelebs somxur warmarTul
panTeonSi eZebs, radgan is qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis RvTaebebis _
armazis, aininas paralelebs somxur aramazdSi da anaitiSi, naneSi
xedavs. somxur panTeonSi da somxur werilobiT ZeglebSi ki, gacis da
gaimis saxelis matarebeli RvTaebebi ar gvxvdeba. es bunebrivicaa, radgan
gaci da gaimi, werilobiTi wyaros mixedviT, qarTvel winaparTa
RvTaebebi arian.
gacis da gaimis etimologiis sakiTxis srulyofilad gaazrebisTvis,
v. vawaZis azriT, saWiroa sxvagvarad iqnas gaazrebuli RvTaeba armazis
sakiTxic, romlis gverdiTac `wm.ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT moTavsebulni
iyvnen gaci da gaimi. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Zvel somxur TargmanSi,
gacisTan da gaimTan mimarTebaSi yvela is frazaa naxmari, rac sxva
redaqciebSi armazTan da zadenTan mimarTebaSia gamoyenebuli. `ninos
cxovrebidan~ viciT, rom RvTaeba armazs gverdiT hyavs oqros kerpi gaci
da vercxlis kerpi gaimi. `mixr-iaStebidan~ cnobilia, rom miTras aseTi
Tanamdevi ori RvTaeba sroSa da raSnu hyavda: `mis xelmarjvniv modis,
keTili da samarTliani sroSa, xelmarcxniv maRali, Zlieri raSnu~
(11,278). sroSa da raSnu miTras exmarebian mtris ZlevaSi (46,467). miTras
aseve xSirad gamoxataven sxva RvTaebebis garemocvaSic, romlebsac kauto
da kautopati hqviaT. maT xelSi CiraRdnebi uWiravT da ganasaxiereben
dilis da saRamos varskvlavebs (47,156). v. vawaZe Tvlis, rom im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu gaviziarebT k. kekeliZis mosazrebas armaz_miTras
kerpebis aRwerilobis struqturis igiveobis Sesaxeb, Cven SegviZlia gaci
da gaimis paraleli sroSaSi da raSnuSi, an kauto da kautopatSi
davinaxoT; miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi saxelis matarebeli RvTaebebi
42
ucxoa qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonisaTvis, werilobiTi
wyaroebisaTvisac da xalxuri filklorisTvisac (47,156). v. vawaZe
miiCnevs, rom am kiTxvaze pasuxi somxur warmarTul RmerTTa panTeonSia
saZebari, romelmac Tavis droze sparsuli zoroasruli panTeonis
gavlena ganicada. sagulisxmoa, rom RvTaeba mixris (igive miTras)
gverdiT somxuri werilobiTi wyaroebi or Tanamdev RvTaebas areg aknsa
da lus ins ganasaxiereben. pirvelis saxeli iTargmneba, rogorc mzis
Tvali, zenda-vesta `ormuzdis Tvalsac~ uwodebda, romelic udabnoebs
anayofierebs, arasodes sZinavs da qveynebis mfarvelia. areg akni
mamakacuri sqesis simbolodac miiCneva. lus ini ki mTvarea, romelic
`qaluri sqesis cecxlis~ simboloa, romelsac movses xorenaci `cecxl
dasac~ uwodebs. SesaZloa swored am RvTaebebs Seesabameba miTras
Tanmdevi kauto da kautopati, romlebic amomavali dilis da saRamos
ciskars ganasaxierebdnen (39,31). rogorc Cans, am ukanasknelTa RvTaebrivi
funqciebi da mniSvneloba qarTuli da somxuri warmarTuli
panTeonisaTvis cnobili iyo. qarTul variantSi areg akns oqros kerpi
gaci unda Seesabamebodes, romelic gaciskrebasTan unda iyos kavSirSi
da paralels naxulobs erTis mxriv kautosTan, meore mxriv areg aknTan.
irkveva meore kerpis gas (gaimis) mniSvnelobac; is mTvaris RvTaebaa,
msgavsad kautopatisa da lus inisa.
gacTan da gaimTan mimarTebaSi sabolood aseTi suraTi iqmneba.
istoriulad cnobilia, rom azonamde qarTlSi ar arsebobda erTiani
saxelmwifo. iyvnen tomebi, romlebic pirvelobisaTvis erTmaneTs
ebrZodnen, maT saTaveSi ki mamasaxlisebi unda mdgariyvnen. azoni qmnis
qarTveli tomebis erT saxelmwifod gaerTianebis precendents. qarTlis
teritoriaze mosaxle calkeul tomebs sakuTari RmerTebi unda
hyolodaT, iseve rogorc azonis mier Semotanili kerpebi gaci da gaimi
(ga) iyvnen Soreul winaparTa arian qarTlidan. tomTa Soris brZolebis
gamarjvebul azos mohyavs Tavisi kerpebi gaci da gaimi da awesebs maT
Tayvanisacemas. Tu ra bedi ewiaT am kerpebs samefos saTaveSi farnavazis
mosvlisa da misi religiuri reformis Semdgom, leonti mrovelis
`mefeTa cxovreba~ amis Sesaxeb cnobebs ar gvawvdis. Semdgomi cnobebi
gacisa da gaimis Sesaxeb `wm.ninos cxovrebaSi~ gvxvdeba. aqedan vigebT,
43
rom isini umaRlesi RvTaeba armazis gverdiT arian moTavsebulni. yvela
zemodCamoTvlili faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, v. vawaZes miaCnia, rom armazi
am SemTxvevaSi ar unda iyos ahura mazdad gaazrebuli, radgan misi
azriT, ahura mazdas msgavsi saxis kerpi, qarTuli werilobiTi
wyaroebisTvis ucxoa. v.vawaZis azriT, `ninos cxovrebis~ avtors
sinamdvileSi mxedvelobaSi hqonda ara ahura mazda, aramed RvTaeba
miTras aRweriloba. v.vawaZe Tvlis, rom armaz_ahura mazdas meomari
RvTaebis aRwera, mematianis Secdoma an misi fantaziis nayofi unda iyos.
am faqtis WeSmaritebaSi vrwmundebiT, Tu gadavxedavT mixr_iaStebSi
miTras aRwerilobas, Cvenamde moRweul mis reliefur gamosaxulebebs Tu
kerpebs. miTras xSirad gamosaxavdnen sroSasTan da raSnusTan, an kauto
da kautopatTan erTad. sroSa da raSnu miTras mtris daZlebaSi
exmarebodnen (anu meomari RvTaebis funqciac hqondaT miniWebuli), kauto
da kautopati dilis da saRamos ciskars ganasaxierebdnen, msgavsad
armazis Tanmdevi gacisa da gaimisa, romlebsac qarTuli werilobiTi
wyaroebi oqrosa da vercxlis kerpebad moixsenieben. simbolikis mixedviT
oqro mzis, vercxli ki mTvaris simboloa, amasTanave, kerp gaci-s
saxelidan unda modiodes sityva gaciskrebac. maTi moxsenieba meomar
RvTaebebad da dafarulis gamomZieblad, unda mianiSnebdes maT kavSirze
sroSasTan da raSnusTan, romlebic miTrasTan erTad Cinvantis xidze
gardacvlil sulebze mosamarTleebad gamodian. v. vawaZes miaCnia, rom
gaci da gaimi zoroastruli RvTaebis Semosvlisa da qarTlSi
damkvidrebis Semdeg, kauto_kautopatis, sroSa_raSnus qarTuli
Sesatyvisi RvTaebebi unda gamxdariyvnen. xolo, qarTlSi zoroasruli
panTeonis Semosvlamde da armazis amaRlebamde, Zvel RmerTebs, gacs da
gaims unda ebatonaT qarTul olimpoze. rogorc Cans, armazis gaCenam
maTi gavlena Seamcira, Tumca Tavis gverdiT mainc dauTmo am or
RvTaebas sapatio adgili da maT garkveuli funqciebic SeunarCuna
(11,285).
`ninos cxovrebaSi~ ixsenieba kidev erTi warmarTuli RmerTi,
iTrujani (iTruSana, eTrojano). teqstis mixedviT, rodesac mcxeTaSi
kerpebi daimsxvra, xalxis umetesobam, amaSi, qaldevelTa RmerTi,
iTrujani daadanaSaula. vinaidan: `ege armaz da qaldevelTa RmerTi
44
iTruSana yoladve mter arian. aman mis zeda zRuaÁ moadginis da man amis
zeda erTi nu raÁme moawiis, viTarca aqus CueulebaÁ soflis
mpyrobelTa, da kma-geyavn Cemgan brZanebad ese~ (29, 132). warmarT xalxs
miaCnda, rom radgan armazma odesRac zRva warmarTa iTrujanis
winaaRmdeg, axla am ukanasknelma Caagdo armazi aseT gansacdelSi.
n. maris mixedviT, im gadmocemis Tanaxmad, TiTqos armazma wyali
gaagzavna iTrujanis dasaRupavad, iTrujani mogvagonebs noes oreuls _
qsisuTrs an qsisuors. mecnieris azriT, maT Soris aSkarad unda iyos
msgavseba. sainteresoa, rogor iqca qsisuori iTrujanad? qsisuori
RmerTi ar aris, qarTul moTxrobaSi ki RmerTze, qaldevelTa RmerTzea
saubari. n. maris azriT, `ninos cxovrebis~ avtorisaTvis, termini
`qaldevelebi~ arameelTa da saerTod semit kerpTayvanismcemelTa
sinonimi unda iyos. `wm.ninos cxovrebis~ avtorma, romelmac qarTul
panTeonSi armazis gverdiT semituri RmerTi daayena, maSindel qarTvel
kerpTayvanismcemlebsac TavianTi azri gamoaTqmevina. kerZod ki is, rom
Tuki saqarTveloSi, mcxeTis saxlis armazis gverdiT semituri
RmerTebic imyofebian, maT Zveli angariSis gasworebac SeuZliaT.
amgvarad, idumalebiT mocul iTrujanSi, n.maris azriT, SeiZleba
amovicnoT gacis da gaimis Semdeg mesame semituri RmerTis saxeli. n.mars
miaCnia, rom iTrujani-eTrujani rTuli sityvaa. misi pirveli naxevari _
eTru aris RvTaebis saxeli. meore nawili _ dani, rogorc Cans aris
sazogado saxeli, rogorc mag: RmerTi, kerpi. n. marisgan gansxvavebiT
k.kekeliZes miaCnia, rom iTrujani ara semituri, aramed iranuli RvTaebaa
(44,27-28).
n. maris mosazrebiT, matianeebis garda arsad, arc “ninos cxovrebaSi”
da arc `qarTlis moqcevaSi~, ar aris saubari afrodotes kerpze, romlis
saqarTveloSi motanac dakavSirebulia berZeni sefeles, logoTetis
SviliSvilis saxelTan, romelic gaxldaT qarTveli mefis, viros coli
(44,28).
`mefeTa cxovrebis~ mixedviT cnobilia, rom mefe saurmagma da
mirvanma, romlebmac armazis samyofeli wminda qalaqi aaSenes, qarTlis
warmarTul panTeons kidev ori kerpi Sehmates. saurmagma _ aÁnana da
mirvanma _ danina. amis Sesaxeb `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁc~ gvauwyebs: `saurmag
45
aRmarTa kerpi aÁnina gzasa zeda. misa Semdgomad mefobda mirvan. da
aRmarTa danina gzasa zeda winarÀ~(28,82). es RvTaebebic, romlebic
iranuli kultis mfarveli mefeebis mier aris Semoyvanili, n.maris
varaudiT, SeiZleba aseve iranulad miviCnioT. mecnieris azriT, maTSi
SesaZloa SecdomiT aris aRniSnuli erTi da imave RvTaebis ornairi
dasaxeleba. esenia iranuli RvTaeba anahitasi (an anahida) da arairanuli
dasaxeleba nana. saqarTveloSi anahitasis sxva saxelis formiT
arsebobaze miuTiTebs qarTveli dedoflis _ nanas saxeli, radgan
rogorc ukve iTqva, qarTvel mefeTa saxelebi, rogorc Cans, sxvadasxva
mizezTa gamo mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli qarTul RmerTebTan. miuxedavad
amisa, n.mars miaCnia, rom dabejiTebiT msjeloba am ori kerpis Secvlil
dasaxelebaTa sparsul warmoSobaze jer-jerobiT naadrevia. saxelebi,
gansakuTrebiT ki pirveli _ ainina, metad Taviseburia da, SesaZloa
saidanmea Semotanili werilobiTi gziT. qarTvel mweralTagan maTze
informacia naklebad gvaqvs. marTalia, isini Semotanilia iranuli
kultis mfarveli mefeebis saurmagisa da mirvanis mier, magram am
mefeebma maT TavianTi erovnuli RmerTis armazisagan gansxvavebuli,
gansakuTrebuli adgili miuCines (44,28). qarTlis moqcevis mixedviT
saurmagma `aRmarTa kerpi ainina gzasa zeda. da iwyo armazs Senebad~
(28, 320).
irkveva, rom `ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT, qarTlSi iyo mxolod 4
warmarTuli kerpi: armazi, zadeni, gaci da gaimi. “moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs”
mixedviT ki 6: gaci, gaimi, armazi, zadeni, aÁnina da danina. matianeebSi
SegviZlia 7 kerpi davTvaloT Tu afroditesac CavTvliT. 7 RmerTis
arsebobis faqti asaxulia mose xorenelis `somxeTis istoriaSic~.
SesaZloa es avtori ufro werilobiT monacemebs eyrdnoba, vidre
xalxur gadmocemebs. n. mari miiCnevs, rom matianeebSi ufro mdidari
masala gvxvdeba qarTuli warmarTuli rwmenisa da RmerTebis Sesaxeb.
swored aq vxvdebiT informacias qarTvelTa mier mnaTobebis RmerTebad
moazrebis faqtze, rac Zveli warmarTuli qarTlisTvis iyo
damaxasiaTebeli (44,28).
n. maris azriT, qarTuli warmarTuli panTeoni, ise rogorc qarTul
matianeebSi da `wm.ninos cxovrebaSia~ aRwerili, ariul da semitur
46
RmerTebs moicavs da ara adgilobriv, qarTul RmerTebs. arielTa mTavar
jgufs ki, misi azriT, iraneli RmerTebi warmoadgenen. mecnieris
varaudiT, warmarTuli RmerTebis Sesaxeb cnobebSi, garkveulwilad unda
asaxuliyo adgilobrivi gadmocemebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi
mazdeanobis batonobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
migvaCnia, rom `ninos cxovrebaSi~ warmodgenili warmarTuli
RmerTebis panTeonic sparsul_qarTul narevs warmoadgens, radgan
zogadad, qarTul_iranuli kulturis elementebis Serwymas xangrZlivi
istoria aqvs. qarTulma warmarTobam odiTganve SeiTvisa iranuli/ariuli
gavlena. amierkavkasiis teritoriaze savaraudod jer kidev brinjaos
xanaSi Semosulma ariulma `superstratam~ kvali daamCnia qarTul
warmarTul panTeonsac. rogorc, mecnieri, T.dundua varaudobs, gaimi
miTras kultis erT-erTi saxeobis (gaio-martam-sicocxlis momniWeblis)
gadamuSavebul variants warmoadgens, ainina anahitisa da a.S. mogvianebiT
ki, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi iranuli `superstrata~ Cndeba, romelic
ahura-mazdas Tayvaniscemas avrcelebs iberiaSi (qarTuli kerpi armazi,
romlis saxelsac ukavSirdeba iberiis samefos mefis saxelwodebac). ase
rom, iranuli warmoSobis RvTaebebi qmnian qarTuli warmarTuli
panTeonis mTavar triadas. SedarebiT gansxvavebuli suraTia antikuri
xanis dasavleT saqarTveloSi. berZnuli warmoSobis kultebis garda:
apoloni, artemide, aretuza, heliosi, nike da sxva, romelTa
Tayvaniscemis tradicia kolxeTSi berZen kolonistebTan erTad Semovida
da romlebic adgilobrivma mosaxleobam sakuTar RvTaebebTan gaaigiva,
gavrcelebuli iyo `trapezunteli miTras~ kulti. (es ukanaskneli,
T.dunduas azriT, qalaq trapezuntis oficialur RvTaebas warmoadgenda
I-III ss-Si im qalaqSi, sadac ZiriTadad dasaxlebuli iyo kolxuri da
berZnuli mosaxleoba) (10,77).
Cven SevecadeT gvesaubra yvela im warmarTul RmerTze, romelic
SesaZloa ar iyo qarTuli Ziris da gaxldaT sxva qveynidan Semotanili
kulti (anu kavSirs amyarebda sparsul zoroastrul RvTaebebTan), magram
is arsebobda qarTul warmarTul panTeonSi. rogorc Cans, Zveli
qarTlis adgilobrivi warmarTuli RvTaebebi droTa ganmavlobaSi
Seerwya sparsul mazdeur RvTaebebs, radgan istoriulad cnobilia, rom
47
farnavazidan moyolebuli, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, mazdeizmi qarTlis
saxelmwifo religia iyo. es faqti metyvelebs imaze, rom qarTlis
mosaxleobis didi umetesoba mazdeani gaxldaT da Tayvans scemda
mazdeur_qarTul (tradiciul) religiur warmosaxvebs. ukve SemdgomSi,
rodesac qristianoba Semovida qarTlSi, sadac Zalze Zlieri iyo
warmarTuli tradiciebi, qarTuli literaturul Tu istoriuli
wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom qarTuli ZirZveli warmarToba da mazdeizmi
erTad moiazreboda warmarTobad qristianobis mier da amitomac,
warmarTul kerpebs da mazdeanobis simbolos, cecxls, qristianoba
erTad da erTnairad daupirispirda, rogorc fizikurad ise RvTaebrivi
saswaulebis saSualebiT.
48
qristianobis qristianobis qristianobis qristianobis polemika warmarTobasTanpolemika warmarTobasTanpolemika warmarTobasTanpolemika warmarTobasTan:::: warmarTobis Zleva saswaulebiT warmarTobis Zleva saswaulebiT warmarTobis Zleva saswaulebiT warmarTobis Zleva saswaulebiT
((((`̀̀̀ninos cxovrebininos cxovrebininos cxovrebininos cxovrebissss~~~~ mixedviTmixedviTmixedviTmixedviT))))
`ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT naTlad Cans, rom warmarTobasTan
polemika qristianobisa xdeba ara mxolod fizikuri dapirispirebis
gziT, aramed RvTaebrivi saswaulebis saSualebiT da am RvTiur
polemikaSi, warmarTuli panTeoni marcxdeba, nadgurdeba. sagulisxmoa,
rom CvenSi, es damarcxeba warmarTobisa, warmoebs Suasaukunoebrivi
qristianuli azrovnebis mixedviT. kerZod, RmerTi axdens saswaulebs,
romlebsac axorcielebs wmindanis meSveobiT. `ninos cxovrebis~
SemTxvevaSi, wmindani qalis, ninos saSualebiT, romelsac uflisgan aqvs
dakisrebuli qarTlis gaqristianebis RvTiuri misia. nino qarTlSi midis
im motiviT, rom eri gaaqristianos da logikuria, rom am miznis
misaRwevad saWiroa iq arsebuli warmarTobis daZleva, warmarTuli
kerpebis damsxvreva, raSic ninos ufali uwevs Tanadgomas RvTaebrivi
saswaulebis movlenis faqtiT.
nino RvTis mieraa arCeuli da aRzevebuli mociqulTa simaRlemde,
radgan rogorc qals, ar SeuZlia sagangebo zeciuri uflebamosilebis
gareSe iqadagos. es ki faravnis tbis piras xdeba. devnili nino
daRlil_daqanculi miwveba tbis napiras da CaTvlems. sizmarSi
gamoecxadeba ucxo RvTiuri kaci, romelic mas gadascems dabeWdil wigns
da daavalebs, miarTvas warmarT mefes mcxeTaSi. nino uarobs wignis
gamorTmevas im motiviT, rom is ucxo qalia. amis pasuxad RvTiuri kaci
mas etyvis: `ara ars mamakaci da arca dedakaci, aramed Tqven yovelni erT
xarT qristes mier, warvediT da moimowafeniT yovelni warmarTni da
aswavebdiT maT, rameTu naTeli gamobrwyinvebad ars maT zeda. da sadaca
iqadagos saxarebaÁ ese, munca iTqmodis dedakaci ese~ (28,107). ucnobi
gadauSlis wigns da miscems ninos wasakiTxad. wignSi 10 sityva (kanoni)
weria, romlebic exeba mociqulTa misionerul saqmianobas. aqedan oTxi
exeba uSualod qalis mdgomareobas qristianul moZRvrebaSi da
mociqulTa saqmeSi. aq qali mamakacTanaa gaTanabrebuli. (Tundac is
faqti rad Rirs, rom mariam magdalinelma auwya mociqulebs iesos
aRdgomis Sesaxeb) (13, 98-116).
49
didia ninosTvis RvTis mier momadlebuli saswaulebrivi Zala. `ninos
cxovrebis~ mixedviT, ninos saswaulebriv, RvTiur Zalas amCnevs masSi
somexi miafori da is ninos am sityvebiT mimarTavs: `vxedav, Svilo Cemo,
Zalsa Sensa, viTarcxa Zalsa lomisa Zuvisasa, romeli izaxebn yovelsave
zeda oTxferÃsa, gina viTarca orbi dedali, romeli aRvidis simaRlesa
aerTasa ufroÁs mamlisasa, da yoveli queyanaÁ gugasa Tualisa misisasa,
mciresa margalitis sworsa, Seayenis da ganixilis, ganicadis saWmeli
misi cecxlebr, dainaxis, moutevnis frTeni Srialebad da miimarTis mis
zeda~ (28, 111). ninos sidonia uwodebs SoriT mosul, saRmrTo niWs: `Sen
mier icnan RmerTi yovelTa erTa. romelni arian tyveobasa Sina
eSmakisasa, adre ganTavisuflden~ (28,120). salome uJarmeli da peroJavr
sivnieli sTxoven ninos auwyos misi qarTlSi mosvlis mizezi, mouTxros
maT WeSmariti RmerTis Sesaxeb da ixsnas maTi qveyana kerpebis
msaxurebisagan.
`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁSi~ vkiTxulobT: `aha esera me movle sanaxebi
qarTlisaÁ, zogadi adgili mTaTa da barTaÁ, da aRvasrule saxarebaÁ
Cemi, da miscnes kerpni maTni cecxlsa dasawuvelad, da moiqces cTomaTa
maTTagan, da moiRes naTeli da Tayuanis_cemaÁ wmidisa juarisaÁ, da
juar-cmulsa Seudgan yovelni, romlisaTÂs Senda jer-ars sixaruli,
mefeo, da didebis micemaÁ yovelTa Semoqmedisa RmrTisa, rameTu dReTa
SenTa moxedna RmerTman queyanasa amas, napralsa erTsa CrdiloÁsasa,
romlisa mTani daefarnes nislsa codvisasa da velni-almursa cTomisasa,
vinaÁca dRe_Ramed, da naTel_bnelad. da sufevda mas Sina soflisa
mpyrobeli igi mTavari, romeli qroda haerisa suliTa da STaabnevda
yovelTa sulTa kacTasa jojoxeTad, romeli ganiota ufalman suliTa
pirisa misisaÁTa queyaniT da sircxÂleuli miivltis adgilTa bnelisaTa.
xolo Sen zeda gamobrwyinda naTeli samxrisa da mze simarTlisa, qriste
RmerTi didebiTurT misiT, romlisa axali gemoÁ gixilavs, rameTu tkbil
ars ufali. da naTli_RebiTa qriste Segimosies, da queSe frTeTa misTa
sagrilsa ganisueneb~. mefe mirianisadmi miweril wm.ninos am werilidan,
naTlad Cans wmindanis misia. man uflis karnaxiT moaqcia qarTli.
rogorc ki mcxeTaSi jvari aRmarTes, RvTaebrivi saswaulis wyalobiT
Seimusra qarTlis sazRvrebSi moqceuli yvela warmarTuli kerpi da
50
moispo sakerpeebi. kerpebis Semusvris epizodi xatovnadaa aRwerili
`ninos cxovrebaSi~. mcxeTaSi Casulma ninom naxa, Tu rogor emsaxureboda
xalxi adgilobriv warmarTul kerpebs: armazs, zadens, gacsa da gaims.
warmarTuli amazrzeni sanaxaobis Semxedvare nino tiris da locviT
sTxovs ufals Serisxos warmarTuli kerpebi: `amaTca naTesavTa moxeden
Sehrisxen sulTa amaT uCinoTa, soflis mpyrobelTa, mTavarTa amis
bnelisaTa, da miCuene me, RmerTo mamisa da dedisa Cemisao, mÃevalsa amas
naSobsa monisa Senisasa, raÁTa ixilon macxovarebaÁ Seni yovelTa kideTa
queyanisaTa da raÁTa CrdiloÁ bRuarsa Tana ixarebdes da yovelman
enaman Sen mxolosa RmerTsa Tavyuanis_gces qriste~ (28,120). daamTavrebs
Tu ara nino locvas, moxdeba RvTaebrivi saswauli: `da viTarca
wamis_yofaÁ TualisaÁ iyo, dasavaliT haerni da qarni SeiZrnes da
Ãma_sces quxilTa ÃmiTa sazareliTa. da aCnda Rrubeli mowrafÀ,
niSan_saSineli. da moiRo niavman mzis dasavalisaman suli jerkuali
simwarisaÁ da simyralisaÁ. maSin ivltoda yoveli kaci soflad da
qalaqad. da eca maT droÁ, raÁTa SeiWrnen kacni sayoflad. da meys
moiwia risxvisa igi Rrubeli da moiRo setyuaÁ litrisa swori mas
adgilsa oden, da dalewna kerpni igi, da dafqvna da daawulilna, da
daarRÂna zRudeni igi qarman sastikman da STayara igi kldesa~ (28,121).
meore dRes gamobrZanda mefe miriani mTel xalxTan erTad RmerTebis
saZebnelad, magram ver monaxes isini. xalxi amis gamo SiSsa da Wmunvas
mieca. warmarTma xalxma kerpebis Semusvra qaldevelTa RvTaebas,
iTrujans daabrala, romelic armazis mowinaaRmdege iyo. maT ar hqondaT
gacnobierebuli qristianuli RvTaebrivi saswaulis Zala, rac wmindanis
locvis Sedegad ganxorcielda.
qristianTa aseTi gamarjveba, xSirad analogiuri detalebis CvenebiT,
Cveulebrivi Temaa saqarTvelos farglebs gareT mcxovreb qristian
mqadagebelTaTvisac. n. maris mixedviT, iakob sarugeli, kerpTa dacemis
Sesaxeb ambavSi ambobs: `warmoCnda jvari golgoTaze da TrTola iwyes
RmerTebma, acaxcaxdnen da daemxvnen qalRmerTni. dedamiwis kerpebma
ixiles igi da SiSisagan daecnen. Tavzardacemuli qurumebi
TavSesafrebisken mirbodnen. eSmakma gaamxneva Tavisi msaxurni, magram am
dros `udidesma mxsnelma mZlavrad aRimaRla xma, Zlierad daiyvira da
51
Seqmnili kerpebi Seazanzara; SeZrwunebuli sulebi SiSiT gminavdnen da
TrTodnen. RmerTebis fexqveS miwa iZra; Seqandnen maTi kerpebi,
kvarcxlbekebi CamoeSalaT. sircxvili Wames qurumebma da gancvifrdnen
kerpTayvanismcemelebi. Sewyda msxverplTSewirva da xalxi gaurboda maT.
jvridan TiTqos qariSxalma dauberao RmerTebs, Camoagdo da erT grovad
miyara; erTmaneTs Seejaxnen qvisa da Tixis kerpebi, daimsxvrnen da
saxeli gautydaT, dacinvis Rirsni gaxdnen~ (44,23_25).
“ninos cxovrebis” mixedviT, vrcelia im saswaulTa nusxa, rasac
qarTlSi mosuli nino axdenda uflis SemweobiT. man vazis nasxlevisagan
gaakeTa jvari, dadga erT mayvlis buCqTan da TviTonac iq dasaxlda
(dRevandeli samTavros taZris teritoriaze). nino iq eqvsi wlis
ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda da jer farulad, xolo Semdeg aSkarad
qadagebda qristes rjuls da mraval saswaulsac axdenda. bolos man
ukurnebeli senisagan gankurna dedofali nana da mogvTa mTavari.
qarTlis warmarTma mefem, mirianma, daibara nino da hkiTxa: “romlisa
RmrTisa ZaliTa hyof Sen kurnebaTa? nuukve xar Sen asuli armazisi anu
Svili zadenisi? da vinaiTgan ucxoebiT moxved, moganiWes Sen Zali
kurnebisaÁ. mTavari momirCine da simdidres mogcem” (28,130). amaze ninom
miugo: `Sen ukve, mefe, cxondi sityviTa uflisa Cvenisa iesu qristesiTa,
romeli-igi ars Semoqmedi caTa da qveyanisaÁ da yovelTa dabadebulTaÁ,
romelman-igi gamoabrwyinvos naTeli WeSmariti gulsa Sina Sensa,
romeli-igi maRalTa Sina myof ars da mdabalTa xedavs, romlisa xelTa
Sina ars suli yovelTaÁ da cxorebaÁ da sikvdili. da vesav mas, rameTu
axlos ars moqcevaÁ Seni missa. da Sen ara uwyi, rameTu ars qalaqsa amas
Sina Sensa samoseli uflisa mis Cvenisa iesu qristesi da miT iqmnebian
saswaulni ese da kurnebani da Zalni. da sxvani uricxvni yofad arian da
ganikurnos mTavarica ese saxeliTa misiTa wmidiTa~ (28,131).
`ninos cxovrebaSi~ saswaulebrivad aris aRwerili mirian mefis mier
qristes rjulze moqcevis gadawyvetilebis miReba da warmarTobis
ugulvebelyofa.: ` . . . da iyo dResa erTsa zafxulisasa, Tuesa ivlissa
ocsa, dResa SabaTsa, ganvida mefe nadirobad muxraniT-kerZo, da mouÃda
uCino igi mteri, eSmaki da STaugdo gulsa siyuaruli kerpTa da
cecxlisa; da igonebda yovelsa msaxurebasa maTsa da maxÂliTa
52
mowyuedasa yovelTa qristianeTasa. da rqua mefeman oTxTa
TanamzraxvelTa misTa: `Rirs varT Cuen RmerTTa CuenTagan borotis
yofasa, rameTu udeb viqmneniT msaxurebasa maTsa da miuSÂT Cuen
qristianeTa grZneulTa qadagebad sjulisa maTsa queyanasa Cuensa: rameTu
grZnebiTa hyofen sakÂrvelebaTa maT. aw ese ars ganzraxva Cemi, raTa
borotad movsrneT yovelni mosavni juarcmulisani da umetes SeudgeT
msaxurebasa RmerTTa maT mpyrobelTa qarTlisaTa; vamxiloT nanas,
colsa Cemsa Senaneba da dateoba sjulisa jvarcmulisasa, da Tu ar
merCdes, daviviwyo siyuaruli misi da sxuaTave Tana warvwymido igica~
(29,132). naTelia, rom iberiis samefoSi qristianTa gaaqtiurebiT
SeSfoTebuli mefe xelqveiTebs esaubreba. is ixsenebs, Tu rogor
emsaxureboda kerpebs. vigebT imasac, rom wm. ninos mosvlamde iberiaSi,
mefe miriani qristianebs aviwrovebda da maxvils scemda. aqedan
gamomdinare vigebT, rom wminda ninos mosvlamde qristianoba qarTvelTa
Soris gavrcelebuli yofila da imdenad did Zalas warmoadgenda, rom
xelisufleba masze maxvilsac aRmarTavda. da ai, am dros xdeba
RvTaebrivi saswauli. TxoTis mTaze asul mefes, mze daubnelda da gza
veRar gaigno. mirianma jer Tavis RmerTebs: armazsa da zadens mimarTa,
maTgan Svela rom ver miiRo, ninos RmerTs Seevedra xsnas: `RmerTo
ninoÁso, ganminaTle bneli ese da miCuene sayofeli Cemi, da aRviaro
saxeli Seni, da aRvhmarTo Zeli jvarisa SenisaÁ da Tayuanisvce mas, da
aRgiSeno saxli saxlad Senda da salocvelad Cemda, da viyo morCil
ninoÁsa da sjulsa zeda hromTasa~ (28,135). amis Tqma iyo da maSinve
ganaTda da mefem iwama qristes Zala. meore dResve mirianma da ninom
SeuTvales keisars mosanaTlad mRvdlebi gamoegzavna, TviTon ki
eklesiis Senebas Seudgnen mefis baRSi. keisrisgan gamogzavnilma
samRvdelo pirebma mefe, ojaxiTurT, didebulebi da xalxi qristes
rjulze moaqcies. Semdeg RvTiuri miTiTebiT sami jvari aRmarTes; erTi
im borcvze, sadac axla jvris monasteria, meore TxoTis mTaze, sadac
mirianma pirvelad iwama qriste da mesame qalaq ujarmaSi: `da viTarca
aRemarTa niSi juarisaÁ queyanasa mas qarTlisasa, meyseulad mas Jamsa
daecnes yovelni kerpni, romelni iyvnes sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa, da
Seimusrnes, da sakerponi dairRues. viTarca ixiles ese sakÂrveli saqmÀ
53
da saswauli, romeli qmna Zlevis myofelman man niSmanjuarisaman kerpTa
zeda, ufroÁs ganukÂrdeboda saqmÀ ese da adidebdes RmerTsa da
sixaruliT Tavyuanis_scemdes patiosansa juarsa~ (28,154).
n. mari miiCnevs, rom iranuli RmerTebisa da maTi kultebis
saxelebTan erTad, saqarTveloSi iranuli religiuri legendebic unda
gavrcelebuliyo. upirveles yovlisa ki is legendebi, romlebic
mazdeizmis gavrcelebis istorias exeba. n. maris azriT, erTi aseTi
legenda safuZvlad udevs Tqmulebas `cxoveli svetis~ Sesaxeb, rac `wm.
ninos cxovrebaSia~ Setanili da rac jer kidev rufinusisTvis aris
cnobili.
mefe miriani eklesias swiravs samefo baRs maRali kviparosebiT.
mSeneblebma verafriT ver awies eklesiis mTavar svetad gamzadebuli
naZvis xis boZi. rodesac saRamos damwuxrebuli mefe da xalxi
daiSalnen, ninom locva daiwyo. SuaRamisas moxda aseTi saswauli:
`warmoiqceodes orni ese mTani, armaz da zaden, reca Tu esrÀT
CamoirRuevodes, da daayarnes orTave wyalni igi. da mtkuarman
gardamoxeTqa da warhqonda saSinelad qalaqi. da mier Seiqmnnes Ãmani
saSinelni da sazarelni tyebisa da sivltolisani. egreve aragÂ
gardamoÃda cixesa zemoÁT da iqmnebodes saSineli grgÂnvani~ (28,139). am
faqtma yvela SeaSina. nino amSvidebda xalxs, rom yvelaferi rigze iyo.
xolo: `ese, romel reca mTani dairRues, samarTlad guaCuenebs, rameTu
urwmunovebisa mTani dairRues qarTls Sina da wyalni, romel daeyennes,
daeyena sisxli igi yrmaTaÁ eSmakTa SewirvisaÁ, xolo Ãmani ese tyebisani
arian eSmakTa simravlisani, rameTu eglovian TavTa maTTa oÃrebasa,
rameTu arian igini meot amiT adgiliT ZaliTa maRlisaÁTa da juariTa
qristÀsiTa, moiqeciT da ilocevdiT RmrTisa mimarT, Svilno~ (29,139).
gariJraJze ninosTan sxivosani yrma mivida cecxlovani wamosasxamiT
(zewriT). man svetisken gaiSvira xeli, misi zeda nawili azida zeciuri
samoTxisaken, ris Semdegac igi naTlis svetad daadga Tavis safuZvels:
diliT mefem da xalxma dainaxes xis fesvebi da eklesiis safuZveli,
romliskenac sxvisi daxmarebis gareSe eSveboda. am saocrebis sanaxavad,
mefe da mTeli qarTli movida da ai, gancvifrebuli mnaxvelebis Tvalwin
sveti TavisiT daeSva da Tavissave safuZvelze ganmtkicda. SemdegSi am
54
svetma mravali saswauli moaxdina. masTan mlocvelebi yoveli mxridan
modiodnen. mefe mirianma is xis ficrebiT dafara, raTa xalxis
Tvalisagan daecva. aqve vigebT, rom es naZvi mcxeTaSi libanidan
Camoitanes da im adgilze darges, sadac qristes kvarTi iyo dafluli.
n. mars miaCnia, rom am TqmulebaSi sami sxvadasxva legendis detalebi
aisaxa. ori qristianuli warmoSobisa: erTi dakavSirebulia cnobil
gadmocemasTan uflis kvarTis Sesaxeb, meore naTlis svets ukavSirdeba,
romelic metad popularulia qristianul legendebSi. danarCeni
detalebis damTxveva ukavSirdeba saswaulebriv naZvze eklesiis agebis
legendas. (msgavsi legenda iranSic aris cnobili. mag: firdousis,
goSTaspis moqcevis Sesaxeb, moTxroba, warmoadgens “zaraTuStr_names”
Sinaarss, romelic zoroastris cxovrebis mTavar wyarod miiCneva.
firdousi yveba, rom goSTaspma dargo naZvi, romelic Semdeg ise
gaizarda, rom `qamandi~ ver wvdeboda. maSin goSTaspma masze SesaniSnavi
taZari aago da xelqveiTebs ubrZana misuliyvnen taZarSi da am xisTvis
Tayvani ecaT). rogorc Cans, `iranuli kulti~, romelic maSindel
saqarTveloSi kargad iyo fesvgadgmuli, qarTul istoriul wyaroebSic
aisaxa sqolastikuri xerxebiT mcireoden Secvlili saxiT. (isic unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom `ninos cxovrebis~ avtori yvelanairad cdilobda
axladfexadgmuli qristianuli religia ganedidebina da albaT, am
faqtormac imoqmeda qarTvelTa uZvelesi religiuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb
arsebuli cnobebze). erTi ki faqtia, rom qristianobis Semosvlis
periodSi, qarTlSi sparsuli religia yvaoda; rac iseTi arsebuli
faqtebiT dasturdeba, rogoricaa: sakuTari saxelebi, geografiuli
dasaxelebani, wes_Cveulebebi da a.S (44,15-18). am viTarebaSi, qristianobas,
rogorc axal monoTeistur religias, Zalze gauWirda qarTlSi
damkvidreba. im qarTlSi, romlis mosaxleobaSic Zalze Zlieri iyo
warmarTuli tradiciebi da xalxis siyvaruli `kerpTa da cecxlis~
mimarT. sagulisxmoa is faqtoric, rom qristianobis miReba im dros,
qveynis feodalizaciis erT-erT gamovlinebasac warmoadgenda da amdenad,
aRsavse iyo uamravi winaaRmdegobebiT da Sinagani brZoliT. es gamoixata
imaSi, rom axal sarwmunoebas qarTlis mTeli mosaxleoba da yvela
sazogadoebrivi fena erTnairad ar Sexvedria.Ggarkveuli fenisTvis
55
qarTlis mosaxleobisa qristianoba misaRebi iyo, Tumca mravalTaTvis
ara. qarTul wyaroebSi Semonaxulia cnobebi, romlebic asaxaven
aznaurobis rols qristianobis gavrcelebaSi, maT gansakuTrebiT
mondomebas am saqmeSi. es exeba gansakuTrebiT eklesiebis aSenebis
sakiTxs.
mecnier laSa janaSias, istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT miaCnia, rom,
pirvel rigSi qristianobas winaaRmdegobas uwevda qurumoba da masTan
dakavSirebuli wreebi, romlebic qristianobis miRebasTan erTad
kargavdnen TavianT privilegiebs da saerTod arsebobis saSualebasac ki.
qristianobis Semosvlas mtrulad Sexvda mosaxleobis is nawilic,
romelsac yvelaze naklebad Seexeboda feodalizaciis procesi. eseni
iyvnen mamapapuri wesiT pirvelyofil-Temuri wyobilebiT mcxovrebi
mTielebi (42,485).
`ninos cxovrebis~ mixedviT vigebT, rom mTielTa mosaqcevad wm.ninos
fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebac ki dasWirda. saintereso cnobaa Semonaxuli
amasTan dakavSirebiT `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ matianeSi. iq naTqvamia, rom
mefisa da xalxis monaTvlis Semdgom, ninos Tan wauyvania erTi mRvdeli
da erisTavi da Tavdapirvelad mTaSi, aragvis xeobaSi asula
qristianobis saqadageblad: `warvida da dadga wobens da mouwoda
mTeulTa da wilknelTa, WarTelTa da fxovelTa da uqadaga
sarwmunoebaÁ qristÀsi~ (28,88). magram amjerad, mis qadagebas Sedegi ar
gamouRia da erisTavs Zalis gamoyeneba dasWirvebia: `maT ganuyarnes Tavi
da erisTavman mcired warmarTna maxÂli da SiSiT mosces kerpni maTni
dalewad~ (28,89). rogorc “ninos cxovrebidan” Cans, mTielTa aseTi qceva
ninosTvis moulodneli ar iyo, radagan qristianobis saqadageblad
wasul ninos Tan wauyvania erisTavnic (SesaZloa samxedro razmiTurT).
Semdeg: “gardavida erwud da dadga JaleTs dabasa da edems da naTels-
sca erwu-TianelTa. xolo yuarelTa raÁ esma ese SeSindes da ToSeTs
gadakrbes” (28,89). `ninos cxovreba~ gvauwyebs: `da sxuanica mTeulni
umravlesni ara moiqces, aramed daumZima maT mefeman xarki, odes ara
inebes naTlis Reba~ (28,89). aragvis xeobidan nino kaxeTSi gadasula da
kaxeli mTavrebi mounaTlavs. literaturul_istoriuli wyaroebis
mixedviT, zogierTi warmarTi SemdgomSi abibos nekresels mouqcevia,
56
zogierTi ki XI saukunemde warmarTi darCenila. istorikosi juanSeric
mogviTxrobs, rom jer kidev V-VI ss. kaxeTSi, “Ãevsa mas lopotisasa”
cxovrobdnen cecxlisa da wylis msaxuri adamianebi. igive avtori
gadmogvcems, rom rodesac mefe daCis kaxeTis mTiulebis qristes
rjulze moqceva ganuzraxavs, isini uaris niSnad mas gansdgomian (42,485).
rogorc literaturuli wyaroebidan Cans, qristianobas
mowinaaRmdegeebi gabatonebul fenebSic hyolia. rogorc Cans, maT
Sorisac iyvnen Zalebi, romlebic TavianTi politikuri, Tu socialuri
interesebidan gamomdinare, an Zveli tradiciebis dacvis survilis gamo,
ewinaaRmdegebodnen qveynis feodalizaciasa da centraluri
xelisuflebis ganmtkicebas. aseTi Zalebi TviT samefo ojaxSic ki
yofilan. `ninos cxovrebis~ mroveliseuli redaqciis Tanaxmad,
qristianoba ar miuRia TviT mefis Zes, ferozs, romelsac TiTqos
mirianisgan hqonia micemuli rani bardavamde da arc mis xalxs. isini
mxolod xorciel msaxurebas uwevdnen mefes. warmarTuli sarwmunoebis
mimdevarni mefis ojaxSi, rogorc Cans IV s_is bolomdec iyvnen.
qristianobis gavrcelebis droindeli viTarebis dasaxasiaTeblad
unda aRiniSnos, rom sastiki brZolebi yofila warmoebuli am
mimarTulebiT qalaqis mosaxleobis dabal fenebSic, qalaqebSi mcxovreb
ucxo tomTa Sorisac. ninos erT-erTi pirveli mimdevari ebraeli
abiaTari misi tomis xalxs kinaRam CauqolavT: `maSin aRiZrnes huriani
abiaTars zeda, raTamca qva dakribes mas. xolo mirian mefeman miavlina
msaxurni da ganarina abiaTar sikudilisagan~ (28,90). sagulisxmoa, rom am
dros TviT miriani jer kidev ar iyo qristiani. `ninos cxovrebidan~
vgebulobT, rom mefe miriani sikvdilis win RmerTis winaSe inaniebs im
periods, rodesac eri warmarTul kerpebs: armazsa da zadens Svilebs
swiravda msxverplad. is mTebi, sadac es kerpebi idgnen, morwyuli iyo
CvilTa sisxliT. Tumca, mefe gaxarebulia, rom RmerTma moavlina didi
saswauli qarTvelTaTvis ninos saxiT, romelmac: `aRanTo gulsa sanTeli
naTlisaÁ Suva Rames oden meCuena me mzÀ mbrwyinvalÀ, qriste RmerTi
Cueni, romlisa naTeli misi ara moakldes ukunisamde~ (28,158).
`ninos cxovrebidan~ naTelia, rom qristianobas qarTlSi damkvidreba
sakmaod gauWirda, imdenad Zlieri iyo qarTlis warmarTuli panTeoni da
57
mosaxleobis didi umravlesobis warmarTuli msoflmxedveloba.
qristianobas erTad uwevda dapirispireba ZirZvel warmarTobasTan da
mazdeizmTan, anu ZirZvel warmarTul kerpebTan, romlebic zoroastruli
warmoSobisani iyvnen da cecxlTan, mazdeanobis simbolosTan, romlis
nazavsac warmoadgenda maSindeli qarTlis warmarTuli panTeoni.
miuxedavad uamravi winaRobisa, RvTaebrivi saswaulebisa da Teoriuli
polemikis wyalobiT, wminda nino, rogorc RvTisgan gamogzavnili
wmindani, axerxebs gaamarjvebinos qristianobas warmarTobaze da
aRiarebinos qarTlis mosaxleobas qristianobis didi upiratesoba
usulo kerpebis da cecxlis TayvaniscemasTan SedarebiT.
58
qarTlis moqcevis legenda da wminda ninoqarTlis moqcevis legenda da wminda ninoqarTlis moqcevis legenda da wminda ninoqarTlis moqcevis legenda da wminda nino
sagulisxmoa rom, `qarTlis moqcevis~ istoriulma qronikam da
`ninos cxovrebam~, Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sazogadoebis
TviTmyofadobis gansazRvraSi udidesi roli Seasrula. am Txzulebebs
Zveli mwerlebi da istorikosebi xSirad ubrundebodnen da maT TavianTi
epoqis konkretuli istoriuli garemoebebis da literaturuli
amocanebis Sesabamisad iazrebdnen (24,321).
rodis Seiqmna wm.ninos mier qarTlis moqcevis legenda? iyo Tu ara
wminda nino realuri istoriuli pirovneba? am kiTxvebze pasuxs Cven
vpoulobT: berZnul_romaul, somxur da qarTul istoriul Tu
literaturul wyaroebSi.
qarTvelTa moqcevis Sesaxeb Tavidanve arsebobda ornairi Tqmuleba:
erTi _ berZnuli, istorikosi gelasi kesarielis, romelic Targmna
rufinusma da mis naSromSia mxolod Semonaxuli. am Tqmulebis mixedviT,
qarTvelebi gaanaTla viRac tyve qalma (qarTuli tradiciiT ninom) da
saberZneTidan mowveulma samRvdeloebam; meore _ somxuri Tqmuleba
gaxldaT, agaTanglosis, romlis mixedviTac qarTvelebi grigol
ganmanaTlebelma moaqcia. am ori Tqmulebis sinTezs warmoadgens mose
xorenelis saxeliT cnobili avtoris Tqmuleba, romlis mixedviTac,
qarTvelebi moaqcia rifsime_gaianes amxanagma qalma nunem, romelic
moqmedebda grigol ganmanaTleblis xelmZRvanelobiT da direqtivebiT.
arsebobda kidev ufro cnobili versia, rom qarTli gaaqristianes
somexma misionerebma. am versias qarTvelebi iziarebdnen ara mxolod
maSin, roca qarTvelTa da somexTa Soris eklesiuri erToba iyo, aramed
mis merec, TiTqmis IX saukunemde, rasac mowmobs is faqti, rom arsen
kaTolikosi (860-887w.), Tavis TxzulebaSi `ganyofisaTÂs qarTlisa da
somxiTisa~, qarTlis ganmanaTleblad grigols miiCnevs (17,496-497).
uZvelesi cnobebi qarTlis gaqristianebis Sesaxeb Semonaxuli aqvs
berZnul_laTinur mwerlobas. yvelaze adrindel cnobas gvawvdis gelasi
kesarielis `saeklesio istoria~, romelic daiwera IV saukunis bolos,
qarTlis gaqristianebidan naxevari saukunis Semdgom. gelasis am
Txzulebas Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, magram misi moTxroba iberTa
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gaqristianebaze daculia momdevno periodis istorikosebis SromebSi:
rufinusTan, Teodorite kvirelTan, sokratesTan, sozomenesTan, gelasi
kvizikelTan. es istorikosebi V saukuneSi moRvaweobdnen. rogorc Cans,
es gadmocema dafiqsirda qarTlis gaqristianebidan Zalian mokle droSi.
gelasi kesariels qarTlis moqcevis ambavi gaugia bakurisagan, romelic
werilobiTi wyaroebis Tanaxmad, iberTa samefo gvaris erT-erTi
warmomadgeneli iyo. am TqmulebaSi gvxvdeba saswaulebiT gaJRenTili
suraTi, romelSic bevri mniSvnelovani momenti, romelic moqcevis
uSualo monawiles exsomeboda, asaxuli araa. es nakli imiTac aixsneba,
rom bakuris moTxrobis Camweri ucxo mwerali iyo, romlisTvisac
qarTvelTa gaqristianebis moqmed pirTa saxelebi da garemoebis
Tvisebebi imdenad sagulisxmo ar iyo, ramdenadac TviT faqtis zogadi
aRwera. mas ar aRubeWdavs arc mefis, arc dedoflis da arc mociquli
qalis saxelebi. mefis da dedoflis saxelebi petre qarTvelis
cxovrebis wyalobiT irkveva, mociqulis saxeli qarTul-somxuri cnobis
Tanaxmad ninoa, eTiopur_kopturiT Teognosta. wm. ninos erovneba am
monaTxrobis Tanaxmad gaurkvevelia.
TiTqmis aseTive Sinaarsis cnoba aqvs Semonaxuli somex istorikoss
movses xorenacisac. mis moTxrobaSi yuradRebas iqcevs is faqti, rom
xorenaci axsenebs tyve qalisa da qarTlis mefis saxelebs _ nunes da
mihrans. oRond mihrani ixsenieba ara mefed, aramed qarTlis mTavrad,
romelic emorCileboda somxeTis mefe Trdats. sayuradReboa is faqtic,
rom nune dakavSirebulia somxeTSi wamebul qalTa jgufTan, e.w.
rifsimianelebTan. aqve naTqvamia imis Sesaxebac, rom qarTlis
gaqristianebis Semdeg, nunes somxeTis ganmanaTlebel grigolisaTvis
ukiTxavs, rogor moqceuliyo SemdgomSi. araferia naTqvami
konstantinesTan elCobis gagzavnaze (42,483). sagulisxmoa, rom mose
xorenels, igive xorenacis, `grigol ganmanaTleblis cxovrebaSi~,
grigolis moRvaweoba rifsime-gaianesa da danarCen qalwulTa Sesaxeb
ambavTan aqvs dakavSirebuli. mose xoreneli werda, rom agaTangloss, im
faqtis dasturad, rom grigolma moaqcia saqarTvelo, wm. ninos megobris
rifsimes cnoba hqonda gamoyenebuli, romlis qarTvelobis Sesaxeb verc
erTi wyaro ver gvcems zust pasuxs. iv. javaxiSvils miaCnia, rom rogorc
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iberiis moqcevis ambavi, romelic gelasi kesariels aqvs asaxuli
garkveuli tendenciis gasatareblad, iseve safiqrebelia, rom
agaTanglosis arabuli Targmanis dednis Semdgenels amave tendenciis
gasatareblad gamoyenebuli unda hqondes, qarTvelTa gaqristianebis
Sesaxeb im dros arsebuli sxva cnoba, romlis mTavari moRvawe qali
mqadageblis nacvlad, qarTveli samRvdelo piri yofila (42,72).
mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom qarTul_somxur wyaroebSi, qarTlis
gaqristianeba dakavSirebulia ama Tu im saxiT somxeTis
gaqristianebasTan. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ da `qarTlis cxovrebis~
Tanaxmad, qarTlis momaqceveli nino bavSvobaSi ierusalimSi devnil
somex qalTan cxovrobda da misgan uswavlia somxuri. Semdeg is
imperatoris devnis Tavidan asacileblad saberZneTidan gaqceula da
somxeTSi Sexiznula. somxeTis mefe Trdats, qristianobis gamo, ninos
megobrebi uwamebia (Tumca SemdgomSi Tavadac gaqristianda), ninos ki
mouxerxebia qarTlSi gadmosvla. sainteresoa is garemoebac, rom nino,
qarTulis ucodinrobis gamo, adgilobriv mcxovreblebs somxurad
elaparakeboda. swored amitom, movses xorenacis gadmocemiT, nino
somxeTis momaqcevel grigol ganmanaTleblis xelmZRvanelobiT
moqmedebda. Vs. somexi istorikosis agaTangelosis mier daweril somexTa
moqcevis arabul TargmanSi ki, qarTlis momaqcevlad ukve TviT grigoli
saxeldeba. zogierTi mkvlevari amas imiT xsnida, rom TiTqos nino
saqarTvelos erT nawilSi avrcelebda qristianobas, grigoli meore
nawilSi. im berZnul_romaul wyaroebSi, romlebic uZvelesad miiCneva da
mxolod naxevari saukuniT arian dacilebuli qarTlis moqcevis faqts,
araferia naTqvami imaze, rom qarTlis gaqristianeba ramiT iyo
dakavSirebuli somxeTis gaqristianebasTan. es bunebrivicaa, radgan
somxeTSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba moxda
qarTlis moqcevamde 30 wliT adre, daaxloebiT 300 wels. ase rom, ninos
dakavSireba rifsimianelebTan da grigolis saxelTan gviandeli ambavi
unda iyos. iv. javaxiSvilma daasabuTa, rom azri grigol ganmanaTleblis
qarTlis moqcevaSi monawileobis Sesaxeb gavrcelebas iwyebs mxolod VI
s. Suawlebidan da grZeldeba VIII s_mde. SemdgomSi es azri qreba.
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SesaZloa am Sexedulebis warmomSobi mizezebi imdroindel politikur
viTarebaSi iZebnebodes (42,489).
qarTlis gaqristianebis ambavi moTxrobilia qarTul wyaroebSic.
`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ orive nawilSi _ `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ matianesa
da `ninos cxovrebaSi~. pirvelSi mokled, meoreSi vrclad, odnavi
gansxvavebebiTaa gadmocemuli warmarTuli qarTlis gaqristianebis
ambavi. moTxroba ZiriTadad igivea, rac berZnul_laTinur_somxur
wyaroebSi, oRond aq igi gavrcobilia mravali detaliT. `ninos
cxovrebis~ moTxroba gameorebulia `qarTlis cxovrebaSic~, sadac
mcired gadamuSavebuli saxiTaa warmodgenili, ZiriTadad literaturuli
kuTxiT. garda amisa, am redaqciaSi moipoveba sakmaod sayuradRebo
cnobebi. SemdgomSi es redaqcia amosavali xdeboda `ninos cxovrebis~
sxva redaqciebisa da sxva Txzulebebisa, romlebSic aseve qarTlis
gaqristianebis ambavia moTxrobili. yvelaze didi gavrceleba da
popularoba `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ warmodgenilma redaqciam moipova,
romelic leonti mrovels miewereba. es nawarmoebi Seqmnili unda iyos
arauadres IX saukunisa, daaxloebiT mis ukanasknel meoTxedSi (42,483). am
redaqciaSi, Cven saqme gvaqvs sxvadasxva legendis, zepiris Tu
werilobiTis nakrebTan, romelic sakuTriv ninosgan momdinareobs da
romlisTvisac, ucnob redaqtors Tavi mouyria, ucxo mweralTa cnobebi
Seuzavebia da sakuTari fantaziiT Seuvsia. Sedgenili unda iyos tao-
klarjeTSi, Satberdis monastris moRvawis mier (17,496). vinaidan,
TxzulebaSi moyvanili faqtebi legendur_apokrifuli xasiaTisaa, es
Zegli ufro literaturuli nawarmoebia, vidre istoriuli. masSi ufro
metad igrZnoba avtoris publicistikuri suliskveTeba, vidre mematianis
mkacri istoriuli stili. aq Sekrebil legendebsa da apokrifebSi
gatarebulia avtoris erovnuli tendencia, rac gamoixateba mSobliuri
qveynis gandidebisa da misi erovnil_kulturuli damoukideblobis
dacvis survilSi. avtori moxerxebulad ebrZvis bizantiis survilebs da
amxels mis gadametebul ampartavnebas saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi.
saqarTveloSi qristianobis TandaTanobiT gavrcelebis istoriis
Sesaswavlad uZvelesi Zeglebis dakargvis gamo, sando cnobebi ar
mogvepoveba. Tumca im ramodenime cnobidan ramac Cvenamde moaRwia,
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naTlad Cans, rom winaT am faqtis Sesaxeb araerTi sayuradRebo cnoba
unda yofiliyo. ioane sabanisZe `abo Tbilelis martvilobaSi~ werda,
rom mis dros saqarTveloSi iseTi qarTveli qristianebi iyvnen, romelTa
winaprebi 500 wlis win da ufro adrec gaxdnen qristianebi. raki ioane
sabanisZe VIII s. meore naxevris moRvawea da Tavisi Txzulebac 786 wlis
momdevno wlebSi aqvs dawerili, amitom zemoT moyvanili cnobis
Tanaxmad, qristianobis istoria aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi III s-is an
damdegidan, an Sua wlebidan mainc unda dawyebuliyo. es garemoeba
cxad_hyofs, rom gelasi kesarielis mier Cawerili ambis garda, romelic
IV s-is mesame_meoTxe aTeulebs exeba, kidev sxva cnobebic yofila,
romelic TiTqmis erTi saukuniT ufro adrindel ambavs moicavda.
XI-XII ss-Si, qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi da saeklesio wreebSi,
wm.ninos da andria mociqulis Sesaxeb qarTlis moqcevis cnobebi, mTeli
saqarTvelos gaqristianebis ambad iqna miCneuli. iv. javaxiSvili miiCnevs,
rom wm. ninos moRvaweobis ganzogadeba da asparezis gafarToeba
nakarnaxevi unda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos didi wvliliT qristianuli
kulturis Seqmnis saqmeSi. misi azriT, iberiaSi, qristianobis saxelmwifo
religiad aRiareba moxda daaxloebiT 337 wels. am dros iberiis mefe
“didi bakuri” yofila. (am faqtis Sesaxeb cnobebi daculia petre
qarTvelis asurul cxovrebaSi). nizibinis 298 wlis xelSekrulebiT,
sparsTa mefes bakurisagan piroba miuRia, rom laSqrobaSi qarTvelTa
mefe sparselebs unda miSvelieboda. bakuri sparseTis samefos
sardladac ki iTvleboda. sparseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris ukve mWidro
politikuri kavSiri yofila. iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, es xelSekruleba
qarTlis moqcevamde unda yofiliyo dadebuli, sanam qristianoba TviT
bakursac ar hqonda miRebuli. gaqristianebis Semdgom, roca bakurma
sparseTis banakSi myofma mzes Tayvani ar sca, is daasmines amis gamo
SahTan, romelic am faqtze Zalian ganrisxebula. rac Seexeba dasavleT
saqarTvelos, gelasi kvizikelis moTxrobis, `lazebis~, mixedviT, V s-is
mesame meoTxedSi lazika, igive dasavleT saqarTvelo, ukve didi xnis
gaqristianebuli unda yofiliyo; qristianoba, iqaur xalxs, jer kidev
IV s-dan unda mieRo. am faqtze metyvelebs ramodenime angariSgasawevi
cnoba. prokofi kesarieli gadmogvcems, rom lazebi, afSilebi da sxva
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tomebi Zveli droidan qristianebi iyvnen.Yiv.javaxiSvilis varaudiT,
Teofanes moTxrobis Tanaxmad, TiTqos lazTa mefem waTem 520-522 ww.
konstantinepolSi qristianoba miiRo, albaT mxolod mefes exeba, radgan
am dros lazikaSi ukve uamravi qristiani iyo. rogorc Cans, qristianoba
iolad ar damkvidrda saqarTveloSi. brZola erovnul warmarTobasa da
qristianobas Soris moqcevis Semdgomac ar Sewyvetila. metic,
warmarTebis gverdiT samefo sagvareulos wevrebic ki iyvnen.
qristianobas didi dro dasWirdeboda saqarTveloSi saboloo
damkvidrebisaTvis (42,71-74).
Tu qronologiurad davalagebT, `wminda ninos cxovrebas~, `asurel
mamaTa cxovrebebs~, `abos martvilobas~, `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebas~,
`mTawmindelTa cxovrebebs~ da a.S, erTi uwyveti jaWvi gaibmeba qarTuli
eklesiis Camoyalibebis procesis, qristianobisaTvis mebrZoli xalxisa
da misi samRvdeloebis istoriisa. am SinaarsisLvrceli polemikuri
traqtatebi, rogoricaa: arsen safarelis `ganyofisaTÂis qarTlisa da
somxiTisa~ da efrem mciris `uwyebaÁ mizezisa qarTvelTa moqcevisa~,
erTi mcire istoriuli monakveTisTvis aris dawerili, magram orives
farTo istoriul_geografiuli areali gaaCnia, gansakuTrebiT
safarelis Txzulebas. safarelis nawarmoebis garda, am Temaze,
arcerTi sxva polemikuri traqtati ar aris dawerili ise, rogorc
istoriuli Txzuleba. is ar aris mxolod qronologiis amsaxveli
Suasaukuneebis trafaretuli matiane. am TxzulebaSi, ganxeTqilebis
faqtze da sababze, mxolod ramodenime winadadebaa moxmobili. sxva
danarCeni gaazrebaa ganxeTqilebis winamavali procesisa da misi
Sedegebisa, dasabuTebaa am ganxeTqilebis istoriuli safuZvlebisa da
obieqturi kanonzomierebisa, romelic konfliqtis subieqtur mxares
ganapirobebs (2,4).
k.kekeliZis azriT, eklesiaTa gayofis Semdeg, qalkedonit
qarTvelebsa da antiqalkedonik somxebs Soris urTierToba Zalze
gamwvavda. maT Soris xSirad imarTeboda mwvave polemika. qarTvelebi,
eklesiis nacionalizaciasTan erTad, im daskvnamde mividnen, rom
sircxvili iyo eRiarebinaT, rom isini qristianobaze moaqcia mwvalebeli
somxebis gamqristianebelma. am mizniT, maT daiwyes moeZebnaT somxebis
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eklesiisagan sruliad damoukidebeli moZRvari da ganmanaTlebeli. es
saWiroeba ki gansakuTrebiT IX saukuneSi gamoikveTa, roca qalkedonitebi
da antiqalgedonitebi samkvdro_sasicocxlod SeebrZolnen erTmaneTs. am
brZolaSi orive jgufma moixmo siriidan ideologebi. qalkedonitebma
cnobili Teodore abukura, xolo antiqalkedonitebma_ arqidiakvani nani.
k.kekeliZes miaCnia, rom swored am niadagze da am saWiroebis
dasakmayofileblad unda daweriliyo qarTul enaze is Txzuleba,
romelsac `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ ewodeba (17,497).
dReisaTvis ukve cnobilia “moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs” oTxi redaqcia:
Satberduli(X s-s 70-iani w), WeliSuri( XIV-XV ss), sinuri(X s), sinuri
(Xs-is I naxevari) redaqciebi. bolo ori redaqcia aRmoCnda 1990 wels
sinas mTis wminda ekaterines monasterSi axlad gamovlenil xelnawerTa
Soris (2,5).
“moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ” sruliad Taviseburi Txzulebaa. mis aRmoCenas
didi kulturul-erovnuli mniSvneloba hqonda. igi swored maSin
gamoCnda, rodesac “qarTlis cxovrebis” cnobebs zogierTi kavkasiologi
usafuZvlod XII s-Si SeTxzul legendad miiCnevda. qarTuli
istoriografiis dawinaurebam da axali masalis gamovlenam cxadi
gaxada, rom “moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ” sargeblobs uZvelesi adgilobrivi
wyaroebiT, risi dadasturebac SesaZlebelia saqarTveloSi warmoebuli
arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT, aqve aRmoCenili berZnul_arameuli warwerebiT
Tu berZnul_romauli da somxuri wyaroebiT (2,7).
es Txzuleba warmoadgens erT mTlian nawarmoebs, romelic Sedgeba
erTi saTauris qveS gaerTianebuli ori Txzulebisagan. pirvel nawilSi,
romelsac pirobiTad `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ `qronikas~ uwodeben, mokled
aris gadmocemuli qarTlis istoria aleqsandre makedonelis
laSqrobidan IX saukunemde; meore nawili ki, saTauriT `wminda ninos
cxovreba~, mxolod qarTlSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad
gamocxadebis istorias gadmogvcems. im saxiT, rogoriTac am Txzulebam
dRemde moaRwia, is arc sufTa istoriuli nawarmoebia da arc
hagiografiuli. masSi orive stilia Serwymuli. Tumca, qarTvelologebs
dRemde kamaTi aqvT, Tu sad unda miekuTvnos am nawarmoebs adgili;
saistorio mwerlobaSi, Tu hagiografiaSi (2,3).
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samecniero literaturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa imis gamo, aris Tu
ara `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ erTi mTliani Txzuleba, Tu Sedgeba sxvadasxva
avtoris mier sxvadasxva dros dawerili ori erTmaneTisagan
damoukidebeli nawarmoebisagan. k. kekeliZis mixedviT, nawarmoebi ori
nawilisagan Sedgeba: pirveli, SedarebiT mokle, aris sakuTriv `moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁ~; aq mokled moTxrobilia qarTlis gaqristianeba da
aRniSnulia mniSvnelovani momentebi misi TandaTanobiT gaqristianebisa.
meore nawili, ufro didi nawilia, romelic warmoadgens qarTlis
ganmanaTleblis, ninos cxovrebas. s. kakabaZe miiCnevda, rom es ori
nawili iyo sruliad damoukidebeli nawarmoebi, romelTa Sorisac ara
mxolod qronologiuri gansaxvavebebi fiqsirdeba, aramed Senaarsobrivic
(17,497).
nawarmoebis ucnobi avtori sakmaod nakiTxi unda iyos, rogorc
saRmrTo werilSi, ise sxvadasxva saistorio, ufro ki apokriful
literaturaSi. mas unda scodnoda sparsuli da siriuli enebi, radgan
TxzulebaSi winadadebebi gvxvdeba axal sparsul da siriul enebze; unda
scodnoda berZnuli da somxuri enebic. misi nawarmoebi warmoadgens im
istoriuli Tu apokrifuli masalebis kompilacias, rac mas upovnia:
qarTul, somxur, siriul, sparsul da berZnul enaze da rac Tavis
miznisaTvis gamosadegad miuCnevia. `ninos cxovrebis~ Sedgenisas, avtors
usargeblia mravali legendiT, romelic sazogadoebaSi arsebobda.
avtors xelT hqonia: gelasi-rufinusis, agaTanglosisa da mose
xorenelis Tqmulebani qarTvelTa moqcevis Sesaxeb (17,501).
z.aleqsiZe safuZvlianad varaudobs, rom `qronika~ da `ninos
cxovreba~ sxvadasxva avtors ekuTvnis da gvian aris gaerTianebuli
redaqtoris mier. maTi gaerTianeba ufro adre (X s-de) unda momxdariyo,
sanam sinuri da Satberdis krebulebi Sedgeboda. faqtia, rom leonti
mroveli (XI s) `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ ukve erTiani saxiT icnobs da
amasTanave iseTi protoredaqciiT sargeblobs, romlisganac unda
momdinareobdes yvela dReisaTvis cnobili redaqcia. savsebiT
SesaZlebelia, rom Tavidan `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~ iyo zogadi saxeli
yvela im Txzulebisa, romlebic qarTlis gaqristianebis mTel process
aRwerdnen dasabamidan VI s-is CaTvliT. amaze miuTiTebs sinuri
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krebulisaTvis misi Semadgeneli yvela Txzulebis (`moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁs~, `qronika~, `wm. ninos cxovreba~, `saqmeni wmidisa iovane zeda
zadnelisani~ da `abibos nekreselis martviloba~) qarTlis moqcevis
wignebad moxsenieba (2,5).
savaraudoa, rom Tavidan daiwera qarTlis istoria mirian mefis
gardacvalebamde da mas ewodeboda `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~. masSi Sedioda
qarTlis samefos Seqmnis, mcxeTis Senebis qronika, warmarT mefeTa sia
da ninos mier qarTlis gaqristianebis vrceli moTxroba. aseTi
struqtura zustad asaxavs tradiciuli saeklesio istoriebisa da
qronikebis models. SemdgomSi, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~, rogorc Cans,
daemata sxva nawilebic (qarTlSi kaTalikosobis daweseba, samonastro
cxovrebis SemoReba, marTlmadideblobis sruli gamarjveba), xolo
saTauri SerCa Zveli. sul bolos ki, (IX s. 30-ian ww.) mas unda darTvoda
erisTavebisa da kaTalikosebis sia. amasTan erTad unda Seqmniliyo is
protoredaqcia, romlidanac unda mimdinareobdes dReisaTvis cnobili
oTxi redaqcia, romelmac `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ saTauriT gaaerTiana
`qronika~ da `ninos cxovreba~. sagulisxmoa, rom `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~
wyaroebs mxolod WeliSuri da sinuri (#/Sin-48) redaqciebi asaxeleben
(meore sinur xelnawerSi es adgili dakargulia). mag. jvris aRmarTvis
ambavTan dakavSirebiT miTiTebulia grigol diakvnis “mokled aRwerili
qarTlis moqcevis wigni”, kavkasiaSi sparsel-xazarTa Setakebis gamo
naTqvamia “ese aRwerili gamokrebilad arso”. amJamad ucnobia rogorc
grigol diakvnis Txzuleba, ise am cnobebis wyaro. specialistebi,
“qronikis” wyaroebad asaxeleben aseve fsevdo kalisTenes apokriful
romans aleqsandre makedonelze, aleqsandre kvipreli monazvnis
“qronikas” da SesaZloa adgilobriv “saamSeneblo qronikas”. Tavis mxriv,
“moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs” “qronika” ufro gviandeli Txzulebis wyaroc
gaxda. marTalia, leonti mroveli(XI s.) da arsen metafrasti (XII s.) mas
imowmeben mxolod “wm.ninos cxovrebasTan” dakavSirebiT, magram maT
mxedvelobaSi aqvT mTlianad Zegli (“wminda ninos cxovreba”
`qronikasTan~ erTad), ra saxiTac man dRemde moaRwia (2,6).
“wm. ninos cxovreba” originaluri struqturis Txzulebaa.
calkeuli Tavebis avtorebad dasaxelebuli arian TviT wm.nino, romlis
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naambobi salome uJarmels Cauweria, abiaTar mRvdlis asuli sidonia,
abiaTar mRvdeli, iakob mRvdeli da mirian mefe. Sinaarsis mixedviT
Txzuleba Seqmnilia IV s. I naxevarSi (nawili ninos sicocxleSi, nawili
misi gardacvalebis Semdeg). savaraudoa, rom IV s-Si qarTul enaze
marTlac arsebobda qarTlis gaqristianebis istoria, romelSic
aRwerili iqneboda wm.ninos misioneruli moRvaweoba. amas adastureben
IV-V ss. bizantieli istorikosebi (gelasi kesarieli, rufinusi,
Teodorite kvireli, sokrate sqolastikosi da ermia sozomene),
romlebic daaxloebiT iseve mogviTxroben qarTlSi tyve qalis
misionerul moRvaweobaze, rogorc es aris aRwerili `moqcevaÁ
qarTlisaÁSi~. am nawarmoebis `wminda ninos cxovrebam~, mniSvnelovani
roli iTamaSa `wm.ninos cxovrebis~ gviandeli redaqciebis Seqmnaze.
aseTebia leonti mrovelis (XI s.) istoriul naSromSi `cxovreba
qarTvelTa mefeTa da pirvelTaganTa mamaTa da naTesavTa~ Setanili
`wm.ninos cxovreba~, XII da XIII ss-is metafrasuli da perifrazuli
redaqciebi da nikoloz gulaberiZis originaluri Txzuleba `sakiTxavi
suetisa-cxovelisa~ (2,4).
`wminda ninos cxovrebis~ Sesaxeb dawerili yvela momdevno xanis
redaqcia erTsa da imave dros aris hagiografiuli nawarmoebic da
istoriuli Txzulebac, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT leonti mrovelis
redaqciaze. am mxriv tipiuria `wminda ninos cxovrebis~ metafrasuli da
perifrazuli redaqciebi. metafrasuli redaqcia iwyeba zogadad
qristianobis istoriiT qristes Sobis Semdeg, misi cxovrebiT,
mociqulTa qadagebebiT, qarTlSi andria pirvelwodebulis, simon
kananelisa da mataTas mosvliT, wminda giorgis mowameobiT, rasac
uSualod mosdevs wminda ninos da mis mSobelTa cxovreba. amis Semdgom
avtori saWirod Tvlis mkiTxvels auwyos qarTvelTa samoqalaqo
istoria dawyebuli aleqsandre makedonelidan, damTavrebuli arabTa
batonobiT aRmosavleTSi. Tumca, arc aq iviwyebs avtori da uTiTebs, Tu
rogor inarCunebs rTul politikur garemoSi qarTveli xalxi da
eklesia marTlmadideblur mrwamss. perifrazuli `cxovrebis~ avtori
ufro amartivebs Txrobas. is saWirod aRar Tvlis `ninos cxovrebas~ win
waumZRvaros zogadad qristianobis istoria, arc ninomde qarTlSi
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qristianobis istoria. is iwyebs ninos cxovrebiT da bolos urTavs
samoqalaqo istorias aleqsandre makedonelidan arabobamde. orive
avtors Tavisi misia kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli. arsen beric da
perifrazuli redaqciis avtoric imeoreben, rom maT TavianTi
nawarmoebebiT unda gvaCvenon, Tu ra tomis iyo mefe miriani da sxva
mefeebi da zogadad, ra sarwmunoebisani varT qarTvelebi. qarTvelTa
ganmanaTleblis ninos cxovrebis ori redaqcia e.w. arseniseuli da misi
perifrazi, metafrasuli hagiografiuli Zeglebia (2,4).
davubrundeT qarTlis gaqristianebasTan dakavSirebul detalebs
“moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs” monacemTa gaTvaliswinebiT: ra politikuri
motivebi unda hqonoda qarTlis gaqristianebas? vin mefobda am dros
qarTlSi? rodis unda momxdariyo es mniSvnelovani movlena? iyo Tu ara
wminda nino realuri istoriuli pirovneba?
qristianobis oficialur religiad aRiarebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba
hqonda politikur motivebsac. 298 wlis nizibinis zaviT, romaelebma
garkveuli uflebebi moipoves somxeTsa da qarTlze. es qveynebi
romaelebis gavlenis qveS moxvdnen. es garemoeba qarTlisTvisac da
romisTvisac xelsayreli iyo. romaelebisaTvis mTavari iyo qarTli
iranis mxareze ar gadasuliyo da misTvis ar gadaeca kavkasionze
gadasasvlelebi, saidanac SeiZleboda kavkasieli momTabare tomebis
gadmoyvana. qarTls ki romi agresiuli iranisagan daicavda. im etapze,
qristianuli sarwmunoebis miReba xels uwyobda qarTlisa da romis
imperias Soris kavSiris ganmtkicebas, radganac es niSnavda iranul
orientaciaze uaris Tqmas, brZolas iranuli politikuri da kulturuli
gavlenis winaaRmdeg. miuxedavad imisa, rom im dros iranSi sakmaod bevri
qristiani iyo, sasanidebi jiutad cdilobdnen zoroastrizmis
ganmtkicebasa da gaZlierebas. im periodSi, oficialurad, arc romSi iyo
qristianoba saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad gamocxadebuli, Tumca es
religia aSkarad sargeblobda saxelmwifos, kerZod, imperator
konstantines mxridan didi mxardaWeriT da simpatiiT. “qarTlis
cxovrebidan” vgebulobT, rom rodesac qristianoba miiRo mirianma da
qarTlic gaaqristiana, konstantinem daabruna misi Ze baqari, romelic
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mZevlad hyavda imdenad didi iyo konstantines sixaruli qarTlis
gaqristianebis gamo (43,486).
Tavad qarTlisTvis gaqristianeba mniSvnelovani iyo im kuTxiTac,
rom qristianobis saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad gamocxadebiT mefe da misi
saxiT saxelmwifo miaRwevda konsolidacias. erTian kults unda
daeaxlovebina qveynis sxvadasxva nawili, ganemtkicebina centraluri
xelisuflebis Zalaufleba. qristianuli eklesiac am models imeorebda.
Tu qveynis saTaveSi idga mefe, qristianuli eklesiis saTaveSi idgeboda
mTavarepiskoposi, romelsac eqvemdebarebodnen episkoposebi da mRvdlebi.
rac Seexeba qarTlis gaqristianebis TariRs. ucxouri wyaroebisagan
gansxvavebiT, qarTul wyaroebSi mocemuli gvaqvs qarTlis gaqristianebis
da sxva movlenebis TariRebi, Tumca zogierT maTgani aSkarad mcdaria.
maTi gamoyeneba swor versiad SesaZloa mxolod kritikuli ganxilvebis
Semdgom. naTelia, rom sxvadasxva mkvlevari sxvadasxva safuZvels
eyrdnoboda da gansxvavebul TariRebs gvTavazobda (42,487).
rufinusTan da gelasi kesarielTan, qarTlis moqcevis ambis win
moTxrobilia abaSTa gaqristianebis ambavi, Semdeg ki naTqvamia, rom amave
dros gaqristiandnen iberebico. am wyaroebis Tanaxmad, abaSTa moqceva
momxdara konstantine didis dros. k.kekeliZis azriT, sinamdvileSi, es
ufro gviandeli ambavia 355-365 ww. aqedan gamomdinare, k.kekeliZem
qarTlis moqcevac am wlebiT daaTariRa. Tavis debulebas k.kekeliZe
amyarebda Semdegi mosazrebebiT. pirveli: gadmocemaSi qarTlis moqcevis
Sesaxeb laparakia mzis dabnelebaze, romelic moxda mirianis nadirobis
dros. k.kekeliZes miaCnia, rom marTlac, 355 w. 25 maiss moxda mzis
dabneleba, romelic vrceldeboda mcxeTa-kaspis raionze. meore: evsevi
kesarielis mier dawerili istoriuli xasiaTis Txzuleba `konstantines
cxovreba~ 338 wels, romelSic imperatoris moRvaweobis arc erTi
wvrilmani araa gamotovebuli, gansakuTrebiT rac exeba mis
sarwmunoebriv moRvaweobas. evsevi kesarieli Zalze daaxloebuli piri
iyo konstantinesi da amitom k. kekeliZes warmoudgenlad miaCnia mas ar
scodnoda iberTa gaqristianebis ambis Sesaxeb da ar aesaxa es faqti
TxzulebaSi, es rom namdvilad konstantine didis dros momxdariyo
(15,16-22). (mecnierebaSi sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi arsebobs qarTlSi mzis
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dabnelebis TariRTan dakavSirebiT. savaraudod, am faqts adgili unda
hqonoda 419//426 wlebSi). iv. javaxiSvilma miiCnia, rom mzis dabnelebis
faqtiT qarTlis moqcevis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia, radgan uZveles
gadmocemebSi qarTlis moqcevaze saubaria ara mzis dabnelebaze, aramed
burusiT gamowveul sibneleze, xolo mzis dabnelebaze saubari IX
saukunidan iwyeba. rac Seexeba `konstantines cxovrebaSi~ iberiis
gaqristianebis mouxseneblobas, amas i. javaxiSvili im faqtiT xsnis, rom
SesaZloa es ambavi konstantines uSualo minawileobis gareSe moxda da
evsevi kesarielmac ar Seitana Tavis wignSi. erTi ki faqtia, rom
uZvelesi IV-V saukuneebis yvela berZnul_laTinuri wyaros Tanaxmad,
iberTa gaqristianeba imperator konstantines dros momxdara. iv.
javaxiSvils qarTlis gaqristianebis TariRad 337 w. axlo xanebi miaCnia.
l. janaSias miaCnia, rom es TariRi yvelaze sworia da Tanamedrove
qarTul istoriografiaSi miRebulia kidec (42,497).
mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT is garemoebac, rom SesaZloa qristianoba
aq bevrad ufro adreuli droidan vrceldeboda. savaraudod,
qristianuli Temebi qarTlSi ukve III saukunidan arsebobdnen. albaT
ufro qalaqebSi, gansakuTrebiT did savaWro gzebze mdebare qalaqebSi
da pirvel rigSi qarTlis dedaqalaq mcxeTaSi.
qarTlis gaqristianebasTan unda davakavSiroT sakiTxi vin mefobda am
dros qarTlSi. rogorc zeviTac iTqva, qarTul_somxuri wyaroebis
Tanaxmad es mefe miriani iyo. Tumca petre iberis cxovrebaSi, qarTlis
pirvel qristian mefed dasaxelebulia petre iberis papa bakuri da ara
miriani. l.janaSias petre iberis asuruli cxovrebis ganxilvis Sedegad
miaCnia, rom es azri swori ar unda iyos. `cxovrebis~ avtori petresTan
daaxlovebuli piri iyo da TviT petresgan hqonda mosmenili misi
warmomavlobis ambavi. cxadia, 409-412 wlebs Soris dabadebul petres ar
SeiZleba ar scodnoda is gadmocema qarTlis moqcevaze, romelic mis
dabadebamde sul ociode wliT adre uambo gelasi kesariels qarTlis
samefo saxlis erT_erTma wevrma. arc am Txzulebis avtori daiviwyebda
am faqts, es rom bakurTan yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. avtori gvixatavs
bakuris sikeTes, Tu rogor umzadebda da urigebda saWmels glaxakebs,
Tumca ar yveba qarTlis moqcevasTan dakavSirebul saswaulebze: mefis
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darwmunebaze saswaulis Sedegad, svetis saswaulebriv dadginebaze da
sxv. es faqtebi l. janaSias afiqrebinebs, rom cnoba imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos
pirveli qristiani qarTlis mefe iyo bakuri, petre iberis papa, Semdgomi
periodis Canamatia petres gansadideblad da ar ekuTvnis `petres
cxovrebis~ avtors (42,488).
bakur mefe pirvel qristian mefed miaCnda iv. javaxiSvils (41,71-74). es
azri gaakritika k.kekeliZem. k.kekeliZe Tvlida, rom qarTlSi qristianoba
miRebul iqna ara konstantine didis, aramed misi Svilis, imperator
konstantis dros, 350-356ww. k.kekeliZis azriT, IV saukunidan arsebulma
dogmatikurma moZraobebma mTeli msoflio moicva, maT Soris
saqarTveloc. es exeba pirvel yovlisa qarTlSi qristianobis
gavrcelebas. k.kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom qarTlma qristianoba miiRo ara
nikeis (325 w.) marTlmadideblobis Sesabamisad, aramed arianuli formiT.
ase unda momxdariyo mezobel qveynebSic. Tumca, qarTlSi arianulma
formam didxans ar ibatona, is male Secvala nikeis dogmatikurma
formulam _ marTlmadideblobam. swored am Secvlas ukavSirebs
k.kekeliZe warsulis erT mniSvnelovan faqts. kerZod, 1895 wels
germanelma mecnierma r.raabem, gamosca petre iberis cxovrebis siriuli
teqsti, sadac xazgasmiT saubaria imaze, rom qarTlis pirveli qristiani
mefe iyo bakuri, petre iberis papa. am azrs aqtiurad daeTanxmnen i.
javaxiSvili, v. bolotovi. didi bakuris vinaobaSi verc prof. marqvorti
gaerkva, man is mirianis Svil bakur-baqarTan gaaigiva. k.kekeliZis azriT,
am sakiTxis garkveva iqneba martivi, Tu gaviazrebT, rom iberiaSi
Tavdapirvelad arianuli formis qristianoba gavrcelda. Vs-is
gasulidan arianobam imperiaSi dakarga yovelgvari mniSvneloba da
gavlena da misi adgili nikeiis marTlmadideblurma formulam daikava.
am formulis gamoZaxili moxda iberiaSic, sadac, V saukunis pirvel
meoTxedSi didi bakuris mefobis dros, misi iniciativiT, arianobis
nacvlad miRebul iqna marTlmadidebloba. aqedan gamomdinare,
k.kekeliZis azriT, bakuris dakavSireba qristianobasTan ise ki ar unda
iqnas gagebuli, TiTqos is iyo pirveli qristiani mefe, aramed is iyo
pirveli qristiani mefe, romlis drosac Semovida qristianoba
marTlmadidebluri formiT. es faqti imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom
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hagiografma qristianobis miRebis faqtad gaaigiva. riTac man gamoxata,
rom arianoba ar aris namdvili qristianoba da rom, WeSmariti
qristianoba iberiaSi bakur didma SemoiRo (15,16-22).
sxvadasxva literaturul Tu istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT
migvaCnia rom, IV s-is pirvel naxevarSi qarTlSi mefobda miriani,
romelmac uaryo warmarToba da gaxda qristiani. SesaZloa is fiqrobda,
rom ukeT SeinarCunebda Tavis mefobas da damoukideblobas. romTan
qarTls wina saukuneebSic kargi urTierToba hqonda. sparselebi ki III
saukunidan Zalian gaZlierdnen da amierkavkasiasac daadges Tvali,
pirvel rigSi somxeTs. sparselebi spobdnen mefobas dapyrobil qveynebSi
da xalxsac uzomod awuxebdnen. es magaliTi qarTvelebs Tvalwin edgaT.
amis Tavidan asacileblad, qarTlis mefem, mirianma, isev romaelebTan
kavSiri arCia da miiRo qristianuli sarwmunoeba. qristianobis miRebiT,
qarTli aSkarad daupirispirda irans da romis mxare daiWira. qarTlma
ganamtkica kulturuli kavSirebi evropis qveynebTan. aseT adreul
periodSi qristianobis miReba saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad, qarTlis
maRali ganviTarebis maCvenebeli unda iyos. qristianobis miReba imitomac
iyo mefe mirianisTvis sasargeblo, rom mas uTanxmoeba hqonda qurumebTan.
warmarTuli taZrebi didi mamulebis mflobelni iyvnen, saidanac
qurumebs didi sargebeli SesdiodaT. mefes ar moswonda warmarTuli
taZrebis da qurumebis es simdidre. mefis sagvareulos hqonda didi
mamulebi, sefe-xalxsac, magram samefo qveyana TandaTan ileoda, radgan
mefes erisTavebisTvis da sxva moxeleebisTvisac unda daerigebina
mamulebi. amitom, mefes surda waerTmia warmarTuli taZrebisa da
qurumebisTvis es simdidre. am motiviTac, is axal sarwmunoebas uWerda
mxars, romelic moTminebas da mefis morCilebas qadagebda (6,118).
zogadad qristianobam, Zireulad Secvala saqarTvelos politikuri
mdgomareoba. Semdgom saukuneebSi bevrjer iyo saqarTvelos bedi am axal
sarwmunoebaze damokidebuli, radgan qristianobamde, mTel saqarTveloSi
mnaTobTa Tayvaniscemis Semdgom, sparseTis gavlenis wyalobiT,
cecxlTayvanismcemloba gavrcelda, Sesabamisad saqarTvelosac meti
midrekileba erTmorwmune sparseTisken eqneboda; saqarTvelos
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gaqristianebis Semdgom ki mdgomareoba Seicvala da sparseTi TandaTan
mtrad iqca (41,71-76).
miuxedavad imisa, rom ninos mier saxarebis qadagebis faqti
istoriulad damtkicebulia, saqarTvelos istoriis vrcel monakveTze
veraviTar kvals ver vpoulobT, romelic ninos samisionero moRvaweobas
exebodes. piriqiT, qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebis mixedviT, TiTqmis VI
saukunis bolodan, iberiis, e.i aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ganmanaTleblad
warmogvidgeba ara nino, aramed ufro metad grigol parTeli, somexTa
mociquli. es kargad Cans VII saukunis dasawyisSi qarTvelTa kaTalikos
kirionsa da somxuri eklesiis warCinebul pirebs Soris monofizituri
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb gamarTul davasTan dakavSirebuli mimoweridan (13,98).
`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ masalis Sinaarsi ki ukve erTiandeba ara grigol
parTelis, aramed ninos qarTlSi samisionero moRvaweobis garSemo. X
saukunis ZeglebSi vxvdebiT ara ubralod ninos saxels, aramed masze
Seqmnil sagaloblebsac ki. es gaxlavT saocari transformacia, rac
ninos saxem ganicada qarTveli xalxis cxovrebaSi.
`wm. grigolis cxovrebis~ arabuli versiis mixedviT n. mari askvnis,
rom, iberiaSi (qarTli) aRmosavleT saqarTvelo ki araa nagulisxmevi,
aramed dasavleT saqarTvelo, saxeldobr samegrelo, sadac gadaaqvs
mars ninos misioneruli moRvaweoba; aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
gaqristianebas ki grigols ukavSirebs. s.kakabaZe da ufro metad
k.kekeliZe cvlian maris Teorias im niSniT, rom iberias aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi toveben, magram iberiasa da qarTls eTnografiuli
TvalsazrisiT mkveTrad ganasxvaveben erTmaneTisagan. Zvelad, maTi azriT
iberia Seesabameboda hereTs, romelic mtkvris CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda;
im qveyanas ki, romelic mtkvris samxreTiT iyo gaSlili ewodeboda
qarTli da misi dedaqalaqi iyo armazi. k.kekeliZis azriT, qristemde II
saukunidan da qristes Semdgom IV saukunenme, igi somxuri saxelmwifos
Semadgeneli nawili iyo. maT miaCndaT, rom qarTli rogorc Cans,
somxeTTan erTad moaqcies somexma misionerebma, romelTa gaigivebac
SemdgomSi moxda grigol parTelTan. am gziT unda Seqmniliyo
gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos ori sxvadasxva tradicia, aq unda
gadakveTiliyo grigolisa da ninos saxelebi. i.javaxiSvilma da
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p.peetersma uaryves kekeliZisa da kakabaZis Teoriebi, maTSi warmodgenili
istoriuli Seusabamobebisa da winaaRmdegobebis mixedviT. maTi azriT,
termini iberia moicavda ara marto mtkvris CrdiloeTiT, aramed mis
samxreTiT mdebare raionebsac. istorikosi strabonic werda, rom qalaqi
harmozika (armazi) iberiaSi iyo. mosazreba iberiis geografiuli
mdebareobis Sesaxeb erTnairad esmiT k. kekeliZesac da s. kakabaZesac.
gansxvavebaa erT punqtSia mxolod: k. kekeliZes miaCnia, rom ormagi
tradiciis warmoSoba unda aixsnas, rogorc bunebrivi Sedegi mogvianebiT
gugarqis iberiasTan an qarTlis hereTTan politikur_kulturuli
Serwymisa. s.kakabaZe, kekeliZisgan gansxvavebiT, im azrzea, rom
qarTvelebma `ninos kulti~ ucxoeTidan miiRes, anu ambavi imis Sesaxeb,
rom ninom odesRac moaqcia iberia, ucxoeli mwerlebisgan Seityves (13,99).
paul peetersma, cnobilma bolandistma, damajereblad daamtkica, rom
wminda nino legenda araa, aramed is istoriuli pirovnebaa, romelmac IV
saukuneSi saqarTvelo qristianobaze moaqcia. am faqtiT, man sabolood
gaamarjvebina mosazrebas, rasac qarTvelebi didi xnis manZilze icavdnen
da mospo am sakiTxze yovelgvari polemika. peetersi am sakiTxis
gadawyvetisas pirvel rigSi rufinusis eklesiis istorias eyrdnoba,
romelic m.TarxniSvils, safuZvlad da amosaval wertilad miaCnia mTeli
im ciklisTvis, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda wmindanis
pirovnebis Sesaxeb. peetersi Tavis mosazrebas ase ayalibebs: daaxloebiT
394 wels, palestinaSi, qarTvelma ufliswulmma bakurma romael mwerals,
rufinuss Seatyobina tyve qalis mier iberiis moqcevis istoria.
rufinusma es ambavi Tavis eklesiis istoriaSi Seitana, romelic 403 w.
dawera. amis mere es ambavi am TanmimdevrobiT gamoiyenes: sokratem,
sozomenem, Teodoritem, gelasi kvizikelma da Teofanem. legenda ufro
Sorsac gavrcelda da SeaRwia: arabul, koptur da eTiopiur
literaturaSi. 686 w. sokrates eklesiis istoria marTlmadidebelma
filon tirakacma somxurad Targmna. mose xorenelma, romelic VIII-IX
saukuneebSi cxovrobda, es Targmani gamoiyena, masSi gadmocemuli iberiis
moqcevis ambavi somxeTis moqcevas daukavSira da gadaitana mis mier
daweril `didi somxeTis istoriaSi~. pirvelad am nawarmoebidan unda
gaecnoT qarTvelebs TavianTi ganmanaTlebeli. m. TarxniSvils peetersis
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mosazrebac aradamajereblad miaCnia, radgan misi azriT, es mosazreba
eyrdnoba wm.ninos da wm. rifsimes bedis gadajaWvas; amasTan aSkaraa
winaaRmdegobebi, romlebic arsebobs wm. ninosa da misi moRvaweobis
Sesaxeb ucxour da adgilobriv versiebSi, arc saqarTvelos
politikur_kulturuli mdgomareobaa p. peetersis mier marTebulad
ganxiluli bizantiur samyarosTan mimarTebaSi.
faqtia, rom daiwera Tu ara rufinusis eklesiis istoria, V s-is
dasawyisSi, maSinve farTod gavrcelda. daaxloebiT 50 weliwadSi `tyve
qalis~ istoria mTeli bizantiuri eklesiisaTvis gaxda cnobili. ismis
kiTxva: Tu bizantiurma samyarom ukve V saukuneSi icoda saqarTveloSi
qristianobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, TviTon iberielebi rogorRa
darCebodnen saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mowyvetili am ambebisagan, maSin
roca V s-Si iq iyvnen qarTveli berebi da palestinaSi arsebobda
qarTuli monastrebi.
Tu SevadarebT mose xorenelisa da rufinusis monaTxrobs iberiis
gaqristianebis Sesaxeb, Semdeg daskvnebs viRebT: 1. wmindans, romlis
saxelic rufinusisTvis ucnobia, mose xorenelTan nune( nino) hqvia. 2.
ninos sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas, romelic rufinusTan mona qalia,
mosem dumiliT auara gverdi. 3. `ninos cxovrebidan~ viciT, rom man
daamsxvria armazis kerpi. 4. mcxeTidan aRmosavleTiT borcvze
aRamarTvina jvari. es ori Zalian mniSvnelovani momentia, rac ar
gvxvdeba arc rufinusTan da arc sokratesTan da gvxvdeba mxolod mose
xorenelTan. aris faqtebi, romlebsac mose xoreneli ar axsenebs da
mxolod qarTul gadmocemaSi gvxvdeba. mag: mTis mcxovrebTa mier ninos
qadagebis uaryofa, ninos sikvdilis Semdgom bodbeSi dakrZalva, rac
aseve mxolod qarTul gadmocemaSia. nino, rom X saukunis bolomde didi
xniT adre iyo cnobili saqarTveloSi, amas kargad mowmobs “ninowmindis
taZris” arsebobac. rogorc vxedavT, X s-is meore naxevridan, ra
periodSic p.peetersi, mose xorenelis gavleniT, varaudobs Satberdiul
xelnawerSi pirveli qarTuli nawarmoebis gamoCenas ninos Sesaxeb, ukve
arsebobda wminda ninos saxelobis eklesia. manmade peetersi aRiarebda
Tavadac, rom jvris da svetis Sesaxeb epizodebi adgilobriv tradicias
Semounaxavs. m. TarxniSvili yvela movlenas, romelic ZiriTadi
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momentebia `ninos cxovrebaSi~ da `qarTlis moqcevaSi~, adgilobriv
tradicias ukavSirebs (13,100). am Txzulebam, romelic eklesiaSi
sakiTxavad daiwera, Seqmna qarTvelTa ganmanaTleblis ninos kulti.
ismis kiTxva: ratom warmoiSva ninos kulti mogvianebiT da ara
Tavidanve? ratom miiviwya sawyis etapze qarTvelma erma Tavisi
ganmanaTlebeli nino da ar daiviwya grigol parTeli? pasuxi ninos
garSemo arsebul tradiciasa da saqarTvelos istoriaSi unda veZeboT.
A
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qristianqristianqristianqristianobis polemika warmarTobasTan: qristianobis zeimi warmarTul obis polemika warmarTobasTan: qristianobis zeimi warmarTul obis polemika warmarTobasTan: qristianobis zeimi warmarTul obis polemika warmarTobasTan: qristianobis zeimi warmarTul
garemoSi (garemoSi (garemoSi (garemoSi (`̀̀̀kolael yrmaTa wamebkolael yrmaTa wamebkolael yrmaTa wamebkolael yrmaTa wamebaaaa~~~~ da da da da `̀̀̀sibrZne sibrZne sibrZne sibrZne balahvarisibalahvarisibalahvarisibalahvarisi~~~~))))
Zvel qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi: `kolael yrmaTa wameba~ da
`sibrZne balahvarisi~, ukve mTeli sicxadiT aris naCvenebi warmarTobaze
qristianuli religiis upiratesobis mtkiceba. am nawarmoebebSi naTladaa
aRwerili maSindeli epoqis religiuri suliskveTeba, Zlieri miswrafeba
warmarTi adamianebisa gaxdnen qristianni. aRniSnul ZeglebSi aRwerilia
is epoqa, rodesac qarTul warmarTobasTan (kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan,
mnaTobebis TayvaniscemasTan) gvaqvs saqme da qristianoba Tavisi
moraluri upiratesobiT imarjvebs masTan polemikaSi.
`SuSanikis wamebis~ Semdgom, ucnobi avtoris `kolael yrmaTa wameba~
gaxlavT uZvelesi drois originaluri nawarmoebi, romelic
warmodgenilia aTonis X saukunis mravalTavSi da daculia saberZneTSi
aTonis mTaze agebul iverTa monasterSi. qarTul enaze es martviloba
erTaderTi xelnaweriTaa Semonaxuli. nawarmoebis sruli saTauri aseTia
`wamebaÁ yrmaTa wmidaTaÁ, ricxviT cxraTaÁ, romelni iyvnes suliTa Zmani
naTlis RebiTa wmidisagan embazisa, xolo Sobil iyvnes TavisTavisagan
dedisa Tvisisa~. am nawarmoebSi naCvenebia suraTi, Tu rogor uswordeba
adgilobrivi warmarToba qristianobas qristianobis gavrcelebis sawyis
etapze.
Txzulebis Sinaarsi aseTia: `mtkvris saTaveSi, xevSi, romelsac kola
erqva, erTad cxovrobdnen qristianebic da warmarTebic. umetesobas
warmarTebi Seadgendnen. xevis mTavaric warmarTi yofila. qristian
bavSvebTan erTad TamaSobda cxra warmarTTa bavSvi, 7-9 wlis asakis. maT
SeiTvises qristian megobarTa wes_Cveulebebi, kerZod darekdnen Tu ara
eklesiaSi zarebs da qristiani bavSvebi gaemarTebodnen Tu ara
eklesiisaken, warmarTi bavSvebic ukan misdevdnen, magram maT eklesiaSi
ar uSvebdnen, _ moinaTleT da SegiSvebTo eubnebodnen. bavSvebma
marTlac Cumad, mSoblebisagan dafarulad naTeliRes Rame mdinare
mtkvarSi, vinaidan dRisiT amas mRvdeli ver gabedavda warmarTTa SiSiT.
es rom gaiges warmarTi bavSvebis mSoblebma, SesCivles adgilobriv
warmarT mTavars. mTavarma miugo, rom isini maTi Svilebi iyvnen da
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rogorc maT undodaT ise moqceodnen. mSoblebma bavSvebi miiyvanes im
adgilas, sadac isini moinaTlnen, amoTxares ormo, Sig Cayares bavSvebi
da qvebiT Tavi dauxeTqes, xolo maT momnaTlav mRvdels sastikad
gauswordnen da soflidan gaaZeves~(28,184-185).
am erTi SexedviT mciretanianma martvirologiurma Txzulebam
uamravi mecnieris yuradReba miipyro. araerTi mniSvnelovani mosazreba
gamoiTqva: nawarmoebis Seqmnis periodze, masSi asaxuli ambis siZvelis
Sesaxeb da martvilobis originalurobis Sesaxeb.
martvilobaSi asaxuli movlenebi da faqtebi mniSvnelovania ara
mxolod qarTulenovani samyaros warsulis warmosaCenad, aramed
sazogadod qristianobis istoriis Sesaswavlad, radgan Txzuleba
mogviTxrobs qristianuli mrwamsisTvis TavdadebulTa ambavs da
gviCvenebs saqarTveloSi qristianebisa da warmarTebis damokidebulebis
suraTs istoriuli monakveTis garkveul etapze.
martvilobis Seqmnis periodis gasarkvevad, rac Tavismxriv
gagviadvilebda nawarmoebSi aRwerili epoqis dadgenas da ukeT
gamokveTda qristianTa da warmarTTa urTierTobas im droisaTvis, rac
Cveni interesis sagania, TxzulebaSi ar moipoveba araviTari TariRi.
martvilobis Seqmnis periodis mecnierul Seswavlas Tavdapirvelad
n. mari Seudga. misi TvalsazrisiT, radgan saistorio wyaroebSi
damkvidrebuli tendenciuri Sexedulebis Sesabamisad, qristianoba
Tavidanve uswrafesi tempiT vrceldeboda, umalve erovnul religiad
gamocxadda, amdenad `kolael yrmaTa wamebaSi~ asaxuli
kerpTayvanismcemelTa uryevi erTguleba warmarTuli sarwmunoebisadmi
da Tavismxriv, qristes mimdevarTa uryevi brZola qristinobis
dasamkvidreblad miuTiTebs, rom martvilobis avtoris TvalTaxedva ar
aris SezRuduli werilobiT wyaroebSi winaswar SemuSavebuli calmxrivi
warmodgenebiT da amitom, istoriografiaSi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebebis
sapirispirod, moTxrobaSi naCvenebi mwerlis obieqturi midgoma
movlenebisadmi n. maris varaudiT nawarmoebis arqaulobaze unda
migvaniSnebdes. is faqtic, rom naTlobis locvas TxzulebaSi `Jamoba~
ewodeba, n. mars martvilobis enis siZvelis maCveneblad miaCnia, rac
metyvelebs Txzulebis adeul periodSi Seqmnaze (45,53-54).
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iv. javaxiSvilma, Zeglis Seqmnis periodis dasadgenad, nawarmoebSi
warmodgenil terminologiaze gaakeTa aqcenti. mag. martvilobaSi dabis
aRsaniSnavad yovelTvis `sofeli~ ixmareba da radganac sofeli dabis
mniSvnelobiT IX s-de ar gvxvdeba da im saxiT, ra saxiTac Txzulebam
Cvenamde moaRwia terminologiis mixedviT, es Zegli daaxloebiT IX
saukuneSi unda iyos Seqmnili, Tumca martvilobaSi naCvenebi qristianTa
uZvelesi yofisa da rwmenis amsaxveli cnobebi javaxiSvils afiqrebinebs,
rom X saukunis xelnawerSi Semonaxuli `kolael yrmaTa wameba~, ar aris
wamebis Tavdapirveli saxe, aramed moTxroba ramdenjerme unda iyos
gadakeTebuli da Semoklebuli (40,36-37). daaxloebiT aseTi mosazreba
gamoTqva ZeglTan mimarTebaSi d.musxeliSvilmac. Mmanac miiCnia, rom
wamebis dRemde Semonaxuli redaqcia IX saukuneze Zveli ar unda iyos,
Tumca mecnierma ivarauda, rom Txzulebis Tavdapirveli varianti V_VI
saukuneebSi unda Seqmniliyo, qarTlSi qristianobis oficialur
religiad gamocxadebis periodSi, rodesac jer kidev Zlieri iyo
warmarTuli tradiciebi (ix.27,9). iv.javaxiSvils, nawarmoebSi aRwerili
periodis siZvelis gansazRvris mizniT, erTi cnoba mohyavs teqstidan. es
gaxlavT kolael yrmaTa naTloba mRvdlis mier ieso qristes msgavsad:
RamiT, zamTarSi da mdinareSi. am faqtze dayrdnobiT iv.javaxiSvili
varaudobs, rom SesaZloa yrmaTa wameba momxdariyo im dros, roca
morwmune qristianebi baZavdnen ieso qristes cxovrebis mTavar momantebs
da naTels iRebdnen zamTarSi, mdinareSi da RamiT. aseTi tradicia ki,
mecnieris azriT, qristianobis adreuli periodisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli
da Sesabamisad, nawarmoebSi es periodi unda asaxuliyo (40,34-35).
k.kekeliZec, javaxiSvilis msgavsad, termin `sofels~ xevze mcire
administraciuli erTeulis, dabis aRmniSvnelad miiCnevs. Tumca, misi
azriT, iv. javaxiSvilis mier, naTlobis zamTarSi ganxorcielebis gamo
nawarmoebis siZveleze msjeloba damajereblobas moklebulia, radgan
monaTvlis msurvelni uZvelesi droidan garemoebaTa Sesabamisad
inaTlebodnen. rac Seexeba Rame monaTvlas, mecniers miaCnia, rom
mRvdels bavSvebi RamiT Zveli tradiciis gamo ki ar mounaTlavs, aramed
iZulebiT `SiSisagan warmarTTaÁsa~ (17,564). daveTanxmebiT k.kekeliZis
pozicias, radgan teqstSi garkveviT weria: …`rameTu dRisi ver ikadrebda
80
naTlis_cemasa maTsa SiSisagan warmarTTaÁsa~. nawarmoebis mixedviT,
naTlobis procedura dRis nebismier monakveTSi yofila SesaZlebeli.
rogorc Cans, mRvdeli kolael warmarTTa SiSiT ver bedavda dRisiT
naTlobis Catarebas da kolaeli yrmebic RamiT mounaTlavs. naTelia,
rom nawarmoebSi asaxuli naTlobis faqtiT, nawarmoebis siZveleze
msjelobac usafuZvloa. rac Seexeba bavSvebis mdinareSi monaTvlis
faqts, aseTi SemTxvevebi mogviano periodSic dasturdeba. k.kekeliZe
Tvlis, rom nawarmoebi unda iyos araugvianes VI saukunisa, radgan masSi
warmodgenilia qristianobis damkvidrebis uZvelesi xanis suraTi. misi
azriT, amaze miuTiTebs nawarmoebSi naCvenebi RvTismsaxurebis, kerZod
naTlisRebis, wesis simartive. agreTve is faqtic, rom RvTismsaxurebis
aRsaniSnavad termini `Jamoba~ TxzulebaSi imave mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari,
ra mniSvnelobiTac vxvdebiT `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~
SemTxvevaSic, romelic VI s_is Zeglad miiCneva. yvelaze metad
k.kekeliZisa da i.javaxiSvilis azriT, ZeglSi warmodgenili suraTis
siZveles xazs usvams masSi warmodgenili fragmenti pirvelyofili
qristianobis praqtikisa, romlis mixedviT qristianebi, msgavsad ieso
qristesi, Tu pirdapir iordaneSi ara, mdinareSi mainc cdilobdnen eRoT
naTeli. kekeliZe xazs usvams ambis siZveles, Tumca i. javaxiSvilis
msgavsad miiCnevs, rom Tavad literaturuli Zegli, romelSic es Zveli
ambavia moTxrobili, terminologiis gaTvaliswinebiT, IX saukuneSi unda
iyos dawerili (17,491). amave azrs iziarebs s.yubaneiSvilic (54,71).
k.kekeliZis azri nawarmoebis Seqmnis periodze gaiziara i. abulaZemac
(1,12). kirile TumaniSvilma yovelgvari argumentaciis gareSe miiCnia, rom
`kolael yrmaTa wameba~ `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ msgavsad VI
saukuneSia SeTxzuli.
Txzulebis Seswavlisas sruliad gansxvavebuli dakvirveba
moaxdinda p.ingoroyvam. nawarmoebis Seqmnis periodis kvlevis procesSi,
manac yuradReba masSi asaxuli ambis siZveleze SeaCera. misi azriT,
TxzulebaSi aRwerili ambavi im istoriul epoqas unda Seesabamebodes,
rodesac saqarTvelos ganapira provinciebSi warmarToba Zlier
winaaRmdegobas uwevda qristianobas, es unda iyos IV-VI saukuneebi.
p.ingoroyvas azriT, gamomdinare iqidan, rom qristianobis damkvidrebis
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gviandel xanaSi, warmarTobis Zlierebis amsaxveli Txzulebebi aramcTu
iwereboda, aramed ispoboda, rogorc istoriuli sinamdvilis mauwyebeli
arasasiamovno dokumenti, `kolael yrmaTa wameba~ Seqmnili unda iyos IV-
VI saukuneebSi, anu ra drosac hqonda realurad am ambavs adgili. rac
Seexeba sityva `soflis~ ganmartebis sakiTxs da amis mixedviT,
nawarmoebis Seqmnis periodis garkvevas, mecnieris azriT, sofeli dabas
unda niSnavdes, magram is miuReblad Tvlis am terminis mixedviT Zeglis
IX saukunisad miCnevas, radgan mecnieris azriT, sityva sofeli, rogorc
dabis, ise zogadad qveynis mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba jer kidev V-VI ss-is
`xanmetobis~ drois teqstebSi (14,135). r.baramiZesac miaCnia, rom es wameba
adreqristianul periods unda asaxavdes, rodesac CvenSi qristianoba
axali Semosuli iyo da imdroindel sazogadoebaSi jer kidev Zlieri
iyo warmarTuli, winaqristianuli, mamapapeuli kultura (5,7).
rogorc vxedavT, nawarmoebis Seqmnis periodis gansazRvrisas, rigi
mecnierebi Txzulebas saqarTveloSi qristianobis miRebis sawyisi
periodis Txzulebad miiCneven, sxvebi ki, Txzulebis daweris drois
gasarkvevad upiratesobas wamebaSi dadasturebul terminologias
aniWeben, ris safuZvelzec nawarmoebs IX saukuneSi Seqmnilad Tvlian.
sagulisxmoa isic, rom n. mari, p. ingoroyva da k. TumaniSvili `kolael
yrmaTa wamebas~ originalur Txzulebad miiCneven. k.kekeliZis,
iv.javaxiSvilisa da d.musxeliSvilis varaudiT, radgan Txzuleba
mxolod erTi xelnaweriTaa SemorCenili, Sesabamisad mis avTenturobaze
msjeloba rTulia. amdenad, maTi SexedulebiT, Txzuleba Cvenamde
gadakeTebuli saxiT unda iyos moRweuli (27,4). miuxedavad imisa, rom
mecnierTa erTi nawili Txzulebis Seqmnis periodze msjelobisas
nawarmoebSi naCveneb terminologias eyrdnoba, Txzulebis enis Seswavlis
safuZvelze nawarmoebis Seqmnis epoqis dazusteba mainc ver moxerxda.
am martvilobam, Tavisi SinaarsiT, samarTalmcodneebis yuradRebac
miiqcia, vinaidan, masSi asaxulia, qristianobis miRebis gamo, warmarTi
mSoblebis mier, sakuTari bavSvebis, sajarod, sikvdiliT dasjis suraTi.
samarlTalmcodneebis mier gakeTebuli daskvnebi, gvexmareba ukeT
ganvsazRvroT nawarmoebSi asaxuli epoqa da qristianTa da warmarTTa
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Soris arsebuli urTierToba im konkretul, istoriul etapze, rac Cveni
interesis sagania.
samarTalmcodne, Jozef kartsis SexedulebiT, romelic dainteresda
wamebaSi asaxuli iuridiuli aspeqtebis SeswavliT, nawarmoebSi
aRwerili marTlmsajuleba koleqtiur samarTals unda asaxavdes,
romelsac erTi mxriv awarmoebda gvari an Temi, xolo meore mxriv ojaxi
an gvari Tavisi wevrebis mimarT. mkvlevaris TvalsazrisiT, TxzulebaSi
moTxrobili ambavi wminda ninos moRvaweobis periodSi unda momxdariyo.
im dros, roca qarTul samyaroSi ukve arsebobda qristianuli mrwamsis
anareklebi. d.langis azriTac, nawarmoebSi monaTxrob ambav wm.ninos mier
saqarTveloSi qristianobis qadagebis axlo periodSi unda hqonoda
adgili. `kolael yrmaTa wamebam~ daainteresa qarTuli saojaxo
samarTliT dainteresebuli piri giorgi nadareiSvilic. misi azriT,
nawarmoebSi asaxuli ojaxis ufrosis _ mamis xelisufleba imdenad
absoluturia, rom martvilobis mixedviT mama SvilebisaTvis erTsa da
imave dros aris rogorc kanonmdebeli, ise mosamarTlec da jalaTic.
mamis es Zalaufleba, romelic wamebaSia naCvenebi, mecniers agonebs Zveli
romaeli ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebas, rogorc sakuTrebis uflebas.
amis safuZvelze gamoTqvams varauds, rom maSi aRwerili ambavi VI s-is
unda iyos. (ix.27,7).
vfiqrobT, rom literaturuli Zeglis Seqmnis periodis dasadgenad,
saWiroa martvilobaSi asaxuli periodis warmoCenas mieqces yuradReba.
swored nawarmoebSi asaxuli sxvadasxva epizodis, qristianTa da
warmarTTa urTierTobis analizis safuZvelze unda ganisazRvros masSi
naCvenebi xana.
iv. javaxiSvili Tvlis, rom gamokveTili drois monakveTi, romlis
ganmavlobaSic TxzulebaSi warmodgenili ambavi unda momxdariyo,
nawarmoebSi saerTod ar ikveTeba. iv.javaxiSvilis azriT, miuxedavad
imisa, rom nawarmoebSi dadasturebuli cnobis Tanaxmad, am wamebis dros
mdinare mtkvris saTaveSi warmarToba daZleuli araa da qristianoba
mxolod maSin ikidebs fexs, ris gamoc qristianebi umciresobaSi arian
da nawarmoebSi asaxuli es informacia SesaZloa sayuradRebo cnoba iyos
TxzulebaSi asaxuli drois gansazRvrisaTvis, am argumentacias
83
abaTilebs is garemoeba, rom mdinare mtkvris saTaveSi aRwerili movlena
ar unda iyos saqarTvelos centraluri sarwmunoebrivi mdgomareobis
amsaxveli, aramed unda asxavdes saqarTvelos SedarebiT miyruebul
adgils, mTas, sadac warmarToba ufro mticed iyo da didxansac darCa
(40,33-34). literaturul_istoriuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da mesxeTSi V-VI saukuneebSi qristianobas
mtkiced hqonda fesvebi gadgmuli. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia
amis merec saqarTvelos miyruebul kuTxeebSi warmarTobas hyoloda
erTguli da gulwrfeli Tayvanismcemlebi.
b. ColoyaSvili Tvlis, rom TxzulebaSi aRwerili warmarTebisa da
qristianebis dapirispirebis misadageba saqarTvelos mTiani regionebis
kerpTayvanismcemelTa da qristianTa urTierTobasTan da amiT
nawarmoebSi asaxuli periodis gansazRvra safuZvels da damajereblobas
moklebulia, radgan Txzulebis Tanaxmad, mdinare mtkvris saTavis
warmarTul garemoSi arsebobs qristianTaTvis eklesia, sadac mRvdeli
msaxurobs da kerpTayvanismcemelTa garemoSi mcxovreb mcirericxovan
qristianebs eklesiaSi RvTismsaxurebis Casatareblad sajarod rekviT
mouwodebs, xolo xucesis mowodebaze morwmuneni salocavad dadian
yovelgvari winaRobis gareSe. b. ColoyaSvili miiCnevs, rom im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu TxzulebaSi asaxulia qristianuli qveynis periferiuli
provincia, sadac kerpTayvanismcemlebma didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ar iwames
qriste da ar gaqristiandnen, maSin nawarmoebSi aRwerili iqneboda
saxelmwifo religiis ugulvebelyofis niadagze Ria dapirispireba, ris
safuZvelzec Svilebis Camqolavi warmarTebi, Tavdapirvelad mRvdels
Caqolavdnen da eklesias aaoxrebdnen. kerpTayvanismcemelTa garemocvaSi
RvTismsaxurebis SeuzRudavad ganxorcieleba xucesis mier da
qristianTa Tavisufali mimosvla eklesiaSi naTels xdis, rom wamebaSi
naCveneb drois monakveTSi, qristianebi eklesiaSi Tavisuflad
loculoben da ar ganicdian aranair SezRudvas TavianTi rwmenis gamo.
yvelaferi es aCvenebs, rom warmarTuli Temi qristes mimdevarTa
saqmianobas ar uwevs aranair winaaRmdegobas. metic, RvTismsaxurebis
aRsrulebis epizodidan gamomdinare, qristianebisadmi warmarTTa
damokidebulebas Tu gadavxedavT, Cans TiTqos eklesiis wevrTa da
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warmarTTa Soris damokidebuleba Tanasworuflebianobis principsac ki
emyareba. am yvelafers mivyavarT im daskvnamde, rom nawarmoebSi
aRwerili unda iyos warmarTTa da qristianTa Soris mSvidobiani
Tanaarsebobis periodi da ara drois is monakveTi, roca saqarTvelos
mTian kuTxeebSi qristianobis damkvidrebas mZafri winaaRmdegoba gauwia
kerpTayvanismcemelma mosaxleobam da ar miiRo axali rjuli (27,10).
b. ColoyaSvili, ikvlevs ra nawarmoebSi warmoCenil istoriul
monakveTs, mihyveba samarTalmcodneebis mier gakvalul gzas da
martvilobaSi asaxuli movlenebis iuridiul aspeqtze amaxvilebs
yuradRebas. misi azriT, mniSvnelovani faqtia, rom monaTluli yrmebis
sajarod Caqolvis ganaCens damswreTagan mxolod bavSvebis mSoblebi
miiyvanen sisruleSi. danarCeni mowmeebi ki samarxs avseben qvebiT da
miwiT. martvilobaSi vkiTxulobT: `maSin uRmerToTa maT mSobelTa maTTa
ganuxeTqnes Tavni bmaTni da gantÂnnes igini. guelTa da iqedneTa, aspitTa
da mÃecTa ician wyalobaÁ SvilTaÁ, xolo amaT usjuloTa ara yves
wyalobaÁ SvilTa maTTaTÂs~(28,185). xolo: `simravleman erisaman dahkribes
qvaÁ, vidremdis aRavses Ãnarc igi da dafarnes qviTa wmidani igi guamni
maTni da miwaÁ igi aRmoTxrili miasxes zeda kerZo maTsa~(28,185).
aRniSnuli pasaJebidan vigebT, rom bavSvTa sikvdiliT dasjis procesSi
warmarTuli Temi ar monawileobs. bavSvebs qolaven mxolod maTi
mSoblebi. b. ColoyaSvili Tvlis, rom iv. javaxiSvili cdeba, rodesac
bavSvebis Caqolvis epizods ukavSirebs mdinare mtkvris saTaveSi
arsebul mamapapeuli rwmenis uaryofisTvis dasjis tradicias.
b.ColoyaSvils miaCnia, rom am SemTxvevaSi warmodgenilia yrmaTa
Caqolvis sruliad sxva suraTi da ara tradiciuli dasjis meTodi
(27,15). mecnieris azriT, damnaSavis qviT CaqolviT dasja mowesrigebuli
samarTalis erT-erTi wesia. mis aRsrulebaSi monawileobs erTianoba. es
faqti koleqtiuria da ara individualuri. saxalxo gadawyvetilebis
safuZvelze, damnaSaved miCneulis CaqolviT dasjaSi, Temis uklebliv
yvela wevrs unda mieRo monawileoba. `kolaelTa wamebis~ SemTxvevaSi ki
garkveviT weria, rom mxolod mSoblebma Caidines Svilebis Caqolvis aqti
da ara Temma, romelic eswreboda am process. teqstis mixedviT,
mSoblebi eubnebian xucess: `brZane da moved Cuen Tana, da qviTa
85
ganvtÂnneT igini~ (28,185). am faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT naTelia, rom
bavSvebis CaqolviT dasja Temis gadawyvetilebis mixedviT ar unda
ganxorcielebuliyo, radgan Temi dasjis procesSi mSoblebTan erTad ar
moqmedebs, is neitraluria. Sesabamisad, moyvanili faqtebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, am faqts saerTo ar unda hqondes saqarTvelos
mTianeTSi arsebul tradiciasTan, warmarTuli Temis mier qristianobis
propagandisTvis da gavrcelebisTvis damnaSaveTa sajarod dasjis
Sesaxeb. b.ColoyaSvilis azriT, damnaSavis CaqolviT dasja garkveul
epoqaSi iyo SesaZlebeli, rodesac sazogadoebaSi arsebuli principebis
Sesabamisad, aseT saqciels socialuri gamarTleba eqneboda (27,16).
b. ColoyaSvili miiCnevs, rom martvilobaSi moTxrobili ambis
dasazusteblad aucileblad unda mieqces yuradReba maSi aRweril
wes_Cveulebebs, radgan SesaZlebelia kerpTmsaxurTa da qristianTa
yofaqcevis normebi gansazRvruli periodis amsaxveli gamodges da
swored amis saSualebiT gamoikveTos nawarmoebSi asaxuli epoqa.
pirvelyovlisa, yuradReba unda mieqces im faqts, rom mSoblebs
mTavarTan sasjelis gansasazRvravad umalve ar miyavT axladmonaTluli
bavSvebi. isini amas sCadian mas Semdeg, rac bavSvebi uars ityvian
samsxverplo Senawiris SeWmaze. aRniSnuli faqti unda metyvelebdes
imaze, rom Txzulebis mixedviT, warmarTebi mticed dadgenili
wes_Cveulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT moqmedeben. martvilobidan irkveva isic,
rom axladgaqristianebuli bavSvebis mSoblebi TavianTi SvilebisaTvis
sasjelis gansazRvramde, Tavs valdebulad Tvlian ganaCeni mTavars
SeuTanxmon. rogorc Cans, maT mTavarTan SeuTanxmeblad, an misi
nebarTvis gareSe, ar SeuZliaT TavianTi gadawyvetilebis sisruleSi
moyvana. naTelia, rom warmarTebi kanoniT gansazRvruli wesiT
moqmedeben. imis gasarkvevad, Tu romeli epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
iuridiuli normebis Semcveli kanonmdeblobaa aRwerili literaturul
ZeglSi, saWiroa Seswavlil iqnas wamebaSi asaxuli samarTalwarmoeba.
b.ColoyaSvils miaCnia, rom nawarmoebSi mocemuli samarTlebrivi
sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovania gairkves, Tu ra mizezi udevs
safuZvlad kolael yrmaTa sikvdiliT dasjasa da mRvdlis
sacxovreblidan gaZevebas. radgan, SesaZloa amis sababi aRmoCndes
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garkveuli periodis kanonmdeblobis ganmsazRvreli da warmoaCinos
ZeglSi asaxuli epoqa.
b. ColoyaSvilis azriT, im faqts, rom warmarT mSoblebs TavianTi
monaTluli Svilebi umalve ar miyavT mTavarTan, aramed amas sCadian mas
mere, rac bavSvebi ar miiReben samsxverplo saWmels, Tavisi axsna aqvs.
warmarTuli wesis Sesabamisad, kerpTmsaxurni samsxverplod Sewiruli
cxovelis gansazRvrul nawils Semwirvelebs ubrunebdnen. qristianTa
Soris gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad ki, kerpisadmi samsxverplo
Sesawiris Wama, warmarTuli RvTaebis Tayvaniscemas niSnavda. sadavo ar
unda iyos, rom gaqristianebulma yrmebma principulad ar SeWames
samsxverplo Senawiri, raTa amiT ar ziarebodnen warmarTul kerpebs.
swored am faqtiT uaryves kolaelma bavSvebma winaparTa RmerTebi da
maTi braleulobac konkretulad am faqtma ganapiroba. sagulisxmoa, rom
religiur danaSaulSi mxileba ara rwmenis, aramed qmedebis safuZvelze
romis imperiisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. romauli kanonmdeblobis
Tanaxmad qristianebi isjebodnen ara rwmenisaTvis, aramed qmedebisaTvis,
radgan romaelebs religia esmodaT ara rogorc Sinagani rwmena, aramed
maTTvis RmerTad Seracxva, RvTaebisadmi Tayvaniscemis garegnulad
gamoxatuli qmedebis, msxverplSewirvis, safuZvelze aRiqmeboda. amitom
eWvsgareSea, rom yrmaTa samsxverplo Sesawiris uWmelobis faqti, maTi
braleulobis samxilia. rogorc Cans, warmarTebi, marTlmsajulebis
aRsrulebisas, namdvilad moqmedeben garkveuli kanonmdeblobis
gaTvaliswinebiT. romauli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, qristians
danaSaulis damtkicebis gareSe ver dasjidnen. aSkaraa, rom yrmebi
isjebian ara rwmenisaTvis, aramed qmedebisaTvis, samsxverplo Senawiris
uWmelobis gamo. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom qmedebisaTvis dasja romis
samarTlisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, sainteresoa, nawarmoebSi asaxuli
periodis dros, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT, savaldebulo
iyo Tu ara iberiis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Semaval kolas provinciaSi
mcxovrebi mosaxleobisaTvis romis kanonmdebloba (27,19). werilobiTi
wyaroebidan irkveva, rom 298 wels romsa da sasanidur irans Soris
dadebuli ormocwliani zaviT, somxeTi da iberia romis imperiis
gavlenis sivrceSia. am xelSekrulebiT iberiaSi mefes romi niSnavda.
87
savaraudoa, rom im viTarebaSi, rodesac romis imperia did mniSvnelobas
aniWebda mcire kavkasias, rogorc imperiis aRmosavleT sazRvris
damcvels, savaraudoa, rom kolas provincia nizibinis xelSekrulebamde
ufro adrec romis imperiis gavlenis qveS iyo. istoriuli wyaroebidan
cnobilia, rom 212 wlidan moyolebuli, romis imperiis arsebobamde
moqmedebda karakalas kanoni. am kanonmdeblobas romaelebi did
mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen imperiis sivrceSi mosaxle dapyrobili xalxebis
reorganizaciis gansaxorcieleblad. romauli kanonmdeblobiT, imperiis
sivrceSi mcxovrebi TiToeuli moqalaqisaTvis romauli kanonmdeblobis
dacva savaldebulo iyo (27,20). Tu b. ColoyaSvilis dakvirveba
marTebulia da kolaeli bavSvebis danaSaulSi mxileba romauli
samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli wes_Cveulebis Tanaxmadaa
ganxorcielebuli TxzulebaSi, maSin SesaZlebelia davuSvaT, rom
maTTvis wayenebuli ganaCenic aseve romauli samarTlis normebiT unda
momxdariyo. teqstis mixedviT, mTavari, masTan misul warmarT mSoblebs,
Semdegnairad pasuxobs: `Svilni Tquenni arian, ÃelmwifebaÁ gaqus, uyavT
raÁca gnebavs. xolo maT hrques: brZane da moved Cuen Tana, da qviTa
ganvtÂnneT igini, raÁTa ara sxuani hbaZden da qristeane iqmnen~ (28,185).
bavSvebis momnaTlav xucess ki: `ara mciredi Wiri miawies, rameTu
iavaryves yoveli nayofi misi, da ganiyves monagebi misi. dasdves Tavsa
missa wylulebaÁ ficxeli knin erT-da mo-mca-kles da ganÃades
samkÂdrebeliT TÂsiT . .~(28,185).
sagulisxmoa, rom kolael yrmaTa dasjas eswreba mTavari da masTan
erTad uamravi xalxi. amden mowmeTagan bavSvTa sasikvdilo ganaCens
mxolod maTi mSoblebi moiyvanen sisruleSi. rogorc vxedavT, ojaxis
ufross hqonia uflebamosileba sakuTari gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze
SvilisTvis ganaCeni gamoetana. mSoblebi moqmedeben romauli
kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad. miuxedavad imisa, rom TavianTi SvilebisaTis
es ganaCeni mSoblebs sakuTari surviliT gamoutaniaT, amavdroulad maTi
ganCineba garkveuli kanonmdeblobiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli. is
ukiduresi forma, rasac mimarTaven bavSvebis mSoblebi, anu Caqolva,
romelic romaul praqtikaSi iSviaTad ixmareboda, romauli kanonis
mixedviT mSobels avaldebulebda TviTonve Caeqola sakuTari Svili.
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rogorc nawarmoebidan Cans, mSobels gamoaqvs SvilisTvis ganaCeni,
TviTonve aRasrulebs am ganaCens, magram formalurad am ganaCenis
Sesaxeb auwyebs mTavars. es faqtic romauli kanonmdeblobis gamoZaxili
unda iyos maSindel saqarTveloSi. b.ColoyaSvili miiCnevs, rom
samarTalwarmoebis aseTive norma damaxasiaTebeli iyo romauli
kanonmdeblobiT aRiarebuli mamis Zalauflebis institutisTvis,
romelsac ewodeboda patria protestas. ( patria protestas, ojaxis ufross akisrebda
moralur valdebulebas daecva Tavisi col_Svili da amitom, mamas
ojaxSi gansakuTrebuli uflebebi hqonda miniWebuli. romauli
kanonmdeblobiT sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom Svilis
sikvdil_sicocxlis ufleba mamas ganekuTvneboda. Patria protesta-s
samarTlebrivi normis aRsrulebisas sasamarTlo ar imarTeboda.
SemdgomSi es kanoni cota Serbilda. mamis uflebebi raRac doziT
SeizRuda. mamas Svili mniSvnelovan danaSaulSi prefeqtis an provinciis
mmarTvelis TandaswrebiT unda daedanaSaulebina. es Tvalsazrisi daedo
safuZvlad imperator aleqsandre severusis mier 227 wels miRebul
kanons. 319 wels ki, imperatorma konstantine didma Svilis mokvla
Cveulebriv mkvlelobas gauTanabra).
b. ColoyaSvils miaCnia, rom `kolaelTa wamebaSi~ asaxuli unda iyos
is periodi, rodesac saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia patria protestas
instituti, romlis mixedviTac mSoblebma, mniSvnelovani danaSaulis
gamo, sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutanes TavianT Svilebs; mTavars ki
formalurad gaacnes TavianTi gadawyvetileba, romelic am SemTxvevaSi
administraciis warmomadgenelia (romauli kanonmdeblobiT religiuri
danaSaulis faqtis dadgena mxolod oficialur pirs SeeZlo) da
Semdgom sajarod, mTavris da mTeli xalxis TandaswrebiT Tavadve
Caqoles sakuTari Svilebi. b.ColoyaSvils miaCnia, rom “kolael yrmaTa
wamebaSi” asaxuli unda iyos is samarTlebrivi norma, romelic patria
protestas institutis safuZvelze ganxorcielda severiusis kanonis
mixedviT (ix.27,35). b.ColoyaSvilis azriT, romauli marTlmsajulebisTvis
Caqolvis tradicia ucxo iyo. Tumca, imave romis kanonmdeblobiT,
dapyrobil xalxebs hqondaT ufleba romauli samarTliT gamotanili
gadawyvetileba, TavianTi wes_Cveulebebis Sesabamisad ganexorcielebinaT.
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CaqolviT xSirad religiur danaSaulSi braldebulebs sjidnen. Caqolva
umTavresad Ralatis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneboda. winaparTa religiis
uarmyofelni ki moRalateebad iTvlebodnen. cnobilia is faqtic, rom
adreqristianul xanaSi, gaqristianebulebs dasjis mizniT umTavresad
qolavdnen. rogorc Cans, kolaeli bavSvebis sikvdiliT dasjisas mtkvris
saTavis warmarTebi, winaparTa tradiciis Sesabamisad moqmedeben.
sainteresoa soflis xucesis dasjis sakiTxic. xucess warmarTi
mSoblebi ar klaven, magram TavianTi Svilebis monaTvlisTvis mas
sakmaod mkacrad uswordebian: scemen, qonebas arTmeven da
sacxovreblidan agdeben. warmarTi mSoblebi am faqts mTavarTan
SeuTanxmeblad, jer kidev bavSvebis Caqolvamde axorcieleben. (rogorc
Cans, maT amis ufleba romauli samarTlis mixedviT hqoniaT).
sagulisxmoa, rom bavSvebis monaTvlamde kerpTayvanismcemlebi mRvdlis
sasuliero moRvaweobas araviTar winaaRmdegobas ar uweven. maTi
gaRizianeba xucesis mimarT gamowveuli unda iyos im faqtiT, rom
mRvdelma bavSvebi qristes rjulze moaqcia mSoblebTan SeuTanxmeblad
da amiT man ugulvebelyo mamis Zalaufleba, patria protestas, ris gamoc is
damnaSvea kerpTayvanismcemelTa winaSe. rodesac xucess moaxseneben
bavSvebis qristianulad moqcevis ganzraxvis Sesaxeb, soflis xucesi,
romelmac zedmiwevniT kargad icis romis kanoniT mamis Zalaufleba
Svilze, ambobs: `romelman ara dautevos mamaÁ TÂsi, da dedaÁ TÂsi, dani
da Zmani, coli da Svili, da ara aRiRos juari TÂsi da Semomidges me,
igi ara ars Cemda Rirs~ (28,185). am sityvebiT is yrmaTa monaTvlis
survilis mauwyeblebs Tavisi gadawyvetilebis princips auwyebs, saidanac
naTlad Cans, Tu ratom ugulvebelyofs mRvdeli kolael ymaTa
mSoblebis uflebas TavianT Svilebze. xucesis braleulobis sakiTxi
mSoblebma warmarT mTavarTan ar gaarCies, radgan patria protestas kanonis
mixedviT, maT amis ufleba ar hqondaT. aRniSnuli kanonmdeblobis
Tanaxmad, maT ar SeeZloT ara ojaxis wevris gansja sasamarTlos gareSe.
nawarmoebis mixedviT cnobilia, rom xucess bavSvebis monaTvlis gamo
soflidan aZeveben da saxl-kars uoxreben. am faqtsac, b.ColoyaSvilis
azriT, Tavisi samarTlebrivi safuZveli gaaCnia. cnobilia, rom 236 wels
romis imperatorma maqsiminusma, romelic eklesiis msaxurT
90
gansakuTrebiT aviwrovebda, gamosca kanoni, romlis safuZvelzec kanonis
damrRvevi sasuliero piri saepiskoposos mijnebidan gaZevebuli iqneboda.
istoriuli wyaroebidan cnobilia is faqtic, rom romis imperiaSi
qristianobis nebadarTul religiad gamocxadebamde, qristianebi imis
mixedviT iyvnen ugulebelyofilni, Tu ramdenad awuxebdnen isini
sazogadoebas. aqedan gamomdinare aRaraa gasakviri, rom
kerpTayvanismcemelTa tradiciebisa da romis samarTlis damrRvevi
mRvdeli warmarTebma sacxovreblidan gaagdes. romis samarTlis
mixedviT, xucesis gaZeveba SeeZlo mTavarsac da Temsac.
b. ColoyaSvilis azriT, martvilobaSi moTxrobil istorias adgili
unda hqonoda 319 wlamde. Aam wels konstantine didma mamis mier Svilis
mokvla Cveulebriv mkvlelobas gauTanabra da aqedan gamomdinare
Svilebis daxocvis gadawyvetilebis SesaTanxmeblad warmarTi mSoblebi
mTavarTan ver mividodnen. 319 wlis Semdeg mTavari, rogorc
xelisuflebis warmomadgeneli, sasamarTlos gareSe mSoblebis
gadawyvetilebas ver daeTanxmeboda da verc imas etyoda mSoblebs, rac
gindaT is uqeniT Tqven Svilebso. metic, verc Caqolvis process
daeswreboda, radgan es kanoniT mas ekrZaleboda (27,28-29).
TxzulebaSi aRwerili periodis dasadgenad da imis gasarkvevad, Tu
qristianobis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebis ra etapia aq warmodgenili,
sayuradReboa erTi epizodi am Txzulebidan. martirologi, romelic
aRwers amTxzulebaSi kolaeli yrmebis naTlobis process, is gvauwyebs
naTlobis yvela detals: Tu ra dros moxda naTloba, ra adgilas, ra
viTarebaSi; srulad gvacnobs xucesis mier naTlobis dros warmoTqmul
locvas; warmogvidgens naTlobis dros mtkvarSi momdinare wylis
Secvlas. gviCvenebs imasac, Tu rogor Seimosnen yrmebi damswreTaTvis
uCinrad, zeciurad, TeTri perangebiT. sayuradReboa, rom naTlobis
epizodis aRwerisas, avtori dums mironcxebis Taobaze, romelic
aucilebeli movlenaa naTlobis Semdgom. es SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos.
cnobilia, rom mironcxeba da naTlisReba axali aRTqmis ori
erTmaneTisgan gansaxvavebuli saidumloa. Mmironcxeba axali aRTqmis
sul sxva saidumloa, romelic naTlobis saidumlos mosdevs.
naTlisRebasac da mironcxebasac Tan sdevs xiluli da uxilavi mxare.
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martvilobaSi SeeZlo avtors eCvenebina mironcxebis uxilavi mxare mainc,
magram es ase ar xdeba. kolaeli yrmebi ar iyvnen mironcxebulni. RvTis
madli mironis saSualebiT maTze ar gadasula. am faqts, b.ColoyaSvilis
azriT, Tavisi axsna aqvs.
qristianobis dasawyisidan mironcxebis saidumlos mxolod episkoposebi
aRavlendnen. Tu xucesi aRavlenda naTlobas, mironcxeba episkoposis
mier samwysos monaxulebamde gadaideboda. amasTan cnobilia, rom
laodikeis saeklesio krebamde, naTlobis ganxorcielebisas,
naTlobisTanave mironcxeba ar iyo savaldebulo. mxolod am krebaze
dadginda, rom naTlisRebasTan erTad mironic aucileblad unda
cxebuliyo, raTa adamiani ziareboda RvTis sasufevels. eklesiis
istoriis mkvlevarebi laodikeis saeklesio krebis gamarTvis TariRs 343-
381 wlebs Soris varaudoben. aqedan gamomdinare, martviloba im periodSi
unda momxdariyo, roca naTlobisa da mironcxebis saidumlo cal_calke
sruldeboda da mirons mxolod episkoposebi scxebdnen. Eam faqts ki
laodikeis krebamde eqneboda adgili (27,31).
sainteresoa, martvilobaSi naCvenebi qristianTa da warmarTTa
urTierTobis Semdegi detali, romlis gaazrebac garkveulwilad
asaxuli epoqis danaxvaSic gvexmareba. sagulisxmoa, rom nawarmoebis
mixedviT, warmarT bavSvebs eklesiaSi ar uSveben qristianuli Temis
wevrebi. isini maT ase mimarTaven: `Tquen Svilni xarT mekerpeTani da ara
jer-ars SemosvlaÁ Tqueni saxlsa RmrTisasa~ (28,184). citatidan naTelia,
rom bavSvebis ar SeSveba eklesiaSi ganpirobebulia maTi warmarTuli
ojaxebidan warmomavlobis faqtiT. bavSvebi ramodenimejer Seecdebian
eklesiaSi Sesvlas, magram amaod. saeklesio wesis Tanaxmad ki, eklesiaSi
Sesvlis ufleba aqvs nebismier adamians. rodesac bavSvebi ZaliT
Seecdebian SeRwevas eklesiaSi, qristianebi maT urCeven: `ukueTu gnebavs
Semosvlad Cuen Tana eklesiad, grwmenin ufali Cueni iesu qristÀ da
naTeliReT saxelisa mimarT misisa, da eziareniT saidumloTa misTa da
SeguerTeniT qristeaneTaÁ. . .~ (28,184). aqedan gamomdinare, qristianTa
aseTi karCaketiloba da mounaTlavi bavSvebis eklesiaSi ar SeSveba
gamowveuli unda iyos imiT, rom im periodSi mounaTlavebs eklesiaSi ar
uSvebdnen. eklesiis karibWeSi mounaTlavTa arSeSvebis faqtebs adgili
92
unda hqonoda qristianobis nebadarTul religiad aRiarebamde. (sawyis
xanebSi warmarTebi amxedrebulni iyvnen iesos moZRvrebis winaaRmdeg da
qristianebs aviwrovebdnen. eklesiis interesebidan gamomdinare,
qristianebi Tavdacvis mizniT warmarTebs ar uSvebdnen eklesiaSi.
warmarTebis aseTma amxedrebam qristianobis sawyis xanebSi, xeli Seuwyo
kaTakmevelTa institutis SemoRebas. kaTakmeveli ewodeba pirovnebas,
romlisTvisac Riaa eklesiis karebi, raTa moemzados qristes
sarwmunoebisTvis, mxolod evqaristiis Sesrulebis dros `kaTakmevelno
ganvediT~ kaTakmevlebma unda datovon taZari. es wodeba Cndeba
araugvianes II s-is pirveli naxevrisa. kaTakmevlebi ixsenebian wamebul
iustinesTan, tertulianTanac. V s-is bolosTvis es instituti
faqtiurad gauqmda. qristianuli religiis nebadaurTvelobis periodSi
da mis saxelmwifo religiad aRiarebamde, kaTakmevevloba aucilebeli
iyo yvela gaqristianebis mosurne pirovnebisaTvis. Tumca iyo SemTxvevebi,
roca naTlisRebis msurvelT umalve naTlavdnen: Tu is momakvdavi iyo,
roca mTeli eri inaTleboda an Tu, isini darwmundebodnen monaTvlis
msurvelTa gulwrfelobaSi da amis uzado wadilSi. eklesiaSi ki,
winaswari momzadebis pirobiT daiSvebodnen mxolod) (27,35).
sagulisxmoa, rom kolaeli bavSvebis mounaTlavad eklesiaSi
arSeSvebis faqti warmarTTa da qristianTa mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis
pirobebSi dasturdeba. qristianTa gadawyvetileba b.ColoyaSvilis
azriT, or mizezs unda ganepirobebina: bavSvebis saxiT eklesiis samwysos
ar Sereodnen mavne da meryevi wevrebi da meore, bavSvebis eklesiaSi
SeSvebiT ar gaeRizianebinaT maTi warmarTi mSoblebi, rasac qristianTa
devna mohyveboda (27,35). aqedan gamomdinare, b.ColoyaSvils miaCnia, rom
nawarmoebSi asaxulia periodi, rodesac qristianoba aralegalurad
arsebobs. Tundac is faqtebi, rom bavSvebi RamiT farulad inaTlebian,
Semdeg qristianTa ojaxebSi afareben Tavs, eklesiaSi ar uSveben
bavSvebs, raTa warmarTebma ar daiwyon qristianTa devna migvaniSnebs, rom
am dros qristianebi kanonis mfarvelobas moklebulni iyvnen. qristianebi
arafers ar moimoqmedeben imisTvis, rom mTavarma qristianTa interesebic
gaiTvaliswinos. drois arqaulobaze mianiSnebs es epizodic
martvilobidan: ` . . . da iyo umravlÀsi eri soflisaÁ mis warmarTTa
93
kerpT msaxuri, da umcroÁsi eri qristeane, RmrTis msaxuri~ (28,184). am
citatidan pirdapir Cans, rom qristianoba am dros umciresobaSia.
nawarmoebidan vgebulobT, rom xucesi bavSvebs naTlavs umalve maTi
survilis gamocxadebidan, raTa ixsnas maTi sulebi. sagulisxmoa, rom
sulis gadarCenis mizniT naTlobac, qristianobis nebadaurTvelobis
periodisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. am faqtze dayrdnobiTac, nawarmoebSi
aRwerili ambavi unda miviCnioT 313 wlamde momxdar ambad, radgan, 313
wels, milanis ediqtiT, qristianoba nebadarTul religiad gamocxadda.
bavSvebis Caqolvis process eswreba mTavari. es faqtic, vfiqrobT, unda
mianiSnebdes imas, rom nawarmoebSi aRwerili movlena 313 wlamdea
momxdari, radgan 313 wlis Semdeg, milanis ediqtiT aikrZala qristianTa
devna, Seviwroveba, maTi sarwmunoebisaTvis sikvdiliT dasja da a.S.
mTavari, romelic am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, dasjis
process veRar daeswreboda. milanis ediqtis dacva savaldebulo iyo
romis imperiaSi Semavali yvela qveynisTvis, maT Soris saqarTvelosTvis.
milanis ediqtamde, romis imperiaSi qristianuli religiis saxelmwifo
religiad aRiarebamde, qristianTa devna saxalxo nadiroba ar iyo.
qristianTa winaaRmdeg moqmedebas kanonierebis farglebSi gansazRvravda
saxelmwifo ganaCeni. upirvelesi codva, raSic qristianebs brals
sdebdnen romis imperiis warmomadgenlebi, gaxldaT religiuri
danaSauli, radgan qristianebi warmarTul RvTaebebs ar swiravdnen
msxverpls. romis kanonis Sesabamisad, warmarTuli RvTaebebisTvis
msxverplSewirvis uaryofiT, qristianebi saxelmwifo xelisuflebas
ugulvebelyofdnen. xelisuflebis uzenaesobis uaryofiT, religiuri
danaSauli saxelmwifo danaSaulSi gadaizrdeboda xolme. aseTi
danaSaulisTvis damnaSaves an sikvdiliT sjidnen, an qveynidan aZevebdnen
(27,36).
nawarmoebSi asaxuli periodis ukeT gasarkvevad kidev erT faqtors
unda mieqces yuradReba. ratom ar arbeven warmarTebi eklesias,
qristianTa TavSeyris adgils, maSin roca, bavSvebs qolaven da xucess
aZeveben. amasac Tavisi istoriuli axsna aqvs. milanis ediqtamde, romis
imperiis aRmosavleT nawilSi qristianTa mdgomareobas ganapirobebda 303
wlis 24 Tebervals gamocemuli diokletianes ediqti, romlis mixedviT
94
qristianoba kanongareSed gamocxadda da qristianuli RvTismsaxureba
aikrZala. am ediqtis Tanaxmad: qristianTa TavSeyris adgilebi (eklesiebi,
kerZo saxlebi) unda dangreuliyo, xolo qristianTa sakulto wignebi ki
sajarod unda daewvaT. kolaelTa martviloba diokletianes ediqtis
Semdeg rom momxdariyo, eklesias aucileblad aaoxrebdnen. Sesabamisad,
“kolael yrmaTa wamebaSi” ediqtamde periodi unda iyos aRwerili. unda
iTqvas isic, rom imperator galienusis 260 wlis tolerantuli ediqtis
Tanaxmad, kultmsaxurebis adgilebi xelSeuxeblad iqna aRiarebuli da
amdenad, RvTismsaxurebis mizniT uklebliv yvela Sekreba, romelic
gacxadebuli iyo da ar iyo saidumlo Tavyriloba, sruliad
xelSeuxebeli gaxda. am periodSi qristianebs miecaT saSualeba
Tavisuflad aRevlinaT RvTismsaxureba eklesiebSi. galienusis
tolerantuli ediqtis Tanaxmad dakanonda qristianebis ufleba
eklesiaze. Tumca, es arc imas niSnavs, rom qristianoba romelime
religias gauTanabrda. am periodisTvis qristianoba nebadarTuli
saxelmwifo religia ar gamxdara, Tumca evsevi kesarielis TqmiT,
qristianebs yvelanairi SesaZlebloba hqondaT eqadagaT TavianTi
sarwmunoeba. es periodi iyo eklesiaTa mSvidobismyobeli periodi.
aqedan gamomdinare advili misaxvedria, ratom ar gaanadgures kolaelma
warmarTebma eklesia. eklesia im dros xelSeuxeblobiT sargeblobda.
vfiqrobT, rom swored es eklesiaTa mSvidobismyofeli periodia
aRwerili `kolael yrmaTa wamebaSi~. Sesabamisad, SesaZloa martvilobis
periodi 260 wlidan 303 wlamde ganisazRvros (27,38).
b.ColoyaSvils, martvilobaSi moTxrobili ambis periodis
gansazRvrasTan mimarTebaSi, sayuradRebo cnobad miaCnia, saqarTveloSi
qristianuli tradiciis arsebobis Taobaze `abo Tbilelis wamebaSi~
dadasturebuli ioane sabanisZis informacia. ioane werda, rom
qarTvelebi mis droidan 500 wlis win gaqristianebulan. abos
martviloba dawerilia 786-790 wlebSi da Tu avtoris cnobas
daveyrdnobiT, irkveva rom 286-290 wlebSi da ufro adrec qarTul
samyaroSi qristes mimdevrebi arsebobdnen. leonti mrovelic gvauwyebs,
rom ninos mosvlamde qarTlSi ukve iyvnen qristianebi, romelTac mefe
miriani aviwrovebda. ioane sabanisZisa da leonti mrovelis cnobebze
95
dayrdnobiT, kolaelTa martvilobis periodSi, qristianoba iberiaSi ukve
gavrcelebuli yofila (27,40).
rogorc ukve iTqva, nawarmoebis Seqmnis drosTan dakavSirebiT,
mecnierTa umetesobam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba moTxrobis
terminologiaze gaamaxvila. mag. mecnierTa umravlesobam “sofeli”
dabasTan gaaigiva. Tumca, isini ar asabuTeben ratom unda niSnavdes
`sofeli~ dabas da ara qveyanas. am sityvis realuri konteqstis gagebas
ki SesaZloa nawarmoebis mixedviT mniSvnelovani datvirTva hqondes
Zeglis Seqmnis periodis da masSi asaxuli epoqis gansazRvrisas.
nawarmoebSi weria: `soflis xucesi~, `eri soflisa~ da a.S.
b.ColoyaSvili miiCnevs, rom martvilobis avtori mRvdels, romelic
soflis xucesi iyo, dabis tipis xucesad ver warmogvidgenda, radgan
mosaxleoba warmarTuli iyo da mcirericxovan qristianTa moZRvars
dabis xucess ar daarqmevda. b.ColoyaSvilis azriT, martvilobaSi
sityva `soflis~ mniSvnelobis amosacnobad gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
nawarmoebSi asaxuli periodisaTvis, samRvdeloeba centralizebuli iyo
kaTedraluri eklesiis garSemo da im dros saepiskoposos
mRvdelmsaxurni ganixilebodnen kaTedraluri eklesiis sasuliero
pirebad, romlebic mivlinebiT igzavnebodnen saepiskoposos farglebSi
arsebul eklesiebSi. cnobilia isic, rom xucesis xarisxi qristianobis
sawyisi periodidan moyolebuli arCeviTi iyo. xucess gamorCeuli piradi
Tvisebebidan gamomdinare irCevdnen saepiskoposos masStabiT. maTi arCeva
kaTedralur eklesiaSi xdeboda. xucesad arCeuli piri iTvleboda
saepiskoposos masStabis moRvawed. ColoyaSvilis azriT, martvilobis
avtori mRvdels, romelic soflis xucesi iyo, dabis tipis dasaxleburi
punqtis xucesad ver moixsenebda. kolaeli bavSvebis momnaTlavi mRvdlis
soflis xucesad moxsenieba migvaniSnebs, rom TxzulebaSi saubaria
saeklesio olqis anu qveynis masStabiT xucesad arCeul mRvdelze.
amitom, ColoyaSvili miiCnevs, rom sityva `sofeli~ nawarmoebSi
saeklesio olqis mniSvnelobiT unda iyos naxmari. Sesabamisad, xucesis
gandevna mxolod dabidan mis gandevnas ki ar niSnavda, aramed mis
gaZevebas saeklesio olqidan, anu saepiskoposos farglebidan, radgan
mxolod am gziT SeiZleboda mRvdlis prozelituri moRvaweobis
96
SeCereba. sagulisxmoa, rom qristianuli Temebi qristianobis sawyis
xanebSi qveynis dawinaurebul centrebSi arsebobda. eklesiebic am dros
umTavresad qveynis centralur punqtebSi Sendeboda. Sesabamisad,
kolaelTa martvilobaSi aRwerili ambavi, dabis tipis dasaxlebaSi ar
moxdeboda. sofeli rom dabis mniSvnelobiT ar aris naxmari
martvilobaSi iqidanac Cans, rom mdinare mtkvris saTaveSi savaraudo
dabis Aadgilmdebareobis miniSnebis mizniT, Txzulebis avtori yvelgan
mtkvris xevze migviTiTebda, romel xevSic lokalizebuli unda
yofiliyo dabis tipis dasaxlebuli punqti. radganac, mdinare mtkvris
saTaviT miniSnebuli sofeli ara mxolod mtkvris xeobaSi, aramed kolas
xeobaSi ixsenieba, cxadia, aseT teritoriaze ganfenili dasaxlebis
aRmniSvneli termini `sofeli~ qveyanas unda Seesatyvisebodes. kola ar
iyo erTi xevis dasaxeleba. kola ewodeboda xeobas, romelic mraval
xevs moicavda da amdenad, kolas xeoba iseTi teritoriuli erTeulia,
romelsac qveyana Seefardeba. sagulisxmoa, rom nawarmoebSi soflad
moxseniebuli adgili ar aris saxeldebuli. is mxolod geografiuli
adgilmdebareobiTaa gansazRvruli, radgan saeklesio olqs Tavisi
saxeli ar gaaCnia da ubralod imeorebs im eklesiis garemomcveli
adgilis saxelwodebas, romel sivrcezec sufevs am eklesiis
iurisdiqcia. aqedan gamomdinare, nawarmoebis avtori Txzulebis
dasawyisSi am sityvebiT: `iyo sofeli erTi didi zeda didisa mis
mdinarisasa, romelsa hrqÂan mtkuari, Ãevsa, romelsa hrqÂan kolaÁ~
(28,186). warmoaCens qveynis anu saeklesio olqis adgilmdebareobas,
romelsac kola hqvia. rogorc Cans, moqmedeba qveyanaSi, anu saeklesio
olqSi mimdinareobs da am qveyanas kola ewodeba. b.ColoyaSvili miiCnevs,
rom TxzulebaSi avtoris mier naTqvami fraza, rom didi nawili eri
soflisa iyo warmarTi da kerpTmsaxuri, xolo mcire nawili iyo
qristiani, unda gulisxmobdes zogad saeklesio olqis mixedviT
Camoyalibebul situacias da ara mxolod lokalurs. Sesabamisad,
mecnierTa varaudi imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos sofeli dabas aRniSnavda da
amitom Zegli IX saukunes unda mivaweroT, b. ColoyaSvilis azriT
usafuZvlo unda iyos (27,37).
97
nawarmoebSi asaxuli epoqis da martvilobis Seqmnis periodis
kvlevis procesSi, sagulisxmo faqtoria martvilobis avtorobis sakiTxi.
vis SeeZlo Seeqmna es nawarmoebi, romelic mimarTulia qristianobis
gansadideblad da warmarTobis gansaqiqeblad. erTi SexedviT
nawarmoebis avtori martvilobis Tanamedrove ar unda iyos, radgan
misTvis ucnobia 325 wlis nikeis krebis gadawyvetilebiT, saeklesio
teritoriuli erTeulis amsaxveli damkvidrebuli termini eparqia. iv.
javaxiSvilic miiCnevda, rom avtori movlenis Tanamedrove ar unda iyos,
radgan is TxzulebaSi ar uTiTebs arc soflis saxels, arc kolas
mTavris saxels da arc xucesis (40,38). b.ColoyaSvilis mosazrebiT,
Sexeduleba TiTqos avtorma ar icis dasaxlebis saxelwodeba,
gamowveuli unda iyos swored soflis mniSvnelobis araswori gagebiT.
avtori mTavars saxeliT ar ixseniebs, magram man zustad icis, Tu romel
koncefcias miekuTvneba igi. is arcAxucess moixseniebs saxeliT, Tumca
avtori mas kargad unda icnobdes, radgan nawarmoebSi mis pirad
Tvisebebze gviambobs. Mman icis is faqtic, rom mRvdeli eklesiis
msaxurTa Soris xucesadaa arCeuli. aRniSnuli faqtebi metyvelebs imaze,
rom avtori martvilobis Tanamedrovea, radgan is nawarmoebSi aRweril
movlenebSi kargad erkveva.Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom avtori kolael yrmebs
saxelebiT ar moixseniebs, sagulisxmoa rom, qarTulenovan eklesias
dRemde Semonaxuli aqvs rwmenisaTvis Tavdadebuli yrmebis saxelebi:
gurami, adarnase, baqari, vaCe, barimi, daCi, juanSeri, ramazi da farsmani.
rogorc Cans, bavSvebis saxelebiT moxsenieba, mogviano drois
mwerlebsac SeeZloT, Tu maT amis survili eqnebodaT. vfiqrobT, rom
maTi sakuTari saxelebiT armoxsenieba, nawarmoebis mogviano droiT
daTariRebaze ar moqmedebs, radgan wamebulTa saxelebi maTi
gardacvalebis dRidan cnobili gamxdara qarTulenovani eklesiisTvis.
kidev erTi detali. bavSvebi ZeglSi ukve wmindanebad moixsenebian. am
faqtis gamoc, SesaZloa nawarmoebi martvilobis faqtis Semdgom
Seqmnilad miiCnion. Tumca, am sakiTxis gaazrebisTvis logikuria
gavixsenoT rogor xdeboda wmindanad Seracxva nawarmoebSi aRwerili
periodisaTvis. cnobilia, rom qristianobis adreul periodSi wmindanadD
Seracxvis gadawyvetilebas episkoposi iRebda. Tavdapirvelad, is Tavis
98
samwysoSi gamoikvlevda qristianis gardacvalebis motivs, gaarkvevda
aResrula Tu ara martvili qristeSi rwmeniT da roca daadgenda, rom
qristiani wamebiT aResrula, mas wmindanad Seracxda da wamebulis
Rvawlisa da saxelis mauwyebeli weriliT mimarTavda sxva eklesiebs.
cxadia, romKkolaelebis wamebis ambavsac maleve gaigebda episkoposi da
maT wmindanad Seracxda. amitom, b.ColoyaSvilis azriT, kolaeli
bavSvebis saxelebic samudamod ukvdavyo RmerTma gansakuTrebuli
RvawlisTvis (27,40).
im faqtis dasadastureblad, rom nawarmoebis avtori martvilobis
Tanamedrovea, b. ColoyaSvils aqvs uamravi motivi. pirveli, avtoris
meqanikuri gaTviTcnobiereba romaul kanonmdeblobaSi, rodesac is
aRwers samarTalwarmoebas, rac mxolod iseT pirovnebas SeeZlo,
romelic romauli samarTlis moqmedebis periodSi moRvaweobda. meore,
religiur danaSaulSi damnaSavis qmedebis safuZvelze dadanaSauleba da
ara rwmenis, rac qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebisTanave
daviwyebas mieca, SeiZleba aRewera religiur danaSaulSi qmedebis
niadagze mxilebis praqtikaSi kargad garkveul pirovnebas (27,40).
sagulisxmoa, rom nawarmoebis avtorisaTvis ucnobia IV s-Si
dakanonebuli mironcxebis saidumlosa da naTlisRebisEsaidumlos
erTdroulad arSesrulebis saeklesio wes-Cveuleba. samagierod
cnobilia mounaTlavTa eklesiis karibWeSi arSeSvebis tradicia,
romelic mxolod qristianobis nebadaurTvelobis periodisTvis iyo
damaxasiaTebeli. es tradicia milanis ediqtis Semdeg daviwyebas mieca. am
tradiciis arsebobis Sesaxebac mxolod nawarmoebis Tanamedroves
SeeZlo esaubra. wamebaSi aRwerili viTareba, rom qristianebs
nebadarTuli hqondaT RvTismsaxurebis Catareba da amavdroulad
qristianul sarwmunoebaze sxvebis moqcevisaTvis SesaZloa qristiani
dasjiliyo metyvelebs imaze, rom es faqtebi SeiZleba scodnoda mxolod
wamebis Tanamedroves. sainteresoa erTi fraza Txzulebidan: `mosca
wyalman man friadi sitfoÁ viTarca abanoman~ (28,185). naTelia, rom civi
wylis naTlobis dros gaTbobiT avtori RvTiur saswaulze gvauwyebs.
aseTi suraTis daxatva, ase xatovnad daxasiaTeba movlenisa, albaT
SeeZlo mxolod movlenis TviTmxilvels. vfiqrobT, rom martvilobis
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avtori naTlobis uSualo mowme unda yofiliyo. is am movlenas piradi
STabeWdilebis safuZvelze gadmoscems. nawarmoebis avtori naTlisRebis
epizods asrulebs yrmaTa TeTri perangebiT zeciurad Semosvis faqtiT.
aseT saswaulzec mxolod TviTmxilvelma SeiZleba imsjelos. iman, vinc
piradad naxa, rom monaTlulni TeTri perangebiT realurad ki ar
Semosilan, aramed zeciurad.
vfiqrobT, rom TxzulebaSi aRwerili faqtebi da movlenebi ar
SeiZleba zepirsityvieri gadmocemiT iyos Semonaxuli da gvian periodSi
Cawerili, radgan martvilobaSi mocemuli informacia mxolod
mwignobruli, literaturuli nawarmoebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
nawarmoebis teqsti ki droTaA ganmavlobaSi gadakeTebuli rom iyos,
maSin interpolatori upirvelesad mkiTxvelisTvis gaugebar siuJetebs
Secvlida, Tanamedroved gadaasxvaferebda. es ki ase ar momxdara, radgan
TxzulebaSi Suasaukuneebis sazogadoebisaTvis mravali gaugebari da
Znelad asaxsneli situacia dasturdeba. udavoa, rom martviloba
Sinaarsobrivad ar unda gadakeTebuliyo. isic faqtia, rom Txzulebam
Cvenamde enobrivad Secvlili saxiT moaRwia, radgan TxzulebaSi ar Cans
`xanmetobis~ kvali, rac mesame saukuneSi Seqmnili TxzulebebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli unda yofiliyo. ise rogorc, xanmetobis kvali ar Cans X
saukunis xelnaweriT Semonaxul V –Si daweril `SuSanikis wamebaSi~.
`kolael yrmaTa wameba~, iseve rogorc qristianobis Tavdapirveli xanis
martirologiuri Txzulebebi formisa da Sinaarsis ubraloebiT
gamoirCeva, mcire zomisaa da mxatvrulobas moklebulia (27,49-50).
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare migvaCnia, rom vinaidan wamebis
avtori TxzulebaSi aRwerili ambis TviTmxilveli unda iyos, xolo
wamebaSi aRwerili movlenebi ganisazRvra 260 _ dan 303 wlamde,
savaraudoa, rom nawarmoebi galienusis 260O wlis tolerantuli
brZanebulebis Semdgom da diokletianes 303 wlis ediqtiT, qristianTa
devnis gamocxadebis axlo xanebSi unda iyos dawerili. cnobilia, rom
ganmartovebul SuSaniks, romelic 475 wels aResrula, Tan miaqvs
`wmidani igi wignni mowameTani~. b.ColoyaSvils miaCnia, rom SesaZloa
kolaelTa wamebis amsaxveli Txzulebac matebda rwmenis Zalas wminda
SuSaniks (27,49). b. ColoyaSvilis azriT, sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom
100
260-303 wlebis axlo xanebSi Seqmnil qarTul nawarmoebSi, avtoris mier
`saxareba~ orjeraa citirebuli. avtorma icis, rom qristianTaA wminda
werils qarTulad `saxareba~ ewodeba. martvilobis periodisTvis ukve
arsebobs oTxTavis Sesabamisi termini qarTul enaze, amitom
b.ColoyaSvilis azriT safiqrebelia, rom nawarmobis daweris
droisaTvis saxareba Targmnili yofila qarTul enaze. b.ColoyaSvils
miaCnia, rom vinaidan saxarebis Targmnis procesi Zalze rTuli da
xangrZlivia, amdenad 260-303 wlebSi daweril nawarmoebSi saxarebis or
adgilas qarTul enaze citirebis faqti unda mianiSnebdes imaze, rom
saxarebis Targmnis saqme unda ganexorcielebinaT qarTul samyaroSi
mcxovreb qristianebs. III saukunisaTvis unda yofiliyo qarTul
qristianobas naziarebi Zlieri Temi, rom mis wevrebs xeli moekidaT
saxarebis qarTulad TargmanisTvis da amiT, kidev ufro mZafrad
ewarmoebinaT polemika warmarTobis winaaRmdeg. b. ColoyaSvils miaCnia,
rom RvTismsaxureba kolaelTa martvilobis Seqmnis periodisTvis
qarTulad aResruleboda, radgan qristianTa ukanaskneli devnis
dawyebamde ara mxolod eklesia funqcionirebs qarTul samyaroSi da
saxarebaa Targmnili qarTulad, aramed Txzulebis Tanaxmad naTlobis
locva `Jamoba~ qarTulad warmoiTqmis da qarTulenovani eklesiis
wmindanebad Seracxul wmindanTa wamebis asaxveli Zegli qarTulad
daiwera. da bolos, X s-is aTonur xelnawerSi Semonaxuli, 260-303
wlebis axlo periodSi dawerili `kolael yrmaTa wameba~ imitomacaa
sayuradRebo, rom qristianul samyaroSi dRemde uZveles nawarmoebad
miCneuli iyo 411 wels, edesaSi, Zvel siriul enaze Sesrulebuli teqsti
(daculia britaneTis muzeumSi damatebiTi xelnaweri #12150), romelic
warmoadgens nikomediaSi, 362 wlis momdevno xanaSi, berZnul enaze
dawerili martvilobis Semoklebul Targmans (27,53).
k. kekeliZis azriT, `kolael yrmaTa wamebas` rogorc garegnulad,
ise SinaarsiT, enaTesaveba `martviloba daviTis da tariWanisa~, romelic
imave aTonis xelnawerSia moTavsebuli, sadac moTavsebulia `kolael
yrmaTa martviloba~. maTi stili erTidaigivea, terminologiac da
administraciuli erTeulebic: didi _ xevi, mcire _ sofeli, soflis
gamge _ mTavari, termini soflis xmareba dabis nacvlad da a.S. es
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faqtebi uTiTebs maT qronologiur naTesaobaze. moqmedeba orive
nawarmoebSi taos raionSi, saqarTvelos teritoriaze warmoebs da
siuJetic TiTqmis erTia: daviTi da tariWani arian Zmebi da mcirewlovani
yrmebi. kolaelebi ki sulieri Zmebi arian da isinic mcirewlovanni.
orive SemTxvevaSi yrmebs qristianobis miRebisaTvis klaven uaxloesi
naTesavebi. daviTs da tariWans sakuTari biZa, kolael yrmebs mSoblebi.
am or nawarmoebs Soris naTesaoba k.kekeliZes afiqrebinebs, rom isini, an
orive originaluri qarTuli nawarmoebia, arauadres IX saukunisa, rac
imiT aixsneba, rom isini, kerZod `daviT-tariWanis martviloba~ somxurad
ar Senaxula; an orive originaluri somxuri nawarmoebia, qarTulad
naTargmni arauadres IX saukunisa. k. kekeliZis varaudiT, SesaZloa orive
nawarmoebi somxur enaze iyo Tavdapirvelad Seqmnili da Semdgom ukve,
Txzulebebi gangeb mospes, rogorc arasasiamovno dokumenti warmarTobis
polemikisa qristianobisTan somexTa Soris. n.maric ase xsnis am
martvilobis gaqrobas somxur mwerlobaSi. faqtia, rom qarTul enaze es
martvilobebi Semonaxula, vinaidan am or martvilobaSi aRwerili ambavi
moxda qarTvelTa teritoriaze, taos raionSi. ara marto SemounaxavT,
aramed, maTi mixedviT da maT safuZvelze qarTvelebs am mcirewlovan
martvilTa dResaswauli_saxsenebeli dauwesebiaT da liturgikuli
himnebic dauweriaT. k. kekeliZes miaCnia, rom daviTisa da tariWanis
wamebas adgili unda hqonoda IV saukuneSi, arSak mefis (368-386) da
kaTolikosis nerses moRvaweobis dros (17,492).
iv. javaxiSvili miiCnevs, rom es ori martviloba ar hgavs erTmaneTs
arc stilisturad da arc Sinaarsobrivad. mecnieris azriT, daviTi da
tariWani mokles ara qristianobis gamo, aramed biZam maTi saxiT moiSora
memkvidreobis uflebis SesaZlo Semcileblebi. k.kekeliZe am azrs
arasworad miiCnevs, radgan es rom ase yofiliyo, maSin maT
gawarmarTebis cdas aranairi azri ar eqneboda, radgan warmarTi
disSvilebic Seecilebodnen biZas memkvidreobis miRebaSi.
iv.javaxiSvilis varaudi k. kekeliZis mosazrebiT, ubralod gaugebrobis
Sedegi unda iyos (17,492).
miuxedavad imisa, rom winaqristianul somxeTSic saqarTvelos
msgavsad warmarToba Zalze Zlieri iyo da SesaZloa Tavdapirvelad es
102
nawarmoebebi somxurad Seiqmna, migvaCnia rom, es orive martviloba
originaluri qarTuli hagiografiuli nawarmoebebia da maTSi asaxulia
qristianobis gavrcelebis da misi warmarTobasTan dapirispirebis
adreuli etapi. sagulisxmoa, rom am nawarmoebebSi ar aris saxeldebuli
da CamoTvlili warmarTuli kerpebi. ubralod, avtoris mier
xazgasmulia, rom eri kerpTayvanismcemelia, anu warmarTi.
qristianobis dapirispireba warmarTobasTan naCvenebia kidev erT
qarTul, originalur, hagiografiul nawarmoebSi `sibrZne balahvarisi~,
sxva redaqciiT `iodasafis cxovreba~. nawarmoebSi asaxulia warmarTul
indoeTSi qristianobis gavrcelebis ambavi: Tu rogor moaqcia meudabnoe
balahvarma indoeTis mefis Svili iodasafi, xolo iodasafma Tavisi mama,
winaT qristianobis mdevneli, abenesi, agreTve rogorc Tavisi, ise
mamisAqveSevrdomni.
am sulismargebeli moTxrobis siuJeti aseTia: indoeTis mefe,
saxelad abenesi, aris warmarTi, qristianTa mteri. mas hyavs
mxolodSobili vaJi iodasafi. sanam vaJi SeeZineboda, astrologebma
uwinaswarmetyveles mefes, rom misi vaJi gaxdeboda Zlieri, magram
miiRebda axal doqtrinas (anu gaqristiandeboda). amis aRsakveTad, mefem
mas gars Semoartya lamazi msaxurebi, romelTac unda ezrunaT imaze,
rom ufliswuls ar gaego ra aris avadmyofoba da sikvdili, ar daenaxa
moxucebuli xalxi. iodasafi gaizarda da mounda Tavisufleba. wavida
samogzaurod, da rogorc budas cxovrebaSia, man gzad naxa uamravi
gaWirveba, uimedoba. Semdgom masTan midis balahvari, igi aqristianebs
mefis vaJs da kvlav midis udabnoSi. mefe SvilTan gamarTuli amao
saubris Semdeg, gadaswyvets gamarTos sajaro diskusia. mefis veziri
naqori unda daupirispirdes varlaams da unda moaxdinos qristianuli
religiis uaryofiTi axsna. roca es dRe dadga, mefiswulma uambo naqors,
Tu ra iyo qristianuli mrwamsi, amiTi stimulirebuli naqori mefisgan
darigebulis sawinaaRmdegod qristianobis dasacavad iwyebs saubars. amis
Semdgom, samefoSi yvela gaqristiandeba. mefis vaJi uars ambobs samefo
taxtze da midis udabnoSi balavarTan erTad locvisTvis da fiqrisTvis.
Txzulebidan naTlad Cans, rom masSi asaxulia qristianobis
gavrcelebisa da misi warmarTobasTan dapirispirebis adreuli periodi.
103
kerZod, eri kerpTayvanismcemelia (ara cecxlTayvanismcemeli). qveyanas
hyavs mefe, romelic aseve kerpTayvanismcemelia da devnis qristianebs.
metic, am qveyanaSi qristes sjulis mimdevrebs cecxlSi wvaven. Tumca
nawarmoebidan vgebulobT, rom mefe abenesis winaprebi qristes mimdevrebi
yofilan. nawarmoebSi uxvad vxvdebiT igavebs. maTi saSualebiT
gamoxatuli sibrZnis wyalobiT, ufliswuli qristes rjulze moqcevas
gadawyvets. iodasafis gaqristianebis Semdgom ki ukve mTeli eri xdeba
qristiani.
vfiqrobT, rom warmarTobasTan polemikis kuTxiT arsebobs msgavseba am
nawarmoebsa da `ninos cxovrebas~ Soris. orive TxzulebaSi naCvenebia
kerpTayvanismcemeli eri, romelic uflis ZalisxmeviT xdeba qristiani.
erT SemTxvevaSi wm.nino gvevlineba uflis mociqulad, xolo meore
SemTxvevaSi balahvari. nino moaxerxebs mirian mefis moqcevas, balahvari
da iodasafi mefe abenesis. rogorc nawarmoebebidan gvaxsovs, es mefeebi
Tavdapirvelad kerpTayvanismcemlebi iyvnen da qristianobis miRebisTvis
xalxs sastikad uswordebodnen, maT wamebiT xocavdnen. Tumca, uflis
mociqulTa ZalisxmeviT, warmarTobasTan paeqrobaSi qristianoba
imarjvebs. qristianobis miRebis Semdeg kerpebi imsxvreva, nadgurdeba
sakerpo samlocveloebi. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom `balvarianSi~ uSualod
mefis da xalxis mier xdeba es procesi, xolo `ninos cxovrebaSi~,
uflis saswaulis wyalobiT. warmarTuli kerpebis da salocavebis
adgils ikavebs eklesia, jvari, episkoposi. warmarTi xalxi qristianulad
inaTleba.
warmarTobasTan polemikis kuTxiT, sagulisxmoa, am Txzulebis erTi
pasaJi, rodesac zandan mzarduli iodasafs esaubreba mokvdavi adamianis
sulis arsze: `kacni igi RmrTismsaxurni esreT ityodes: zecas RmerTi
ars da mas daubadebian cani da qveyanani, zRvani da ufskrulni, mze da
mTovare da varskulavni, da brZanebiTa misiTa iqmnebian Zrvani haerTani
da quxilni da qarni. da kaci xeliTa Seuqmnia miwisagan da suli TÂisi
STauberavs ukvdavio. da ukeTu mas vinme hmsaxurebdes da mcnebaTa misTa
vidodis da Tayvanis scemdes mas, samoTxe uTqs da sasufeveli da
Semdgomad sikvdilisa mun wariyvanebs da mas Sina ganusvenebs. xolo
mamisa Senisa filosofosni zogni mokudavad ityvian sulsa da zogni
104
ukudavad~ (25,20). am pasaJSi naCvenebia qristianobis upiratesoba
warmarTobaze. kerZod naTqvamia, rom RmerTma Seqmna yvelaferi am qveynad,
maT Soris adamiani. Tu adamiani misi mcnebebis dacviT icxovrebs, mas
moelis saukuno sasufeveli _ samoTxe, xolo mis suls ukvdaveba. aqve
mocemulia warmarTTa pozicia sulis Sesaxeb. zogierTi maTgani
mokvdavad miiCnevs suls, zogi ki ukvdavad. rogorc Cans, sulis
gaazrebis sakiTxSi warmarTebi erT poziciaze ar idgnen.
iodasafi ekiTxeba balahvars, daumtkicos RmerTis arseboba.
balahvari pasuxobs: `cani da qveyanaÁ da yoveli, romeli damkvidrebul
ars mas Sina, sulierni da gvamni. da rameTu ukeTu ixilo WurWeli raÁme
Seqmnili, daRaTumca moqmedi ara hnaxe, swameve, viTarmed uvis Semoqmedi.
da egreca naSenebi, daRacaTu maSenebeli ver ixilo, aramed gonebaÁ
wamebs, viTarmed uvis maSenebeli. xolo me, raJams vixile Tavi Cemi da
ganvicade agebulebaÁ Cemi, vcan, rameTu mivis Semoqmedi da viTarca eneba,
dambada da gamomxata Tvinier kiTxvisa Cemisa~ (25,21). am sityvebiT
balahvari iodasafs auwyebs RmerTis uzenaesobis da misi
yovlisSemZleobis Sesaxeb. RmerTis, romelic yvelafris Semqmnelia am
qveynad. Semdgom balahvari saubrobs soflis amaoebaze da qristes
mociqulTa Rvawlze, romlebic momswreni arian iesos RvTaebrivi
saswaulebisa. es nawarmoebi warmarTobasTan (kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan)
polemikis kuTxiT erT_erTi yvelaze popularuli da mniSvnelovani
Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglia.
mkvlevarebi TiTqmis erTxmad aRiareben, rom am qristianuli
nawarmoebis pirvelwyaroa budas Tavgadasavali. es budisturi Txzuleba
moxvda ra aRmosavleTidan qristianul samyaroSi, iTargmna romeliRac
qristianul enaze, Seimosa qristianuli samosiT, miemata mravali pasaJi
da Tu ara ganswavluli mkiTxveli, mis wiaRSi budisturi elementebis
danaxva SeuZlebelia. (budizmi, rogorc cnobilia, Camoyalibda Zvel
indoeTSi. Zveli indoelebi mraval budas aRiarebdnen. isini budas
uwodebdnen yvela imas, vinc, maTi azriT, umaRles siwmindes miaRwevda.
tradiciis Tanaxnad budizmis Camomyalibeblad miCneulia Zveli
welTaRricxvis 623-544 Tu 563-484 wlebSi mcxovrebi uwmindesi, naxevrad
legendaruli pirovneba, sirdxartxi gautami, igive buda Sakia anu buda
105
sakia. gadmocemis Tanaxmad is iyo mefis vaJi, romelmac 29 wlis asakSi
miatova sasaxle da Svidi wlis xetialisa da mravali saswaulis
moxdenis Semdeg gaxda axali moZRvrebis mqadagebeli da
damamkvidrebeli). mecnierebaSi miCneulia, rom budas am Tavgadasavalma
SeiZina mravali axali, lamazi da gazviadebuli elementi da jer kidev
Zveli welTaRricxvis bolo saukuneebSi, mis Sesaxeb Seqmnili iyo
mravali legenda. swored am TqmulebaTa ZiriTadi birTvi daedo
safuZvlad qarTul `balavarians~ da mis berZnul redaqcias `varlaamisa
da ioasafis cxovrebas~. buda gaxlavT iodasafis prototipi da Tu
budam indoeTSi gaavrcela Tavisi moZRvreba, qristianul nawarmoebSi
saubaria iodasafis mier indoeTis gaqristianebaze (7,9).
qarTuli `balavariani~ anu `sibrZne balavarisi~ mecnierebisaTvis
cnobili gaxda mxolod XIX saukunis bolos, rodesac 1888 wels gazeT
`iveria~_Si mose janaSvilma gamoaqveyna misi nawyvetebi. k. kkekeliZe
miiCnevs, rom nawarmoebis Tavdapirveli qristianuli redaqcia gaCnda VIII
s-is meore naxevarSi. rogorc dRes mecnierebaSi dadgenilia, budas
cxovrebis sanskritul-falauri redaqcia moxvedrila qristianTa wreSi
da gadakeTebula qristianul romanad erT-erTi qristianuli mwerlobis
enaze. Tu romel enaze damuSavda es pirveli qristianuli redaqcia am
romanisa, evropul mecnierebaSi da bizantinistikaSi, didi gansjis
sagani gaxda.
zogierT mecniers miaCnda, rom es damuSaveba SesaZloa momxdariyo VIII
saukuneSi berZnul enaze, radgan teqstSi mravlad gvxvdeba
xatTmebrZoleobis ganmaqiqebeli tendenciebi da debulebani.
amavdroulad, maTi azriT, berZnuli teqsti savsea ioane damaskelis
TeologiiT.
k.kekeliZe Tvlis, rom romanis pirveli qristianuli redaqcia, jer
gadamuSavda apofTegmaTa Janris nawarmoebad, Semdeg es arabulad
iTargmna, xolo arabulidan gadmoRebuli iqna qarTuli redaqcia.
k.kekeliZis azriT, qarTuli `balahvariani~ X saukuneSi unda
Targmniliyo arabulidan qarTulad palestinis qarTul literaturul
wreSi. X s-is bolos qarTul `balahvarians~ aTonis mTazec miuRwevia,
sadac unda Seqmniliyo berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafi~(17,476) (ix. vrclad
106
III TavSi). e. xinTibiZes miaCnia, rom `sibrZne balahvarisi~ arabuli Kitab
Bilauhar wa Budasf-is qristianuli gadamuSavebaa qarTul enaze, xolo
qarTuli enidan berZnulad Targmnilia efTvime aTonelis mier. anu
qarTuli redaqcia Sualeduri redaqciaa arabulsa da berZnul
redaqciebs Soris (37,151). n. mari Tavdapirvelad miiCnevda, rom qarTuli
redaqcia siriulidan momdinareobda. Semdgom Secvala mosazreba da
manac kekeliZis msgavsad qarTuli `balavariani~ arabulidan momdinared
CaTvala. qarTul `sibrZne balahvarisas~ arabulTan marTlac meti
siaxlove aqvs ara mxolod igavTa raodenobis da Tanmimdevrobis
TvalsazrisiT, aramed sakuTar saxelTa: balahvar, iodasaf formis
msgavsebiT. mecnierebaSi miCneulia, rom balahvari arabuli( b-l-v-h-r)
formidan momdinareobs. iodasafi ki budas epiTetad(bodhisattva) miiCneva,
romelic arabulSi gadmovida bodasaph formiT. aqedan ki, b da i-s
SesaZlo arevis gamo warmoiSva iodasafi (57,233). k. kekeliZe Tvlis, rom
qarTuli “balavariani” X saukunis Zegli unda iyos, radgan nawarmoebi
stiliT hgavs “serapion zarzmelis cxovrebas”, romelic amave periodis
Zeglia; qarTul “balavarianSi” vxvdebiT sityvebs axal sparsul enaze,
rac aseve X saukunis qarTuli literaturis ZeglebisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli da kidev erTi, swored am periodSi iTargmneboda
ZiriTadad, qarTulad, arabuli qristianuli literaturis Zeglebi(17,477).
qarTuli `balavariani~ Zalze mniSvnelovani Zeglia im kuTxiT, rom
mecnierTa azriT, `sibrZne balahvarisi~A safuZvlad daedo `balavarianis~
berZnul redaqcias `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebas~.FmigvaCnia, rom
swored am berZnuli redaqciidan unda iyos ganpirobebuli SemdgomSi
`balavarianis~ didi popularoba. qarTuli “balavarianis” es saxelebi
berZnul `varlaam da ioasafSi~ warmodgenilia Semdegi saxiT: abenesi-
abenir, balahvari-varlaam, iodasafi-ioasaf. Suasaukuneebis eklesiebi
iviwyeben moTxrobis zRaprul Sinaarss da varlaams da ioasafs, rogorc
indoeTis ganmanaTleblebs, ayeneben sxva wmindanebis gverdiT qristianul
kalendrebSi. (maTi xsenebis dRe aRmosavleTis eklesiaSi 19 noembersaa
dadgenili.) am movlenidanac cxadia, rom `balavarianis~ avtori Tavis
droze gaazrebulad(alegoriuli formiT) axdenda budaizmis qristianul
interpretacias.
107
rogorc vnaxeT, `kolael yrmaTa wamebaSi~ da qarTul `balavarianSi~
qristianobis gavrcelebis uZvelesi periodia asaxuli. am Zeglebis
avtori qristiani mwerlebi cdiloben warmoaCinon qristianobis, rogorc
religiis, aSkara upiratesoba warmarTobasTan(kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan)
mimarTebaSi. sagulisxmoa, rom am hagiografiuli Zeglebis mixedviT, ara
RvTaebrivi saswaulebis meSveobiT da warmarTobasTan fizikuri
dapirispirebis Sedegad, aramed aq ukve argumentirebulad da
gacnobierebulad xdeba warmarTi xalxis mier qristianuli religiis
miReba da misi upiratesobis aRiareba warmarTobasTan SedarebiT.
108
Tavi II.Tavi II.Tavi II.Tavi II.
filosofiur_Teofilosofiur_Teofilosofiur_Teofilosofiur_Teologiuri polemika warmarTul da mazdeur logiuri polemika warmarTul da mazdeur logiuri polemika warmarTul da mazdeur logiuri polemika warmarTul da mazdeur
warmodgenebTanwarmodgenebTanwarmodgenebTanwarmodgenebTan Zvel qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi da aristides Zvel qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi da aristides Zvel qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi da aristides Zvel qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi da aristides
`̀̀̀aaaapologiapologiapologiapologia~~~~
Zveli qarTuli polemikuri mwerlobaZveli qarTuli polemikuri mwerlobaZveli qarTuli polemikuri mwerlobaZveli qarTuli polemikuri mwerloba
rodesac qristianoba sakmaod moRonierda, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac
nebadarTul da saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadda, is aramarto fizikur
winaaRmdegobas uwevda gareSe da Sinaur religiur mowinaaRmdeges, aramed
aqtiurad daiwyo literaturuli kamaTi araqristianul religiebsa da
sxvadasxva qristianul mwvaleblobasTan. kamaTis mizani iyo
mowinaaRmdegeTa religiuri mrwamsis gabaTileba da maTi moZRvrebis
siyalbis damtkiceba. ase warmoiSva e.w polemikuri mwerloba, romelsac
mTavar samizned araqristianuli religiebidan umTavresad hyavda:
warmarToba, ebraeloba da mahmadianoba, xolo qristianul
mwvaleblobaTagan: arianoba, nestorianoba, monofizitoba, monofelitoba,
xatTmbrZoloba, kaTolikoba da sxva saxis mwvalebloba. saqarTveloSi
mwerlobis es dargi adre unda dawyebuliyo, rac imiT aixsneba, rom
saqarTvelo erTi mxriv garSemortymuli iyo araqristianebiT, meore mxriv
ki, xSirad iqceoda asparezad sxvadasxva qriastianul mwvaleblobaTa
Serkinebisa. swored amitom, qristiani saqarTvelo iZulebuli gamxdara
TviTonac ewarmoebina literaturuli polemika warmarTobasTan
ucxoeTidan Semotanili literaturuli masaliT Tu sakuTari
SemoqmedebiT (17,445).
qristianobis saqarTveloSi Semosvlis pirveli periodis ganmavlobaSi
X saukunemde, qarTul qristianobas kavSiri hqonda umTavresad
aRmosavlur qristianobasTan. amasTanave, mas brZola uxdeboda iseTi
tipis mwvaleblobebTan, romlebic arsebobdnen aRmosavleTSi _
nestorianobasTan da monofizitobasTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom am
epoqidan bevri aseTi Txzuleba Cvenamde ar Senaxula, mainc SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom sakmaod nayofieri muSaoba yofila warmoebuli am kuTxiT.
109
meore periodSi, aRniSnul motivebs miemata antimahmadianuri polemika. am
periodSi ki, wina epoqebis miRwevebis gadaxedvis da gamoyenebis Sedegad,
iseTi RirsSesaniSnavi polemikuri krebuli gaCnda qarTul enaze,
rogoricaa arsen vaCesZis `dogmatikoni~, romelSic 31 polemikuri Sromaa
Sesuli. sagulisxmoa, rom bolo, aRorZinebis periodSi, polemikuri
mwerloba Seadgens Cveni saeklesio literaturis erT-erT mTavar dargs
da gansakuTrebiT monofizitTa da laTinTa garSemo trialebs.
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom warmarTobasTan saqarTveloSi aqtiurad
warmoebda brZola, magram ara im warmarTobasTan, romelsac ebrZoda
qristianoba romsa da saberZneTSi da romlis winaaRmdeg iqauri
qristianebi literaturulad muSaobdnen, aramed adgilobriv, qarTul
warmarTobasTan, ufro cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan. k.kekeliZis azriT,
amiT aixsneba is garemoeba, rom warmarTobis winaaRmdeg saqarTveloSi
literaturuli brZola ZiriTadad naTargmni mwerlobis saSualebiT ar
unda yofiliyo warmoebuli, radgan romisa da saberZneTis warmarTobas
saqarTveloSi adgili ar hqonia da aqedan gamomdinare, saWiroc ar
iqneboda im Txzulebebis gadmoTargmna, romlebic iq iwereboda
warmarTobis winaaRmdeg. Tavismxriv, romsa da saberZneTs
cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan uSualo Sexeba ar hqonia, mis winaaRmdeg
brZola ar uwarmoebia da sagangebo Txzulebebic, romelTa
gadmoTargmna qarTvelebisaTvis sasargeblo da saWiro iqneboda, ar
dauweria. (garda zogierTi apologetisa, romlebic anTropomorfistul
da naturalistur religiebs akritikebdnen. es apologetebi, gakvriT
exebodnen cecxlis stiqiasac, romelic mazdeanobis umTavresi
safuZvelia). saqarTveloSi ki cecxlTayvanismcemloba gaafTrebuli
ebrZoda qristianobas, ebrZoda rogorc fizikurad, ise literaturulad.
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, arCil mefem dasva episkoposi mobidani,
romelic iyo `mogvi uSjulo da SemSleli wesTa . . . romelic farulad
swerda wignebsa yovlisa sacdurisasa~. am SemTxvevaSi mogvi unda
niSnavdes iseTi mwvaleblobis warmomadgenels, romelSic adgili aqvs
cecxlTayvanismcemlobis elements. k. kekeliZe Tvlis, rom am dros, V-VI
saukuneebSi, qarTvelebi literaturulad jer kidev saTanadod ver
upasuxebdnen cecxlTayvanismcemlobas. misi azriT, `abibos nekreselis
110
martvilobaSi~ TiTqos Semonaxulia nawyveti cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan
paeqrobisa, konkretulad iq, sadac abibosi amtkicebs, rom cecxli
RmerTi ki ara, aramed erTi `mcired nawilTagania~, magram saqme imaSia,
rom mecnieris varaudiT, aseTi azrebi abibos dros, VI saukuneSi
saqarTveloSi jer Semosuli ar yofila. isini CvenSi Semoitana berZnuli
filosofiis SemoWram, rasac adgili unda hqonoda arauadres IX-X ss,
rodesac k. kekeliZes azriT, dawerili unda iyos `abibosis martviloba~.
qristianoba cecxlTayvanismcemlebis winaaRmdeg fizikuradac
ibrZoda: maT moZRvrebebs an `gaasxamden~, e.i saqarTvelodan gaaZevebdnen,
an dawvavdnen. mag: istorikosis sityviT, mobidanis Txzulebebs swored
aseTi bedi ewia: `Semdgomad dawua yoveli werili misi WeSmaritman
episkoposman miqelma~_ vkiTxulobT `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ (17,446).
rac Seexeba ebraelobas. saqarTveloSi, kerZod mcxeTaSi, bevri ebraeli
iyo, magram isini winaaRmdegobas ar uwevdnen qristianobas. piriqiT,
niadagic ki moumzades mas. pirveli prozelitebi qristianobam swored
maT wreSi ipova. isini xels uwyobdnen mis gavrcelebas. mag: abiaTari,
sidonia da sxvebi. saerTod qarTveli ebraelebi iseT literaturul
Zalas ar warmoadgendnen, rom maT SeZlebodaT saxelmwifoebrivi
religiisaTvis metoqeoba da winaaRmdegobis gaweva saqarTveloSi. amitom,
arc qarTvelebs hqondaT sababi, rom maT winaaRmdeg damoukidebeli
literaturuli brZola ewarmoebinaT. amiT aixsneba, rom qarTuli
antiebrauli sarwmunoebrivi politika mTlianad naTargmnia, is
gamoZaxilia im ideuri antagonizmisa, romelsac adgili hqonda yvelgan
istoriulad iudaizmsa da qristianizms Soris. amgvar TxzulebaTagan,
romlebic meore periodidan iCenen Tavs, arsen vaCesZis `dogmatikonSi~
moTavsebulia: 1. `winagansawyobelad huriaTa wamebani werilebrni,
viTarmed samebasa Sina RmrTeebaÁ saRmrToTa werilTa mier saidumlod
iqadagebis~, romelSic moyvanilia citatebi saRmrTo werilidan samebis
dasamtkiceblad. 2. `sityvisgeba huriaTa mimarT~, romelic iwyeba ase:
`RmerTsa miendobodeT saRmrToni, xolo kacTa kacobrivi~. 3.
`sityvisgebisagan qristeanisa da huriisa, wamebani uflisa Cuenisa ieso
qristesTvis wmidaTa werilTagan~, kiTxva-migebis saxiT. 4. `Tu viTar jer
ars SewynarebaÁ, romelni huriaTagan sarwmunoebasa qristeaneTasa
111
mouxdebodis~ – mokle da sruli, naxevrad polemikuri, naxevrad
liturgikuli, romelic `dogmatikonSi~ arsenis Semdegaa Setanili. 5.
`sityvisgebaÁ huriisa mimarT~ Teodore abukurasi, im SromaSi, romelic
mas miuweria `mTavrisa mimarT edesisa SeiganTaisa~ 6. XVIII saukunis
gasuls, 1786 w, dimitri bagrations uTargmnia rusulidan `uriaTa mimarT
sityvissagebeli Txzuleba~ samoel rabinisa, romelsac `oqros aRnaqvsi~
ewodeba da romelic Seicavs imis mtkicebas, rom ieso qriste aris
WeSmariti RmerTi, Ze RvTisa, mosuli qveynad. k. kekeliZis mosazrebiT,
CamoTvlilis garda antiiudaisturi Txzulebani qarTul enaze cnobili
araa (17,446-447).
rac Seexeba mahmadianobas. religias, romelmac mazdeanoba Caanacvla.
es religia, gamoCenis dRidan, istoriul mtrad gadaeqca saqarTveloSi
qristianobas da qarTvelebs misgan arasdros hqoniaT saSveli. Cveni
xangrZlivi, mravalsaukunovani istoriis Sinaarsi zogadad warmoadgens
gareSe mterTan mudmiv brZolas, umTavresad qristianobasa da
mahmadianobas Soris brZolis saxiT. amitom, qarTul polemikur
mwerlobaSi samahmadiano dargi, rogorc naTargmni, ise originaluri,
SedarebiT farTodaa warmodgenili. Tumca unda SevniSnoT, rom qarTuli
mwerlobis pirvel periodSi, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT `abo
Tbilelis martvilobas~, romelSiac mahmadianoba ideurad aris
Sefasebuli, am droidan araferi gvaqvs SemorCenili. es SeiZleba aixsnas
imiT, rom TviT berZnul enaze sistematuri literaturuli brZola
islamis winaaRmdeg mxolod IX saukunidan iwyeba. maSasadame,
antimahmadianuri polemika saqarTveloSi unda dawyebuliyo mwerlobis
meore periodSi. arsen vaCesZis `dogmatikonSi~ Cven gvaqvs Semdegi amgvari
naTargmni Txzulebebi: 1. `sarkinozTa mimarTisa sityvisgebisagan
netarisa Teodore abukuraÁsi~, romelSic rva statiaa: a) `Jamad-Jamad
SemTxueulni eklesiisada kueTebani mwualebelTani~, b) `sxuaÁ qadagebaÁ,
viTarmed muhamed ar ars RmerTisagan~, g) `gamoCinebaÁ WeSmariti
magaliTisa mier, viTarmed mteri iyo RmrTisaÁ muhamed da viTarmed
eSmakisa mier iguemeboda~, d) `aRsarebaÁ da damtkicebaÁ qristeanobisaÁ
ukninesTagan qadagebisaTa~, e) `sxuaÁ sityvisgebaÁ gamomaCinebeli,
viTarmed xorci qristesi ars Sewiruli igi da kurTxeuli puri~, v)
112
`sxuaÁ sityisgebaÁ erTgzis qorwinebisaTvis~, z) `arca vnebasa missa
daixsna guami qristesi~, T) `gamoCinebaÁ, viTarmed aqus RmerTsa Ze
Tanaarsi, TanadausabamoÁ da TanasamaradisoÁ~. aris erTi kiTxva_migeba
qristiansa da mahmadians Soris im sityvisgebaSic, romelic Teodore
abukuras miuweria `mTavrisa mimarT edesisa SeiganTaÁsa~. aqvea naxevrad
polemikuri, naxevrad liturgikuli `wesi, romeli iqmnebis moqceulsa
zeda sarkinozTagan wmidisa mimarT da WeSmaritisa sarwmunoebisa Cuen
qristianeTaÁsa~. imave dogmatikonis zogierT nusxaSi da calkec, Cven
gvxvdeba erTi antimahmadianuri sapolemiko Txzuleba, romelsac aseTi
saTauri aqvs: `xsenebaÁ sityvisgebisaÁ da sasjelisaÁ sjulisaTvis
qristianeTaÁsa da sarkinozTa~. k. kekeliZis azriT, es Txzuleba
originaluri qarTuli nawarmoebi unda iyos, Sesrulebuli qarTveli
avtoris mier. Semdeg safexurs qarTuli antimahmadianuri mwerlobis
istoriaSi Seadgens XVI saukuneSi bagrat batoniSvilis mier dawerili
`moTxrobaÁ sjulTa uRmrToTa ismailitTaÁ~, romelic XVII saukunis
gasuls, Tu XVIII-is damdegs gauleqsavsEmoqmedis mitropolits iakob
dumbaZes. XVIII saukuneSi timoTe gabaSvils dauweria polemikuri Sroma
mahmadianTa winaaRmdeg. unda davasaxeloT erTi originaluri
antimahmadianuri Txzulebac `ambavi mahmadisi, TargmanTa Sina
fsalmunTasa Semoxmuli da wignTagan mahmadianTasa gamoRebuli, da
naTesaoba maTi~. Teimuraz batoniSvilis azriT am Txzulebis avtoria
iosebi, xucesi da moZRvari, romelic bagrat IV_is dros cxovrobda.
antimahmadianuri polemika moiTxovda, rom qarTvelebs mahmadianTa
yurani gacnobili hqonodaT. Cans, rom es asec iyo. zaqaria WiWinaZis
sityviT, is gadmoaqarTules sparseTSi myofmaM qarTvel _ mahmadianma
batoniSvilebma.
Cvens winaprebs didi wvlili SeutaniaT im TxzulebaTa TargmanebSic,
romlebic mimarTulni iyvnen qristianobis wiaRSi aRmocenebuli
sxvadasxva mwvaleblobis winaaRmdeg.Ees mwvaleblobebia: arianoba( IV s-
is meore naxevris damdegs 350-356 ww, imperator konstantis dros
damyarda iberiaSi), nestorianoba, origenizmi, agvistinizmi,
monofelitoba, xatTmebrZoleoba, kaTolicizmi, monofizitoba,
sainteresoa qarTvelTa polemika somexTa mimarT. polemikis gasacnobad
113
mkvlevars did samsaxurs gauwevs arsen vaCesZis `dogmatikoni~ da
sxvadasxva polemikuri krebuli, romelTa zogadi saTauria `sityvisgebaÁ
marTlmadidebelTa aRsarebisaÁ`( ix.17,449-450).
garda polemikisa warmarTobasTan, sayuradReboa, rom qarTul
hagiografiul mwerlobaSi gvxvdeba polemika ZiriTadi qristianuli
dogmatebis sworad gaazrebis Taobazec. am mxriv unda gamovyoT qarTlis
kaTalikosis arsen II-is mier IX saukuneSi ganaxlebuli `ioane
zedaznelis cxovrebis~ Sesavali, sadac avtori ekamaTeba ariozs,
romelmac Ze RvTisa gaiazra rogorc kaci da ver Seicno masSi `bunebaÁ
RmerTeebisaÁ dausabamoÁ~. kamaTi grZaldeba ariozis mimdevarTa
misamarTiTac, romelnic qristes marTalia miiCneven RvTis sityvad,
magram Tvlian, rom masSi `suli kualad dabadebulTa SeaerTes~. avtori
polemikas warmarTavs suliwmidis sworad gaazrebis Taobazec. ekamaTeba
makedons (konstantinepolis episkoposi 355_359 wlebSi, romlis momxreebi
calke fraqcias warmoadgendnen 381 wlis meore msoflio saeklesio
krebaze konstantinopolSi), romelmac suli RmerTis mier Seqmnilad da
“madliT movlenilad” gamoacxada. es pozicia ukugdebulia bibliuri
pasaJebis interpretirebiT, romelsac mosdevs avtoris kiTxva: `usulo
viTarme iyo mamaÁ vidre dabadebamde mis sulisa?!~ (17,447).
mecnier e.xinTibiZis TvalsazrisiT, bibliis Targmnis kvaldakval
(rac, albaT, IV saukuniT unda daTariRdes, radgan V saukunis I
naxevarSi bibliuri wignebis arsebobas ukve adastureben rogorc
qarTuli, ise ucxouri wyaroebi), qarTulad male Cndeba naTargmni
qristianuli egzegetikisa da polemikis Zeglebi. Targmna Tavdapirvelad
berZnuli enidan xdeboda, razec miuTiTeben Zveli qarTveli avtorebi
(giorgi mcire, XI s.) da adastureben uZvelesi qarTuli naTargmni
Zeglebi, romelTa Teologiuri terminologia uSualod berZnulzea
damokidebuli da sruliad Tavisufalia somxurTan mimarTebisagan
(severiane gabalovnelis `equsTa dReTaÁ~). SemdgomSi, V s. meore
nexevridan, iwyeba somxuridan Targmna, rac intensiurad grZeldeba
daaxloebiT VII s. meore naxevramde. VIII saukunidan, berZnulis
paralelurad Txzulebebi iTargmndeba arabulidan. X s. ukanaskneli
meoTxedidan ki berZnuli gziT mTeli sasuliero mwerlobis amomwuravi
114
aTviseba iwyeba, rac gadaizrdeba, erTi mxriv, maqsimalurad zusti
mTargmnelobiTi principis damkvidrebaSi da meore mxriv, cnobili
Teologiur_filosofiuri Txzulebebis komentirebaSi. aseTi tipis
saqmianoba grZeldeba XIII s-is pirveli naxevris CaTvliT.
adrindeli Suasaukuneebis saqarTveloSi mdidari sasuliero
mwerloba Seiqmna. originaluri sasuliero literatura qarTul enaze V
s-dan Cndeba, romelic Tavdapirvelad ori JanriT_hagiografiiTa da,
ufro mogvianebiT, himnografiiTaa warmodgenili. qarTul originalur
hagiografiaSi sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba saqristiano filosofiis anu
Teologiuri debulebebi, romlebic qronologiurad adrindel
TxzulebebSi SedarebiT naklebadaa warmodgenili (37,148).
V_X saukuneebis qarTuli originaluri hagiografia mkveTrad
warmoaCens ZiriTad Teologiur postulatebs: dausabamo da usasrulo
transcendentul sampirovan erTarseba RmerTs, rogorc samyaros
dambadebels, mis gamgebels da yovelTa saqmeTa moqmeds (`martvilobani~
evstaTi mcxeTelisa, habo tfilelisa, `cxovrebani~ grigol xanZTelisa,
ioane zedaznelisa); RmerTs, romelic aris uxilavi, uJamo, uzomo da
ucvleli, martivi da araSedgenili, maradiulad TviTmoZravi da Tavisi
sakuTari ZaliT Zlieri( `cxovreba ioane zedaznelisa~: `ars igi uxilav,
uJamo, dautevnel, ucvalebel,_ ucvalebel Tvinier viTarebisa, Tvinier
raodenobisa, xatebisa,_Seupyrobel da Seunawevrebel, TviT iZrvis
maradis ZrviTa, TaviT TvisiT Zlier~). RmerTis bibliur saxelTa (kari,
gza, tarigi, mwyemsi, lodi, margaliti, yuavili, angelozi, kaci, RmerTi,
naTeli, queyana, marili, matli, mdogvis marcvali, mze simarTlisa),
simbolur ganmartebebs ( `martviloba habo tfilelisa~); samebis meore
hipostasis RmerTis sityvad saxeldebas (`moqcevai qarTlisaÁ~) (37,151).
qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi gvxvdeba RmerTis arsebobis
argumentirebac. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
`balavarianis~ qarTuli redaqciebi _ `iodasafis cxovreba~ da `sibrZne
balahvarisi~. iodasafi mis moZRvars balavars sTxovs auxsnas, Tu rogor
damtkicdeba RmerTis arseboba? balavari miuTiTebs RmerTis Seqmnil
qveynierebaze: `da rameTu ixilo WurWeli raime Seqmnili, daRaTumca
moqmedi ara hnaxe, swameve, viTarmed uvis Semoqmedi. . . . xolo me, raJams
115
vixile Tavi Cemi da ganvicade agebulebaÁ Cemi, vcan, rameTu mivis
Semoqmedi da viTarca eneba, dambada da gamomxata Tvinier kiTxvisa Cemisa.
da ukeTumca me viyav dambadebeli Tavisa CemisaÁ, umetesmca vyav Tavi Cemi
siSuenieriTa da sisruliTa hasakisaiTa~ (25,14). k. kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom
am msjelobaSi SeiniSneba moxmoba sqolastikaSi cnobili RmerTis
arsebobis dasabuTebis ori meTodisa: fizikoTeologiuris( Seqmnils
unda hyavdes Semoqmedi) da kosmologiuris (radganac arsebobs sasruli,
igulisxmeba, rom arsebobs absoluturic, e.i. Semqmneli Semomqmedi)
(17,450).
Zveli qarTuli polemikuri mwerlobis zogadi mimoxilvis Semdeg,
kvlav davubundebiT polemikas warmarTobis (mazdeizmis,
cecxlTayvanismcemlobis) winaaRmdeg, radgan swored es polemika
gaxlavT Cveni interesis sagani.
qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad aRiarebis Semdgom etapze, Zveli
qarTuli hagiografiuli mwerlobisaTvis aucilebeli gaxda
literaturuli polemikiT sazrdooba warmarTobasTan sakamaTo
saSualebad, radgan, qristianobas tradiciulad saqarTveloSi hyavda
uamravi mteri, saqarTvelos ki uamravi warmarTi dampyrobeli. maT Soris
iyo ganuwyveteli brZola, rogorc fizikuri, ise literaturuli,
moraluri. qristiani qarTvelebi warmarTuli samyarosgan mudmivad
icavdnen sakuTar enas, mamuls da sarwmunoebas. sarwmunoebis dasacavad
isini sicocxlesac wiravdnen. sagulisxmoa, rom qristianoba
saqarTveloSi erTad ilaSqrebda mazdeizmisa da winaqristianuli
warmarTobis winaaRmdeg, radgan qristianoba saqarTveloSi swored am
ori religiis bazaze Semovida. gansakuTrebiT mwvave polemika
qristianobisa mazdeimis (cecxlTayvanismcemlobis) winaaRmdeg iyo
mimarTuli, radgan sparseTi mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi boginobda
saqarTveloSi da nergavda Tavis maSindel religias, mazdeanobas.
qristianobis saqarTveloSi Semosvlis periodidan moyolebuli,
qarTuli kultura da literatura aSkarad Serwymulia dasavleTis
qristianuli qveynebis kulturasTan da literaturasTan, gansakuTrebiT
ki qristianul bizantiasTan. axladaRmocenebul qristianobas romis
imperiaSi (antikurma) warmarTobam sastiki brZola gamoucxada. es
116
brZola iyo: fizikuri da literaturuli. qristianebs Seubraleblad
awamebdnen, sdevnidnen. warmarTuli filosofiis warmomadgenlebi
qristianebis winaaRmdeg werdnen specialur Sromebs, romelSic miwasTan
asworebdnen am axal religias, mis mimdevrebs ki saxelmwifo wyobis
moRalateebad miiCnevdnen. Tavismxriv qristianebi Tavs icavdnen aseve
literaturuli gziT. TavianTi rigebidan gamohyavdaT iseTi adamianebi,
romlebsac ganaTleba hqondaT miRebuli warmarTul skolebSi da
romlebsac SeeZloT argumentirtebulad dapirispireba warmarTobasTan.
isini werdnen iseT Txzulebebs, romlebSic abaTilebdnen warmarTTa
braldebebs da qristianobas amarTlebdnen rogorc filosofiurad, ise
moralurad. amasTan erTad isini amJRavnebdnen warmarTuli religiisa da
kultis sisuleles, RmerTebis Sesaxeb miTologiur TqmulebaTa
uazrobas da im dros gabatonebul filosofiur sistemaTa sust mxares.
faqtia, rom jer kidev II s-dan romSi iwyeba namdvili polemika
warmarTobasa da qristianobas Soris. qristianuli polemikis
warmomadgenlebi am dros cnobilni arian apologetebis saxeliT. aseTi
mdgomareoba iyo romis imperiaSi. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, Cven ukve
viciT `kolael yrmaTa wamebis~ magaliTze, rom qristianobas aqtiurad
ebrZoda adgilobrivi warmarToba. Zveli qarTuli Zeglebidan: `kolael
yrmaTa wamebis~, `ninos cxovrebis~ da `balavarianis~ garda, sxva
nawarmoebebSi ar unda iyos Semonaxuli cnoba imis maniSneblad, rom am
brZolas qristianTa winaaRmdeg awarmoebda adgilobrivi xelisufleba.
sxva SemTxvevaSi, qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi, qristianobis
winaaRmdeg mebrZolTa rolSi gamodian gareSe, dampyrobi Zalebi.
Tavdapirvelad cecxlTayvanismcemeli (mezdeanuri) iranis marzpanebi,
xolo Semdeg mahmadiani arabeTis amirebi. am warmarTuli qveynebis
agresia qristianuli saqarTvelos mimarT gansakuTrebiT imiT unda
yofiliyo ganpirobebuli, rom qristianoba saqarTvelos politikurad da
kulturulad akavSirebda iranis da arabeTis mowinaaRmdege qristianul
bizantiasTan. mazdeanobis da mahmadianobis gavrcelebiT ki, warmarTuli
qveynebi gawyvetdnen saqarTvelos kavSirs bizantiasTan. pirvel rigSi es
unda iTqvas cecxlTayvanismcemlobaze, romelic CvenSi garkveulwilad
117
qristianobam Caanacvla da romelic SemdgomSi kvlav TandaTan
gaZlierda (15,43).
sagulisxmoa, rom qarTuli qristianuli mwerloba,
cecxlTayvanismcemel dampyrobelTan polemikisTvis, xSirad,
literaturul masalas bizantiur mwerlobas daesesxeboda xolme,
miuxedavad imisa, rom qristianoba bizantiaSi ilaSqrebda antikuri
warmarTobis winaaRmdeg da ara cecxlTayvanismcemlobis winaaRmdeg. amas
hqonda Tavisi mizezebi. kerZod: literaturul polemikaSi bizantiuri
mwerloba ufro metad gawafuli iyo. Tanac,A bizantia iyo saqarTvelos
qomagi mazdeanur iranTan polemikis dros da am qveyanaSi qristianoba
saqarTveloze adre gavrcelda. swored am mizniT, berZnulidan qarTul
enaze iTargmneboda uamravi saeklesio literatura: liturgiebi,
martvilobebi. paralelurad, qarTul enaze iwereboda da berZnulad
iTargmneboda mravali hagiografiuli Zegli.
berZnul_bizantiur mwerlobaSi iyvnen apologetebi, romlebic
TavianT `apologiebSi~ qristianobis uzenaesobas usvamdnen xazs da
upirispirdebodnen (antikur) warmarTobas. swored aseTi apologetebis
Semoqmedebis gamoZaxilia Zvel qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi. rogorc
Cans, bizantiur_qarTuli kulturul_literaturuli urTierTobebi
mxolod calmxriv xasiaTs ar atarebda, rasac cxadyofs mecnierTa
araerTi safuZvliani gamokvleva (4,293). imdroindeli qarTveli mwerlebi
ise isrutavdnen yvelafers bizantiuri literaturidan da mwerlobidan,
rom xSirad maT SemoqmedebaSi CarTuli aRmoCndeboda xolme iseTi Zegli,
am nawyveti iseTi Txzulebidan, romelic sakuTar enaze ukve gamqrali
iyo garkveuli movlenebis gamo. sagulisxmoa, rom qarTveli mwerlebi
amgvar literaturul masalas rTavdnen im pirTa `martvilobebSi~,
romlebic saqarTveloSi mazdeizmis msxverplni xdebodnen.
erT_erTi aseTi Txzuleba, romelSic naCvenebia polemika romauli
warmarTobis winaaRmdeg (Tumca masSi vxvdebiT mazdeanTa mTavari RvTaebis
cecxlis stiqiis kritikas) da romelic, gamoyenebuli aRmoCnda Zvel
qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan sapolemiko
saSualebad im dros, rodesac ukve gamqrali iyo sakuTari mwerlobidan,
gaxlavT, II s-is berZeni apologetis, aristides `apologia~. sagulisxmoa,
118
rom im TxzulebaTa Soris, romlebic brZolas awarmoebdnen warmarTobis
sxvadasxva saxesTan, maT Soris cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan, yvelaze
Rirebuli qarTuli hagiografiisTvis es `apologia~ gaxlavT.
amavdroulad, aristides `apologia~ erT_erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani
klasikuri Zeglia qristianobis religiis poziciidan berZnul warmarTul
panTeonTan polemikisa.
Zvel qarTul literaturaSi Cven ar mogvepoveba aristides “apologiis”
calke arsebuli pirdapiri Targmani. Tumca, Tu gadavxedavT hagiografiul
Zeglebs, vnaxavT, rom Zvel saqarTveloSi es nawarmoebi ara marto
cnobili, gamoyenebulic yofila. imdenad aSkaraa `apologiis~ gavlena
Zvel qarTul hagiografiul literaturaze. es moulodneli ar unda iyos.
miuxedavad imisa, rom VI s-dan moyolebuli `apologia~ berZnul
(originalis) enaze ukve gamqralia, es nawarmoebi VI saukuneSi siriulad
yofila naTargmni, xolo V s-Si somxurad. Sesabamisad, qarTul
hagiografiul mwerlobas Tavisuflad SeeZlo aristides `apologiiT~
aRmosavluri wyaroebidan esargebla.
miiCneven, rom qarTul sasuliero mwerlobaze aristides gavlena unda
iwyebodes mefe mirianis droidan, anu qristianobis saqarTveloSi
Semosvlis periodidan (9,416).
pirveli originaluri qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebi ZiriTadad
miekuTvneba im istoriul epoqas, rodesac qarTvelebi ibrZodnen
sparselebis winaaRmdeg (IV-VI) saukuneebi. am periodSi Seqmnili
martvilobebi, maTSi moTxrobil wamebebTan erTad, matianea im periodis
kulturuli, socialuri da religiuri yofisa. swored adrindeli
periodis qarTuli hagiografia iyenebs aristides `apologias~, rogorc
berZnuli Teologiis principul Teologiur arguments, romelic
mimarTuli iyo berZnuli warmarTuli panTeonis winaaRmdeg,
mazdeanobasTan sapolemiko saSualebad da qristianobis WeSmaritebis
dasasabuTeblad.
unda aRiniSnos, rom II saukunis berZeni apologetis aristides
`apologia~ zogadad mimarTuli iyo antikuri warmarTobis winaaRmdeg.
saqarTveloSi ki, aristides `apologiis~ im pasaJebs, romlebic cecxlis
RmerTad miCnevis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, iyenebdnen sparsuli
119
mazdeanobis winaaRmdeg. aristide aviTarebs im Tezas, rom cecxli
RmerTi ar aris, aramed RmerTis Seqmnilia da a.S. es polemika naTlad
Cans Zveli qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis ZeglebSi. sagulisxmoa,
rom qarTul hagiografiaSi, mazdeur RvTaebasTan polemika zogadad
warmarTobis polemikis farglebSia Semotanili, am ori religiuri
warmodgenis yovelgvari gamijvnis gareSe.
disertaciis pirvel TavSi mimovixileT iseTi qarTuli hagiografiuli
Zeglebi, romlebSic gvxvdeba qristianobis polemika mis sawyis etapze
saqarTveloSi arsebul warmarTobasTan (kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan). am
TavSi ki mimovixilavT yvela im qarTul originalur hagiografiul
Txzulebas, romelSic gvxvdeba qristianobis polemika mazdeanobasTan
(cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan).
Cven ukve visaubreT, rom qristianobis Semosvlamde saqarTvelo iyo
warmarTuli qveyana, romlis warmarTul panTeonsac, qristianoba sawyis
etapze RvTaebrivi saswaulebiT da fizikuri ZaliT upirispirdeboda.
ukve SemdgomSi ki, rodesac qristianobam daamsxvria warmarTuli kerpebi
da warmarTuli gadmonaSTebi mospo, TandaTan fexi moikida da
gaZlierda, is iZulebuli gaxda filosofiur_Teologiuri polemika
ewarmoebina sparseli dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic Cvens
qveyanaSi avrcelebdnen TavianT religias, mazdeizms, igive
cecxlTayvanismcemlobas, romlis qarTul ZirZvel warmarTobasTan
damynobis gziT miRebuli garkveuli niSnebi, wina qristianul
saqarTveloSic ikveTeboda. swored amitomaa, rom qarTuli qristianuli
literatura ase aqtiurad ilaSqrebs sparsTa religiis,
cecxlTayvanismcemlobis, winaaRmdeg da am paeqrobaSi is aqtiurad
iyenebs aristides `apologias~, risi meSveobiTac, gansxvavebiT ZirZvel,
qarTul warmarTobasTan martivi polemikisa, Zveli qarTuli mwerloba am
SemTxvevaSi ukve filosofiurad axdens qristianuli mrwamsis dadebiT
dasabuTebas, warmarTobis (mazdeizmis) sawinaaRmdegod.
qristianobis polemika mazdeizmTan saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad (IV-VII ss.)
moicavs, Tumca mazdeizmis gadmonaSTebi kidev didxans Canda Cvens
warsulSi. hagiografiuli Zeglebi Seicaven uamrav polemikur elemens,
mimarTuls mazdeanobis winaaRmdeg. rogorc viciT, zoroastrizmis (igive
120
mazdeanobis) Tavzemoxvevas saqarTvelosTvis da qarTvelebisTvis, didi
xnis istoria hqonda. es saTaves jer kidev aqemenidTa dinastiidan iRebda.
amas mowmobs qarTlSi, kerZod mcxeTaSi, aRmoCenili uamravi istoriuli
wyaro da arqeologiuri masala. zoroastrizmis gavrcelebis niSnebi
jer kidev farnavazis, vaxtang gorgaslis mefobis periodSic igrZnoboda.
sasanidebis epoqa sparseTSi saqarTvelosTvis ukve is periodia, rodesac
qarTuli eklesia iTvlis uamrav qristianobis dasacavad wamebul
martvils (9,417).
iakob curtavelis `SuSanikis wameba~ gaxlavT V saukunis Cvenamde
moRweuli uZvelesi, qarTuli hagiografiuli Zegli da amavdroulad,
pirveli originaluri hagiografiuli Txzuleba, romelSic gamoxatulia
qristianobis polemika cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan, qristiani SuSanikisa
da gamazdeanebuli varsqenis dapirispirebis saxiT. sparseTidan
dabrunebul varsqens, SuSaniki ase mimarTavs: `Sen RmerTi WeSmariti
uvarhyav da cecxlsa Tayvanis ec.~ SuSaniki varsqens amis mere uRmerTod
moixseniebs: `aRiara atroSani da SeerTo igi uRmrToTa~(28,12). am
nawarmoebSi, Cven vxvdebiT wminda wignebis CamonaTvals: `evangeles~,
`mowameTa wigns~, `daviTns~, `fsalmuns~: `xelTa aRixuna daviTni da
mcireTa dReTa Semdgomad asergasisni igi fsalmunni daiswavlna~(28,13).
nawarmoebSi vxvdebiT aseve qristianul debulebebsa da garkveul
polemikur mimarTulebebs. naxsenebia sityva eklesia, taZari. SuSaniki
RmerTs madlobas swiravs Svilebis boZebisaTvis: `gmadlob Sen, ufalo
RmerTo Cemo, rameTu iyvnesve ara Cemni, aramed Senni mocemulni iyvnes.
viTarca gnebavs, iyavn nebaÁ Seni, ufalo, da me damicev saqmeTagan
mterisaTa~ (28,14). avtors xSirad mohyavs pavle mociqulis sityvebi:
`rameTu masmies me pavleis mociqulisagan ara damonebul ars ZmaÁ, gina
daÁ, aramed ganeyenen~ (28,14). sainteresoa varsqenis da SuSanikis dialogi:
`mamaman Senma aRhmarTna samartvileni da eklesiani aRaSeinna, da Sen
mamisa Senisa saqmeni ganhryvnen da sxvad gardaaqcien keTilni misni.
mamaman Senma wmidani Semoixvna saxid Tvisa, xolo Sen devni Semoixuen.
man RmerTi caTaÁ da qveyanisaÁ aRiara da hrwmena, xolo Sen RmerTi
WeSmariti uvarhav da cecxlsa Tayvanis ec. da viTarca Sen Semoqmedi Seni
uvarhyav, egreca me Sen Seuracxgyav~ (28,15). SuSaniki qristianobis
121
dasacavad 6 weli marxulobda, wminda wignebs ecnoboda, bevrs iTmenda,
magram sulierad brwyindeboda. erTi imediT: `ganvisajneT me da varsqen
pitiaxSi mun, sada –igi ara ars TvalRebaÁ winaSe msajulisa mis
msajulTaÁsi da meufisa mis meufeTaÁsa, sada ara ars rCevaÁ mamakacisa
da dedakacisaÁ, sada me da man swori sityvaÁ vTqvaT winaSe uflisa
Cvenisa iesu qristeÁsa~. nawarmoebSi samebis erTarsebaa naCvenebi:
`sadideblad da saqebelad RmrTisa, mamisa da Zisa da sulisa wmidisa,
romlisa Suenis didebaÁ ukuniTi ukunisamde, amÀn~ (28,29).
`SuSanikis wamebaSi~ gamoxatuli qristianobis uzenaesoba, rwmena
imqveyniuri yofisa, sadac RvTaebrivi samarTlis sabrZanebelia da
amqveyniuri soflis warmavloba, IX_X saukuneebis qarTul hagiografiul
ZeglSi `iodasafis cxovreba~ ukve mkafio filosofiuri formulirebiTaa
Camoyalibebuli: `xolo arsi igi merme igi sofeli ars da
ara_arsi_sofeli ese~ (37,151).
122
`̀̀̀evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaevstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaevstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaevstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~~~~
polemikuri pasaJebi TvalsaCinodaa warmodgenili qronologiurad
meore qarTul hagiografiul TxzulebaSi `evstaTi mcxeTelis
martviloba~. es Txzuleba dawerili unda iyos VI Bs. bolo wlebSi,
ucnobi qarTveli qristianis mier. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es Txzuleba
erTaderTi Txzulebaa am periodidan, romelsac gadakeTeba ar ganucdia
da Zveli saxe SedarebiT kargad Semounaxavs. am ZeglSi moTxrobilia, Tu
rogor awama iranis marzpanma mcxeTaSi gadmosaxlebuli
cecxlTayvanismcemeli sparsi gvirobandaki, romelsac qristianobis
miRebis Semdeg evstaTi daerqva da romelic ar daemorCila marzpanis
moTxovnas ukanve dabruneboda mamapapeul mazdeanobas. TxzulebaSi
moxmobilia didi dialogi, romelSic naCvenebia, Tu rogor amarTlebs
evstaTi qristianobas da ris safuZvelze uaryofs is
cecxlTayvanismcemlobas. am dialogSi gamoyenebulia aristides
`apologia~ ara mxolod azrobrivad, aramed xSir SemTxvevaSi
sityvieradac. es nawarmoebi aristides `apologiasTan~ mimarTebaSi
namdvili aRmoCenaa. amaSi davrwmundebiT `apologiis~ teqstis
Sedarebisas `martvilobis~ teqstis Sesabamis pasaJebTan. miCneulia, rom
es pirveli qarTuli hagiografiuli nawarmoebia, romelSic ase
TvalsaCinod igrZnoba apologeturi suliskveTeba da
filosofiur_Teologiurad xdeba warmarTobasTan dapirispireba.
miuTiTeben, rom `,evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ avtori iyenebs
aristides ,,apologias~, kerZod mis im nawils, sadac, saTanado
argumentaciiT, ugulebelyofilia bunebis movlenaTa (am SemTxvevaSi
cecxlis) RvTaebrioba (18,205).
`evstaTi mcxeTlis martvilobis~ teqstis mixedviT, evstaTi iyo
kaci, romelic iyo erovnebiT sparsi, mogvi. igi kargad iyo
informirebuli sxva religiebSi, icnobda sxvadasxva kultebs da mainc
eZebda WeSmaritebas da man qristianoba airCia WeSmarit religiad.
mniSvnelovania is sityvebi, romlebsac evstaTi warmoTqvams marzpanis
winaSe meored dakavebisas. am sityvis meore nawilSi evstaTi aSkarad
123
uaryofs kerpTayvanismcemlobas da zoroastrizms. “martvilobis”
teqstis polemikur pasaJebSi, TiTqmis yvelgan vpoulobT paralels
aristides `apologiasTan~.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia am martvilobis Semdegi polemikuri
debulebebi: `rameTu RmerTman, romelman qmna caÁ da qveyanaÁ, mzeÀ da
mTovarÀ da varskulavni, zRvaÁ da Ãmeli, mdinareni da Sesakrebelni
wyalTani, mTani da borcuni, velni da tyeni, SeSaÁ da cecxli,
oTxferÃni pirutyuni da mÃecni, quewarmavalni da mfrinvelni cisani, da
merme kacni Seqmnna RmerTman da mas yovelsa zeda ufal yo igi. yoveli
ese daamorCila kacsa mas, da Cuen amis yovlisa Semoqmedi RmerTi
dauteoT da amas RmrTisa dabadebulsa RmrTad vxadodiTa? nu iyofin
ese! mzeÀ da mTovarÀ da varskulavni ara RmerT arian, aramed RmerTman
mzesa ganaTlebaÁ dRisaÁ ubrZana da mTovaresa da varskulavTa
ganaTlebaÁ RamisaÁ ubrZana, xolo RmerT ara arian. RmerTman-Ra
Rrubelsa ubrZanis, da moefinis brwyinvalebaÁ mzisaÁ da mTovarisaÁ
daabnelis. mzÀ da mTovarÀ amisTÂs ara RmerT arian. merme kualad
cecxli ara RmerT ars amiT, rameTu cecxli kacman aRagznis da kacmanve
daSritis, rameTu kaci ufal ars cecxlisa, amisTÂs ara RmerT ars
cecxli. Tu visme ganeris da warvidis, rasaca mihmarTis, gina tyesa, gina
velsa, gina saxlsa, Tu kaci daxudis, da-ve-wÂs. xolo cecxlsa-Ra wyali
mieaxlis, egodeni igi Zali cecxlisaÁ daSritis da uCino iqmnis cecxli
igi; amiT ara RmerT ars, xolo Cuen RmrTad gurwams~(28,43).
`martvilobis~ es pasaJi `antimazdeanuri polemikis~ saxeliTaa cnobili
(18,205). sainteresoa am `martvilobis~MSemdegi debulebac: `xolo Cuen
RmerTman cecxli samsaxurebelad moguca, yinelisa gansatfobelad da
yovlisa sanovagisa saqmarad da odes gÂnebn, aRvagzniT da odes gÂnebn,
davSritiT. da esreT ara RmerT ars cecxli igi~ (28,43). sainteresoa is
polemikuri pasaJic, romelic mimarTulia mnaTobTa kultis winaaRmdeg:
`mzÀ da mTovarÀ da varskulavni ara RmerT arian, aramed RmerTman mzesa
ganaTlebaÁ dRisaÁ ubrZana da mTovaresa da varskulavTa ganaTlebaÁ
RamisaÁ ubrZana~, xolo meore da ufro sagulisxmo, romelic mimarTulia
cecxlTayvanismcemlobis winaaRmdeg: `cecxli ara RmerT ars amiT,
rameTu cecxli kacman aRagznis da kacmanve daSritis, rameTu kaci ufal
124
ars cecxlisa, amisTÂs ara RmerT ars cecxli (28,44)~. e. xinTibiZis
azriT, es ukanaskneli debuleba unda emyarebodes meore saukunis
romaeli ritoris aristides `apologias~ (37,149). sagulisxmoa, rom
“martvilobaSi” is stiqiebi da movlenebi, romlebsac warmarTebi scemen
Tayvans, ufro meti raodenobiTaa CamoTvlili, vidre aristides
“apologiaSi”. am ukanasknelSi naTqvamia: `da sxvani~. `martvilobaSi~ es
`sxvani~ CamoTvlilia. qarTuli `martviloba~ mnaTobTa Soris xazs
usvams mTvaresac, rac SesaZloa saqarTveloSi arsebuli mTvaris
kultiTac iyos ganpirobebuli. mzis araRmerToba qarTul teqstSi
damtkicebulia masze Rrublis gavleniT, rac `apologiis~ Cvenamde
morweul teqstSi amovardnilia. samagierod, aq naCvenebia mzis funqciebi
da mniSvneloba, rac, unda vivaraudoT, rom ar iyo im teqstSi, romliTac
martvilobis avtori sargeblobda. cis da mnaTobTa garda `apologiaSi~
CamoTvlilia uamravi sxva stiqia, romlebic aristides RmerTebad ar
miaCnia. `evstaTis martvilobis~ avtori ki, aqedan erT maTganze_cecxlze
SeCerebula, radgan misi miznisTvis, mzisa da mnaTobebis Semdeg, yvelaze
metad mniSvnelovani da saintereso swored es stiqia Cans. stiqia,
romelic cecxlTayvanismcemlebisaTvis umTavresi RvTaeba (ahura mazda)
iyo da misi Caqrobas da ugulvebelyofas mazdeanebi aravis apatiebdnen.
sagulisxmoa, rom `martvilobis~ avtori sagangebod usvams xazs cecxlis
simZlavres, raTa miT ufro mkveTrad gvaCvenos misi sisuste. aristide ki
ufro aZlierebs cecxlis gamoyenebas adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
(15,47).
roca evstaTis sparselebi satozikod dapatiJeben, is Semdeg sityvebs
warmosTqvams: `Tqueni tozikica bnel ars da Tquen, metozikenica, bnel
xarT. xolo me qristÀs beWedi momiRebies da qristÀs toziksa vtozikob,
rameTu qristÀs beWdiTa aRbeWdul var da bnelsa magas ganSorebul var~
(28,30).
sainteresoa erTi pasaJic: `merme RmrTisa Seqmnulni kacni
sacxovarTa pirutyuTa msgavs viyveniT. da esre saxed, viTarca pirutyuTa
mamlobasa da dedlobasa ara ician mSobeli, arca Sobili maTgani, da
egreT aRreulad gardaiÃadian mamlobaÁ da dedlobaÁ maTi, da egreca
Cuen kacni pirmetyuelni maT pirutyuTa msgavs viyveniT, romelTa ara
125
vicodeT mSobeli TÂsi, gina Sobili, da aRreulad gardaviÃadiT bunebaÁ
igi Cueni. xolo aw madliTa RmrTisaiTa, vinaÁTgan iqmna naTlis-RebaÁ da
rCuli qristeanobisaÁ icied kacTa, mieriTgan daiÃsna da ganqarda
uwesoÁ igi saqmÀ~ (28,44). es pasaJi mogvagonebs aristides `apologiis~ im
epizods, rodesac apologeti axasiaTebs erT-erTi warmarTuli religiis,
kerZod berZnuli (antikuri) warmarTobis zneobriv mxares. citatis bolo
abzacs `martvilobis~ avtori asrulebs kerpTayvanismcemlobis gansjiT.
`apologiaSi~ am winadadebis Sesatyvisi adgili moTavsebulia im abzacSi,
sadac qristianobis Sesaxebaa laparaki, rasac mosdevs qristes amqveynad
cxovrebis mTavari momentebi da daxasiaTebulia qristianobis moraluri
mxare.
k. kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom `martvilobis~ Sesabamisi pasaJi
srulyofili ar aris. mecnieris azriT, garkveuli nawili `evstaTi
mcxeTelis martvilobis~ teqstisa dakarguli unda iyos da SesaZloa,
adre es pasaJi identuri iyo `apologiis~ teqstisa. Tumca isic faqtia,
rom qristes amqveyniuri cxovrebis mTavari momantebi, am naklul
teqstSicaa mocemuli, mxolod ufro win, Tqmuli samoel arqidiakonis
piriT. `martvilobis~ avtori aseve samoel arqidiakons aTqmevinebs
mokled bibliur istorias ebraelTa Sesaxeb. `martvilobis~ es nawilic,
vfiqrobT, Seesatyviseba aristides `apologiis~ im nawils, romelSic
saubaria ebraelTa Sesaxeb. mokled gadmocemulia maTi istoria da
daxasiaTebulia maTi religia (14,49).
teqstze Tvalis erTi gadavlebiTac naTelia, rom `martvilobis~
avtori SeiaraRebulia aristides `apologiiT~. am argumentebiT xom, II
saukunis apologetebi, aristides msgavsad icavdnen TavianT qristian
Zmebs, romlebic sajarod gamodiodnen RmerTis sadidebeli sityvebiT da
mimarTavdnen uzenaes mmarTvels da amaRlebulad amtkicebdnen
marTlmadideblobis, qristianobis uzenaesobas. samuel arqidiakonisa da
evstaTis sityvebSi Cans: tatianes `diatesaronis~, `didaqtikonis~ da
bibliis Targumebis kvali. martvilobis ucnobi avtori erebs yofs sam
nawilad. aristide `apologiaSi~ religiebs yofs nawilebad. apologiasa
da martvilobas Soris kavSirs ufro naTlad warmoaCens genezisis sqema.
avtori wamebisa, am sqemaze dayrdnobiT, Cven gvTavazobs gansxvavebuli
126
elementebidan samyaros gansazRvras. igi saubrobs fundamentur
areulobaze erebs Soris, ramac gamoyo Semqmnelebi da misi Seqmnilebi.
martvilobis avtoric aristides msgavsad aRiarebs, rom yvela elementi
RmerTis mieraa Seqmnili da Tavad isini ar arian RmerTebi.
ciurisxeulebi: mze, mTvare, varskvlavebi arian martooden RmerTis
qmnilebebi. aqaa polemika mazdeanobis winaaRmdeg. adamianis Seqmnili ar
SeiZleba iyos uzenaesi (9,430). da kidev erTi saintereso pasaJi: `da esreT
ganmravlda da ganefina qristeanobaÁ da ganvrcna kidiT qveynisaÁT vidre
kidemde qveyanisa. da episkoposni da mRvdelni ganaCinnes da eklesiani
aRaSeinnes da mas Sina jvari aRemarTa. da yovelsa sofelsa hrwmena
qristeÁ da aRivso yoveli sofeli qristeanebiTa da yovelsa qveyanasa
iqadaga qristeÁ. huriaTa maT, viTarca winaswarmetyvelni igi uTxrobdes,
egreTca moiwia maT zeda: romelnime maxviliTa, romelnime siymiliTa,
romelnime sikvdiliTa moswydes da ganilines da sxvani tyveobiTa
ganibnines, rameTu ara daimarxes rCuli RmrTisa cxovlisaÁ. xolo aw
qristeaneTa uwoda israeil, rameTu israeili iTargmanebis: er RmerTisa
da mona qristeÁsa, romlisaÁ ars didebaÁ ukuniTi ukunisamde. Aamen~
(28,45).
migvaCnia, rom `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ avtors, werda ra am
Txzulebas, xelT hqonda aristides `apologia~. mas saTanado pasaJebi am
Txzulebidan pirdapir ar uTargmnia, ubralod gamouyenebia, rogorc
wyaro, warmarTobis, kerZod mazdeanobis gasakritikeblad. k. kekeliZis
azriT, `martvilobis~ avtori or mizans aRwevda: ebrZoda rogorc
cecxlTayvanismcemlobas(am brZolas maSin aqtualuri mniSvneloba
hqonda qarTvelTa erovnul-kulturuli cxovrebisaTvis), ise
warmarTobas (astraluri kultis gadmonaSTebs, romlebic saqarTveloSi
jer kidev sabolood ar iyo daZleuli arc mazdeanobis, arc
qristianobis mier) (15,49). is faqti, rom VI s. qarTul mwerloba iyenebs
aristides `apologias~, romelic im droisaTvis ukve dakargulad
iTvleba, aris didi istoriul_literaturuli da
kulturul_istoriuli mniSvnelobis, romelic gamoyenebulia
Taviseburad, qarTul sinamdvilesTan SeguebiT. `apologiis~ gamoyenebis
faqti maCvenebelia imisa, rom Cveni winaprebisaTvis im dros ucxo ar
127
yofila berZnuli azrovnebis miRwevebi, riTac qristianoba cdilobda
Tavisi mdgomareobis ganmtkicebas da msoflioSi Sesaferisi adgilis
mopovebas. S. nucubiZe varaudobda `apologis~ arsebobas sruliad
qarTuli Targmanis saxiT, an iseTi fragmentebis saxiT, romlebic
`apologiis~ mTel arss gadmogvcemen, imdenad didi doziTaa es Zegli
Sesuli `martvilobis~ teqstSi (15,49).
is faqti, rom nawarmoebis avtori iyenebs aristides “apologias”,
qristianobis sawyis etapze Seqmnil Zegls, gasakviri ar unda iyos,
radgan avtori gansakuTrebul damokidebulebas amJRavnebs zogadad,
Zveli wyaroebisadmi. am `wamebis~ Rirseba Zalze didia. imdenad didi, rom
is saqarTvelos farglebs scildeba da msoflio mniSvnelobis
TxzulebaTa jgufs ganekuTvneba. marTlac, anonimi avtoris mier
gamoyenebul literaturul wyaroTa umravlesoba TavisTavad msoflio
Rirebulebisaa. uZveles qarTul hagiografiaSi maTi Semotana am
nawarmoebs msoflio kulturis istoriis kvlevaSi faseul Zeglad
aqcevs. am nawarmoebis avtori, ukve aSkarad amJRavnebs bibliuri
literaturis da uZvelesi martvilobebis karg codnas. samecniero
literaturaSi sxvadasxva dros araerTxel gamoiTqva azri (a. harnaki,
k.kekeliZe, S. nucubiZe, s. yubaneiSvili), rom anonimTan gamoyenebulia
Semdegi wyaroebi: a) tatiane asuris `,diatesaroni~( saxarebis ambebis
Cvenebisas); b) `didaqtikoni~( dekalogiis, aTi mcnebis gadmocemisas); g)
aristides `apologia~; d) Targumi; e) areopagetika da sxvaA (18,201).
Txzulebis bibliur nawilSi Setanilia e.w. bibliis Targumi, anu
bibliis Sinaarsis mokle Txroba. samoel arqediakonis mier moyolili
bibliis Sinaarsi `martvilobis~ teqstSi ar emTxveva kanonikur, agreTve
arakanonikur teqsts, ramac afiqrebina k. kekeliZes, rom aq saqme unda
gvqondes e.w. TargumebTan, ramdenadac `Targumisti~ Cveulebriv did
Taviseburebas iCens, is bibliis teqsts xan umatebs, xan aklebs, xan
cvlis kidec. es Targumebi a.harnakis azriT, SesaZloa an siriulidan, an
sparsulidan iyos aRebuli (15,46). k.kekeliZes miaCnia, rom SesaZlebelia
saqme qarTul TargumebTan gvqondes, romelTa arsebobasac jer kidev
n.mari varaudobda (17,488).
128
`evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ literaturuli wyaroebis mimoxilvis
Sedegad s. siguas miaCnia, rom am `martvilobis~ avtori yvelaze axlos
siriul mwerlobasTan unda idges (23,37). a. harnaki da i. javaxiSvili
miiCnevdnen, rom `martvilobis~ avtori iyo evstaTis Tanamemamule,
gaqristianebuli sparseli. maTi Tvalsazrisi warmomdgari iyo Semdegi
movlenidan: teqstSi, Targumebis gadmocemis dasawyisSi, naTqvamia:
`winaÁT sparsTa rCuli iyo. . . merme RmerTman huriani gamoirCina da
saTno iyvna da misca maT rCuli da mcnebaÁ~ (28,45). aqve naTqvamia, rom es
gamorCeva da `rCulis~ micema moxda abraamis saxiT. sparsTa rjulis
Tavdapirvel religiad gamocxadeba, abraamisa sparseTis moqalaqed,
xolo babilonis sparseTis qveynad xseneba, a.harnakisa da m.javaxiSvilis
azriT, mxolod sparsels SeeZlo, rogorc sparsuli erovnuli
Tvalsazrisis gamomxatvels. k. kekeliZem ki miiCnia, rom es Tvalsazrisi
argumentad ar gamodgeboda. misi azriT, sparsTa rjulis Tavdapirvel
religiad gamocxadeba, aris Sedegi ara Txzulebis sparsuli erovnuli
Tvalsazrisisa, aramed, aramed uZvelesi apokrifebis gamoZaxili, rom
gmiri nebroTi, romelic abraamamde gacilebiT adre cxovrobda, iunitan
grZneulisagan swavlobs sparsTa grZnebasa da mogvobas, maT
varskvlavTmricxvelobas, sibilwesa da zRaprobas. erT-erTi aseTi
apokrifi, saxelwodebiT `dabadebisaTÂs cisa da queyanisa da adamisTÂs~,
qarTulad `nebroTis wigni~, Zvel qarTul literaturaSic Senaxula,
riTac uxvad usargebliaT bizantiisa da aRmosavleTis xronoRrafebs.
rac Seexeba abraamis samSoblos, qaldeasa da babilons. aq saqme gvaqvs
bibliur tradiciasTan, rom bibliis mixedviT, babilonis qveyanas
qaldevelTa qveyana ewodeba da orive xSirad sparseTTanaa gaigivebuli.
mag. sparseTis mefe darioss qaldevelTa mefe ewodeba. zemoT naxseneb
apokrifSi sparseTi iwodeba nebroTis, qaldevelTa qveynad. k. kekeliZis
azriT, Txzulebis bunebrivi, qarTuli stili, misi daxvewili ena da
Rrma patriotizmi, SeuZlebels xdis mosazrebas, rom Txzuleba iyos
naTargmni ucxo enidan. SesaZloa, is Tavdapirvelad, qarTulis arcodnis
gamo dawera gaqristianebulma sparselma sparsul enaze. an zogadad
araqarTvelis mieraa dawerili qarTulad, Tundac gaqristianebuli
sparselis mier. k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs, rom rTulia dadgindes
129
nawarmoebis avtori. Tumca, misi azriT is aris mimdevari qristianobis
(monofizituri) doqtrinisa da erovnebiT gaxlavT qarTveli (15,486-487).
s. yubaneiSvilma `martvilobis~ avtorad miiCnia ucnobi orTodoqsi
qristiani. S. nucubiZem anonim avtorad `asurel mamaTagan~ is erT-erTi
maTgani warmoidgina, romelsac areopagetikis gavlena etyoboda.
`evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ Cvenamde moRweuli 9 xelnaweridan,
uZvelesis TariRis Sesaxeb mecnierebSi ar aris erTiani azri. k. kekeliZe
da s. kakabaZe X s. miakuTvneben. p. peetersi da r. bleiki ki XIII s.
d.langs SeniSnuli aqvs rom, aristides ,`apologiis~ Semosvla am ZeglSi
da Sesabamisad, Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi somxuri Targmanis saSualebiT
gamoricxulia. raki berZnuli redaqcia IV_VI saukunidan dakargulad
iTvleboda, b. kilanavas azriT, bunebrivi aRmoCndeba anonimis mxriv
siriuli redaqciiT sargebloba (18,205).
S. nucubiZem dasmuli sakiTxi arsebiTad gansxvavebul aspeqtSi
ganixila. man yuradReba miaqcia rufusis mier Sedgenil `petre iberis
cxovrebis~ erT Cvenebas, saxeldobr, bakuris pasuxs sparseTis mefis
winaSe. (bakuri, berZnul wyaroTa cnobiT, friad ganaTlebuli pirovneba
iyo. mas kavSiri hqonda siriuli skolis neoplatonikosebTan). bakuri
Tavis pasuxSi emyareba aristides. (kerZod, rac RmerTisganaa, is ar
SeiZleba iyos RmerTi). aqvea meore pasaJi, romelic exeba adamianis
sargeblobisaTvis mnaTobTa Seqmnas. S. nucubiZes SesaZleblad miaCnia,
bakuri CaiTvalos neoplatonizmis pirvel warmomadgenlad qarTvel
filosofosTa Soris, Tu aristides ,,apologias~ CavTvliT erT_erT mis
mosamzadebel elementad.
aqedan gamomdinare, VI saukuneSi unda veZioT aristides naazrevis
Semosvla qarTul mwerlobaSi. IV saukunidan VI saukunemde qarTvel
mwignobar_moazrovneTaTvis es ,,apologia~ ukve cnobilad unda
CaiTvalos misi codnis faqtis niadagze. rac Seexeba sakuTriv `evstaTi
mcxeTelis wamebaze~ saubars, S. nucubiZe SeniSnavs, rom `apologia~ aq
Sesulia didi pasaJebiT, rac mas afiqrebinebs Txzulebis arsebobas
sruliad qarTuli Targmanis saxiT, anda iseTi fragmentebis saxiT,
romlebic ,,apologiis~ mTel arss gadmogvcemen (18,206).
130
b. kilanavas miaCnia, rom `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaSi~
areopagitikuri nakadis migneba, misi raobis garkveva da masTan kavSirSi,
`martvilobis~ savaraudo avtoris gamovlena, S. nucubiZis saxels
ukavSirdeba. `martvilobaSi~ aseve areklilia fsevdo dionise
areopagelis borotisa da keTilis Teoria, rogorc koncefcia. qriste
da eSmaki gaazrebulia, rogorc keTili da boroti Zalebi. iyo
religiuri sistemebi, romlebic aRiarebdnen orives sawyisierebas. mag:
zoroastrizmi, an mxolod borotisas _ zurvanizmi, an mxolod
keTilisas (mag. Zveli induri materializmi). eSmakis gareSe qriste ar
arsebobs da verc iarsebebs. `evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~ savsea
gamarjvebis paTosiT. borot arsebaTa xasiaTSi aris SemTxveviTi gesli,
romlis sikeTed gadaqceva potenciurad SesaZloa, vinaidan borots
mizezi ar gaaCnia~. `areopagetikis~ RvTaeba uzenaesi sikeTea. is
miuwvdomeli naTelia. ierarqiulad warmodgenili samyaro mis emanacias
warmoadgens. yovel safexurze gafenilia sikeTe. gansxvaveba mis
xarisxSia. adamiani imitomaa wmindani da mis qcevasac azrs aZlevs is
faqti, rom, rom TviT xorcis (borotebis) dapirispirebaa faseuli
sulTan (sikeTesTan) da misi daZleva mxolod rCeulTa xvedria. zogadad
samoTxisa da jojoxeTis gagebas ukavSirdeba rwmena saSineli
gankiTxvisa da qveynis aRsasrulis Sesaxeb. misi safuZveli uZveles
warsulSi devs esqatologiur warmodgenaTa saxiT. gavrcelebuli
TvalsazrisiT, esqatologia esaa eTikur ideebSi gadamtydari
kosmogoniuri Sexeduleba qveynis aRsasrulze, ra drosac sruldeba
umaRlesi neba: borotTa, SecodebulTa gansja da marTalTa dajildoeba.
gansakuTrebiT amas ganaviTarebs iudaizmi da qristianoba. induri
doqtrina samyaros warmoSobisa da Tavis pirvelsawyisTan mis dabrunebis
Sesaxeb sayovelTaod ngrevisa da ganadgurebis aqtiT sruldeba.
iudaizmi, eyrdnoba ra zoroastrizmSi istoriis mistikur gagebas
(ormuzdisa da anhara manius mudmivi dapirispirebis niSniT istoriis
msvleloba), qveynis aRsasruls Tvlis keTilisa da borotis saboloo
ganyofad keTilis sruli gamarjvebiT. qristianoba esqatologiasTan
winaaRmdegobaSi aRmoCnda qristes orgzisi movlenis aRiarebiT:
pirvelad mosvla da meored mosvla. pirvelad RmerTi Semndobi da
131
gamomsyidveli codvaTa, meored mova RmerTi ganmsjeli da ganmkiTxavi
(18, 215-222).
b. kilanavas saeWvod miaCnia azri imis Taobazec, rom zeviT
moxmobili `antimazdeanuri polemikis~ Semcveli cnobili pasaJi
`martvilobaSi~, Tundac arapirdapir ganicdides areopagetikis
ierarqiuli sistemis gavlenas (18,226). k. kekeliZes Tavis `etiudebSi~
SeniSnuli aqvs, rom es monakveTi SesaZloa aristidesgan modiodes (15,50).
s. sigua ki fiqrobs, rom aristidesTan, ise rogorc areopagetikis
avtoris wina drois moazrovnesTan, saganTa ganlageba garkveul
wesrigsaa moklebuli. es wesrigi masSi `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~
anonim avtors Seaqvs. kerZod, anonimTan RmerTi da adamiani dasaxulia
samyaros dasawyisad da dasasrulad, pirvel da bolo mizezebad. maT
Soris garkveuli safexurebia gasavleli, rom RvTis swrafva davides
adamianebamde da piriqiT. TxzulebaSi moxseniebuli `caÁ da queyanaÁ~
miesadageba `areopagetikis~ zeciur da saeklesio ierarqiebs, imijneba
maT Soris sagnebi da sapirispirod dednad nagulisxmevi `apologiisa~,
lagdeba garkveuli wesiT (23,37).
S. nucubiZes miaCnia, rom `aTcamet asurel mamaTagan~ abibos
nekreseli da daviT garejeli `areopagetikas~ naziarebni iyvnen da
SesaZloa, TiToeuli maTgani am mxriv sagangebo muSaobasac eweoda.
amitomaa, rom maT `cxovrebaTa~ teqstebSi SemorCenilia filosofiuri
fragmentebi, romelTac `areopagetikis~ gavlena etyobaT. S.nucubiZe
miiCnevs, rom `evtaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ anonim avtors, saerTo
aqvs asurel mamebTan, gansakuTrebiT abibos nekreselTan, radgan
S.nucubiZe `abibos nekreselis martvilobasa~ da `evstaTi mcxeTelis
martvilobas~ Soris amCnevs garkveul msgavsebas. `abibos nekreselis
martvilobaS~, msgavsad `evstaTis martvilobisa~, zoroastrizmis
moZRvrebis winaaRmdeg gamoyenebulia fizikur_materialisturi xasiaTis
argumentebi. nawarmoebSi xdeba mtkiceba imisa, rom cecxli araa sxva
stiqionebTan SedarebiT araviTari upiratesobis mqone. metic, avtori
fiqrobs, rom wyali ufro mniSvnelovani stiqionia vidre cecxli,
radganac mas SeuZlia daSritos cecxli. S. nucubiZis mier gamoiTqva
132
mosazreba, rom SesaZloa `abibosis martvilobis~ es pasaJi TviT abibosis
Txzulebidan hqondes motanili anonim avtors.
mecnieri fiqrobs, rom SesaZloa anonimi avtori iyos rogorc abibos
nekreseli, ise daviT garejeli, an vinme imave ideologiiT aRzrdili
pirovneba. imdenad didia evstaTis sityvebsa da maT sityvebs Soris
msgavseba. b. kilanavas miaCnia, rom SesaZloa aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi
swori iyos, radgan qarTlSi, areopagetikur moZRvrebas naziarebni
swored asureli mamebi arian. is fiqrobs, rom S.nucubiZis mier
gakvaluli gziT SeiZleba warimarTos am sakiTxis kvleva momavalSic
(ix.18,253).
am or hagiografiul teqsts Soris marTlac arsebobs udavo kavSiri,
razec araerTxel yofila miTiTebuli samecniero literaturaSi. am
naTesaobas amCnevda i.javaxiSvili. s.yubaneiSvilic amCnevda am msgavsebas,
Tumca sapolemiko pasaJebs ar exeboda. l.menabde, iseve rogorc
s.yubaneiSvili, uTiTebda am ori Zeglis msgavs adgilebs, rac vlindeba
dasjis brZanebasa da gvamebis moparvis erTnair aRweraSi.
evstaTisa da abibosis biografiebSic aris ramodenime saerTo xazi,
rac maT erTi ideis or hipostasad warmoaCenT. mag: evstaTi da abibosi
qarTlSi TiTqmis erTdroulad modian (evstaTi _ 541 wels, abibosi _ 543
wels); orive maTgani gamoeqca sarwmunoebriv devnas; oriveni ucxoeTidan
Semodian qarTlSi, mcxeTaSi;EDmaTi sawmunoebrivi aRmsarebloba naTlad
ar aris gamoxatuli; oriveni uaryofen cecxls, rogorc RmerTs.
gansxvaveba Tavs iCens maSin, roca abibosma sakuTari surviliT daSrita
cecxli da SeebrZola mazdeanur rjuls. es moqmedeba rom ara, mas xels
ar axlebdnen. isic sagulisxmoa, rom asurel mamaTa Soris abibosi
erTaderTia, rogorc i.javaxiSvili miuTiTebda, vizec daiwera ara
cxovreba, aramed wameba.
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom abibosma Segnebulad aRwera iseTi
adamianis mowameobrivi sikvdili, visi cxovrebis epizodebi exmianebodnen
misi cxovrebis garkveul monakveTebs, xolo bolos _ Tavisi gmiris
kvaldakval, gaimeora sarwmunoebrivi simamacis aqti. nawarmoebidan
faqtia, rom abibosze Zaldatanebas aravin ar axdenda. man ubralod,
Tavisi nawarmoebis gmiris vaJkacobiT STagonebulma, daanaxa sparselebs
133
is, razec evstaTim Teoriulad ilaparaka. am moqmedebis mTlianobiT
unda Seikras is rkali, romelic arsebobs dasaxelebul or moRvawes
Soris. s. sigua Tvlis, rom abibosi dainteresda misi Tavgadasavlis
msgavsi pirovnebis bediT. ar dakmayofilda biografiis daweriT da
bolos isurva, masaviT Rirseulad daRupuliyo (23,52).
k. kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom `evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~ dawerili
unda iyos VI s. meore naxevarSi, araugvianes, am saukunis 70-iani wlebis
dasawyisisa. s. yubaneiSvilis azriT, Txzuleba unda Seqmniliyo VI s. 80-
ian wlebSi. nawarmoebs VI saukuniT aTariRebda a. harnaki. i.javaxiSvili
anonim avtors evstaTis Tanamedroved miiCnevda. k. kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom
`evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~ unda daweriliyo mcxeTaSi. s. sigua ki
Tvlis, rom abiboss es Txzuleba nekresSi unda daewera. misi azriT,
`evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaSi~ SeiniSneba ra areopagituli
Teologiis gavlena, vinaidan VI s. saqarTveloSi areopagituli ideis
matarebelni mxolod e.w. asureli mamebi iyvnen, areopagitul moZRvrebas
naziarebi nawarmoebic, swored maT wreSi unda daweriliyo. `evstaTis
martvilobasa~ da arsen safarelis `abibos nekreselis martvilobaSi~
mocemuli antimazdeanuri polemikis ideur-Tematuri da frazeologiuri
msgavseba gvafiqrebinebs, rom am meore TxzulebaSi aris ramdenime
Tavisufali amonaridi `evstaTis martvilobis~ teqstidan, rac, sxva
argumentebis gaTvaliswinebiT, iZleva saSualebas, rom `evstaTi
mcxeTelis martvilobis~ avtorad abibos nekreseli miviCnioT (23,52).
Dda bolos unda aRvniSnoT, rom `evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~
metad Sinaarsiani Txzulebaa. is TvalnaTliv gadmogvcems VI saukunis
saqarTvelos: politikur, saeklesio da kulturul istoriasa da
mdgomareobas. Txzulebidan vigebT, rom am dros qarTlSi mefoba
gauqmebulia da qveynis uzenaes gamgeblad iTvleba sparseTis marzpani,
romelic TbilisSi cxovrobs. sparselebi blomad yofilan, rogorc
TbilisSi, ise mcxeTaSi. isini sxvadasxva xelobas misdevdnen. mag:
mexamleobas da mejadagobas. maT hqondaT TavianTi kultis,
cecxlTayvanismcemlobis Sesasruleblad sakuTari siwmindeebi,
romlebSic isini `tozikobdnen~, an dResaswaulebs ixdidnen. Sinaur
saqmeebs sparseli mmarTvelebi adgilobriv aznaurebsac avalebdnen.
134
nawarmoebidan naTelia, rom saqarTveloSi prozelitizmic sakmaod
Zlieri yofila. qarTlis eklesias imxela Zala hqonda, rom qristianobas
iRebdnen xSirad jgufuradac. miuxedavad imisa, rom sparselTaTvis maTi
uzenaesi xelmZRvanelisagan, aseTi prozelitizmi ar iyo nebadarTuli,
isini mainc xdebodnen qristianebi. gaqristianebuli sparselebi,
qristianul RvTismsaxurebas RamiTac aRavlendnen xolme, raTa maT
mmarTvelebs ar SeetyoT. evstaTi mcxeTelic erT_erTi aseTi
gaqristianebuli sparseli gaxldaT, romelic mowameobrivad aResrula
kidec qristesaTvis.
αδ
135
`̀̀̀wminda abibos nekreselis martvilobawminda abibos nekreselis martvilobawminda abibos nekreselis martvilobawminda abibos nekreselis martviloba~~~~
warmarTobasTan polemikis kuTxiT sainteresoa, adreuli periodis,
(IXs.) qarTuli, originaluri hagiografiuli nawarmoebi, `wminda abibos
nekreselis martviloba~, romelSic aristides antimazdeanuri polemikis
filosofiur_Teologiuri debulebebi kidev ufro cxadadaa
gamokveTili.
wminda abibosi qarTlSi `aTcamet~ asurel mamasTan erTad Camovida.
maTi mizani iyo, saqarTveloSi samonastro saqmianobis ganviTarebisaTvis
xelis Sewyoba (23,52). am periodSi qarTlSi sparsTa gavlenaa. Sesabamisad,
maTi religiis, mazdeanobis, RvTismsaxurebac mimdinareobs. abibosma
ganizraxa brZola ewarmoebina sparsTa religiasTan. nekresis episkoposi
abibosi Tavisi qmedebiT ganasaxierebs cecxlTayvanismcemlobis
winaaRmdeg wamoyenebul ZiriTad arguments: sparsel mazdeanTa RvTaebas
_ cecxls Caaqrobs wyliT, ris gamoc mas Tbilisis marzpani awamebs. mas
bralad dasdes: RmerTi mokalio. igi aristides `apologiis~ argumentebs
iSveliebs da umtkicebs marzpans: `RmerTi ara momiklavs, xolo cecxli
davSrite. ara ars RmerTi igi, aramed sxuaTa bunebaTagani ars, erTisa
nivTisagan mcired nawili, romelTagan aRhmarTa RmerTma sofeli ese.
gansworebiT dabadebul arian notiaÁ, civi, Ãmeli da cecxli, romel
erTierTisa mpyrobelobaÁ aqus simrgulesa mas Sina. esreT gansworebiTa
nawilTaÁTa dganan eseni, da ukueTumca erTierTsa aRemata, gan-mca-qarda
meore igi. xolo Tqueni igi cecxli misve cecxlisa bunebisa nawil ars
ÃmeliTa da civiTa, aRmdgomi SeSisa WamiTa myovar Jamier. erTi mcire
wyali davasx, mZle eqmna da mokla igi, rameTu ufroÁs misa ipova wyali
igi. aw mikÂrs Tqueni eseviTari sicofe, viTar ara sircxÂl giCns misi
saxelis-debad RmrTad, romelsa eseodeni suli aqus (rameTu Tqueni ese
cecxli Tquendave mona ars da kerpTa Seuracxis-myofelTa vervis
hxedavs), ukueTu RmerT ars ege? Tquen ityÂT, rameTu odesme Tquensave
sofelsa ganhmzadeT msaxurebaÁ mis kerpisaÁ, romel-igi hqmeniT oqroÁsaÁ.
satanjvelad ganmzadebulsa mas Tquen mier maSindelsa aw RmerTad
ewodebis?!~ (28,45) abibos nekreselis wameba unda momxdariyo 571 wels,
Tumca xelnawerTa mixedviT, am faqts odnav gvian SeiZleba hqonoda
136
adgili. mogvianebiT, vaxtang gorgaslis mier abibosis wminda nawilebi
samTavros eklesiaSi daikrZala.
i. javaxiSvili miiCnevs, rom `abibos nekreselis martviloba~ VI-VII
saukuneebSi Seqmnili Txzulebaa. k. kekeliZe Tvlis, rom `abibos
nekreselis martvilobis~ Tavdapirveli, e.w. `kimenuri~ redaqcia dawera
IX s. meore naxevarSi kaTolikosma arsen didma, safarelma, Tumca, es
Sroma, Tavdapirveli saxiT ar unda iyos Semonaxuli. daaxloebiT XII s-
Si `martviloba~ gadaukeTebia da gadaumuSavebia nekresis romeliRac
episkoposs, im dros gabatonebuli literaturuli gemovnebisa da
mimarTulebis Sesabamisad. metafrasts `martvilobis~ Tavdapirveli
redaqcia zog adgilas Seumoklebia, zogi ram misTvis daumatebia. mag:
prologi, epilogi da teqstis Sua nawilSi msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom
cecxli RmerTi araa. k. kkekeliZes miaCnia, rom arseni IX saukuneSi ver
ixmarda terminebs _ `iveria~ da `saqarTvelo~, rac XI s-ze adre ar
gvxvdeba qarTul mwerlobaSi. mecnieris azriT, metafrass aRebuli aqvs
arsenis Sromis nawili, sxva masala ki Tavad aqvs damatebuli. mecnieris
varaudiT, nawarmoebSi gamoxatuli cecxlTayvanismcemlobis winaaRmdeg
polemikis didi nawili, swored metafrasis wvlili unda iyos (15,53). es
ki `martvilobis~ is adgilia, sadac aristides polemikis gamoZaxili
gvesmis.
k.kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom aristides naazrevebis CarTva TxzulebaSi unda
momdinareobdes ara uSualod aristidesgan, aramed IX s. bizantieli
istorikosis giorgi amartolis Txzulebis, `qronografis~ meSveobiT,
romelic qarTulad iTargmna XII s-Si, `abibos nekreseli martvilobis~
metafrasuli redaqciis Seqmnamde ramdenime aTeuli wliT adre da
romelic, k. kekeliZes, `abibos nekreselis martvilobis~ teqstis erT-
erT mTavar wyarod miaCnda. k. kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom giorgi amartolis
`qronografidan~ amoRebuli aristides `apologiis~ polemikuri pasaJis
`martvilobis~ teqstSi CarTva, metafrasti mwerlis naxelavi unda iyos
XII s_Si da ara arsen safarelis. amas mecnieri Semdegi sabuTebis
safuZvelze asabuTebs. paeqrobis arsi: abibosi eubneba marzpans, rom man
daSrita cecxli, romelic RmerTi ar aris. amis Semdgom, sruliad
bunebrivi iqneboda, rom ganrisxebul marzpans umalve daesaja abibosi.
137
metafrasti ki am sityvebs Soris rTavs filosofiur traqtats cecxlis
Sesaxeb, rac k. kekeliZis azriT, aucilebeli ar unda yofiliyo. 2.
giorgi amartolis `qronografi~ dawerilia 866-887 wlebSi. arsen didi
kaTolikosad Cans daaxloebiT 860-887 wlebSi. rTuli gasagebi unda iyos
is faqti, rom 20 weliwadSi `qronografi~ iseTi cnobili gaxda, rom man
arsen didamde miaRwia. metic, man gamoiyena es Txzuleba. 3. teqstis enis
da stilis mixedviTac Cans, rom nawarmoebi XI-XII saukuneebis
metafrasuli mimdinareobis dogmatikur_filosofiuri Txzulebebis
stilisa da enis xasiaTs atarebs. Txzulebis Tavdapirvel, arsen
safariseul (860-887) da, miTumetes, kimenur redaqciaSi am pasaJis
arseboba logikurad gamoricxulia, radgan TviT `qronografi~
qarTulad iTargmna XII s. damdegs arsen iyalToelis mier. k. kekeliZem es
Tvalsazrisi ganamtkica agreTve iseTi faqtebiTac, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, Txzulebis kompoziciuri mxare, polemikis rTuli stili
(rac Semdgomi, metafrasuli periodisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli), aseve
zogierTi leqsikuri erTeuli, rac aseve gviani periodidan dasturdeba
(15, 54).
k.kekeliZe erTmaneTs adarebs `martvilobisa~ da `qronografis~
Sesabamis polemikur pasaJebs. mecnieri miiCnevs, rom giorgi amartoli
mogviTxrobs kerpTayvanismcemlobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, rac aristides
`apologiis~ mTavari Temaa. sagulisxmoa, rom `qronografSi~ aristides
`apologiis~ msgavsad gakritikebulni arian: qaldevelebi, elinebi,
egviptelebi. mecnieri fiqrobs, rom `qronografis~ im adgilebTan
paralels, romlebSic Cven aristides gamoZaxili gvesmis, sxvadasxva
saeklesio mwerlis (aTanase aleqsandrielis, Teodorite kvirelis, nones,
paladi elenopolelis) TxzulebebSic pouloben, rac kekeliZis azriT
imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom giorgi amartoli `qronografSi~ aristides
garda sxva wyaroebsac iyenebs da sxvadasxva saeklesio mweralTa
Txzulebebis meSveobiT, an maT gverdiT, gamoyenebulia aristides
`apologiac~. aristides Txzulebis gamoyeneba moulodneli ar unda
iyos, radgan verc erTi mwerali, romelic warmarTobis gakritikebas da
qristianobis dacvas daisaxavda miznad, gverds ver auvlida aristides
138
klasikur apologetikur_polemikur krebuls, Tu misTvis es
xelmisawvdomi iqneboda (15,53).
sagulisxmoa, rom `abibos nekreselis martvilobidan~ amoRebuli
polemikuri pasaJi, zogierTma mkvlevarma qarTuli filosofiis
istoriaSi Seitana. am kuTxiT damaxasiaTebelia i. fancxavas gamokvleva:
“Рассмотрение Платоновой Философии и Прокла Диадоха”. k. kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom
`abibos nekreselis martviloba~ ganicdis aristoteles
naturfilosofiis gavlenas. amaze metyvelebs giorgi amartolis
polemikis mTeli sabunebismetyvelo nawili, romelic martvilobaSia
CarTuli. (aristoteles mixedviT arsebobs TvisebaTa ori wyvili: Tbili
da civi, xmeli da notio. amaTgan miiReba oTxi stiqia(elementi): miwa,
wyali, haeri da cecxli. mag: xmelisa Tbilisagan warmoiSoba cecxli. am
elementebis sxvadasxva proporciiT SesaZloa warmoiqmnas yvela nivTi
dedamiwaze. k.kekeliZeE Tvlis, rom aristoteles Sesabamisi pasaJebi
uSualod aristotelesgan ar gadmoaqvs giorgi amartols. am SemTxvevaSi
mas ioane damaskelis `gardamocemiT~ unda esargebla. (moZRvreba 4
stiqiis Sesaxeb, rogorc cnobilia empedokles mier Camoyalibebuli
moZRvrebaa, romelic Sua saukuneebs aristoteles meSveobiT gadaeca)
(15,57).
s. sigua k. kekeliZisgan gansxvavebiT miiCnevs, rom antimazdeanuri
traqtati ar tovebs `martvilobis~ teqstSi CanarTis STabeWdilebas,
vinaidan is fabulis ganviTarebis ganuyreli nawilia, kulminaciuri
wertilia, rasac kvanZis gaxsna mohyveba abibosis dasjis saxiT. avtorma
cecxlis daSretiT Sekra, xolo misi Teoriuli uaryofiT gaxsna kvanZi.
aq erTi mTliani procesia moqmedebis ganviTarebisa, romelic SesaZloa
wyvetilia, magram es ar SeiZleba principad aviRoT, ramdenadac
nawarmoebis xarisxis gamoxatulebaa da ara kompoziciuri wyobisa.
amasTan, es pasaJi s.siguas azriT, motivirebulia teqstis Sinagani
logikiTac. es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa `martvilobis~ bibliur
perifrazTan dakavSirebiT. mecnieris azriT gaWianurebuli Txroba
hagiografis mxatvrul ostatobaze, esTetikur gemovnebasa da samwerlo
Sexedulebebze metyvelebs (23,43).
139
s. sigua k. kekeliZis mosazrebis sapirispirod miiCnevs, rom
`xronografisa~ da `abibosis martvilobis~ paraleluri teqstebis
Sedareba, erTis meorisgan momdinareobas ar mowmobs. mecnieris azriT,
polemikur pasaJSi Sesuli leqsikur erTeulTa nawili, romlebic
gviandeli periodis movlenadaa miCneuli k. kekeliZis mier, (k. kekeliZe
im sityvebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic `martvilobis~ teqstSi gvxvdeba,
rac XI_XII saukuneebSi Semovida qarTul mwerlobaSi, Txzulebas amave
periodSi Seqmnilad miiCnevs. mag: aRmarTa, gansworebiT, aRdgomili, ukue
Tu, bunebaTagani nivTi, simrgule da a.S.) gamovlinda adreul ZeglebSic
(`SuSanikis wamebis~ CaTvliT). xolo stilisturi sirTule, umTavresad
dednis Tvisebad CaiTvala. amitom, s. siguas, am sityvebis teqstSi
xmarebiT nawarmoebis daTariReba arasworad miaCnia, radgan es sityvebi
wina saukuneebis ZeglebSic ikiTxeba. motanil citatebs Soris igrZnoba
mxolod Sinaarsobrivi kavSiri da ara: leqsikuri, frazeologiuri,
sintaqsuri da sxva stiluri msgavsebani.
s. siguam ganmeorebiT Seadara martvilobis polemikuri pasaJi
`qronografis~ nawyvetebs da maT Soris bevri sxvaoba naxa. kerZod: a)
`wamebaSi~ saubaria cecxlze, rogorc “erTisa nivTisagan mcired
nawilze, romelTagan aRhmarTa RmerTman sofeli ese”, xolo
`qronografSi~ saubaria cecxlis monawileobiT ara saerTod
materialuri samyaros, aramed mxolod `ÃorcTa guamTa~ bunebis Seqmnaze;
b) `wamebaSi~: oTx elements `erTi-erTisa mpyrobelobaÁ aqus simrgulesa
mas Sina~ `gansworebiTa nawilTaÁTa~ da Tu erTi elementi meores
aRemateba, maSin meorec ganqarvdes. `qronografSi~ ubralod urTierT
gayofazea saubari da ara Sinagan disproporciaze. g) `wamebaSi~
xazgasmulia wylis Zala cecxlis mimarT, xolo `qronografSi~,
ormxrivi moqmedebaa miTiTebuli: `mxurvale grilisa mier daixsnebis~ da
piriqiT _ `grili mxurcalisa mier uCino iqmnebis~; d) cecxlis
araRvTaebriobis dasadastureblad `wameba~ xazs usvams im garemoebas,
rom mas suli ar gaaCnia da igi adamianisadmia daqvemdebarebuli, xolo
`qronografi~ imave azrs elementTa Soris `Sewevnis moqeneobisa~ da
`daugebelad brZolis~ aqtiT xsnis.
140
s. sigua fiqrobs, rom saeWvo faqtia, XIIUs-Si vinmes gaelaSqra
mazdeanobis winaaRmdeg, radgan VII-VIII ss. is islamma ganaiaraRa da
rogorc ideuri Zala mospo. iv.javaxiSvili miiCnevda, rom IX saukuneSic
ukve aravis ar hqonda realuri warmodgena cecxlTayvanismcemlobaze
da mas kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan aigivebdnen. siguas azriT, Zneli
dasajerebelia, rom XII s. sasuliero pirs an saero moRvawes ieriSi
mietana mazdeanobaze. Tanac ise mtkice da mkacri argumentebiT, rogorc
es antimazdeanur pasaJSia mocemuli. arsen safareli ver gamoiyenebda
Tavisi TxzulebisaTvis giorgi `amartolis~ xronografs, radgan isini
erTdroulad moRvaweoben da qmnian aRniSnul Zeglebs. es miTumetes
WeSmariti gaxdeba, Tu p.ingoroyvas varauds davujerebT, romlis
mixedviTac, arsen I didi safareli kaTolikosobda 845/50-872/77 ww.
bunebrivia, 866-867 ww. bizantiaSi dawerili TxzulebebisaTvis mas,
mcxeTaSi myofs, xeli ver miuwvdeboda (23,46).
Tu giorgi amartolis `qronografs~, rogorc `abibosis
martvilobaSi~ Senaxul antimazdeanuri traqtatis wyaros gamovricxavT,
ismis kiTxva: ra gziT unda gacnoboda anonimi avtori iseT Txzulebas,
romelic teqsts miscemda antimazdeanur JReradobas.
s. siguas miaCnia, rom arsen safarels, aristides `apologiis~
gacnoba somxuri mwerlobis meSveobiT SeeZlo, saidanac saWiro cnobebi
moaqvs traqtatSi `ganyofisaTvis qarTlisa da somxiTisa~.
s.siguam yuradReba gaamaxvila im faqtze, rom `martvilobaSi~
antimazdeanuri polemika masSi Semavali filosofiuri fragmentebiT,
warmoTqmulia abibosis mier da msgavs sakiTxebs avtoriseuli Txroba ar
icnobs. es traqtati Sinaarsobrivi argumentirebiT, gamoirCeva
`martvilobis~ sxva adgilebisagan, Tumca is kompoziciis aucilebeli
komponentia da gaaCnia funqcionaluri Rirebuleba dramatizmis
misaRwevad. S. nucubiZis da S.xidaSelis mosazrebaze dayrdnobiT,s. sigua
miiCnevs, rom es antimazdeanuri monakveTi TxzulebaSi unda iyos
amonaridi abibosis romeliRac savaraudo Txzulebidan. (xidaSels da
nucubiZes es Txzuleba ar daukonkretebiaT.) k. kekeliZec, rogorc zeviT
iTqva, am polemikur monakveTs Semdegdroindel CanarTad miiCnevs misi
gansxvavebuli stilis gamo. faqtia, rom traqtati safarels ar ekuTvnis.
141
s.sigua Tvlis, rom es polemikuri pasaJi aris amonaridi `evstaTi
mcxeTelis martvilobidan~. s. siguam erTmaneTs Seudara `abibosis
martvilobisa~ da `evstaTis martvilobis~ polemikuri pasaJebi da
miuTiTa maT Soris msgavsebaze. man aCvena ara marto azrobrivi, aramed
teqstobrivi damTxvevani. miRebuli Sedegebi man Seadara qarTuli
sasuliero mwerlobis analogiur SemTxvevebs. Cans, rom hagiografiul
ZeglTa personaJi mwerlebi, avtorTa mier daxasiaTebulni arian maTive
saliteraturo memkvidreobidan sagangebo pasaJebis moSveliebiT. raki
abibos nekreseli misi `wamebis~ avtors daxasiaTebuli hyavs “evstaTis
martvilobis” erT-erTi ZiriTadi pasaJiT, es garemoeba mkvlevars
afiqrebinebs, rom am ukanasknelis avtori igive abibos nekreselia (23,49).
sainteresoa `abibosis martvilobaSi~ dadasturebuli sxva magaliTic.
kerZod, dasasjelad mimavali abibosi mcxeTaSi Sios etyvis: `locva yav
mamao, rameTu usjuloni ese sparsni ganZÂndes Cven zeda ampartavnebiTa
TÂsiTa, rameTu daipyres sofeli ese Cueni. Sen uwyi, rameTu babilovni
maradis kerpT-mawyevel ars da Ronis-meZiebel arian, raÁTamca yovelni
kacni Tayuanis-aceminnes kerpTa. da awca maT usjuloTa misTa saxed
egulebis, raÁTamca kualad ganages bade da Seayennes kacni da Tayuanis-
aceminnes cecxlsa~ (28,244). b. kilanavas SexedulebiT, am pasaJs ormxrivi
mniSvneloba aqvs: jer erTi, is pirvelxarisxovan cnobas Seicavs asurel
mamaTa qarTuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, radgan isini `qarTls~ TavianT
`sofels~ uwodeben, xolo, qarTvelTa ubedurebas, sakuTar Tavze
damtydar ubedurebas. SesaZloa abibosi Sios im viTarebasac amcnobdes,
rac `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobaSia~ asaxuli (18,259). adarebs ra
s.sigua orive teqstis Sesabamis adgilebs erTmaneTs, miiCnevs, rom am
adgilebs Soris msgavsebasTan erTad, gansxvavebac gvxvdeba. `evtaTi
mcxeTelis martvilobis~ polemika moicavs Semdeg sakiTxebs: 1.
cecxlis(RmerTis) daSreta; 2. wylis upiratesoba cecxlze; 3. cecxlis
daniSnuleba. `abibosis martvilobis~ saTanado pasaJi aseTia: 1.
cecxlis(RmerTis) daSreta; 2. cecxlis, viTarca RmerTis uaryofa 4
elementis moZRvrebiT; 3. wylis upiratesoba cecxlze; 4. cecxlis
adamianisadmi daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareoba. s.siguas azriT, gansxvavebas
qmnis 4 elementis moZRvrebis gadmocema da gamoyeneba, Tumca S.nucubiZe
142
SeniSnavs, rom aq msgavseba udavoa. p. ingoroyva miiCnevs, rom orive
Zeglis avtori iyenebs am moZRvrebas. s. sigua Tvlis, rom `evstaTis
martvilobaSi~ aristoteles fizikisa da logikis elementebi aristides
gziTaa Sesuli. aq unda Candes empedokles moZRvrebis Soreuli
anareklic. ( wyali da cecxli am sistemis mixedviT dapirispirebuli
stiqiebi arian). saTanado adgilas mas emateba stiqionTa sami sawyisi _
civi, xmeli, notio. TvisebaTa am sawyisebs daerTvis cecxlic, rogorc
samyaros Semadgeneli elementi. aristotelesTan cecxli elementia ( da
ara TvisebaTa sawyisi) haerTan, wyalTan da miwasTan erTad. mecnieris
azriT, safiqrebelia, rom am pasaJis Semdegdroindel gadamwers ar
hqonda zusti warmodgena am moZRvrebaze.
S. nucubiZis dakvirvebiT, `evstaTis wamebis~ avtori da abibos
nekreseli aristoteles moZRvrebis mimdevrebi arian. aseve sayuradReboa
`evstaTis wamebaSi~ gamovlenili areopagetuli ideis gavlenis gameoreba
`abibosis martvilobis~ teqstSi. `abibosis martvilobis~ polemikur
traqtatSi SeimCneva warmodgena msoflio wyobis da am msoflioSi
erTgvari mizanSewonilobis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb, rac mis
safexurebriv wyobaSi xorcieldeba. sagulisxmoa, rom analogiuri
areopagetuli Sexedulebis gavlenis gamomxatvelia `evtaTis
martvilobis~ is pasaJi, romelSic ierarqiulobis principi SeigrZnoba.
es kidev erTxel gvarwmunebs, rom es sapolemiko traqtati amonaridia
`evstaTi mcxeTelis~ martvilobidan. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac,
rom orive ZeglSi polemika warmoebs pirveli piriT, romelic
nawarmoebis mTavari personaJia da situaciebic erTnairadaa moxazuli.
sapolemiko traqtatebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs s. sigua xsnis
Semdegnairad. misi azriT, arsen safareli `evtaTi mcxeTelis
martvilobidan~ sityvasityviT ar iRebs teqsts. is xelnawerebi, romelic
polemikas Seicaven, XVII-XVIII saukuneebisaa. aseve gviani periodis
xelnaweriT SemogvrCa `evstaTis martvilobis~ teqsti. amis gamo,
SeuZlebelia adreuli variantebi Sedardes erTmaneTs. `abibosis wameba~
XII s-Si gadaametafrases. am periodSi, iseve rogorc prolog_epilogi,
iseve unda Secvliliyo cecxlTayvanismcemlobis sawinaaRmdego
traqtatic. `abibosis martvilobis~ teqstis rTuli, terminologiuri
143
metyveleba, gansxvavebiT `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ sada
sasaubro stilisa, im periodis maxasiaTebeli unda iyos. iseve rogorc,
XII s-Si qarTul mwerlobaSi gavrcelebuli 4 elementiT moZRvrebis
gaSla da polemikuri paTosis maRalfardovani frazebiT warmodgena.
erTi sityviT, `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~ kimenuri pasaJi
gadametafrasebul iqna `abibosis wamebaSi~ (23,50).
xSir SemTxvevaSi `abibos nekreselis martvilobis~ avtori ucvlelad
iRebs frazebs `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobidan~. sainteresoa, amdeni
Sesworebisa da gadaweris Semdeg, rogor darCa traqtatSi ramdenime
saerTo fraza, rogorc stereotipuli gamoTqma? SesaZloa davuSvaT,
rom arsen safarelma TxzulebisaTvis polemikuri da ideur_mxatvruli
Rirebulebis misacemad Caidina erTgvari literaturuli qurdoba, rac
s.siguas azriT gamoricxuli unda iyos: 1. V-X ss. qarTul mwerlobaSi ar
aris cnobili sxvisi naSromis miTvisebis faqti, an Tundac amis cda. 2.
literaturaSi ar dawyebula brZola saxelis mosaxveWad. 3. Txzulebas
qarTlis kaTalikosi arseni wers erT-erT asurel mamaze, xolo am
asurelTa gundSi unda imyofebodes `evstaTis wamebis~ avtoric. s.sigua
fiqrobs, rom arsen safarelma, werda ra abibosis wamebis ambavs, Tavad
abibosis Txzulebidan aiRo iseTi pasaJi, romelic zustad daaxasiaTebda
abibos nekresels, rogorc qristes mrwamsis erTgulebisTvis daRupuls,
riTac ufro gamoikveTeboda am asureli mamis saxe (23,51).
mecnierTa daskvnebis safuZvelze miviCnevT, rom `abibos nekreselis
martvilobaSi~, berZnul mwerlobaSi OVI s-dan gamqraliAaristides
`apologiis~ polemikuri debulebebi unda Sesuliyo ara giorgi
amartolis `qronografidan~, aramed `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~
saSualebiT, romlis avtoradac abibos nekreseli ivaraudeba.
144
`̀̀̀raJden pirvelmowamis martvilobaraJden pirvelmowamis martvilobaraJden pirvelmowamis martvilobaraJden pirvelmowamis martviloba~~~~
polemika mazdeizmis winaaRmdeg naCvenebia originalur qarTul
hagiografiul ZeglSi, `raJden pirvelmowamis martviloba~. qarTuli
eklesiis martvilebidan, wminda raJdeni miCneulia pirvel wmindanad.
raJdeni gaxldaT sparsTa maRali sazogadoebidan. igi mivlinebul iqna
qarTlSi, rogorc mefe vaxtang gorgasalis Svilis aRmzrdeli. vaxtang
gorgasalTan yofnis dros raJdeni gaecno qristianobis arss da
moinaTla kidec qristianad. Semdgom amisa, raJdeni Sahis brZanebiT
daapatimres. igi mainc ar gatyda da erTgulad icavda Tavis religias,
qristianobas. amis Semdgom is jvarze gaakres da mokles. mogvianebiT ki
misi wminda nawilebi niqozis eklesiaSi miabrZanes. am nawarmoebSic
aSkarad igrZnoba aristides `apologiis~ pasaJebis gamoyeneba. rodesac
sparsTa mefem is winaparTa religiis RalatSi amxila da uTxra mas:
`ratom miatove mamapapuri cecxli, WeSmariti sarwmunoeba da mze,
romelic anaTebs da axla sxvebs emsaxurebi?~ amaze raJdenma ase upasuxa:
`eh, me mivatove Cemi winaparTa sjuli. me aRar vaRmerTeb anTebul
cecxls, arc mzes, romelic ar emsaxureba adamianebs. me vaRiareb
cocxal RmerTs, romelic aris caSi da dedamiwazec. romelic xilulia
da amavdroulad uCinaric. romelic ukvdavia~. SemdgomSi agrZelebs ase:
`ratom moiTxovT Tqve urwmunoebo, rom mivatovo WeSmariti RmerTi da
vemsaxuro cecxls~ (22,171).
es martviloba laTinurad Targmnilia p.peetersis mier. rogorc
martvilobidan Cans, raJdenis gmiruli ambavi, misi mxneoba da gamZleoba
Zvelad ar iyo aRwerili. avtorma Zveli masala ki ar gadaakeTa, aramed
axali Sroma Seqmna im dros gabatonebuli metafrasuli stiliT.
TxzulebaSi didi adgili aqvs daTmobili Sedarebebs da paeqrobas.
k.kekeliZis mosazrebiT, avtors xelT unda hqonoda pirveli krebuli
qarTveli matianeebisa `cxovrebani qarTvelTani~, saidanac usargeblia
mas vaxtang gorgaslisa da sparselTa Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis
faqtebiT, ramac imsxverpla raJdeni. avtors xelT hqonia aseve `daviTisa
da konstantines martviloba~. amgvar faqtebze dayrdnobiT, k. kekeliZis
azriT, nawarmoebi dawerili unda iyos XII s-is meore naxevarSi (17,509).
145
aaaaristides ristides ristides ristides `̀̀̀apologiaapologiaapologiaapologia~~~~
qristianobam swored maSin daiwyo gavrceleba romaul samyaroSi,
rodesac mas gansakuTrebiT sdevnidnen da Cirqs scxebdnen. mis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli mTavari braldeba iyo aTeizmi, anu RmerTebis Tayvaniscemis
ugulvebelyofa. kerZod, samoqalaqo kanonebis sawinaaRmdegod,
qristianebi uars ambobdnen Tayvani ecaT imperiis RmerTebisaTvis da
aRiarebdnen romauli senatisaTvis miuRebel religias. saxelmwifos
gagebiT, swored isini iyvnen aTeistebi, bralad edebodaT akrZaluli
religiis (religio illicita) aRiareba da aqedan gamomdinare isini iTvlebodnen
saxelmwifosa da misi fundamentaluri institutebis mtrebad. im
periodis inteleqtualebi da politikosebi qristianebs gulgrilobaSi
adanaSauleben. magaliTisTvis ambobdnen, rom isini: `ufrTxildebian
TavianT saqmian interesebs da mxedvelobaSi ar iReben saxelmwifos
ayvavebisaTvis zrunvas. isini gaurbian am cxovrebas momavali
cxovrebisaTvis.~ isini miiCneodnen cud da saxelmwifosaTvis uvargis
moqalaqeebad (53,1-2).
apologetebis saxeliT, moixseneben mweralTa im jgufs, gansakuTrebiT
II saukunisas, romlebic miznad isaxavdnen daecvaT qristianebi maT
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli braldebebisagan, raTa mieRwiaT samoqalaqo
kanonmdeblobiT gamarTlebuli tolerantobisaTvis da daemtkicebinaT
qristianTa bralmdeblebisaTvis, rom qristianuli religia iyo
erTaderTi WeSmariti religia.
apologetebis mTavari misia iyo yvela braldebis gabaTileba da Cveneba
imisa, rom qristianobas aqvs arsebobis ufleba. amis dasamtkiceblad,
maTi mTavari mizani iyo qristianobis ara negatiuri, aramed pozitiuri
mxareebis Cveneba. maT unda mieRwiaT, rom qristianuli religia
warmoeCinaT, rogorc WeSmariti da srulyofili religia. amgvarad,
bizantieli apologetebi upirispirdebodnen antikur paganizms
(warmarTobas). qristianuli religiis upiratesobis dasamtkiceblad,
aucilebeli iyo warmoCeniliyo is kontrasti, romelic arsebobda
saxelmwifo religiasa da qristianobas Soris.
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apologetebis naSromebi iyo ara mxolod braldebiTi xasiaTis,
aramed amxsneli da ganmartebiTi, aseve SedarebiTi. apologetebi
direqtivebs aZlevdnen nawilobriv warmarTebs, nawilobriv ebraelebs.
pirveli, kerZod SeniSvnebi warmarTebis mimarT, SeiZleba davyoT 3
jgufad. 1. SeniSvnebi mimarTuli iyo senatis da imperatoris misamarTiT.
antoniusis dinastiis imperatorebi maT uyurebdnen, rogorc
TavSekavebul filosofosebs, romelTa Sorisac filosofosebi,
rogoricaa iustiniane da aTenagora, iTvlebodnen SeniSvnebis, naTqvamis
mimRebad. es iyo sajaro, Ria tipis, Ria werilis formis naSromi
imperatorebisaTvis, rasac imperatorebi an iTvaliswinebdnen, an ara. 2.
meore jgufis apologiebi mimarTuli iyo uSualod xalxis misamarTiT.
rogoricaa, mag: `saubrebi berZnebTan~( II-III s) 3. mesame klasi _
apologeturi da literaturuli. esaa konkretuli individualebis
mimarT Seqmnili apologiebi. mag: `sami wigni antioqieli Teofilos
avtolikosis mimarT~ da diognetosis `epistole~. rac Seexeba ebraelebis
misamarTiT Seqmnil apologiebs, SeiZleba davasaxeloT: `wminda
iustinianes dialogi trifosTan~. am tipis apologiebSi Warbobs axsniTi
da demonstraciuli stili. naTqvamia rom, ebraelma xalxma gamoiara
uamravi gansacdeli, rac unda warsuls Cabardes da isini aRar unda
gamovidnen qristianobis winaaRmdeg da ar unda daadanaSaulon
qristianebi mmarTvelobis winaSe. ebraelTaTvis mimarTul nawerebSi,
apologetebi naklebad cdiloben upasuxon maT braldebebs, isini
cdiloben daarwmunon ebraelebi ieso qristes RvTaebriobaSi, mis mesiur
bunebaSi da daanaxon iesos RvTaebrivi religiis WeSmariteba. maTi
saboloo mizani iyo, eCvenebinaT iesos mesianisturi koncefcia da amis
saCveneblad, maT saRmrTo winaswarmewtyvelebidan mohyavdaT uamravi
argumenti. maT mier wminda nawerebis srulyofili codna ki, ukeT
asabuTebda maT mizns. literaturuli kuTxiT, apologetebis nawerebi
aRemateba apostoli mamebis naSromebs. zogierTma apologetma avtorma
iswavla skolaSi, Seiswavla filosofia da SemdgomSi garkveulwilad,
qristianobasac moergo. Tumca, isini kvlavac rCebodnen filosofosebad.
isini Txrobis stiliTac gamoirCevian, riTac sofistebs mogvagoneben.
xSirad aseTi tipis nawerebi aris Zalian eqstensiuri, exeba moraluri da
147
dogmatikuri Teologiis yvelaze mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs. isini arian
pirveli mercxlebi eklesiis wiaRSi Seqmnili samecniero Teologiisa
(53,3).
CvenTvis cnobilia II saukunis daaxloebiT 12 apologeti. amaT garda
aris daaxloebiT 5 apologeti, romelTa naSromebi an mTlianad
dakargulia, an mxolod nawyvetebia SemorCenili. maT Sorisaa
kvadratusi, romelSic zogierTi mkvlevari amoicnobs eusebiosTan
moxmobili kvadratusis samwerlo stils. am ukanasknelma, imperator
adrianes (117-138 w.) warudgina apologia, romelic eusebiosma waikiTxa da
romlidanac mas mohyavs erTi winadadeba. sainteresoa, Cvenamde moRweuli
pirveli traqtati ebraelTa winaaRmdeg, romelic Seqmnilia daaxloebiT
140 w. kamaTi `iasonsa da papiskoss~ Soris qristes gamo. aq iasoni,
qristiani winaswarmetyveli, gamodis aleqsandrieli ebraelis, papiskosis
winaaRmdeg. is umtkicebs papiskoss, rom ieso aris RmerTis Svili. es
mcire Sroma, origenes nawerebSi damowmebuli, gaxda mogvianebiT kvlav
polemikis sagani. nawarmoebi miewereba aristo peilaevss (53,5).
mniSvnelovania Altercatio Simoni-s “Judaei et Theophili Christiani”, romelic mcire
aziisaTvis Seiqmna daaxloebiT (160-193 w) da evagrios miltiadesma
gamoitana saaSkaraoze. man aseve Seqmna 3 apologia. eusebiosi
gadmogvcems, rom erTi iyo berZnebis winaaRmdeg Seqmnili, meore
ebraelebis, mesame satanebis mociqulebis misamarTiT. apologiebi
filosofiuri Janris unda yofiliyo, Tumca maTgan araferia Semonaxuli.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas apolinariosze, romelic gaxldaT hierapolisis
frigieli episkoposi. igi SemoqmedebiTi TvalsazrisiT zenitSi iyo
markus avreliusis periodSi (161-180 w.aR). eusebiosisagan viciT, rom is
iyo avtori am imperatoris mimarT miZRvnili apologiisa, romelic
miekuTvneba (172w). manve Seqmna 5 wigni berZnebis winaaRmdeg, 2 wigni
rwmenis Sesaxeb, romelic apologiad moisazreboda da 2 wigni ebraelTa
mimarT. unda aRiniSnos melitonis filosofiuri traqtatis Sesaxeb,
romelic mimarTuli unda iyos markus avreliusis winaaRmdeg. es avtori
unda yofiliyo sardinieli episkoposi. Tavdapirveli originali siriul
enaze unda Seqmniliyo (53,6).
148
adreuli qristianuli literaturidan pirvel rigSi unda gamovyoT
aristide da kvadratusi. maTi apologiebi dakargulad miiCneoda.
cnobilia, rom isini iyvnen rwmenis damcveli adamianebi. gavrcelebuli
xmebis mixedviT, kvadratusma Tavad naxa iesos mier jadosnurad
gankurnebuli adamianebi. amasTan dakavSirebiT bevri ramis Tqma SeiZleba.
amavdroulad, iustine martirosi, romelic SemoqmedebiT zenitSi iyo
(150w. Cv.w.aR), asaxelebs apologetebs, romelTa naSromebic cnobili iyo
farTo masebisaTvis: mag: tatianosi, melitoni, aTenagora, Teofilos
antioqieli, diogenesadmi mimarTuli epistoles avtori. isini yvela II
saukunes miekuTvnebodnen da werdnen berZnulad. aseve asaxelebs:
tertulianuss, minucius feliqss, arnobiuss, laqtantiuss, romlebic
werdnen laTinurad. aseve: klementis, origenes, romlebic aseve
berZnulad werdnen. es mwerlebi cdilobdnen, romis imperiaSi
warmoeCinaT da gamoeaSkaravebinaT qristianobis da qristianTa
uaryofiTi mxareebi. xotba SeesxaT da win wamoewiaT magistrebi da
mmarTvelebi, rogorc namdvili gmirebi da exelmZRvanelaT da
mimarTuleba miecaT axali religiis mimdevrebisaTvis. mmarTvelTa
danaSauli da maT mier ubralo xalxis devna daefaraT da
SeelamazebinaT, an saerTod uareyoT. es mwerlebi cdilobdnen
qristianTaTvis miecaT ironiuli tituli `ganaTlebulebi
gaunaTleblebs Soris~. qristiani mwerlebi ki amis paralelurad
warmoaCendnen poliTeizmis uazrobas, aCvenebdnen ra, mis saSinel
gavlenas moralze. swored qristian_morwmuneTa am jgufidanaa
warmoadgenili aristidec, romelsac apologiis dargSi erT-erT
pionerad aRiqvamdnen, msgavsad iustinus martirosisa (53,6).
yvelaze adreuli apologeti, romlis naSromic dRes srulad
mogvepoveba, gaxlavT aristide _ aTeneli filosofosi. im TxzulebaTa
Soris, romlebic literaturul brZolas awarmoebdnen warmarTobis
sxvadasxva saxesTan, maT Soris mazdeizmTan, aristides `apologia~,
yvelaze adrindeli da mniSvnelovani Txzulebaa.
ra vicodiT aristideze aqamde? rogor aRmoCnda misi dakarguli
`pologia~?Aaristides Sesaxeb biografiuli cnobebi ar Senaxula. viciT
mxolod, rom is yofila aTenSi gamoCenili filosofosi, mere
149
qristianul rwmenaze gadasula da miznad dausaxavs Tavisi niWi, codna
da ganaTleba gamoeyenebina qristianobis dasacavad. am mizniT mas
Seuqmnia SesaniSnavi `apologia~, romelic 125 w. maxloblad miurTmevia
imperator adreanesTvis (meore TvalsazrisiT adresati iyo imperatori
antoninus piusi). imperators `apologia~ gulTbilad miuRia. es imiT
aixsneba, rom adriane iyo im imperatorTaA rigebSi, romlebic SedarebiT
loialurad iyvnen ganwyobili qristianobisadmi da maTi moRvaweobis
periodSi, qristianebi maTi uSualo brZanebiT ar idevnebodnen qveynidan
(15,44).
Tavdapirvel monacemebs aristideze da mis `apologiaze~ gvawvdis
eklesiis istorikosi, eusebiosi. eusebiosi (306-383w.), Tavis `eklesiis
istoriaSi~, romelic konstantines mmarTvelobis dros daiwera,
gamoyofs Tavs, saTauriT `avtorebi, romlebic werdnen rwmenis dasacavad
imperator adrianes mmarTvelobis dros~ (117-188 w. Cv.w.aR.). sagulisxmoa,
rom eusebiosi ara mxolod aRwers im `apologiis~ Sinaarss, romelic
imperator adrianes vinme kvadratusma warudgina, aTenSi misi erT-erTi
vizitis dros, aramed Sinaarsobrivad gvawvdis Zlier, amaRelvebel
winadadebebs apologetisas, sakmariss imisTvis darwmunde, rom
`apologia~ Seqmnilia ara rogorc ubralo traqtati warmarTobis
winaaRmdeg, aramed, nawarmoebi, Seqmnili dalagebuli stiliT,
seriozuli argumentebiTa da sulieri mRelvarebiT. kvadratusis
`apologiis~ aRwerisa da citirebis Semdgom is wers, rom `aseve
aristidem, kacma rwmeniT miZRvnilma religiisadmi, Cven Riad vaRiarebT,
kvadratusis msgavsad Seqmna da datova rwmenis dasacavi naSromi,
mimarTuli imperator adreanes mimarT. es naSromic, SesaZloa Senaxulia
dRevandlamde~. eusebiosis monacemebSi aSkarad igrZnoba sarwmuno
literaturuli wyaroebis ukmarisoba. Tavis `saeklesio istoriaSi~ da
`qronikaSi~, eusebioss ar aqvs warmodgenili aranairi nawyveti aristides
`apologiidan~. is mxolod samagaliTod gviCvenebs aristide
filosofosis weris stils da `apologiis~ avtorad aristides miiCnevs.
eusebiosi `apologiis~ Seqmnis dros, imperator adrianes moRvaweobis
periodiT aTariRebs. konkretulad, rodesac imperatori aTenSi
imyofeboda. eusebiosi, Tavis `qronikebSi~ aRniSnavs, rom imperatori
150
adreane estumra aTens Tavisi mmarTvelobis merve wels (Cv.w.aR 125) da
monawileoba miiRo elevsinis misteriebSi. imave konteqstSi istorikosi
axsenebs imperatoris mimarT am ori avtoris `apologiebis~ wardgenis
dros da miiCnevs, rom imperatori adriane SeZruli iyo am `apologiebSi~
moxmobili faqtebiT, radgan es ukanaskneli, ujavrdeba aziis
prokonsuls werilSi `serenius ranianusis mimarT~, raTa imperatoris
brZanebis Tanaxmad, Sewyviton qristianTa dasja Zireuli gamoZiebisa da
gamokiTxvis gareSe. (Tumca, eWvs badebs meore warwera aRmoCenili
apologiis siriul redaqciaSi, sadac antoninus piuszea saubari,
romelic moRvaweobda 138-161 Cv.w.aR-mde. apologiis cnobili mkvlevari,
r.harisi miiCnevs, rom `apologia~ ganekuTvneba antoninus piusis
mmarTvelobis pirvel wlebs). erTi faqtia, rom gind 125 Cv.w.aR-iT, ginda
20 wlis Semdgom daewera aristides `apologia~, naTelia, rom aristide
qristianobis gavrcelebis pirveli saukuneebis periodis berZeni mwerali
iyo.
eusebiosis monacemebSi aSkarad igrZnoba sarwmuno literaturuli
wyaroebis ukmarisoba (53,7). mwerali ieremiac (gardaicvala 420 w.)
gadmogvcems, rom aristide iyo aTeneli filosofosi, romelmac
filosofosis mantiiT Seqmna qristianobis damcveli `traqtati~ da es
dokumenti warudgina adrianes kvadratusTan erTad. es apologia, werda
ieremia, farTod moicavda filosofiur Sexedulebebs da rom Semdgom,
misi imitacia moaxdina iustinus martirosma. cnobebi markiane aristidesa
da mis ,,apologiaze~ dadasturebulia aseve evsevi kesarielTan da
ieronimesTan (IV s.) 392 w. daweril TxzulebaSi “De viris illustribus”
(gamoCenili kacebi) (15,44).
am monacemebis Semdgom, VI saukunidan moyolebuli, aristides
`apologia~ TvalTaxedvis aredan qreba da is berZnul mwerlobaSi
dakargulad iTvleba. Tumca, Suasaukuneebis martvilobebSi
warmodgenilia naTeli suraTi adreuli apologiebis sarwmuno
wyaroebisa. amavdroulad, saeklesio kalendrebSi 31 agvisto moixseneba,
rogorc wminda dRe `kurTxeuli aristidesi~, romelic saqveynod
cnobili iyo rwmeniTa da sibrZniT, romelmac qristianul religiaze
151
wignebi warudgina mmarTvel adrianes, sadac is acxadebda, rom mxolod
ieso qristea RmerTi~ (18,204).
didi xnis manZilze aristides `apologia~ berZnul samyaroSi
dakargulad miiCneoda. eusebiosis monacemi aristides `apologiaze~ iyo
mxolod dakarguli saxlis erT-erTi aguri da sxva araferi. Semdgomi
saukuneebis mwerlebmac, mis monacems aristides Sesaxeb TiTqmis veraferi
axali ver Sehmates. Tumca, samecniero wreebSi iyo garkveuli eWvis
safuZveli, rom aristides dakarguli naSromis imitacia moaxdina
iustinem Tavis `apologiaSi~. miiCnevdnen, rom iustines `apologia~
Sedgeboda sxvadasxva filosofosebis naSromebidan amokrefili
nawerebisagan. SeiZleba erTi apologeti meoris imitacias axdenda,
vinaidan Cvenamde moRweuli apologiebi garkveulwilad msgavsni arian
stiliT da mimarTulebebiT) (53,8).
XVII saukuneSi gavrcelda azri, rom aristides `apologia~ sadRac
unda yofiliyo Semonaxuli da rom ase ukvalod ar iqneboda dakarguli.
saberZneTis monastrebis uamrav biblioTekaSi Caatara kvleva frangma
mkvlevar_mogzaurma sponma. wigni ar Canda.
mxolod, XIX s. bolos mecnierTa SeerTebuli ZalebiT SesaZlebeli
gaxda misi restavracia.
veneciaSi, lazares monasterSi, sadac dawvrilebiT swavloben somxur
da sxva erebis literaturas, venecielma mxiTaristebma 941 wlis
xelnawerSi ipoves aristides `apologiis~ somxuri fragmentebi da 1878
wels gamoaqveynes `apologiis~ pirveli ori Tavis somxuri fragmentis
laTinuri Targmani. (garkveul wreebSi, am faqts Sexvdnen skeptikurad.
mecnierma m.renanma eWviT Sexeda am Targmans. miiCnia, rom es ar unda
yofiliyo aristides `apologia~, radgan is Seicavda mogvianebiTi drois
Teologiur terminebs. mag: `RmerTis mSobeli~_ qalwul mariamze
saubrisas da a.S. Semdgomi kvlevisas dadginda, rom es terminebi
mTargmnelisagan iyo gadasxvaferebuli). ra dros moxda berZuli enidan
aristides `apologiis~ pirveli ori Tavis somxurad gadmoTargmna ar
aris cnobili, Tumca es movlena, Sinaarsobrivad unda ukavSirdebodes
cnobili somexi patriarqis mesrofis moRvaweobis dasawyiss. male
eCmiaZinis biblioTekaSi, XIO s. xelnawerSi, aRmoCnda `apologiis~ meore
152
soxuri versiac. somxuri redaqcia Sesrulebuli unda iyos siriulidan
V saukuneSi (15,44). (`apologiis~ somxur redaqcias aqvs warwera, romlis
mixedviT, es Zegli mieZRvna adrianes).
aristides `apologiis~ somxur fragmentze mecnierul azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba iyo 1889 wlis gazafxulamde, sanam, kembrijis profesorma
rendel harisma ar aRmoaCina mTeli `apologiis~ siriuli Targmani, sinas
mTis wminda ekaterines monastris biblioTekaSi. r. harisis aRmoCenam
aristides ̀ apologiis~ kvlevis aspeqtebSi axali sinaTle Semoitana.
mecnierma es `apologia~ aRmoaCina VI-VIIs. sasuliero Janris siriul _
enovani traqtatebis koleqciaSi. xelnaweri Targmnili unda iyos IV s.
meore naxevarSi berZnulidan. zogierTi mecnieri (heneke, eli, zani,
sibergi) Tvlida, rom Txzuleba Tavidanve siriul enaze iyo dawerili
(15,44). im dros, jerjerobiT bolomde ar iyo garkveuli siriuli
teqstis warmomavloba da arc is, Tu romel enaze iyo Seqmnili saerTod
,,apologiis~ Tavdapirveli dedani. Tumca, mkvlevarTa didi nawili mainc
im azrze idga, rom siriulamde ,,apologia~ berZnul enaze daiwereboda,
radgan aristide aTeneli moRvawe iyo. Tumca berZnuli redaqcia am
`apologiisa~ ar Canda. `apologiis~ siriul redaqcias dasawyisSi aqvs
ori warwera: erTi warweris mixedviT Txzuleba mieZRvna imperator
adrianes, meore warweris mixedviT imperator antoniuss (138-161).
r. harisma siriuli redaqcia Targmna inglisurad da moaxdina
siriuli teqstis dawvrilebiTi analizi. apologiis siriuli redaqcia
siZvelis gamo maincdamainc kargad ar gamoiyureboda. amisaTvis saWiro
gaxda, mkvlevars moexdina teqstis siRrmiseuli analizi. ena da mrwamsi
aristidesi r.hariss Zalze martivi da iolad gasagebi eCvena. r.harisis
azriT, apologiis mwerali iyo ufro bavSvuri bunebis, vidre
filosofosi. bavSvi, kargad momzadebuli religiur mrwamsSi da kargad
gamocdili sasuliero moZRvrebebSi, rac aristides `apologias~ Tamamad
ayenebs im periodis saukeTeso qristianuli nawerebis mxardamxar.
swored r. harisis aRmoCenilma apologiis siriulma redaqciam
daadastura `apologiis~ somxuri fragmentis didi mniSvneloba
aristides `apologiis~ samecniero kvlevis etapze da misca impulsi im
faqts, rom aRmoCeniliyo apologiis berZnuli originali (15,45).
153
rodesac r. harisi aqveynebda aristides `apologiis~ teqsts, man neba
darTo prof. robinsons, “Texts and Studies”is mTavar redaqtors, waekiTxa
misi siriuli Targmanis Casworebuli furclebi. oriode wlis Semdgom,
aTvalierebda ra a. robinsoni laTinur martvilobebs venaSi, roca is
eZebda `wminda perpetuas martvilobas~, SemTxveviT waawyda `varlaam da
ioasafis cxovrebis~ nawilebs laTinur enaze. misi yuradReba miiqcies
sityvebma, romlebmac mas gaaxsenes aristides weris stili da azrovneba.
amiT dainteresebulma a.robinsonma naxa `varlaam da iodasafis~
berZnuli teqsti, romelic dabeWdili iyo “Patrologia Graeca”-s cnobil
seriaSi. igi dabrunda kembrijSi da `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli
teqsti Seadara aristides `apologiis~ siriul redaqcias da darwmunda,
rom saqme berZnul originalTan hqonda. ase rom, berZnul samyaroSi VI
s_dan dakargulad miCneul Zegls, Zveli berZnuli samyaro xelaxla
gaecno berZnuli `,balavarianis~ meSveobiT XI s-Si.
amis Semdgom, mecnierebaSi daisva sakiTxi `apologiis~ sami redaqciis:
berZnulis, siriulisa da somxuris urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb. rogorc
vnaxeT, berZnuli samyarosaTvis VI saukunidan XI saukunemde dakargulad
miCneuli ,,apologiis~ arseboba VI saukunis siriaSi faqtia. r. harisis
aRmoCenamde veneciel mxiTaristebsac ukve gamoqveynebuli hqondaT
,,apologiis~ somxuri fragmentebi 941 wlis xelnaweris mixedviT.
(zeebergs miaCnia, rom somxurad mxolod misi fragmentebi arsebobda
patristikuli anTologiidan.) SemCneulia (zeebergi, raabe) somxuri
teqstis TiTqmis sruli msgavseba siriulTan da gamoTqmulia azri am
ukanasknelidan misi momdinareobis Sesaxeb. somxuri imdenad axlos dgas
siriulTan, rom a.pokrovski aRiarebda apologiis or redaqcias_siriul-
somxursa da berZnuls. deeteris azriT, ,,apologias~ icnobs mesrof-
maStocis mowafe eznik kolbeli. Targmanic am dros V s. unda iyos
Sesrulebuli. (aseve fiqoben: harnaki, himpeli da abeRiani). b. kilanavas
mier gamoTqmulia azri, rom ,,apologias~ unda icnobdes agreTve eRiSec
(18,203).
dRes mecnierebis xelTaa aristides `apologiis~ TiTqmis sruli
teqsti ori redaqciiT: berZnuliT da siriuliT. orive redaqcia gamosca
1891 wels r.harisma. berZnul `varlaam da ioasafSi~ Semavali redaqcia,
154
rogorc romanis Semadgeneli nawili, morgebulia romanis mizans. zogi
ram masSi Camatebulia, zogi Secvlili, zogi gamotovebuli.
`apologiaSi~ avtors xSirad mohyavs berZen filosofosTa debulebebi. aq
mocemulia pirveli cda qristinobis daaxloebisa berZnul
filosofiasTan. dReisaTvis miCneulia, rom aristides originalis
teqstTan ufro axlos dgas siriuli Targmani (15,45).
moRweul redaqciaTa safuZvelze `apologiis~ Sinaarsi aseTia:
sxvadasxva xalxs sxvadasxva religia aqvs. avtori Tanmimdevrulad
ganixilavs barbarosTaA(qaldevelTa da egviptelTa), elinTa, iudevelTa,
qristianTa religiebs. Qqaldevelebi aRmerTebdnen
elementebs(stiqionebs): miwas, wyals, haers, cecxls, adamians, saerTod
yvelafers, rac TviT RmerTma Seqmna. egviptelebi RmerTebad Tvlidnen
mcenareebsa da cxovelebs. maTi RmerTebi iyvnen aseve: osirisi, iside,
tifoni, are. maTgan bevrad arc elinebi gansxvavdebian. elinebisA
RmerTebi iyvnen: zevsi, hefesto, apoloni, artemida, kronosi, dionise,
afrodita da sxv. Aaristide askvnis, rom isini RmerTebad ar CaiTvlebian,
radgan Seqmnilni arian RvTaebis nebiT, an adamianTa fantaziiT. ase rom,
CamoTvlil xalxTagan arc erTs ar gaaCnia WeSmariti religia, radganac
maTTvis miuwvdomelia RvTaebrivi WeSmariteba da Tayvans ar scemen
namdvil RmerTs. avtori gacilebiT meti pativiscemiT ekideba iudevelTa
religias. aRiarebs, rom maTgan gansxvavebiT iudevelTa religia
miuaxlovda WeSmaritebas, magram is codva da danaSauli miuZRviT, rom
ver gaiges qristes mesianisturi misia. Semdgom aristide warmoaCens
qristianobis arss, gadmogvcems misi warmoSobis pirobebs, gvixasiaTebs
am axal moZRvrebas, ris safuZvelzec askvnis, rom erTaderTi WeSariti
da namdvili religia kacobriobis istoriaSi aris mxolod qristianoba.
Zveli qarTuli literaturis mkvlevarebs aristide gvainteresebs
imdenad, ramdenadac, misi VI_dan XI s_mde berZnul mwerlobaSi
dakargulad miCneuli `apologia~, romelSic avtori akritikebs antikur
warmarTobas, maT Soris cecxlTayvanismcemlobas, gamoyenebuli aRmoCnda
qarTul hagiografiul ZeglebSi im dros, roca sakuTar, berZnul, enaze
es Zegli ukve gamqralia. sainteresoa is garemoebac, rom dakargulad
miCneuli `apologiis~ gavlenas ganicdis garkveulwilad qarTuli
155
`balavarianic~. l. volfis mixedviT, qarTuli `balavariani~ `apologias~
Seicavs zogadi saxiT. rogorc Cans, qarTuli `balavariani~ manmade
icnobda am wyaros, sanam is berZnul mwerlobaSi dabrundeboda.
sainteresoa, ra gziT moxvda `apologia~ qarTul mwerlobaSi. faqtia,
rom VI s_dan dakarguli berZnuli originali qarTuli hagiografiis
wyaro ver iqneboda.
miviCnevT, rom qarTul hagiografias unda esargebla siriuli an
somxuri versiiT. sagulisxmoa, rom IV s. bolodan moyolebuli, bibliur
wignebTan erTad, saqarTveloSi Semodis da qarTul enaze iTargmneba:
siriuli, somxuri, arabuli da berZnuli enebidan mdidari Teologiuri
literatura, romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT moicavda sasuliero mwerlobis
sxvadasxva dargs: egzegetikas, homiletikas, asketikas, polemikas da sxva
(37,153). vfiqrobT, aristides aRniSnuli Txzulebac, am periodSi aRwevs
qarTul hagiografiaSi aRmosavluri (siriuli, somxuri) mwerlobidan.
`apologiis~ TiTqmis sruli teqsti, saukuneebis Semdgom, XI s-Si,
CarTuli aRmoCnda `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnul redaqciaSi, romlis
avtoradac gavrcelebuli versiiT qarTveli saliteraturo moRvawe,
efTvime aToneli miiCneva. (vrclad ix. III TavSi).
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis gavecnoT aristides `apologiis~ teqsts:
somxur fragments, siriul da berZnul redaqciebs, romlebic qarTulad
Targmnilia Cvens mier (ix. danarTi I da danarTi II).
`apologiis~ somxuri redaqcia movipoveT: laTinur, inglisur,
frangul da rusul enebze Sesrulebuli Targmanis saxiT. laTinurad
somxuri redaqcia Targmnilia venecieli redaqtorebis mier. mas
gavecaniT internetis meSveobiT; inglisur enaze eCmiaZinis somxuri
Targmani Sesrulebulia oqsfordis mecnieris, f. s. konibearis, mier_
isic aseve internetis saSualebiT movZebneT da gavecaniT somxuri
redaqciis rusul Targmans, Sesrulebuls n. eminis mier, romelic
vTargmneT qarTulad. `apologiis~ siriuli redaqciis inglisuri
Targmani ekuTvnis r. hariss. berZnuli enidan inglisuri Targmani
Sesrulebulia a. robinsonis mier. siriuli da berZnuli redaqciebis
inglisur Targmanebs gavecaniT internetis saSualebiT da vTargmneT
qarTul enaze. Targmnis procesSi visargebleT am redaqciebis franguli
156
TargmanebiT da berZnuli enidan n. gafrindaSvilis mier Sesrulebuli
`varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ qarTuli TargmaniTac.
Cven gavecaniT apologiis 3 redaqcias: somxurs, berZnuls da siriuls.
ismis kiTxva, am sami wyarodan romeli redaqciaa wamosuli uSualod
aristides originalisgan?
berZnuli varianti adamianebs sam modgmad yofs, siriuli da somxuri
oTxad. berZnulSi adamianTa modgmaze saubari gadazrdilia zogad
diskusiaSi, Semcirebulia adreul qristianul wes_CveulebaTa aRwera. es
ori gansxvaveba axsnilia im faqtoriT, rom berZnul redaqciaSi
`apologia~ adaptirebul iqna indoeTis samefo karTan dakavSirebul
situaciebTan. meore mxriv, roca siriuls vadarebT berZnulsa da
somxurs gverdobrivad, sadac orive redaqcia TanxvedraSia erTmaneTTan,
SeiniSneba, rom siriul variantSi, amxsneli paragrafebia Camatebuli da
bevri nacvalsaxelia CarTuli. germaneli mecnieris, edgar hernekes
azriT, siriul redaqciaSi gvaqvs aristides `apologiis~ substancia
bukvaluri sizustiT (51,12).
`apologiis~ siriuli da berZnuli redaqciebis ganxilvis Sedegad
naTelia, rom siriel mTargmnels xelSi Cavardnia berZnuli `apologiis~
originali da survili hqonia misi gadamuSavebisa sakuTar enaze. avtori
Tavisi surviliT cvlida im winadadebebs, romlebsac ver Targmnida
berZnulidan. Cven gvaqvs damatebiTi wyaro am mtkicebulebis
gasamarTleblad apologiis somxur fragmentSi, romelic moicavs
apologiis dasawyis winadadebebs. sirieli mTargmneli Tavisuflad
iqceva originalTan, amatebs sityvebs winadadebebs da gvTavazobs
mogvianebiT Teologiur debulebaTa wyobas. aseTi frazebi mTargmnelis
gamogonebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. sirieli mTargmnelis mier gamogonili
garkveuli frazebis garda, rCeba mniSvnelovani faqtebis raodenoba,
romelic saerToa orive versiisaTvis (siriuli, berZnuli), romelic
Tavis TavSi moicavs berZnul originals. siriuli redaqciis dasasrulis
didi nawili, berZnul redaqciaSi Semoklebulia. es ukanaskneli,
namdvilad aristidesgan unda modiodes (51,12). sainteresoa, ra kavSirSia
berZnul teqstTan somxuri? somxuri redaqcia siriulidan iTargmna Tu
berZnuli enidan?
157
arsebobs ramodenime paraleli, romlis gacnobis Semdgom SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom somxuri berZnuls Seesatyviseba da ara siriuls. mag:
paralelebi RvTiuri bunebis aRweris dros. am SemTxvevaSi siriuli
gansxvavdeba somxurisagan. siriulidan ar unda iyos somxuri redaqcia
Sesrulebuli. sagulisxmoa, rom somxuri nawyveti ufro Selaxulia, misi
interpolaciebi gacilebiT metia (51,13). vfiqrobT, somxuri da siriuli
redaqciebi uSualod aristides originalisgan unda iyvnen warmomdgarni.
`varlaam da ioasafSi~ CarTuli `apologiis~ berZnuli teqsti ki
aRmosavluri wyaroebidan unda iyos Sesrulebuli.
aristides `apologiaSi~ pirdapir araa `wminda wignis~ citireba.
Tumca avtori kargad Slis am Temas. aristidesTan ar gvxvdeba kvali
ebraelebis mtrobisa, ar aris Sexeba logosis doqtrinasTan, arc pavles
ideebTan, is ar exeba saocrebebsa da winaswarmetyvelebebs, eress. aq ar
gvxvdeba Cveneba Cveni RmerTis cxovrebisa, aq ar gvxvdeba pirdapiri
gamoZaxili axali aRTqmidan. apologetis manera kavSirSia saeklesio
mamebis enasTan. avtoris azriT, qristianoba aris Rirseba filosofiuri
mantiisa, radgan is gonivrulia, aZlevs Zalas da impulss adamians
icxovros swori cxovrebiT (51,13).
`apologiis~ redaqciebidan cnobilia, rom `apologiis~ teqstis
dasasruls, aristide sTavazobs imperators gaecnos qristianTa nawerebs,
saidanac avtors masalebi aqvs amoRebuli. (amis Sesaxeb sruladaa
naTqvami siriul redaqciaSi). nawarmoebidan Cans, rom avtori iyenebs
`saxarebas~, masSi moxmobil faqtebs, iesos cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis
Sesaxeb. Cans, rom `saxareba~ gansazRvravs mraval adgilas mis samwerlo
meTodsa da enas. aseve Cans, rom is davalebulia naSromisagan, romelic
dakargulia da romelmac, didi gavlena iqonia II saukunis nawerebze. es
nawarmoebi mecnierTa azriT `petres qadagebaa~. (es ukanaskneli
dasaxelebulia da daxasiaTebuli istorikos eusebiosis mier,
`saxarebasa~ da `apokalifsTan~ erTad im adgilas, sadac is saubrobs
eklesiis mier Sewynarebul literaturaze. eusebiosi aqve mogviTxrobs
sxva mwerlebzec, Tumca maTi Semoqmedebidan magaliTebi ar mohyavs,
gansxvavebiT `petres qadagebisa~) (51,13).
dReisaTvis arsebobs aristides `apologiis~ teqstis 5 redaqcia:
158
1. papirusze Sesrulebuli somxuri redaqcia( Semcirebuli redaqcia)
2. siriuli redaqcia( vrceli redaqcia)
3. berZnuli metafrasuli redaqcia
4. qarTuli redaqcia (mokle, nawilobrivi _ `evstaTi mcxeTelis
martvilobaSi~ CarTuli)
5. somxuri fragmenti
unda iTqvas isic, rom aristides `apologia~ pirveli nawarmoebia,
sadac mxardamxaraa warmodgenili qristianuli eklesia da sinagoga.
avtori qristianobas warmogvidgens, rogorc uzenaes religias,
iudaizmTan da kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan mimarTebaSi (51,47).
159
Tavi III. Tavi III. Tavi III. Tavi III.
warmarTobis kritikis Setana qarTulis gziT bizantiur mwerlobaSiwarmarTobis kritikis Setana qarTulis gziT bizantiur mwerlobaSiwarmarTobis kritikis Setana qarTulis gziT bizantiur mwerlobaSiwarmarTobis kritikis Setana qarTulis gziT bizantiur mwerlobaSi
qarTuli qarTuli qarTuli qarTuli `̀̀̀balavarianidanbalavarianidanbalavarianidanbalavarianidan~~~~ berZnul berZnul berZnul berZnul `̀̀̀varlaam da varlaam da varlaam da varlaam da ioasafamdeioasafamdeioasafamdeioasafamde~~~~
sazogadod, qarTul_berZnul literaturul urTierTobaTa kvlevis
xangrZliv procesSi mravali problema wamoWrila. bevr sakiTxs mohfenia
naTeli, zogic dRemde ar aris bolomde garkveuli. maT Sorisaa uamravi
Tema, romlis mniSvneloba scdeba sakuTriv berZnul_bizantiuri da
qarTuli mwerlobis farglebs da gacilebiT didi datvirTvis
matarebelia zogadkulturuli TvalsazrisiT. amgvar Temebs miekuTvneba
`varlaamisa da ioasafis cxovreba~, xolo qarTul mwerlobaSi _
`sibrZne balavarisa~ (ix. 7,5).
Cven ukve visaubreT qarTuli `balavarianis~ Sesaxeb. `varlaam da
ioasafis cxovreba~ qarTuli `balavarianisgan~ gansxvavebiT, ufro didi
zomis hagiografiul_moralur da dogmatikur xasiaTis Txzulebad
gvevlineba, romelic aseve warmoadgens budas cxovrebis qristianul
interpretacias, umTavresad aristides `apologiis~ safuZvelze.
zogierTi sxva wyaros gamoyenebiTac, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `cxovreba
da wameba ekaterinesi~, `trofimesi~, `filipe heraklielisa~ da aRapite
konstantinopolelis `samefo qarta anu tomari~ (VI s) (7,4).
nawarmoebSi asaxulia erT warmarTul qveyanaSi (indoeTSi)
qristianobis gavrcelebis ambavi. qveyanaSi, romelSic, warmarTul
kerpTaTvis samsxverplod Sesawiris cxovelebis sisxliT da damwvari
qonis suniT, garemo Sebilwuli iyo. iq, sadac umecari xalxi
eTayvaneboda usulgulo, mouwesrigebel da ugrZnob kerpebs da devnidnen
qristianebs. isini ar scnobdnen qristianTa ufals, romelic dausabamo
da maradiulia. varlaami kerpTayvanismcemlebs adarebs frinvelebze
monadire im kacs, romelic cicqna WivWavs moinadirebs da Semdgom es,
cicqna, frinveli Tavis Wkuaze atarebs mas. swored aseT umecrebad
moixseniebs varlaami kerpTayvanismcemlebs, romlebmac sakuTari xelebiT
Seqmnes kerpebi da TavianT Seqmnil qmnilebebs eTayvanebian. amqveyniuri
160
miwieri garTobis araraobas exeba kacisa da martorqis igavi. RvTis mier
movlenili varlaami auwyebs ioasafs, romelic gaqristianebis SiSiT
gamouketavs mamas calke sasaxleSi, rom iesos religiaa WeSmariti
religia: `sjulman sulisa cxovrebisaman qriste iesos mier
ganmaTavisufla me sjulisagan misgan codvisa da sikudilisa~. agreTve:
`gancdai xorcisa ars sikudili, xolo gancdai sulisa_ sicocxle da
mSvidoba~ (7,111). meudabnoe varlaami qristianobis upiratesobis
maCvenebel uamrav igavs uambobs warmarT ufliswuls, aseve mohyavs uxvad
pasaJebi bibliidan, uyveba samoTxisa da jojoxeTis Sesaxeb, sadac xvdeba
adamianis suli sikvdilis Semdeg. sagulisxmoa: `mTesvaris~ araki, `vinme
mefis da sikvdilis sayviris~ igavi, `aTi qaliSvilis~ igavi. varlaami
iodasafs am igavebis saSualebiT esaubreba: ufalze, samebaze, adamsa da
evaze, akritikebs sxva religiebs, saubrobs: abraamze, egviptelebis
ltolvaze, qristes gankacebisa da misi dedamiwaze movlenis Sesaxeb, mis
moRvaweobaze, jvarcmasa da aRdgomaze. rodesac ioasafi xvdeba `Zvirfasi
qvis~ daniSnulebas, sTxovs varlaams uambos yvelaferi: naTlobaze,
keTil dasasrulze, momaval zeciur samefoze da samsjavroze. mas
uamravi citata moyavs “saxarebidan”. mag: “asi cxvris” igavi. varlaami
esaubreba iodasafs yovelive amqveyniuris amaoebaze da samoTxis
maradiulobaze (`mzis igavi~, `mefe erTi wliT~), esaubreba asakze,
sikvdilis da sicocxlis raobaze, xorcieli da sulieri sikvdilis
Sesaxeb. varlaami saubrobs religiuri arCevanis Tavisuflebazec. mag:
`wyaros igavi~, `Wkviani vezirisa da moxuci col-qmris~ igavi, `mdidari
Wabukis da Raribi moxucis qaliSvilis Sesaxeb~ igavi. varlaami bevrs
saubrobs RmerTismowyalebis ganuzomelobasa da siuxveze, sasworis
pinaze, dedamiwaze dacemul wylis wveTze da sxva mravali. varlaamis
mier moTxrobili brZnuli igavebis Semdgom, ufliswuli qristianad
inaTleba. amis paralelurad, mefe abenesi im xalxs, vinc emoneboda
warmarTul RmerTebs, pativs miagebda; xolo maT, romelTac ar surdaT
maTTvis msxverplis Sewirva, sjida. amiT is abuCad igdebda qristianul
rwmenas, kerpebs ki aqebda da adidebda. ufliswulis gaqristianebis
Semdgom, mas mere rac naqori qristianobis gansadidebel sityvas
warmosTqvams mefis mier gamarTul sajaro diskusiaze, mefe erTis mxriv
161
amreziT uyurebda Tavisi rwmenisa da RmerTebis uZlurebas, meores mxriv
ki mas aSinebda saxarebis mcnebaTa siZnele da amave dros ugunur
CveulebaTagan iyo dapyrobili misi goneba da suli (7,200). warmarTi
Tevda cdilobs daanaxos mefes warmarTuli religiis upiratesoba
qristianobasTan SedarebiT. Tevdas azriT, maT religias maRali
sazogadoeba: msoflios mefeebi, mbrZaneblebi aRiareben, xolo
qristianobas, mxolod gaWirvebulTa fena. qristianobis gzaze iodasafs
uamravi sirTulis da cdunebis gadalaxva mouxda. miuxedavad yvela
gansacdelisa, qristiani iodasafi axerxebs mTeli samefos
gaqristianebas. ioasafi gaxda ra mefe, aRmarTa jvari da
kerpTayvanismcemlobis taZrebi da sakerpoebi mTlianad gaanadgura.
mogvianebiT, warmarTi Tevda, mefe da mTeli samefo qristianad inaTleba
da ispoba maTSi warmarTuli rwmena. anu sabolood, mZafri polemikis
Semdgom, qristianoba imarjvebs warmarTobaze.
Znelia moiZebnos gviandel Sua saukuneebis msoflio literaturaSi
ufro popularuli Zegli, vidre `varlaam da ioasafis~ sulismargebeli
istoriaa. es sasuliero romani, Tavisi Rrmaazrovani igavebiT da
saintereso fabuliT, iTargmna TiTqmis yvela saqristiano mwerlobis
enaze. aRmosavleTSi: arabulad, eTiopiurad, somxurad, ebraulad.
dasavleTSi ki misi versiebi mraval enazea, inglisuris CaTvliT. 1204
wels norvegiis mefem Tavad Targmna es Txzuleba islandiurad.
dReisaTvis dadasturebulia am romanis 147 Targmani da gadamuSaveba.
uxvi igavebiT da parabolebiT, romlebic aRmosavleTidan modis, Zegli
gvabrunebs antikurobaSi (17,477).
`varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli redaqciis genezisis sakiTxi
Tanamedrove bizantinistikis mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens. aq aris
gasaidumloebuli is gza, ramac Sua saukuneebis evropaSi yvelaze metad
popularuli qristianuli romani moitana da romlis gavliTac budizmis
apologetebi `balahvari~ da `budasfi~ qristian wmindanebad da
qristianobis mociqulebad `varlaamad~ da `ioasafad~ iqcnen. am gziT
gadmodioda evropaSi, Sua saukuneebSi, Zveli induri kultura.
dReisaTvis gamovlenilia am mimarTulebis MmTavari sayrdeni enebi.:
sanskriti, fehlevi, arabuli, berZnuli da laTinuri. rogorc `varlaam
162
da ioasafis~ problema avlens, am transformaciis kulturul jaWvSi
Cabmuli unda yofiliyo Sua saukuneebis qristianuli kavkasiac (7,5).
2500 welze meti gavida mas Semdeg, rac pirvelad Seiqmna is birTvi,
romlidanac Semdeg qristianul samyaroSi popularuli nawarmoebi
`varlaam da ioasafis cxovreba~ warmoiSva. am xnis ganmavlobaSi xdeba am
siuJetis araqristianuli enebidan qristianulze, erTi araqristianuli
Tu qristianuli enidan meoreze Targmna_gadakeTeba da yoveli Targmanis,
gadakeTebisa da gadawerisas misi agebulebis, Sinaarsis, saTaurisa da
avtoris Sesabamisi, metnaklebi cvalebadoba. XI saukuneSi ki, mas Semdeg
rac nawarmoebi evropul literaturaSi gamoCnda berZnul_laTinuri
versiis saxiT, saRmrTo wignebidan moxmobili mravali citatiTa da
pasaJiT gajerebuli, qristianobis apologiamde ayvanili formiT, iwyeba
misi arsebobis triumfaluri periodi. es xana gulisxmobs daaxloebiT
cxra (XI-XIX) saukunes, vidre daiwyeboda misi arsebobis kidev erTi
periodi, misi mecnierulad Seswavla da mwvave diskusiebi misi berZnuli
versiis avtoris vinaobisa da misi wyaroebis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb.
kerZod, rac berZnul xelnawerebSi gaCnda warwera imis maCveneblad, rom
is qarTuli `balavarianidan~ berZnulad Targmna efTvime aTonelma,
mTargmnelTa Tu gadamwerTa umravlesoba sxvadasxva mizeziT cdilobda
Seecvala rogorc nawarmoebis saTauri, ise misi avtor_mTargmnelis
vinaobac (7,12).
XIX-XX saukuneebSi msoflios TiTqmis yvela mowinave qveynis
cnobil mecniers Soris gaimarTa mwvave diskusia `varlaam da ioasafis
cxovrebis~ berZnuli versiis avtoris, Tu mTargmnel_gadamkeTeblis
vinaobis Taobaze. didi xani ainteresebda mecnierebas am, `bibliis~
Semdeg upopularulesi qristianuli nawarmoebis warmoSobis,
gavrcelebis da saboloo srulyofis gzebi: rogor moxda, rom indoeTis
sanapirodan Seqmnilma mcire siuJetma, i. kraCkovskis sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, `Tovlis agorebuli gundasaviT igora aRmosavleTidan
dasavleTisken da berZnul-romaul samyaroSi udides zomas miaRwia?~
(ix. 7,13).
mecnierebaSi,A Zalze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia `balavarianis~ pirveli
qristianuli gadamuSaveba da berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ Seqmna,
163
radganac Txzulebis popularoba, ZiriTadad, misi berZnuli redaqciidan
unda yofiliyo wamosuli. am sakiTxis gadasawyvetad ki qarTuli
wyaroebi da Txzulebis qarTuli versiebi specialistebis
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxureben. ase rom, bizantinistikis
erT_erTi udidesi problemis, berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~
warmoSobisa da avtorobis sakiTxi, amavdroulad, qarTuli filologiis
erT_erTi umTavresi sakvlevi sakiTxicaa (38,268).
`varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli teqsti beWduri saxiT sakmaod
mogvianebiT, XIX s-Si, 1832 wels gamoica (I.F. boissonade, Anecdota Graeca, Paris).
aseTma dagvianebam bizantinistikaSi erTgvari gakvirvebac gamoiwvia. amave
saukuneSi, Txzulebam aRidgina Tavisi odindeli popularoba. Tumca,
Txzulebis mimarT, romelSic moTxrobilia erTi warmarTuli qveynis
gaqristianebis ambavi, aseTi interesi amjerad mxolod wminda
mecnieruli xasiaTisa iyo. berZnuli teqstis pirvelma gamomcemelma
boisonadem Tavisi gamocema daafuZna 4 xelnawerze da parizis
nacionalur biblioTekaSi 16 sxva berZnuli xelnaweris arsebobaze
miuTiTa. mogvianebiT 1886 wels, h.zotenbergic uTiTebs ramodenime aTeul
xelnawerze, qmnis 60 xelnaweris saWiro nusxas da agebs zogierTi
pasaJis kritikul teqsts (37, 263). xelnawerTa es mozRvaveba izrdeboda
da erT_erT aRnusxvaSi 14 aTeulsac miaRwia. `varlaamisa da ioasafis~
berZnul xelnawerTa gamovlineba kvlavac grZeldeba. 1968 wels am
Txzulebis uZvelesi TariRiani berZnuli xelnaweri aRmoaCina fonkiCma,
daTariRebuli 1021 wliT (38,264).
sanam mecnierebisaTvis cnobili gaxdeboda qarTuli `balavariani~,
qarTul variants ver iTvaliswinebdnen im grZel gzaze, rac berZnulma
`varlaam da ioasafma~ gaiara indoeTidan xmelTaSua zRvamde. XI
saukuneze adre, rogorc sxvadasxva wyaroebze dayrdnobiT adastureben
mecnierebi, `balavarianis~ kvali, berZnul da saerTod evropul
literaturaSi, ar Cans. im droidan moyolebuli ki, rac gaCnda pirveli
berZnuli xelnaweri da mis lemaSi aRiniSna imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin Seqmna
igi berZnul enaze, dRemde ar damcxrala diskusia am pirovnebis
vinaobaze. Tu berZnul_laTinur xelnawerebs da maT lemebs
davakvirdebiT, vnaxavT, rom am avtorTa vinaoba drodadro icvleba (7,14).
164
berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorobis sakiTxSi erTmaneTs
bolo dromde ori hipoTeza upirispirdeba. pirveli moicavs Sua
saukuneebis berZnuli da laTinuri samyaros tradiciul azrs imis
Sesaxeb, rom nawarmoebis avtori ioane damaskelia da misi yvelaze
seriozuli argumentebi mogvca f. delgerma. meore Tvalsazrisi
eyrdnoba Sua saukuneebis qarTul literaturaSi da am Txzulebis
ramdenime berZnul da laTinur xelnawerSi dacul cnobas da berZnuli
redaqciis avtorad efTvime aTonels miiCnevs. am Teoriis avtorebi,
berZnuli romanis wyarod qarTul redaqcias miiCneven. (im garemoebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom efTvime qarTveli moRvawea da rom X saukunidan
dawyebuli qarTul enaze ukve dasturdeba arabulidan Targmnili
balahvarisa da budasfis ambis wignis _ `balavarianis~ arseboba.) es
Teoria yvelaze srulyofilad evropeli mecnierebidan, p. peetersis
gamokvlevaSia warmodgenili (7,12). azrTa es sxvadasxvaoba, nawarmoebis
avtorobis da misi genezisis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gaCnda sakmaod
bevri faqtobrivi masalis Znelad asaxsnelobisa da xSirad gaugebrobis,
an erTgvari tendenciurobis gamo.
`varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ avtoris Ziebis procesSi, udaod
SesamCnevia qarTvel da evropel mecnierTa gansxvavebuli midgoma am
problemisadmi, rasac aqvs Tavisi mizezebi. kerZod, `varlaam da ioasafi~
bizantiuri literaturis saukeTeso qmnilebaa da amitom, bunebrivia,
bizantinistika mis avtorad eZebs Sesaferis kandidats, anu bizantiuri
mwerlobis TvalsaCino moRvawes. f.delgeris azriT, aseTi mxolod ioane
damaskelia. Tu h. zotenbergisaTvis 1886 wels efTvime aTonelis
pirovnebisa da am periodis qarTuli mwerlobis saTanadod arcodnis
gamo efTvTime aTonelis kandidaturis ganxilva nawarmoebis avtorad
warmoudgenelia, f. delgeri, flobs ra efTvime mTawmindelze garkveul
informacias, misi pirovnebis wamoyenebas `varlaam da ioasafis~
avtorobis erT_erT savaraudo pretendentad, mTlad SeuZleblad ar
Tvlis.
qarTvelologTa damokidebuleba efTvime aTonelis pirovnebisadmi
sxvagvaria. vinc kargad icnobs Zveli qarTuli literaturis istorias,
bizantiur_qarTul literaturul urTierTobas da konkretulad ki,
165
aTonis iverTa monastris literaturul saqmianobas, efTvime da giorgi
aTonelebis moRvaweobasa da literaturul Semoqmedebas, man ar SeiZleba
eWvi Seitanos efTvime aTonelis literaturul SesaZleblobebSi, an
Seufereblad miiCnios misi kandidatura `varlaam da ioasafis
cxovrebis~ Sesaferis avtorad. bizantinistikam ki ioane damaskelis
saxeli `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorad tradiciiT imemkvidra, rasac
saukuneebis manZilze akanoneben laTinuri, Tu berZnuli xelnawerebi.
rogorc cnobilia, Cvenamde moRweuli xelnawerebis lemebiT ioane
damaskeli `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ avtorad laTinur
TargmanSi XII saukunidan ixsenieba, berZnul originalSi XIII saukunidan.
qarTvelologiaSi tradicia efTvimes saargeblod metyvelebs. XI
saukunidan dawyebuli qarTuli literaturis TvalsaCino Zegli `iovane
da efTvime aTonelebis cxovreba~ berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~
mTargmnelad efTvimes aRiarebs. isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom am
cnobas gvawvdis giorgi aToneli, rogorc qarTuli eklesiis, ise
qarTuli literaturis istoriis udidesi avtoriteti, romlis mier
Targmnil bibliur wignebs, qarTuli eklesia XI saukunidan moyolebuli
dRemde vulgatur redaqciad Tvlis. unda gaviTvaliswinoT erTi
faqtoric. rodesac problemuri sakiTxia gadasaWreli, yuradReba eqceva
mkvlevaris avtoritets. Tu f.delgeri, miunxeneli didi bizantinisti da
1930-1967 wlebSi didi saerTaSoriso Jurnalis `bizantiniSe caitSriftis~
redaqtoria da mis sityvas didi avtoriteti aqvs, aseve didi
avtoritetia bolandinistTa cnobili orientalisti, `analeqta
bolandianas~ redaqtori paul peetersi. mecnieri e. xinTibiZe Tvlis, rom
f.delgeri, msjelobda ra efTvTime aTonelze, mis samwerlobo
moRvaweobis dasawyisze msjelobisas, daeyrdno ara k.kekeliZis
specialur gamokvlevebs aTonis literaturuli skolis da efTvimes
Sesaxeb, aramed n. adoncis werils `Tornike beri~. es ukanasknelic Tavis
mxriv eyrdnoba d. baqraZis zepir gancxadebas, rac mecnierul
Rirebulebas moklebulia (38,265).
qronologiurad mivyveT da ganvixiloT evropel da qarTvel
mecnierTa Sexedulebebi, raTa maT safuZvelze Cveni daskvnebi gavakeToT.
166
h.zotenbergma mecnieruli argumentaciiT eWvis qveS daayena berZnul
xelnawerTa tradiciiT naanderZevi da `varlaam da ioasafis~ laTinurad
mTargmnelis, biliusis, mier, Txzulebis laTinuri Targmanis SesavalSi
gatarebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtori VII-VIII
saukuneebis didi saeklesio moRvawe ioane damaskeli iyo. swored aq
daisva pirvelad sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin SeiZleba yofiliyo am
Txzulebis berZnuli redaqciis avtori (38,264). zotenbergma ioane
damaskelis avtoroba Semdegi argumentebiT uaryo: 1. ioane damaskelis
avtorobaze ar miuTiTebdnen `varlaam da ioasafis~ adrindeli
manuskriptebi. 2. `varlaam da ioasafSi~ dasmuli ZiriTadi polemikuri
problemebi _ qristes pirovnebaSi ori bunebis da ori nebis sakiTxi,
miuTiTebs VIII saukuneze ufro adrindel droze. TxzulebaSi araa
asaxuli polemika mahmadianobasTan, rac VIII s_is ZiriTadi mimarTuleba
iyo. 3. h. zotenbergis azriT, es nawarmoebi damaskelis Txzulebebs
stilisturad ar hgavda. (zotenbergma yuradReba miaqcia `varlaam da
ioasafis~ erT_erTi Zveli xelnaweris lemas, romelSic Txzuleba
qarTulidan berZnul enaze efTvime aTonelis Targmniladaa
gamocxadebuli. Tumca, man miiCnia, rom SesaZloa es cnoba aTonis mTis
berebis nayalbevi yofiliyo. misi azriT, aseTi daxvewili Txzuleba ver
Seiqmneboda Tavdapirvelad iseT mouqnel enaze, rogoric maSindeli
qarTuli ena iyo). zotenbergma dauSva, rom Txzulebis avtori iyo VII
saukunis sabawmindeli ucnobi beri ioane. misi Tezisebi ar iqna
gaziarebuli. ioane damaskelis avtorobis damcvelTa argumentebi
zotenbergis winaaRmdeg Camoyalibda g. vuduardisa da h. metinglis mier.
es mecnierebi Tvlian, rom is sabawmindeli beri ioane, romelsac
uZvelesi xelnawerebi miakuTvneben am Txzulebis motanas, SesaZlebelia
iyos swored ioane damaskeli, radganac is cnobili unda yofiliyo
`ioane beris~ zedwodebiT. meore maTi argumenti aseTia: `varlaamisa da
ioasafis cxovrebaSi~ ZiriTadi polemikuri xazi mimarTulia
xatmebrZoleobis winaaRmdeg, riTac es Teosofia emsgavseba ioane
damaskelis polemikur memkvidreobas. mahmadianobasTan polemikis
pasaJebis ararseboba da qristes ori bunebis mtkiceba, mecnierTa azriT
damaskelis avtorobas ar gamoricxavs. rac Seexeba zotenbergis mesame
167
arguments. es mecnierebi miiCneven, rom `varlaamisa da ioasafis~
doqtrinul nawilSi stili aSkarad damaskeliseulia; xolo naratiulSi,
miuxedavad gansxvavebebisa, zogierT mis homiliasTan aris aSkara
msgavseba.NTavismxriv, v. rozenma da n. marma, h. zotenbergis gulgrili
gamokidebuleba efTvime aTonelis `varlaam da ioasafis~ SesaZlo
avtorobasTan dakavSirebiT, mecnieris literaturis sakiTxebSi
gaurkvevlobad Seafases (38,265).
`varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli versiis avtoris kvlevis procesSi
axali etapi Cndeba 1931 wels, rodesac Jurnal `analeqta bolandianaSi~
(briuseli, parizi), gamoqveynda paul peetersis werili `varlaam da
ioasafis cxovrebis~ pirveli laTinuri Targmani da misi berZnuli
dedani~. p. peetersi yuradRebas aqcevs `varlaam da ioasafis~ uZveles
laTinur Targmans, romelic 1048 wels iqna Sesrulebuli berZnuli
enidan ucnobi laTineli mTargmnelis mier. mTargmneli iZleva Targmanis
mokle istorias da aRniSnavs, rom berZnulad es Txzuleba Targmna
efTvTime aTonelma. mecnieri asabuTebs, rom es unda momxdariyo X-XI
saukuneebis mijnaze. amavdroulad, mecnieri, efTvime aTonelis avtorobis
Sesaxeb azrs anviTarebs XI s-is sam sxvadasxva enaze arsebul cnobaze
dayrdnobiT:
1. laTinuri cnoba_XIs-is, romelic wamZRvarebuli aqvs 1048 wlis
laTinur Targmans da albaT is mas berZnuli dednidan gamohyva.
neapolis nacionaluri biblioTekis XIV saukunis xelnawerSi
moTavsebulia “varlaam da ioasafis” pirveli laTinuri Targmani,
romelsac win uZRvis lema, romelic warmomdgaria im kategoriis
berZnuli lemidan, romelic Txzulebis mTargmnelad efTvime aTonels
acxadebs. garda am lemisa, Targmans SesavalSic da dasasrulSic erTvis
mTargmnelis anderZi, romelSic berZnuli `varlaamisa da ioasafis~
Seqmna dakavSirebulia efTvime aTonelis saxelTan. (es xelnaweri
pirvelad swored mecnierma peetersma Seiswavla). am anderZidan
vgebulobT, rom: ucnobma laTinelma mTargmnelma 60 wlis asakSi, 1048
wels, konstantinopolSi, misi am qalaqSi cxovrebis 30 wlis Semdeg,
xeli mohkida `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli romanis Targmnas
laTinurad. es wigni manamde ar iyo Targmnili am enaze. am mTargmnels
168
wignis Targmna daJinebiT sTxova vinme keTilSobilma kacma _ leo ioanes
Zem, xolo es wigni berZnulad Targmna vinme efTvime berma, tomiT
abazgma. mecnieri e. xinTibiZe miiCnevs, rom es leo ioanes Ze unda
Camosuliyo konstantinopolSi aTonidan, magram gansxvavebiT f.delgeris
varaudisa, es kaci iyo laTineli da ara qarTveli. SesaZloa misi
identifikacia movaxdinoT aToneli qarTvelebis megobar, did
leonTanac, romelmac ioane aTonelis winamZRvrobisas aTonis mTaze
hpova TavSesafari 6 mowafesTan erTad. aToneli qarTvelebis daxmarebiT
laTinelma monazvnebma aages benediqtelTa ordenis laTinuri monasteri.
qarTvel da laTinel berebs Soris Zalze megobruli urTierToba iyo.
giorgi aTonelic mogviTxrobs didi leonisa da qarTveli beri
gabrielis megobrobis Sesaxeb. efTvTimem niSnad pativiscemisa laTinTa
ordenis mimarT, Targmna `dialoRoni~. amitomaa, rom qarTvelebs mZime
periodSi laTinelma megobrebma gauwies daxmareba. qarTvelebi
zrunavdnen, rom efTvimes Txzuleba ar dakarguliyo da amitom is
saswrafod aTargmnines laTinurad, raTa masac ar gaeziarebina
`abukuras~ bedi. e. xinTibiZis azriT, swored amis Sedegia XIV saukunis,
neapolis biblioTekis xelnaweri, romelSic moTavsebulia `varlaam da
ioasafis cxovrebis~ pirveli laTinuri Targmani (38,330).
2. aRsaniSnavia XI s-is pirveli naxevris berZnul xelnawerSi (daculi
veneciis wm. markozis biblioTekaSi) arsebuli lema. am lemis mixedviT,
`varlaam da ioasafis~ sulismargebeli istoria eTiopelTa qveynidan
wminda qalaqSi moitana sabas monastris berma ioanem, xolo berZnuli
enaze iberiulidan metafrasireba gaukeTa pativcemulma da saTno kacma
efTvimem, iberad wodebulma. am lemis monacemebs mxars uWers sxva
berZnuli xelnaweric. lemis am variants ewinaaRmdegeba lemis sxva
saxeobebi, romelTa mixedviTac am ambis wminda qalaqSi momtani aris
pativcemuli da rCeuli kaci, sabas monastris beri ioane, xolo mis
berZnul enaze Targmnaze araferia naTqvami. p. peetersis azriT, lemebSi
pirveladia is, romelSic mTargmnelad efTvime ixsenieba da Semdgomia
is varianti, sadac mxolod ioanes mier ambis motanazea saubari.
ZiriTadad lemebis ganxilvisas miiCneven, rom uZvelesia is varianti,
sadac efTvimes Sesaxeb aris saubari, radgan is veneciis xelnaweri,
169
romelSic efTvTime ixsenieba mTargmnelad, adreulia, XI saukunisaa.
lemis pirveli variantidan naxevris Camocileba, aToneli berZnebis
qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg mimarTul moqmedebadaa miCneuli. qarTvelTa
devnas aTonze ki, marTlac hqonda adgili XI saukunis meore meoTxedSi.
1975 wels, e. xinTibiZem eWvi Seitana lemis cvlilebis zemoT naCveneb
variantSi da gamoTqva azri, rom uZvelesi lemis am saxeobebidan iyo is,
romelSic mxolod ambis momtan ioaneze iyo saubari, xolo efTvimes
avtorobis Sesaxeb cnoba, anu lemis meore nawili, Seqmnili unda iyos
efTvimes gardacvalebis Semdgom, aToneli berebis qarTul-laTinur
wreSi, sakmaod naCqarevad da damatebuli unda iyos lemaze daaxloebiT
1048 wels. (amiT SeiZleba aixsnas is Secdomebi, rasac mkvlevarebi
xedaven swored lemis am nawilSi. an SesaZloa, es Secdomebi gamowveuli
iyo mTargmnelis mier berZnuli enis arcTu kargi codniT). es faqti
unda yofiliyo pasuxi im gaafTrebul brZolaze, rac berZnebma wamoiwyes
efTvime mimarT.
3. 1042 w. giorgi aTonelis cnoba, romelic CarTulia mis mier
daweril `ioanesa da efTvimes cxovrebaSi~. p. peetersis azriT, giorgi
aToneli Secdomas ar dauSvebda, radgan mas monasterSi hyavda
mowinaaRmdegeebi, romlebic mas ar apatiebdnen efTvimesaTvis miewera
iseTi nawarmoebis Seqmna, rac efTvimemde iyo cnobili.
p. peetersi miiCnevs, rom am romanis berZnuli legendis tradicia
swored XI s-Si iwyeba. 1048 wlis laTinur Targmanamde es romani
dasavleTSi jer kidev ar yofila popularuli. is agreTve erT-erTi
pirveli aRniSnavs, rom berZnuli Txzulebis gamoCenamde qarTul enaze
arsebobda arabulidan Targmnili `balavariani~. peeterss specialuri
gamokvlevebiT daeTanxmnen amerikeli mecnierebi: r. vulfi, r. bleiki.
aTeuli wlebis manZilze misi argumentebi TandaTan iwyebda damkvidrebas
bizantinistikaSi (38,299).
unda aRiniSnos erTi garemoebac. berZnul xelnawerTa lemebSi,
`varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorobis kandidatad saxeldebian: ioane
sabawmindeli, ioane sineli, ioane tabenisieli da efTvime aToneli.
uZvelesi tradicia am saxelTagan mxars uWers ioane sabawmindels.
Semdgom etapze iwyeba am pirovnebis dazusteba da XIII saukunis berZnul
170
xelnawerebSi es pirovneba xdeba ioane damaskeli. ioane damaskeli
xSirad `damaskel mRvdelmonazonad~ moixsenieboda. e. xinTibiZes miaCnia,
rom `sabawmindel berad~ ioane damaskels ar moixseniebdnen. meorec, am
lemis mixedviT `ioane sabawmindelma~ lema indoeTidan moitana. ioane
damaskelis biografiidan vgebulobT, rom mas am mxareSi ar umogzauria
da saerTod araferi ar Camoutania aRmosavleTidan (38,297). saerTod,
damaskelis gamocxadeba `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ avtorad,
bizantiur samyaroSi, Zalze gvian momxdara. misma saxelma pirvelad
gaiJRera `varlaam da ioasafis~ meore laTinuri Targmanis XII s-is
xelnawerebSi. e. xinTibiZis azriT, swored aqedan iRebs es procesi
saTaves da SemdgomSi gadadis berZnul xelnawerebSic, romlebSic
damaskeli avtorad XIII s-is xelnawerebidan Cndeba. (Tumca unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom arc ioane sabawmindeli da Tundac, ioane
damaskeli, Txzulebis avtori ar SeiZleba iyos. is ubralod ambis
momtania eTiopiidan) (38,298).
p.peetersis gasaTvaliswinebeli daskvnebis Semdgom, samecniero
wreebSi axali etapia f. delgeris statiis gamoCena. is aqtiurad icavs
ioane damaskelis avtorobis sakiTxs. igi cal_calke ganixilavs
p.peetersis argumentebs, romlebic efTvimes avtorobis sakiTxs uWeren
mxars da h.zotenbergisas, romelic damasakelis avtorobis Teorias ar
eTanxmeba. mas mohyavs paralelebi `varlaam da ioasafsa~ da ioane
damaskelis Txzulebebs Soris. mecnieri amodis Txzulebis stilidan,
rac misi azriT pirwmindad damaskeliseulia.Aioane damaskelis
avtorobis hipoTezas f. delgeri amyarebs erT Zvel cnobaze dayrdnobiT.
kerZod, 1085 wels monazon miqel antioqelis mier arabul enaze
dawerila `ioane damaskelis cxovreba~, sadac weria, rom ioanem
sicocxlis ukanaskneli wlebi gaatara sabas lavraSi, sadac dawera
`varlaam da ioasafis istoria~. unda aRiniSnos, rom bizantinistebi da
`varlaam da ioasafis~ Txzulebis mkvlevarni, am wyaros mimarT ar arian
ndobiT aRWurvilni. es nawarmoebi miqel antioqelis mier Seqmnilia
ioane damaskelis gardacvalebidan sami saukunis Semdgom, ara
pirvelwyaroebze dayrdnobiT, aramed napovni mokle gamocemebis
safuZvelze, rasac Tavad avtoric aRniSnavs. arabuli teqsti am
171
nawarmoebisa Cvenamde moRweulia ara XI saukunis, aramed XIII saukunis da
Semdgomi periodis xelnawerebiT. am periodSi ki laTinur_berZnul
samyaroSi dominirebda azri, rom `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtori iyo
ioane damaskeli. SesaZloa, arabul TxzulebaSic amitom gaCnda ioane
damaskelis saxeli `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorad. am faqtis
gasarkvevadac qarTul wyaroebs unda davesesxoT. unda aRiniSnos, rom
gamoCenis umal arabuli Txzuleba samuel adanelis mier iTargmna
berZnulad. berZnulidan ki qarTulad efrem mcires mier. samuel
adanelis Targmani araa Cvenamde moRweuli, xolo efrem mcires
TargmanSi ioane damaskelis avtorobaze araferia naTqvami. miqel
antioqelis Txzulebaze dayrdnobiT `ioane damaskelis cxovreba~ XI
saukuneSi dauweria antioqiis patriarqs ioanes. aqac araferia naTqvami
`varlaam da ioasafis~ Zeglis ioane damaskelis avtorobis Sesaxeb.
f. delgers daupirispirda belgieli mecnieri fransua alkeni. misi
azriT, damajereblobas moklebulia delgeris cda nayalbevad
gamoacxados sam sxvadasxva enaze: berZnul, laTinur da qarTul enaze
daculi cnoba efvTime aTonelis avtorobis Sesaxeb.
berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorobis sakiTxis kvleva,
f.delgeris gamokvlevis Semdeg, qarTvel mecnierTa erT-erTi samuSao
problema gaxda. f. delgeris naSromSi arasworad gagebul detalebs
eqvTimes cxovrebidan da moRvaweobidan asworebs m. TarxniSvili Tavis
naSromSi `wm. efTvimes moRvaweobis dasawyisi da barda skliarosis
ajanyeba~.
ukve XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi qarTvelma mecnierebma bevri Sroma
gaswies am Txzulebis redaqciaTa urTierTmimarTebis dasadgenad. 1956
wels k. kekeliZem dawera narkvevi `balavarianis~ romani qristianul
mwerlobaSi~, romelSic mecnieri exeba am romanis sxvadasxva redaqciaTa
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs. k. kekeliZe Semdeg daskvnebamde mivida. misi
azriT, Tavdapirvelad garkveuli miznebisTvis unda Seqmniliyo
`balavarianis~ siriuli (arabuli) qristianul_nestorianuli redaqcia,
romelic male daikarga. dabejiTebiT rTulia Tqma, iqonia Tu ara am
redaqciam gavlena dRes cnobili qristianuli redaqciebis warmoSobis
saqmeSi. mecnieris azriT, dRes mecnierebis xelTaa Txzulebis
172
araqristianuli arabuli redaqcia da ori qristianuli: qarTuli da
berZnuli redaqciebi. k. kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom vrceli qarTuli
(ierusalimuri) B redaqcia unda daTariRdes IX-X saukuneebiT, xolo
mokle qarTuli (Tbilisuri) A redaqcia, X saukuniT. B redaqcia
momdinareobs arabul_qristianuli redaqciidan, romelic Sedgenili Cans
falauridan momdinare arabuli araqristianuli redaqciis niadagze.
xolo A redaqcia warmoadgens B redaqciis Semoklebasa da damuSavebas
`paterikuli~ Janris literaturis Sesabamisad. efTvime aTonels
qarTulidan berZnulad unda eTargmna qarTuli B redaqcia. Cvens xelT
arsebuli berZnuli redaqcia aris metafrasuli redaqcia, romelic
k.kekeliZis azriT, arc ioane damasakelis naTargmnia da arc efTvime
mTawmindelis. is Sedgenili unda iyos efTvimes Tanamedrovis, svimeon
metafrastis mier, efTvimes mier Sesrulebul berZnul Targmanze
dayrdnobiT da sxva wyaroebis gamoyenebiTac (ix.4,304). amave wels
qveyndeba S. nucubiZis specialuri monografia. Cndeba axali hipoTeza,
rom mokle qarTuli redaqcia aris ara Targmani, aramed originaluri da
dawerilia qarTul enaze VII saukuneSi ioane mosxis mier, romelic
mkvlevaris azriT orenovani mweralia. is wers berZnuladac da
qarTuladac. S. nucubiZis azriT, vrceli qarTuli redaqcia
momdinareobda nawilobriv mokle redaqciidan da nawilobriv berZnuli
`varlaam da ioasafidan~ (38,270). qarTul redaqciaTa urTierTmimarTebis
Sesaxeb sxva mravali Tvalsazrisic arsebobs. 1957 wels il. abulaZem
gamoaqveyna qarTuli `balavarianis~ mokle A da vrceli ierusalimuri B
variantebi da mimoixila maTi urTierTmimarTebis problema. il.abulaZis
azriT, vrceli redaqcia IX-X saukunis Zeglia, mokle redaqcia ki XI
saukunis damlevamde ar SeiZleba warmoSobiliyo. Txzulebis
qarTul_berZnuli teqstebis mimarTebas da `varlaam da ioasafis~ lemis
Seswavlas vrceli gamokvleva miuZRvna s. yauxCiSvilmac. s.yauxCiSvilis
azriT, vrceli redaqcia damokidebulia mokle redaqciaze, mis gavrcobas
warmoadgens. 1958 wels qveyndeba m.TarxniSvilis gamokvleva
`balavarianis~ ori qarTuli redaqciis urTierTmimarTebis Taobaze.
misi azriT, qarTuli redaqciebi ar arian erTmaneTze damokidebuli.
orive damoukideblad modian saerTo ukve dakarguli arabuli wyarodan
173
da orive IX saukuneze adrindeli Zeglia. `balavarianis~ qarTul
redaqciaTa urTierTmimarTebas da maT kavSirs arabul redaqciasTan
ikvlevs r.TvaraZe. r.TvaraZis varaudiT, orive redaqcia dakarguli
qarTuli redaqciidan unda momdinareobdnen. r. miminoSvili efTvime
aTonelis avtorobis sakiTxs icavs Txzulebis qarTul_berZnuli
teqstis mimarTebis safuZvelze, romelTa ganxilvisas mecnierma
saintereso leqsikur da frazeologiur Tanxvedrebs miagno. e.xinTibiZis
azriT, qarTuli mokle redaqcia saqarTveloSi ufro popularuli
yofila. metic, is gauleqsavT kidec (38,232).
qarTvel mecnierTa gasuli saukunis 50-ian wlebSi Catarebuli
kvleva_Ziebis Sedegebi zogadi saxiT gamoCnda d. langis Sesaval
werilSi 1957 wels, romelic darTuli aqvs `varlaam da ioasafis~
vuduardisa da metinglis inglisur Targmans. d.langi kategoriulad
acxadebs, rom `balavarianis~ vrceli (axladaRmoCenili) qarTuli
redaqcia IX saukunisaa. is momdinareobs arabuli araqristianuli
redaqciidan da warmoadgens am arabuli araqristianuli teqstis pirvel,
qarTul, originalur, qristianul damuSavebas. mas ar sjera arabuli
qristianuli versiis arsebobis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, `balavarianis~
qristianuli versia Tavdapirvelad swored qarTul enaze damuSavda. (am
kuTxiT i.abulaZec d. langs uWers mxars). metic, d.langs miaCnia, rom
arabebs qristianuli versia rom hqonodaT, berZnulidan qristianul
redaqcias aRar Targmnidnen. qarTulidan berZnulad `balavariani~
Targmna efTvime aTonelma X saukunis bolos. misi azriT dRevandeli
berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafi~ gaxlavT efTvime aTonelis Targmanis
gametafrasebuli varianti, romelic SesaZloa TviT svimeon loRoTetis,
an misi romelime mowafis namoRvawari iyos. xolo misi Semoklebaa
Tbilisuri, qarTuli redaqcia `sibrZne balavarisa~, romelic imave
saukuneSi unda damuSavebuliyo. d. langma inglisur enaze Targmna orive
qarTuli redaqcia. am TvalsazrisiT, man mxari dauWira efTvime
aTonelis avtorobis sakiTxs. mecnierebi: anri greguari da glenvil
daunic aseve efTvime aTonelis avtorobasAuWerdnen mxars. d. Jimarem
gamoaqveyna `varlaam da ioasafis~ arabuli versiis sakuTari Targmani
da teqsti, Tan daurTo miTiTebebi. erTmaneTTan Seadara `varlaam da
174
ioasafis cxovrebis~ qarTuli, berZnuli da arabuli redaqciebi da
daadastura, rom berZnuli redaqcia qarTulze aSkara damokidebulebas
amJRavnebda. is aRniSnavs rom qarTuli misdevs arabuls, berZnuli
qarTuls. man daaskvna, rom qarTuli redaqcia aris `varlaam da
ioasafis cxovrebis~ Sualeduri redaqcia.
mecnierebma labulem da librextma daasabuTes `varlaam da ioasafis
cxovrebis~ teqstis aSkarad budisturi warmoSoba. amave dros
dadasturda, rom berZnuli teqsti amJRavnebda ukiduresad zust
msgavsebebs orTodoqsul_qristianul dogmatikasTan, radgan, masSi
gamoyenebulia: gr. nazianzelis, basili didis, aristides, ioane
damaskelis doqtrinuli nawerebi da xSir SemTxvevaSi msgavseba ioane
damaskelTan sityvasityviT identurobamde adis.
gasuli saukunis 60_ian wlebSi, kvlav aqtualuria ioane damaskelis
avtorobis delgeriseuli hipoTeza. albaT imitom, rom bizantiuri
literaturis saukeTeso qmnilebis avtorad, damaskelis garda sxva
avtori ver warmoedginaT. cnobili bizantinisti hans bekic eTanxmeba
ioane damaskelis avtorobis hipoTezas (38,267-283). rusi mecnieri fonkiCi
`varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnul teqsts aTariRebs XII saukuniT, xolo
masSi moTavsebuli lemas XV saukunis CanarTad miiCnevs. (am
TvalsazrisiT mas saerTod eWvi Seaqvs am Txzulebis avtorobis
mxardamWer arsebul versiebTan dakavSirebiT). 70-iani wlebis
bizantinistikaSi xdeba im argumentebis kritikuli gadasinjva, romlebic
am TeoriaTa dasamtkiceblad, an uarsayofadaa moxmobili.
`varlaam da ioasafisa~ avtorobis sakiTxis kvlevam XIX s.
damlevidan ramdenime mniSvnelovani etapi ganvlo. Tavdapirvelad es
kvleva ZiriTadad xasiaTdeboda Zvel wyaroebSi `varlaam da ioasafis~
SeqmnasTan dakavSirebuli gadmocemebis mopovebiT da interpretirebiT.
SemdgomSi es procesi gadaizarda `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli
teqstis SeswavlaSi, raSic lomis wili miuZRvis f. delgers.
Tanamedrove etapze ki aqcenti ZiriTadad gadadis `balavarianis~ romanis
Cvenamde moRweuli sxvadasxva redaqciis urTierTmimarTebis da berZnuli
`varlaam da ioasafis~ warmomavlobis dadgenaze.
175
`varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ mecnierul kvlevasTan
dakavSirebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia qarTveli mecnieris e. xinTibiZis
gamokvlevebi. 1976 wels parizSi gamoqveynda e. xinTibiZis gamokvleva
`balavarianis~ qarTuli da berZnuli teqstebis mimarTebis Taobaze.
naSromSi gaTvaliswinebulia am Txzulebis arabuli redaqciac. misi
daskvniT, arabuli redaqcia romanisa berZnuls ar hgavs, berZnuli ufro
qarTuls emsgavseba. misi azriT, qarTuli Sualeduri redaqciaa.
berZnul redaqciaSi ar Cans arc erTi winadadeba, romelic qarTulis
gverdis avliT arabulidan iyos gadmotanili. aqve mecnieri e. xinTibiZe
gamoexmaura S. nucubiZis Tvalsazris `balavarianis~ redaqciebis
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. e.xinTibiZe miiCnevs, rom
S.nucubiZis varaudi arasworia, radgan am ukanasknelis azriT, qarTuli
teqsti amJRavnebs damokidebulebas `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~
berZnul redaqciaze, romelic efTvimem XI s-is pirvel meoTxedSi Seqmna.
dReisaTvis ki specialistebi aRiareben, rom “iodasafis cxovreba” IX-X
saukuneebis Zeglia (54,13). e. xinTibiZe Tvlis, rom `varlaam da ioasafis~
warmoSobis problemis gadasawyvetad mniSvnelovani roli berZnuli
teqstis sxva _ arabul da qarTul redaqciebTan mimarTebam unda
Seasrulos. misi azriT, xSir SemTxvevebSi gaugebroba gamowveulia imiT,
rom ar aris Seswavlili saTanadod arabuli redaqciis mimarTeba
qarTul da berZnul redaqciebTan. am TvalsazrisiT mecnieri
damoukideblad mivida d. Jimares msgavs daskvnebamde (38,281). e. xinTibiZis
azriT, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom berZnuli `varlaam da
ioasafis~ gamoCenemde `balavarianis~ redaqciebi mxolod qarTul da
arabul enebzea SemorCenili, romlebic ar arian Targmnili berZnuli
enidan. `balavarianis~ arabul redaqciaTa Soris berZnuli `varlaam da
ioasafis~ savaraudo dednis Ziebisas sayuradReboa arabuli
araqristianuli redaqcia, romelic VIII-IX saukuneebSia Seqmnili
abisidebis epoqaSi. es teqsti liTografiulad gamoica q. bombeiSi 1889
wels. misgan Sesrulebul zust rusul Targmans daeyrdno mecnieri
e.xinTibiZec am redaqciaze saubrisas. man Seadara berZnuli, qarTuli da
arabuli versiebis ramdenime saerTo pasaJi erTmaneTs da darwmunda, rom
Txzulebis qarTuli teqsti arabulidan modis, xolo berZnuli
176
qarTulidan. berZnul redaqciaSi ar aris arc erTi winadadeba, romelic
qarTulisagan gverdis avliT arabuls emsgavsebodes; maSin, roca
arabulisgan qarTulis gansxvavebas xSirad imeorebs berZnuli. mecnierma
miiCnia, rom qarTul enaze daculi `balavarianis~ ori,Amokle da vrceli,
redaqciidan, vrceli redaqcia, rogorc dRes ukve dadgenilia, IX-X
saukuneebSi unda iyos Seqmnili. `balavarianis~ vrceli qarTuli
redaqcia warmoadgens arabuli araqristianuli redaqciis Semoklebas da
qristianul damuSavebas. is ar aris damokidebuli berZnul `varlaam da
ioasafze~. amas adasturebs Semdegi garemoebani: 1) `balavarianis~ vrceli
qarTuli redaqcia Tavisi eniT ar tovebs berZnulidan naTargmnis
STabeWdilebas. masSi ar Cans arc berZnuli sintaqsis arc berZnuli
leqsikis gavlena. am TvalsazrisiT Zegli aSkarad arabul enasTan
amyarebs kavSirs. 2) ZiriTad gansxvavebas `balavarianis~ vrcel qarTul
redaqciasa da `varlaam da ioasafs~ Soris qmnis berZnuli teqstis
moWarbebuli qristianuli dogmatikur_polemikuri elementi. qarTuli
redaqcia am elementisgan carielia. masSi mxolod ambavi, siuJetis
ganviTareba da igavuri stili emTxveva berZnuls. qarTuli redaqcia
aSkarad gardamavali safexuria `balavarianis~ aRmosavlur
araqristianul fabulasa da berZnulis Rrmad dogmatikur
`sulismargebel moTxrobas~ Soris. qarTuli redaqcia rom berZnulidan
yofiliyo Targmnili, is qristianuli sulismargebeli elementisagan
Tavisufali ar iqneboda. gansxvavebaa igavebSic. e. xinTibiZe miiCnevs, rom
berZnul `varlaam da ioasafSi~ Setanili igavebi ori wyarodan _
saxarebidan da sakuTriv `balavaridanaa~. berZnul redaqciaSi
`balavarianis~ igavebi amokrebilia qarTulidan da ara arabulidan.
arabul redaqciaSi, qarTulze orjer metia igavia. sakuTari saxelebi
berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafisa~ amJRavnebs kavSirs qarTuli redaqciis
sakuTar saxelebTan da ara arabuli redaqciisa. `balavarianis~ romanis
fabula ambis ZiriTad nawilSi TiTqmis yvela redaqciaSi metnaklebad
erTmaneTs emsgavseba. gansxvaveba ambis dasarulSia. qarTuli redaqcia
Seicavs yvela arabuli versiisagan gansxvavebul dasasruls, xolo
berZnuli aqac qarTuls misdevs (38,282).
177
gavecaniT ra `balavarianis~ qarTul da berZnul redaqciebs, Cvenc
viziarebT e. xinTibiZis mosazrebas, rom qarTuli redaqcia berZnulsa da
arabuls Soris dgas Tavisi zomieri qristianuli elementiT. igi
gardamavali safexuria aRmosavlur araqristianul ambavsa da berZnul
Rrmad dogmatur da hagiografiul `cxovrebas” Soris. es Tviseba
qarTuli redaqciisa sxva evropeli mkvlevarebis mierac iqna
gaziarebuli. migvaCnia, rom `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli teqsti
qarTuli `balavarianis~ vrceli versiis Targmnisa da gavrcobis gziTaa
Seqmnili da amitomac mis avtorad eqvTime aToneli unda CaiTvalos. unda
xazgasmiT aRiniSnos, rom bolo periodis bizantinistika berZnuli
`varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ genezisis problemis gadawyvetaSi
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs arabul, qarTul da berZnul
versiaTa urTierTmimarTebas. dReisaTvis warmoebuli teqstologiuri
Sedarebis doneze ki, es mimarTebani udaod berZnuli redaqciis qarTul
redaqciaze damokidebulebaze metyveleben (38,305).
`varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorobis kvlevis procesSi, rac Cveni
interesis sagania, Txzulebis xelnawarebSi gvxvdeba uamravi iseTi
detali, romelic Zalze mniSvnelovani da gasaTvaliswinebelia am
procesisaTvis. e. xinTibiZis mecnieruli gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, erTi
aseTi detali, romelic `varlaam da ioasafs~ efTvimes kalams miawers,
arasworad iqna gaazrebuli rigi mkvlevarebis mier. es gaxlavT “varlaam
da ioasafis cxovrebis” berZnul enaze Sesrulebuli erT_erTi
veneciuri xelnaweris lema, romelSic weria: `sulis margebeli
moTxroba, eTiopelTa uSinaganesi qveynidan wminda qalaqSi motanili
wminda sabas monastris beris ioanes mier, xolo gadmoTargmnili iberTa
enidan elinur enaze pativdebuli da keTilsaTno kacis efTvimes, iberad
wodebulis mier~.(ase Targmnis am abzacs berZnulidan s.yauxCiSvili)
(38,309).Fam lemaSi gvxvdeba gamoTqma “ΰπέρ Ευθυµίου”, rac e. xinTibiZis
azriT arazusti formaa. motanil konteqstSi is unda niSnavdes
`efTvimes mier~, rac berZnulad, wesiT unda yofiliyo “ΰπό da ara ΰπέρ ”.
am faqtze dayrdnobiT, h.zotenbergma miiCnia, rom lemis avtori iyo
qarTveli beri, romelmac nacionaluri interesiT miawera es romani
efTvimes. rogorc e. xinTibiZe fiqrobs, zotenbergma am gamoTqmaSi
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sworad amoikiTxa `efTvimes mier~, Tumca windebulis uadgilo xmarebam
is daafiqra da man es lema qarTvel bers miawera da misi azris
WeSmaritebaSi eWvi Seitana. f. delgeri am sakiTxs sxvagvarad miudga. man
miiCnia, rom gamoTqma unda niSnavdes mxoloddamxolod `eqvTimesaTvis~.
delgeri miiCnevs, rom es sityvebi lemaSi Sesula sxva berZnuli
xelnaweridan, romelic efTvimesaTvis iyo gadawerili, raTa mas
berZnulidan qarTulad eTargmna es Txzuleba. h. bekic mas daeTanxma.
yvelaze mTavari ki is aris, rom h.beki mTel tradicias efTvimes
avtorobis Sesaxeb, “ΰπέρ Ευθυµίου”-ze dafuZnebulad acxadebs, romelic
berZnulis cudad mcodnem “ΰπό”-Si auria. e. xinTibiZe ar eTanxmeba am
varaudebs da is ase xsnis am faqts: 1. f.delgeris varaudebi `varlaam da
ioasafis cxovrebis~ kvlevis irgvliv, ZiriTadad arcerTi ar gamarTlda.
2. e.xinTibiZes miaCnia, rom delgeris varaudi rom swori iyos, maSin
aTonis mTaze unda Sesuliyo xelnaweri, romelsac Tavze ewereboda
“gadawerilia efTvimesaTvis” _“µεταγραφείσα ΰπέρ Ευθυµίου”, rac arcerT
xelnawerSi arsad ar dasturdeba. 3. pirveli xelnaweridan unda
gadaweriliyo meore xelnaweri, sadac iqneboda aseTi warwera “ΰπ
Ευθυµίου”. aseTi xelnaweri da warwera dReisaTvis daculi ar aris. 4. es
varianti unda Cavardnoda xelSi konstantinopolel laTinel avtors,
romelze dayrdnobiTac warmoiSveboda laTinuri versia efTvimes
avtorobisa. esec ase ar momxdara. 4. savaraudo berZnuli xelnaweris
erTi piri unda gaCeniliyo iberTa lavraSic, raze dayrdnobiTac unda
warmoSobiliyo efTvimes mier `balavarianis~ Targmnaze giorgi aTonelis
cnoba, romelic `ioanesa da efTvimes cxovrebaSia~ Senaxuli. giorgi
aToneli efTvimes literaturuli memkvidreobis ubadlo mcodnea da es
rom ase momxdariyo, es faqti mas ar gamoepareboda. igi efTvimes
gardacvalebidan 15 wlis mere aRwers `ioanesa da efTvimes cxovrebas~
imave sazogadoebaSi, sadac ioane da efTvime moRvaweobdnen. e. xinTibiZis
azriT, f. delgers surs dagvarwmunos, rom: 1. `varlaam da ioasafis
cxovreba~ ioane damaskelis nawarmoebi iyo, romelic berZnul samyaroSi
X saukunis dasasruls aTonis mTis qarTvelebma gaxades popularuli. is
Tvlis, rom arc qarTvelTa damsaxureba amaSi da arc is faqti, rom
`varlaam da ioasafis cxovreba~ ioane damaskelis dawerilia ar icoda
179
giorgi mTawmindelma. 2. qarTvelTa dakveTiT aTonze mivida `varlaam da
ioasafis cxovrebis~ berZnuli xelnaweri, romelic efTvimem Targmna
berZnulidan qarTulad da es faqti mxedvelobidan gamorCa giorgi
aTonels. 3. giorgi aTonelma, romelic ikvlevda efTvimes namoRvawars
aTonze, ver miagno im xelnawers, romelic efTvimesTvis iyo gadawerili
da romelsac Tavze ewers “ΰπέρ Ευθυµίου”. am xelnaweris misia TiTqos iyo
is, rom misgan meore xelnaweri warmoSobiliyo “ΰπ Ευθυµίου”. 4. giorgi
mTawmindels xelSi Cauvarda f. delgeris navaraudevi meore berZnuli
xelnaweri, romelsac Tavze ewera `gadaTargmnilia efTvimes mier~
(“µεταγραφείσα ΰπέρ Ευθυµίου”), da ise daujera am cnobas, rom saWirod ar
CaTvala gaerkvia saqmis viTareba. vinc giorgi aTonelis pirovneba icis,
delgeris am varaudebs ver daeTanxmeba. e.xinTibiZe Tvlis, rom “ΰπέρ
Ευθυµίου”-s warweriani berZnuli xelnaweridanaa warmoSobili XII
saukunis cnobili veneciuri xelnaweri, romelic efTvimes miiCnevs
`varlaam da ioasafis~ qarTulidan berZnul enaze gadmomtanad, Tumca ar
asworebs windebuls “ΰπέρ”. es windebuli lemaSi darCa, Tumca mis
gverdiT gaCnda `Targmnilia qarTuli enidan berZnulze~, romelic
e.xinTibiZis SexedulebiT, namdvilad ver iqneboda delgeris
navaraudebel dedanze dayrdnobiT. unda dauSvaT is faqtic, rom XII
saukunis cnobil veneciur xelnawerze dayrdnobiT gaCnda XIV (f.
delgeris varaudiT XV) saukunis meore berZnuli parizuli xelnaweris
lema, sadac gaugebari “ΰπέρ” gasworda “παρά” windebuliT, riTac teqsti
aSkarad efTvime aTonels miewera. es daSvebac xinTibiZis azriT,
miuRebeli unda iyos. parizuli xelnaweri efTvimes miawers nawarmoebis
Targmnas eTiopuri (induri) enidan, rasac ar gadmogvcems veneciuri
xelnaweris lema. parizul xelnawers Tavisi wyaro unda hqondes. aseTia
Txzulebis parizuli xelnaweris, pirveli laTinuri Targmanis lema,
romelic s. yauxCiSvilis mieraa Targmnili qarTulad: `sulis margebeli
moTxrobebi eTiopelTa uSinaganesi, romaelTa (samflobeloSi Semavali)
qveynidan, gadmotanili eTiopelTa kilodan elinur enaze efTvime iberis,
uwmindesi monazonis mier, romelic iyo wminda aTanasis didi lavris
winamZRvari aTonis mTaze~. e. xinTibiZes miaCnia, rom ar SeiZleba
veneciuri xelnaweris “ΰπέρ Ευθυµίου” gavigoT mniSvnelobiT
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`efTvimesaTvis~, radgan iqve vkiTxulobT `gadmoTargmnilia…. . .
gadametafsrasebulia efTvimes mier~. f.delgeri aqac Tavisebur versias
iZleva. is Tvlis, rom veneciuri xelnaweris dedanSi iyo `gadawerilia~
da ara `gadaTargmnilia~( iyo µεταγραφείσα, µεταφρασθείσα-s magivrad), Tumca
is teqstualuri kvlevis araswor gzaze idga. is ver xedavs gaugebar
adgils, metic, amarTlebs lemaSi gaugebari windebulis arsebobas.
umatebs frazas da xsnis winadadebas. e. xinTibiZisTvis gaugebaria
f.delgeris azri, vinaidan, Tu romelime gadamwerma f.delgeris
navaraudevi “ΰπέρ Ευθυµίου”-iani lema Seaswora raime mosazrebiT, sadac
“eqvTimesTvis gadaweraze” iyo saubari, maSin ratom datova “ΰπέρ” da ar
Secvala “ΰπό” formiT?! “ΰπέρ” yvela SemTxvevaSi unda miuTiTebdes
efTvimes mier, saSualebiT Sesrulebaze. amgvari lemiani berZnuli
xelnaweri 1048 wels iTargmna laTinur enaze. laTinuri Targmanis lemac
miuTiTebs, rom Txzuleba `efTvimes mier~ iTargmna. es lema e. xinTibiZis
azriT, berZnul samyaroSic gaazrebuli iyo, rogorc efTvimes mier
Sesrulebul Targmanze miTiTeba. amitomaa, rom XIV saukunis berZnul,
parizul xelnawerSi ukve pirdapiraa aRniSnuli, rom Txzuleba
Targmnilia efTvimes mier. ar arsebobs arc erTi miniSneba imaze, rom
“ΰπέρ Ευθυµίου” berZnul, laTinur da qarTul samyaroSi gaegoT, rogorc
`efTvimesaTvis~. e. xinTibiZes miaCnia, rom h.beki cdeba, roca miiCnevs, rom
berZnulis cudad mcodnem auria yvela xelnawerSi windebuli “ΰπέρ” _
“ΰπό”-Si. es daskvna naCqarevia. berZnulis ucodinrobaSi ver
davadanaSaulebT XI_XIV saukunis bizantiuri Zeglebis mTargmnelebsa da
gadamwerlebs _ berZnebs, laTinelebs da qarTvelebs. e. xinTibiZes
mohyavs ramodenime pirovneba, visac h.bekis azriT SesaZloa daeSvaT es
Secdoma. 1. XII_XIV saukuneebSi moRvawe ucnobi berZeni gadamweri,
romelmac gaaswora “ΰπέρ” “παρά”-d da es forma miviReT XIV saukunis
xelnawerSic. aseTi gadamweri qarTveli namdvilad ar unda iyos, rom mas
berZnulis ucodinroba dabraldes. man ar unda icodes, rom efTvimem
qarTulidan berZnulad Targmna `varlaam da ioasafi~, amitom is ar
asworebs araswor versias, rom eqvTimem `varlaam da ioasafis
sulismargebeli moTxroba~ Targmna eTiopiuridan (induridan). es
gadamweri berZnuli enis kargi mcodne unda yofiliyo. 2. laTineli
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mTargmneli, romelic XI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi 30 wlis manZilze
konstantinopolSi cxovrobda da berZnul wignebs Targmnida laTinurad.
1048 wels man “varlaam da ioaafis cxovrebis” sruli teqsti Targmna
berZnulidan laTinurad. 3. giorgi aToneli, romelic h.bekis varaudiT
Tavis cnobas aagebda “ΰπέρ Ευθυµίου” araswor gagebaze, rac gamowveuli
iyo berZnuli enis ucodinrobiT. am samive avtors didi gamocdileba
aqvT samwerlobo moRvaweobis, gansakuTrebiT giorgi aTonels, romelic
gamorCeuli pirovneba iyo da berZnulic ubadlod icoda. amrigad
e.xinTibiZis azriT, yovlad dauSvebelia XI saukunis berZnuli
xelnaweris lemaSi arsebul windebulze “ΰπέρ” dayrdnobiT, efTvime
aTonelis avtorobis tradicia yalbad gamovacxadoT. lemis damaxinjeba
“ΰπ-ΰπό-ΰπέρ” unda mieweros lemis Semdgenels, an gadamwers. SesaZloa es
gadamweri romelime aToneli qarTveli beric yofiliyo, romelmac
saTanadod ar icoda berZnuli gramatika. SesaZloa am lemaSi
moxseniebuli sityva “eladac” qarTuli gziT iyos motanili, radgan im
periodis qarTvelebi saberZneTs eladas eZaxdnen. SesaZloa laTinel
avtorsac emuSava mis Sedgenaze da amitom, e. xinTibiZis azriT, am lemis
Seqmna aTonis mTis qarTul an laTinur ber_monazonTa wres ukavSirdeba.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi ram unda iTqvas. SesaZloa,
lemis Semdgenels surs Tqvas, rom es Zegli (metafrasirebulia) efTvimes
mier da am niuanss, is gadmoscems “ΰπέρ” windebulis saSualebiT. radgan
es windebuli gvxvdeba ara “έρµηνεΰθέισα”-sTan kavSirSi, rasac zotenbergi
varaudobda, aramed “µεταφρασθείσα”-sTan. es ukanaskneli ki niSnavs ara
marto gadmoTargmnas, aramed metafrasirebas, gansxvavebulad gadmocemas,
parafrazirebas. metafrasirebis Teorias da praqtikas ki XI saukunis
rogorc bizantieli, ise qarTveli mwerlebic kargad icnobnen. amitom,
SesaZloa maT avtoris “mier”-is magivrad, exmaraT termini, avtoris
`meSveobiT~. radgan zogadad, metafrasti Sekrebda Zvel masalas da mis
mier xdeboda masalis Semdgomi damuSaveba. aqedan gamomdinare, e.
xinTibiZis azriT, rasac Cvenc viziarebT, berZnuli xelnaweris lemis
CvenTvis saintereso punqti ase unda gavigoT: `metafrasirebul iqna
efTvimes mier~ (38,ix.308-318).
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unda SevexoT kidev erT mniSvnelovan detalsac. es gaxlavT sityva
eTiopia, `varlaam da ioasafis romanis~ berZnuli versiis lemidan. es
aris lemaSi naxsenebi erTaderTi geografiuli dasaxeleba. veneciuri
xelnaweris lemis mixedviT (Venet. marc vii), es Txzuleba eTiopiis Sida
qveynidan aris motanili. amave lemis meore varianti, romelsac Cvenamde
moRweuli SedarebiT Zveli xelnawerebi inaxavs, ufro azustebs am
dasaxelebas. eTiopia aq indoeTis qveynadaa gamoyvanili: `sulismargebeli
moTxroba motanili eTiopiis Sida qveynidan, egreT wodebuli indoeTis
qveynidan~. es lema ase ikiTxeba 60-ze met berZnul xelnawerSi,
romelTagan 14 ekuTvnis XIV saukunes. sami maTgani ki delgeris azriT X
saukunisaa. riTi SeiZleba avxsnaT, rom romanis dasawyisSi, romelSic
moTxrobilia indoeTSi qristianobis gavrcelebis ambavi, indoeTis
identifikacia xdeba eTiopiasTan, razec araferia naTqvami berZnuli
redaqciis gamoCenamde arsebul qarTul da arabul redaqciebSi. e.
xinTibiZe fiqrobs, rom am kiTxvas SesaZloa vupasuxoT Zvel qarTul
bibliur teqstebze dayrdnobiT. mag: berZnuli bibliuri teqstis,
`mociqulTa moRvaweobis~ Sesaxeb, VIII TavSi saubaria eTiopiis
dedofalze da erT eTiopze. yvela evropul TargmanSi es citata ase
JRers. `mociqulTa moRvaweobis~ Sesaxeb giorgi mTawmindelis XI
saukunis qarTul TargmanSi ki eTiopiis da eTiopis magivrad saubaria
indoeTze da indusze. eTiopia sxva Zvel qarTul TargmanebSic indoeTad
xSiradaa Targmnili. sainteresoa XI saukunis xelnaweriT Cvenamde
moRweuli `pateriki~, romelsac am kuTxiT yuradReba miaqcies bibliuri
teqstebis mkvlevarebma. Zvel qarTul bibliur teqstebSi, xSir
SemTxvevebSi, sityva eTiopia, qarTveli mTargmnelebis mier gaazrebulia,
rogorc miTiTeba zangze, Savkanianze. antikur wyaroebSi eTiopeli
Savkanians niSnavda. rogorc dadgenilia, hindo, ZvelqarTulSi aramarto
induss aRniSnavda, aramed Savkanians zogadad. SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna:
identifikacia indoeTisa eTiopiasTan, romelic damaxasiaTebelia
mxolod `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli redaqciisaTvis, unda modiodes
berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorisagan. avtorma Tavad uwoda
indoeTs eTiopia. mis win mdebare masalebSi mas indoeTi erqva. e.xinTibiZe
miiCnevs, rom es identifikacia unda moexdina adamians, romelic kargad
183
erkveoda berZnul da qarTul bibliur teqstebSi, radganac berZnuli
bibliis eTiopia bibliuri teqstebis qarTul TargmanSi indoeTia. aqedan
gamomdinare, am tradiciebze aRzrdil avtors, qarTulidan indoeTi
gadmoaqvs berZnul TargmanSi eTiopiad. am mizeziTac, e.xinTibiZis azriT,
`varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorad efTvime mTawmindeli unda miviCnioT
(49,70-73).
1991 wels, bizantinistTa me-18 saerTaSoriso kongresze, moxda
`oqsforduli bizantinistikis leqsikonis~ samtomeulis prezentacia. am
samtomeulis Seqmna dakavSirebulia cnobili bizantinistis, a.kaJdanis
saxelTan. leqsikonis pirvel tomSi moTavsebulia a. kaJdanis statia
bizantiuri romanis `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorobis Sesaxeb. aq
vkiTxulobT, rom berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ Seqmnis TariRi da
avtoroba azrTa sxvadasxvaobis sagania. mecnieruli tradicia mxars
uWers or saxels: ioane damaskelsa da efTvime iberiels. a.kaJdani ki
miiCnevs, rom arc erTi maTgani ar SeiZleba iyos avtori da naSromi unda
miekuTvnos, ucnob, ioane sabawmindels da daTariRdes IX saukuniT.
a.kaJdanis es Tvalsazrisi TiTqmis gameorebaa pirveli mecnieruli
Tvalsazrisisa, romelic h.zotenbergs ekuTvnis. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom
zotenbergi kaJdanisagan gansxvavebiT miiCnevda, rom es ioane
sabawmindeli unda yofiliyo VII saukunis ucnobi beri. rogorc Cans,
kaJdanma gaiTvaliswina zotenbergis Teoriis winaaRmdeg arsebuli
mecnieruli Tvalsazrisebi da daaskvna, rom VII-VIII saukuneebiT
daTariRebas teqstobrivi niuansebic ar uWers mxars da ucnobi beri IX
saukuneSi gadmoiyvana. a.kaJdanis statias gamoexmaura qarTveli mecnieri
e.xinTibiZe. is miiCnevs, rom kaJdanis Tvalsazrisi imiTaa saintereso, rom
masSi gvxveba axali argumentebi, romlebic abaTilebs ioane damaskelis
avtorobis sakiTxs da wyals asxams efTvime mTawmindelis avtorobis
wisqvilze.
a. kaJdanma yuradReba miaqcia im garemoebas, rom `varlaam da
ioasafis~ berZnuli teqstis da misi paraleluri inglisuri Targmanis
gamomcemlebs _ g. vuduardisa da h. metinglis SeniSnuli aqvT, rom
Txzulebis avtori erTgan Zveli aRTqmis teqstis citirebisas Secdomas
uSvebs. a. kaJdanis azriT, es Secdoma damaskelisTvis moulodnelia,
184
Tumca ara SeuZlebeli. Aa. kaJdani am TvalsazrisiT ufro mniSvnelovan
arevad miiCnevs `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnul teqstSi indoeTis
eTiopiaSi arevas, rasac adgili aqvs rogorc Txzulebis zedwarweraSi
(lemaSi), ise sakuTriv teqstSi, nawarmoebis SesavalSi. a. kaJdans miaCnia,
rom damaskeli aseT Secdomas ar dauSvebda, is rom nawarmoebis avtori
iyos. a. kaJdanis azriT, Txzulebis avtori eTiopiaSi arabeTis xalifats
gulisxmobs da arabeTs urevs indoeTSi. amitom, kaJdanis varaudiT,
Txzulebis avtori sabawmindeli beri unda iyos, romelsac arabeTi
eTiopiaSi advilad aereoda. argumentad moyvanilia epizodi sabawmindel
mamaTa cxovrebis amsaxveli erT-erTi hagiografiuli teqstidan, sadac
aRwerilia, Tu rogor daesxa Tavs wminda sabas lavras eTiopelTa brbo.
kaJdanis Tvalsazriss Sua saukuneebis wyaroTmcodneobaSi paraleli ar
moeZebneba. (eTiopia areulia arabeTSi, arabeTi ki indoeTSi). maSin roca
Sua saukuneebis literaturul da geografiul wyaroebSi III s. mwerlis
filostrate aTenelis `apolonios tianelis cxovrebidan~ moyolebuli
eTiopiisa da indoeTis aseT aRrevas mravali analogi eZebneba.
miuTiTeben, rom am faqts adgili aqvs elinisturi da bizantiuri
periodis sxva literaturul Tu saistorio wyaroebSic. p. peetersmac
SeniSna, rom XII-XIV ss. evropeli geografebi eTiopias uwodeben
indoeTis erT nawils da a.S.
e. xinTibiZis azriT, kaJdanis gamokvlevaSi `varlaam da ioasafis~
faqtobrivi masala mcdaradaa mowodebuli. mag: mimoixilavs ra kaJdani
`varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorobis ioane damaskelisa da efTvime
aToneliseul Teoriebs, askvnis, rom orive Teoria arsebobda ukve XI s-
Si, magram orive Teoria arsebobs am berZnuli Txzulebis xelnawerisgan
mowyvetiT, mxolod damaskelisa da efTvime aTonelis biografiebSi.
e.xinTibiZis azriT, es varaudi mcdaria, radgan ioane damaskelis
avtorobis Teoriis XI s-iT daTariReba samecniero literaturaSi eWvis
qveSaa dayenebuli. cxadia, a. kaJdani am mosazrebas ayalibebs daaxloebiT
1085 wels, antioqieli beris, miqelis mier arabul enaze daweril `ioane
damaskelis cxovrebaze~ dayrdnobiT, romelsac Tavis droze rogorc
viciT, yuradReba miaqcia delgermac, Tumca cnobis faseulobaSi ar
yofila darwmunebuli. am arabuli cnobisadmi skeptikurad arian
185
ganwyobili rigi mecnierebi: m. TarxniSvili, d. langi, p. devo,S. nucubiZe.
sagulisxmoa, rom es Txzuleba Cvenamde XIII s-is xelnaweriTaa moRweuli,
romelSic arcerTi damaskelis mier Sesrulebuli nawarmoebi naxsenebi
araa. e. xinTibiZe mxars uWers d. langisa da p. devos varauds imis
Taobaze, rom `varlaam da ioasafis~ ioane damaskelis Txzulebad
gamocxadeba `cxovrebis~ XIII s. arabul xelnawerebSi im tradiciebze
dayrdnobiT aris Sesuli, romelic XII-XIII ss. laTinur-berZnul
samyaroSi Seiqmna. rogorc Cans, romeliRac gadamwerma Caamata ioane
damaskelis avtorobis Sesaxeb cnoba, radganac `varlaam da ioasafis~
avtoroba XII-XIII ss. xelnaweris lemis mixedviT, swored sabawmindel
bers, ioane damaskels, miewereboda. e.xinTibiZis azriT, mcdaria a.kaJdanis
varaudi imis Sesaxebac, rom ioane damaskelisa da efTvime mTawmindelis
avtorobis Sesaxeb cnobebi, mxolod maT biografiebSia daculi da es
varaudebi arsebobs berZnuli Txzulebis xelnawerTagan damoukideblad.
cnobilia, rom yvelaze adre damaskelis avtorobas miuTiTeben
Txzulebis laTinuri da berZnuli xelnawerebis lemebi. pirvelad
damaskeli `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorad gamocxadebulia `varlaam da
ioasafis~ meore laTinuri Targmanis XIIs. xelnawerebSi. Semdgom XIII s-
Si Cndeba igive Tvalsazrisi berZnuli xelnawerebis lemebSi, rac imave
xelnawerebSi XV s-dan ufro popularuli xdeba. rac Seexeba efTvime
aTonelis avtorobis sakiTxs, berZnul da laTinur enaze is daculia
swored `varlaam da ioasafis~ xelnawerebSi: laTinur enaze am
Txzulebis pirvel laTinur TargmanSi, romelic Cvenamde XIV s-is
xelnaweriTaa moRweuli. berZnul enaze or xelnawerSi: XIV s-is
parizul xelnawerSi da XI-XII s-is veneciur xelnawerSi. am ukanasknelSi
lema, romelSic efTvimes avtorobis Sesaxebaa naTqvami, fonkiCis
gamokvlevis Tanaxmad XIV-XV ss-Si unda iyos CarTuli. es imas ar
niSnavs, rom cnoba efTvimes avtorobis Sesaxeb berZnul xelnawerebSi
XIV s-dan gaCnda. viciT, rom aseTi saxis lema wamZRvarebuli aqvs
Txzulebis pirvel laTinur Targmans, romelic 1048 welsaa
Sesrulebuli da am TargmanSi Cans, rom lema im berZnuli
xelnaweridanaa gadaRebuli, romlisganac laTinuri Targmani Sesrulda.
186
a. kaJdanis gamokvlevaSi aSkarad SeiniSneba pirvelwyaros
monacemebis saTanadod Seufasebloba. magaliTad, Cven ukve viciT, rom
`varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorobis kvlevaSi mTeli etapi Seqmna p.
peetersis gamokvlevam, sadac pirvelad iyo miTiTebuli am Txzulebis
uZveles laTinur Targmanze (neapolis xelnaweri) da Seswavlili
gaxldaT am xelnaweris lema da anderZi. es laTinuri lema aSkarad unda
momdinareobdes berZnul xelnaweTa im tipis lemisagan, romlebic
efTvimes avtorobaze miuTiTeben. mTargmnelis anderZi ki, rogorc viciT,
iZleva unikalur cnobebs. a. kaJdans miaCnia, rom am laTinuri Targmanis
lema bundovania. e. xinTibiZe Tvlis, rom es sazogadod berZnuli lemis
bundovanebiTaa gamowveuli. laTinur enaze gadatanili unda iyos lemis
erTi varianti, romelic winaaRmdeg sxva mkvlevarTa Tvalsazrisisa
p.peetersi, p.devo, s.yauxCiSvili, a.greguari), xinTibiZis azriT ufro
gviandeli variantia. kaJdani erTmaneTs upirispirebs neapolis
manuskripts, rogorc erTaderTs da gviandels, amave Txzulebis sxva
mraval xelnawers, romlebic XII da Semdgomi saukuneebiT
TariRdebian.Eis ambobs, rom im erTaderT da gviandel xelnawerSi
efTvimea gamocxadebuli avtorad, danarCen mraval da ufro adrindel
xelnawerSi ki ioane damaskelio. Aa. kaJdani ar ukvirdeba im garemoebas,
rom neapolis XIV s-is xelnaweri warmoadgens `varlaam da ioasafis~
pirvel laTinur Targmans. danarCeni xelnawerebi ki iZlevian Txzulebis
sxva laTinur Targmans. kaJdani Tvlis, rom monacemebi winasityvaobasa
da epilogSi areulia. mkvlevars uWirs irwmunos am monaTxrobis
Rirebuleba. misi azriT, mTargmnels informacia efTvimes avtorobis
Sesaxeb, ar aqvs am ukanasknelis Tanamedrovisgan gagebuli. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, rTuli asaxsneli iqneboda efTvimes mier Txzulebis induri
enidan Targmna. e. xinTibiZis azriT, a. kaJdans Ralatobs istorikosis
alRo roca Tvlis, rom am tipis Secdoma miuTiTebs gviandel
gamyalbebelze, romelic efTvimes saxels Segnebulad rTavs TxzulebaSi.
es rom ase iyos, Tu vinme Segnebulad daukavSirebda nawarmoebs efTvime
qarTvelis saxels, mas is faqtic kargad ecodineboda, rom Txzuleba
qarTulidan unda eTargmna efTvimes da ara induridan. e. xinTibiZis
azriT, es areuloba SesaZloa ucnob laTinel mTargmnels davabraloT,
187
romelmac cota ram Tu icis efTvimes Sesaxeb. man icis, rom Txzuleba
`wminda kacma efTvimem~ Targmna berZnulad da aseve icis is faqtic, rom
es ambavi berZnulad mTargmnels Soreuli indoeTidan moutanes. am
monacemTa safuZvelze, gulubryvilod wers ucnobi laTineli
mTargmneli, rom efTvimem Txzuleba induridan Targmnao.
rac Seexeba eqvTimes abazgur stilsa Tu mTargmnelis abazgur
warmoSobas. eqvTimes abazgad moxseniebac kaJdans gviani gadamweris
Secdoma hgonia. e. xinTibiZis azriT, is aqac cdeba, radgan eqvTime
aTonelis qarTuli, anu iberiuli warmoSobis aRsaniSnavad, termini
abazgi berZnul-laTinur wyaroebSi X_XII ss-Si gaCndeboda. saqme imaSia,
rom dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTulad `afxazeTi~, berZnulad misi
Sesatyvisi `abazgia~ ewodeba VIII s-dan. XI s-dan ki qarTvelTa
gaerTianebuli samefos, xelisuflebis tituli afxazTa (abazgTa)
saxeliT iwyeboda.
e. xinTibiZe miiCnevs, rom kaJdanis narkvevSi, `varlaam da ioasafis~
problematikis kvleva damyarebulia moZvelebul Sexedulebebze da
samecniero Sromebze. mag: `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorad efTvimes
gamocxadebis sasargeblod erT_erTi yvelaze Zveli cnoba gaxlavT
efTvimes mamis, ioanes `anderZi~, Sedgenili daaxloebiT 1002 wels. am
anderZSi mocemulia nusxa efTvimes mier dawerili wignebisa. nusxaSi
mexuTe adgilas moxseniebulia `TargmanebaÁ balavarisi~. es xelnaweri
Cvenamde moRweulia 1048 wlis xelnaweriT (quTaisis muzeumis #20;
yofili gelaTis 20). Aa.kaJdani am Zvirfas wyaros ar ganixilavs, magram
cdilobs mis faseulobaSi mkiTxveli daaeWvos. is miuTiTebs, rom ioanes
`anderZi~ Cvenamde 3 xelnaweriTaa moRweuli da “varlaam da ioasafi”
mxolod erT-erT maTganSi ixsenieba. a. kaJdanis azriT, masSi am
Txzulebis moxsenieba gadamweris CanarTad miaCnia efTvimes avtorobis
erT-erT damcvels r.volfs. e.xinTibiZe am uzustobas Semdegnairad xsnis:
1. ioanes `anderZis~ Cvenamde moRweul xelnawerTa Soris yvelaze Zvelia
gelaTis XI s-is xelnaweri, sadac `varlaam da ioasafi~ efTvimes
TxzulebaTa Soris saxeldeba. 2. r. volfis gamokvleva 1937 welsaa
dawerili da emyareba am cnobis iseT interpretirebas, romelic im dros
arsebobda qarTul samecniero wreebSi. es interpretacia emyareboda im
188
Tvalsazriss, rom `anderZSi~ CamoTvlilia efTvimes mier berZnulidan
qarTulad naTargmni Txzulebani da maTSi Tavdapirvelad adgili ar
unda hqonoda `varlaam da ioasafs~, radgan is qarTulidan berZnuladaa
naTargmni efTvimes mier. 3. dRes ioanes `anderZi~ sxvagvaradaa
gaazrebuli. anu miiCneva, rom aq moyvanilia zogadad efTvimes
TxzulebaTa nusxa da ara mxolod berZnulidan qarTulad naTargmni
Txzulebebisa. gviandel xelnawerebSi `balavarianis~ amoRebis faqti
unda gamowveuliyo im mizeziT, rom ucnobma redaqtorma Tu gadamwerma
ar icoda, rom `TargmanebaÁ balavarisi~ efTvimes mier berZnulad
dawerili Txzulebaa. amave dros mas unda scodnoda, rom qarTulad
arsebuli `balavariani~ (`sibrZne balavarisa~ da `iodasafis cxovreba~)
efTvimes mier dawerili Txzuleba ar yofila. Ee. xinTibiZes ukvirs, Tu
ratom ver moipova a. kaJdanma ioanes `anderZis~ axali interpretaciis
Sesaxeb cnoba, romelic qarTul, germanul da rusul enebzec
gamoqveynda. a. kaJdani aseve martivad cdilobs gaaufasuros eqvTimes
avtorobis damadasturebel meore cnobac. 1042_1044 wlebSi didi
qarTveli mwerlis, aTonis iverTa monastris winamZRvris,
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mier wmindanad Seracxuli giorgi
aTonelis mier daweril `ioanes da efTvimes~ cxovrebaSi garkveviTaa
miTiTebuli, rom efTvimem qarTulidan berZnulad Targmna
`balavarianio~. es Txzuleba Cvenamde moRweulia ara gviandeli, aramed
XI saukunisave, kerZod 1072 wlis, aTonis mTaze gadawerili
xelnaweriT.Aam SemTxvevaSi, a. kaJdani amodis J.garitis mosazrebidan,
romelic Tvlis rom ucnobia, Tu romel wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, Tu
aseTebi arsebobda, gvawvdis efTvimes biografi informacias
`balavarianis~ Targmnis Sesaxeb. (J. garitis azriT, peetersis TargmanSi
Secdomebia daSvebuli da iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom giorgim es
gancxadeba gaakeTa anderZebze dayrdnobiT). e. xinTibiZe miiCnevs, rom
J.garitis mier peetersis Targmanis Tavisebur interpretacias, aranairi
saerTo ara aqvs wm.giorgi aTonelis cnobis mniSvnelobasa da
faseulobasTan. mecniers miaCnia, rom Taviseburia is konteqsti,
romelSic es cnoba ikiTxeba. is SeiZleba peetersis msgavsad iqnas
gaazrebuli. kerZod, wm. efTvimes mier Targmnil TxzulebaTa anderZebi
189
miuTiTeben, rom man qarTulidan berZnulad Targmna `balavariani~. es
konteqsti: `viTarca wameben mis mier TargmnilTa wignTa Sina aRwerilni
anderZni~. SesaZloa gaazrebul iqnas isec, rom es ukanaskneli miTiTeba
ekuTvnodes ara `balavarianis~ Targmnas qarTulidan berZnulad, aramed
sazogadod, sxva wignebs, romlebic efTvimem berZnulidan qarTulad
Targmna. vfiqrobT, es garemoeba ar ukargavs fass giorgi mTawmindelis
cnobis pirvelxarisxovan mniSvnelobas. Tanac, dRes specialur
literaturaSi ukve damtkicebulia, rom giorgi aTonels, werda ra
`iovanesa da efTvimes cxovrebas~, xelSi eWira werilobiTi dokumentebi,
romelSic miTiTebuli iyo eqvTimes mier qarTulidan berZnul enaze
naTargmni literatura. giorgi mTawmindelis, rogorc eqvTimes
biografis erT-erTi ZiriTad wyaroa `wm.efTvimes svinaqsaruli cxovreba~,
romelic dawerilia 1928-29 wlebSi aTonis mTaze, efTvimes
gardacvalebidan mokle droSi. savaraudoa, rom am Txzulebis avtori
iyos basil bagratis Ze, romelsac cota mogvianebiT am svinaqsaruli
cxovrebis safuZvelze, wm. efTvimes sagalobelic dauweria. sviqsarul
cxovrebaSi efTvimeze naTqvamia, rom mas ara mxolod berZnulidan
uTargmnia qarTulad Rrma da Znelad saTargmni wignebi, aramed
ramodenime maTgani, qarTulidan berZnulad uTargmnia. cnobilia, rom wm.
efTvimes gardacvalebis Semdeg, giorgi mTawmindelis Txzulebis
daweramde, aTonis mTaze, qarTvel moRvaweTa wreSi iwereba himnebi wm.
efTvimeze. amave dros aqve iwereba qarTuli himni wm.iodasafze. cota
ufro adre, qarTveli moRvaweebi himns weren wm. iodasafze, sabawmindis
qarTul literaturul wreSic. dRevandel specialur samecniero
literaturaSi miCneulia, rom efTvimesa da iodasafze paralelurad
qarTveli moRvaweebis mier himnebis wera unda aixsnas im faqtiT, rom
qarTvelebma icodnen, rom rom `varlaam da ioasafi~ berZnulad
aRwerili iyo efTvimes mier da am orive wmindanis saxelis damkvidrebas
cdilobdnen msoflio saeklesio praqtikaSi.
a. kaJdani, sagangebod exeba samecniero literaturaSi aseve adre
SeniSnul mimarTebas `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebisa~ `Teodore
edeselis cxovrebasTan~. is darwmunebulia, rom am Txzulebebs aqvT
erTmaneTTan msgavseba, rac gamoixateba xan erTnairi motivebis
190
aqcentirebaSi, xan indoeTis erTnairad lokalizebaSi, xanac erTnair
citatebSi. mkvlevari grZnobs im faqts, rom am `cxovrebis~ Seqmnis
sakiTxi sakmaod burusiTaa moculi, magram is mainc cdilobs Txzuleba
IX s. sabawmindis literaturul wreebTan daakavSiros, sadac misi
saboloo daskvniT, `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebasac~ moeZebneba
adgili. e. xinTibiZe ki Tvlis, rom `Teodore edeselis cxovrebiT~
`varlaam da ioasafis~ warmoSobis sakiTxis kvleva TiTqmis uperspeqtivo
cdaa, ramdenadac erTi ucnobiT meore ucnobis amocnoba SeuZlebelia.
miuxedavad amisa, am or Zeglze msjelobisas gasaTvaliswinebelia
Semdegi garemoebac. `Teodore edeselis cxovrebis~ Cvenamde moRweuli
redaqcia aSkarad atarebs gviandeli kompilaciis niSnebs. am Txzulebis
Cvenamde moRweuli uZvelesi xelnaweri aTonis mTazea gadawerili 1023
wels cnobili kaligrafis, Teofanes mier. Teofanes mier aRweril am
berZnul manuskriptSi, garda am cxovrebisa sxva Txzulebebicaa
Setanili. erT-erTi maTgani _ `wm. bagrat tavromenielis cxovreba~ wm.
efTvime aTonels uTargmnia qarTulad X s. 80-ian wlebSi. aqedan Cans,
rom Teofaneze adre, im Txzulebebze, romelsac es ukanaskneli arCevda
gadasanusxad, efTvimesac miuwvdeboda xeli. mecnieri kategoriuli
daskvnebisagan Tavs ikavebs. Tumca, is varaudic ar iqneba gamoricxuli,
romelic qarTul mecnierebaSia gamoTqmuli. kerZod, `Teodore edeselis
cxovrebaSi~ zogierTi siuJetis CarTva swored aTonis mTaze unda
momxdariyo Teofanes kaligrafiuli moRvaweobis wina periodSi. saqme
exeba am `cxovrebaSi~ CarTul miqel sabawmindelis wamebis epizods. saqme
is aris, rom `miqel sabawmindelis wameba~ qarTul enaze arsebobs
damoukidebeli Txzulebis saxiT. is qarTulad dawerilia, an
Targmnilia arabulidan IX s. bolos, an X s. dasawyisSi da Cvenamde
moRweulia aTonis mTaze daculi xelnaweri, romelic X s. TariRdeba.
qarTul wyaroebSi daculia sarwmuno cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom efTvime
mTawmindelma `balavarianTan~ erTad, es Txzulebac Targmna berZnul
enaze. da bolos, teqstualuri SedarebiT mtkicdeba, rom `Teodore
edeselis cxovrebis~ berZnul TxzulebaSi Setanili siuJeti miqel
sabawmindelis wamebis Sesaxeb warmoadgens, aTonis mTis qarTul
xelnawerebSi daculi, `miqel sabawmindelis wamebis~ Targmans.
191
a.YkaJdanis TvalsazrisiT, `varlaam da ioasafis~ Seqmnis qronologiuri
sazRvrebia VIII s. meore naxevridan XI s. dasawyisamde. misi azriT, is
monakveTi, romelSic lokalizdeba `varlaam da ioasafis~ Seqmna aris IX
saukune. am daSvebas is amyarebs im garemoebaze dayrdnobiT, rom VIII-IX
ss. sabas lavraSi mimdinareobs intensiuri literaturuli muSaoba
arabul, berZnul da qarTul enebze. `balavariansac~ am kuTxiT aTavsebs
mecnieri drois am periodSi.
msjelobs ra a. kaJdani `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorobis sakiTxTanA
dakavSirebiT, is, iseve rogorc sxva misi winamorbedi mkvlevarebi,
yuradRebas aCerebs Txzulebis lemaSi moxseniebul sabas monastris ber
ioaneze, romelmac es ambavi moitana wminda qalaqSi. is cdilobs, rom
erT-erT sabawmindel ioanes miaweros am Txzulebis Targmna berZnulad,
romlis zusti identifikacia rTulia. leontiusis `stefane
sabawmindelis cxovrebaSi~ moixsenieba vinme ioane, stefanes mowafe,
romelic erTxans damaskels usmenda da mere episkoposic gaxda. kaJdani
Tvlis, rom SesaZloa es ioanea avtori, radgan leontiusi mas
TxzulebaSi axasiaTebs, rogorc ambebis momTxrobs da SesaZloa
`varlaam da ioasafis~ legendac misi motanili iyos. e. xinTibiZes
miaCnia, rom amgvari axsna nawarmoebis Seqmnis periodisa da avtorobis
sakiTxisa ar aris marTebuli. am mimarTulebiT SeuZlebelia raRac
daskvnebi gakeTdes, Tu ar iqneba gaazrebuli: p. peetersis, p. devosa da
f.alkenis argumentebi. esenia: XI s. dasawyisamde (xinTibiZis dazustebiT
X s. damlevamde), ar Cans berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ arc
xelnawerebi, arc damowmeba svinaqsarebSi saxelebisa _ varlaami da
ioasafi; berZnul enaze ar Cans arc raime miniSneba am Txzulebisa.
delgeri uTiTebs, rom svinaqsarebSi, romlebic Ziridadad XII-XIII ss-Sia
Seqmnili, ukve ikiTxeba zogierTi axali wmindanis saxeli. ase rom, maTSi
mosalodneli iyo orive wmindanis xseneba miuxedavad imisa XIs.
dasawyisSi iyo es Txzuleba dawerili Tu ufro adre. alkenma daadgina,
rom es svinaqsarebi mTlianad efuZnebian Xs. prototipebs da maTSi
wmindanebis _ varlaamisa da ioasafis mouxseniebloba miT ufro
sakvirveli da moulodnelia, Tu maTi `cxovreba~ berZnul enaze daiwera
da gavrcelda Xs-mde. Txzulebis Seqmnis adgilad sabawmindis
192
gamocxadeba ki Zveli varaudia, romelic Tavidan Camoayalibes
f.zotenbergma da f.delgerma. es varaudi, romelic efuZneboda
Txzulebis lemaSi, sabawmindeli beris, ioanes moxseniebas, SemdgomSi
uaryofil iqna. SedarebiT axal samecniero literaturaSi SeniSnulia,
rom faqtobrivi masala `varlaam da ioasafis~ Seqmnis adgilad aTonis
mTas uWers mxars. Cvens dromde am Txzulebis 140-ze meti xelnaweria
moRweuli. maTi didi umravlesoba aTonis mTas ukavSirdeba. oTxive
uZvelesi xelnaweri, romelTac f.delgeri Xs. dasasrulisad miiCnevda,
delgerisve azriT warmoSobiT aTonis mTidanaa. aTonis mTas unda
ukavSirdebodes am Txzulebis uZvelesi TariRiani, 1021 wlis kievis
xelnaweri. aTonis lavridan yvelaze meti xelnaweri, “ivironidan”,
wm.eqvTimes monastridan momdinareobs. amas unda daematos is cnobac, rom
XIs. pirveli naxevridan aTonis mTidan momdinareobs ramdenime cnoba,
romelic am Txzulebas aTonis mTaze Seqmnilad Tvlian da wminda
efTvimes ukavSireben.: ioane aTonelis `anderZi~ (daaxloebiT 1001w.),
wm.giorgi aTonelis Txzuleba (1042-1044), berZnuli xelnawerebis lema
wm.efTvimes avtorobaze miTiTebiT, romelic 1048 wels ukve laTinuradaa
Targmnili. es argumentebi miuTiTeben imas, rom Txzuleba im adgilasaa
Seqmnili, saidanac daiwyo misi gavrceleba da sadac pirvelad iwyeba
misi xseneba. es ki aTonis mTaa.
rac Seexeba kaJdanis Tvalsazriss `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorTan
dakavSirebiT, rom es unda iyos sabawmindeli ioane, igive leontiosis
`stefane sabawmidelis cxovrebaSi~ moxseniebuli stefanes mowafe,
saintereso ambavTa mTxrobeli ioane. ukve iTqva, rom es varaudi unda
momdinareobdes amave Txzulebis uZvelesi variantidan, sadac
dasaxelebulia am ambis momtani, wminda sabas monastris beri ioane. es
ioane an ambis momtania erTi adgilidan meoreze, an ambis momTxrobi.
amave ioane sabawmindelSi Txzulebis avtoris Ziebis gziT midiodnen
uZveles berZnul da laTinur xelnawerTa gadamwerlebi. maT es ambis
momtani ioane gaaigives ioane damaskelTan, sxva xelnawerebSi ioane
sinelTan da ioane tabenisielTan. aseTi gaigiveba kidev ufro logikurad
gveCveneba, vidre kaJdanis cda hagiografiuli nawarmoebis gmiri ioane
miiCnios nawarmoebis avtorad. e. xinTibiZis azriT, `varlaam da ioasafis~
193
lemis ioane ufro sarwmunoa, rom iyos Txzulebis avtorTan wignis,
xelnaweris mimtani, romelic Semdeg uTargmnia da gadaumuSavebia avtors.
amaze metyvelebs Txzulebis Sesavalic. Tu vin SeiZleba iyos es ioane,
amaze mravali varaudi SeiZleba gamoiTqvas imis mixedviT, Tu vis
miviCnevT nawarmoebis avtorad. vTvliT ra efTvimes avtorad,
SesaZlebelia am ioaneSi vigulisxmod ori RvTismosavi kacidan erTi:
eqvTimes mama an biZa, romlebic axalgazrda efTvimes saTargmnelad
wignebs urCevdnen, romlebsac marTlac mohqondaT wignebi
aRmosavleTidan da romelTac orives iovane erqvaT.
ukanaskneli wlebis gamokvlevebi Cven ufro saintereso varaudebze
migvaniSnebs. Zveli qarTuli mravalTavebis mkvlevarma miSel van
esbrokma erT-erT uZveles palimfsestur mravalTavSi (xelnawerTa
institutis _ 737) miagno wm. stefanes sagalobels zedwarweriT:
`povnebaÁ wmidisa stefanesi pirvel diakonisa da pirvel mowamisa.
Tqmuli sifarisa iovane sabanelisaÁ~. mkvlevarma erT Tavis gamokvlevaSi
es iovane `varlaam da ioasafis~ lemis ioanes daukavSira, ramdenadac,
misi varaudiT, `sifari~, arabuli `safaridan~ unda momdinareobdes da
mogzaurs, Sikriks niSnavdes.
e. xinTibiZem yuradReba miaqcia elene metrevelis erT gamokvlevas
`siaxleni ioasafis himnis Sesaxeb~. kerZod, X s. dasasruls Tu XIs.
dasawyisSi sabawmindis qarTul skriptoriumSi mimdinareobs Zveli
qarTuli eklesiis saeklesio praqtikis Sesabamisad Seqmnili
liturgiuli krebulis gadamuSaveba da Sexameba axal, konstantinopolis
saeklesio praqtikasTan. aq Seqmnili Tu gadamuSavebuli krebulebi
SemdgomSi Cans aTonis qarTul saliteraturo skolaSi. maTze Semdgom
muSaobas agrZeleben aToneli qarTveli mwignobrebi. am gziT mivida
`iodasafis himni~ ierusalimidan aTonze. sabawmidis qarTvel moRvaweTa
skriptoriums ki xelmZRvanelobda ioane golgoTeli, romlis Sesaxeb
erT-erT anderZSic ikiTxeba. SesaZloa, es ioane golgoTelic
vigulisxmod ambis momtan ioaned, romlis brZanebiT gadawerili wignebi
da Sedgenili krebulebi SemdgomSi aTonis mTaze Cans.
vfiqrobT, rom berZnuli redaqciis avtoris kvlevis procesSi
gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi garemoebebi: erTmaneTTan unda Sejerdes
194
`varlaam da ioasafis~ yvela berZnuli xelnaweri. unda dazustdes yvela
maTganSi Txzuleba zustad erTi da imave Semadgenlobisaa, Tu
gamosayofia redaqciebi da variantebi. unda dadgendes, Tu ra saxis
cvlilebebi ganicada teqstma saukuneTa manZilze. (mag: dasturdeba, rom
“varlaam da ioasafis” erTi XI s-is xelnaweri, romelic moTavsebulia
moskovis yofil sinodalur biblioTekaSi, romelic erT dros aTonis
iberTa monastris kuTvnilebas warmoadgenda, inaxavs minis gamocemasTan
SedarebiT sagrZnoblad mokle teqsts.). unda dadgindes berZnuli
`varlaam da ioasafis~ teqstualuri mimarTeba qarTuli `balavarianis~
or redaqciasTan _ mokle Tbilisur A redaqciasTan (“sibrZne
balahvarisa”), romelic X-XI saukuneebs unda miekuTvnos da vrcel,
ierusalimur, BBredaqciasTan, romelsac SesaZloa, xelnaweris
tradiciis Tanaxmad, `iodasafis cxovrebac~ ewodos( IX-Xss.). dRes
kvlevis aqcenti esaa teqstis filologiuri analizi, kerZod, Txzulebis
Cvenamde moRweuli berZnuli, qarTuli da arabuli redaqciebis
urTierTmimarTebis kvleva (36, ix.52-78). e.xinTibiZem, romelmac Seadara
erTmaneTs qarTuli, arabuli da berZnuli redaqciebi, safuZvlianad
daasabuTa, rom qarTuli mokle redaqcia warmoadgens vrcelis
Semoklebas da rom savsebiT SesaZlebelia, arabuli wyarodan modiodes
A ierusalimuri redaqcia, aqedan ki B Tbilisuri. xolo berZnuli
redaqcia, qarTuli vrceli redaqciidan umda momdinareobdes.
Sesabamisad, redaqciebis analizis Sedegi, efTvime aTonelis
sasargeblod metyvelebs da ara IX s. sabawmindeli beris ioanesi,
romelic mxolod efTvimesTvis indoeTidan ambis mimtanad unda
vivaraudoT (38,333).
`varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorisa da Seqmnis periodis kvlevis
procesSi, sainteresoa erTi faqtoric, rac amavdroulad Cveni interesis
sagans warmoadgens. kerZod, bizantiis socialur-politikursa da
kulturul cxovrebaSi sad da rodis iyo saWiroeba, pirobebi, mizezebi
imisa, rom gaCeniliyo iseTi hagiografiuli romani, rogoricaa `varlaam
da ioasafi~, romlis siuJetia warmarTuli qveynis gaqristianebis ambavi,
romelic qarTuli literaturisTvisac ucxo ar yofila, radgan berZnul
`varlaam da ioasafamde~ arsebobda qarTuli `balavariani~. arasworia
195
a.kaJdanis varaudi imis Taobaze, rom `balavariani~ Tavisi berZnuli,
arabuli da qarTuli mimarTebiT srulyofilad Tavsdeba VIII_IX ss.
sabawmindis monastris intensiur literaturul saqmianobaSi. sworia is
faqti, rom X s. sabawmindaSi marTlac gansakuTrebuli literaturuli
urTierTobaa berZen, arab da qarTvel qristian moRvaweTa Soris.
`balavarianis~ romans am urTierTobasTan garkveuli mimarTebac aqvs,
magram faqtia, rom `balavarianis~ arabuli, qarTuli da berZnuli
redaqciebi sami sxvadasxva epoqis, ideologiisa da literaturuli
formis nawarmoebebia da samive maTgani IXs. sabawmindis qristian mamaTa
literaturuli urTierTobis interesebSi ver Tavsdeba. samecniero
literaturaSi miTiTebulia, rom dasaxelebuli literaturuli
ureTierTobis garemocvaSi unda yofiliyo Seqmnili am Txzulebis
qarTuli versia. es niSnebi ikveTeba nawarmoebis zomier qristologiur
ideologiaSi. arabuli redaqciac am wreSi ver Seiqmneboda radgan, mas
sxva garemocvidan moaqvs am wreSi aRmosavluri igavuri da romanuli
siuJeti, Serwymuli mahmadianobis zomier apologetikasTan. sabawmindis
kulturuli garemo religiuri SemwynareblobiTa da literaturuli
TanamSromlobiT xasiaTdeba. berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafi~ ki,
gansxvavebiT misi winamorbedi arabuli da qarTuli redaqciebisagan,
aZlierebs polemikur da dogmatur stils. Zveli _ Semwynarebluri
literaturuli stilidan mas auRia bevri elementi, magram e. xinTibiZe
amas imiT xsnis, rom berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafi~ gadaTargmna da
gadamuSavebaa swored dasaxelebul garemocvaSi Seqmnili qarTuli
`iodasafis cxovrebisa~. magram amas miuRia axali literaturuli forma,
romelic swored X saukunis dasasrulis kvals atarebs. esaa swored is
metafrasuli hagiografiuli stili, romelic aSkarad SeiniSneba
romanSi. Cvenamde moRweuli es Txzuleba aSkarad metafrasuli Zeglia,
amas TviT avtoric afiqsirebs. misi TqmiT, nawarmoebi `sarwmuno
Canawerebis metafrasirebas~ warmoadgens. metafrasuli stili ki X
saukunis 80-iani wlebidan mkvidrdeba bizantiur mwerlobaSi da isic
konstantinopolis literaturul garemocvaSi. swored amitom, `varlaam
da ioasafi~ aTonis mTis kuTvnilebaa (34,ix.125-136).
196
CvenTvis sainteresoa, ra iyo is stimuli, rac biZgs miscemda X
saukunis dasasruls, aTonis mTaze, bizantiuri samonastro korporaciis
centrSi, im literaturuli saqmianobis wamowyebas, romelic bizantiuri
literaturis Sedevris, `varlaam da ioasafis~ SeqmniT dagvirgvinda?
e. xinTibiZe am stimuls ori garemoebiT xsnis. pirveli, es aris
qarTvelebis SeWra aTonis mTis samonastro korporaciis cxovrebaSi,
maTi uzado saqmianoba aTonis qarTul saliteraturo skolaSi X
saukunis gasuls, ramac bizantiis saero da sasuliero wreebis
yuradReba miiqcia. es erTis mxriv gamowveuli iyo qarTveli
didgvarovnebis daxmarebiT konstantinopolis samefo karisadmi, rodesac
barda skliarosi ajanyda da meores mxriv, maTi simdidriT, rac
qarTvelTa mier aTonis mTis berZenTa monastrebis uxvad dasaCuqrebaSi
gamoixata. meore garemoeba, sadac qarTvelebs pretenzia aucileblad
eqnebodaT, rom Tavi gamoeCinaT, es iyo sulieri da inteleqtualuri
sfero. aTonis monastris damaarseblis wminda ioanesa da misi Svilis,
eqvTimes mTavari devizi iyo literaturuli saxis sasuliero moRvaweoba.
am literaturuli skolis saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo
qarTuli RvTismsaxurebis axal, konstantinopolis saeklesio
praqtikasTan daaxloeba da dogmatikuri, kanonikuri da liturgikuli
wignebis axali redaqciebis Seqmna. es saqme sabawmindaSi iyo dawyebuli,
magram gagrZeleba aTonze xdeboda. am saqmianobaSi naTlad gamoCnda, rom
qarTuli saeklesio praqtika icnobda zogierTi iseTi wmindanis saxels
da qarTulad arsebobda iseTi `wmindanTa~ cxovrebanic da sagaloblebi,
romlebic ucnobi iyo berZnuli eklesiisaTvis da aseTebi pirvel rigSi
iyvnen wmindanebi _ varlaami da ioasafi. da maT saxelebTan
dakavSirebuli literaturuli Zeglebi. savaraudoa, rom es garemoeba
qarTvel mwignobrebs miscemda stimuls SeevsoT berZnuli kalendris es
xarvezi da amiT berZenTa winaSe warmoeCinaT rogorc qarTuli eklesiis
praqtikisa da literaturis simdidre, aseve sakuTari inteleqtualuri
SesaZleblobani. meore momenti, rac gamoiwvevda im epoqaSi `varlaam da
ioasafis cxovrebis~ berZnuli redaqciis Seqmnas aris is, rom romanis
fabula savaraudod Zalze popularuli unda yofiliyo imdroindel
saero da sasuliero wreebSi. e. xinTibiZis azriT, a. kaJdani am sakiTxTan
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dakavSirebiTac cdeba, roca Tvlis, rom aTonis mTaze, efTvime aTonelis
dros, es problematika aqtualuri ar iyo. e. xinTibiZis azriT, sworedac
rom X saukunis dasasrulisaTvis, `varlaam da ioasafis~ gadamuSavebis
dros, bizantiis socialur-politikur da kulturul cxovrebaSi Cans
saWiroeba imisa, rom gaCeniliyo es romani.
naTelia, rom `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ ZiriTadi idea aris
propaganda qristianobis gasavrceleblad. am Txzulebis fabulis
safuZveli mefis vaJis mier warmarTuli qveynis qristianobaze moqcevaa.
sayurdReboa rom, berZnuli versiis avtors, aqcenti warmarTobasTan
polemikasa da qristianobis gavrcelebaze gadaaqvs. e. xinTibiZis azriT,
amgvari Txzulebis Seqmna X saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasasrulisaTvis
bizantiis samefo karisa da qristianuli eklesiis interesebis
gadaudebel saWiroebas warmoadgenda. saqme is aris, rom bizantiuri
diplomatiis yvelaze didi problema am droisaTvis iyo moRvaweoba
imperiis Crdiloeli didi da mZvinvare mezoblis _ ruseTis
gaqristianebisaTvis. rogorc bizantiis saistorio wyaroebi miuTiTeben,
CrdiloeTis warmarT mezoblebTan, paWanikebTan, bulgarelebTan da
rusebTan saerTo enis gamonaxva bizantiis diplomatiis umTavresi
sakiTxi gaxldaT. am diplomatiis mTavari iaraRi ki qristianobis
gavrceleba iyo.
Bjer kidev adrindel Sua saukuneebSi bizantiis imperiis samefo
karis politika gaxldaT, imperiis CrdiloeTiT mcxovreb warmarT da
eretikos xalxTaA qristianobaze moqceva. wyaroebi miuTiTeben, rom
imperatori basili I (867-886) rusebs arwmunebda naTlisRebis gziT sulis
saukuno xsnaSi da ugzavnida maT mTavarepiskopossac. SesaZlebelia aq
slavur tomebze iyos laparaki. AZalze rTuli da tragikuli iyo
bizantiis urTirTobebis peripetiebi bulgareTis samefoebTan. Bbizantiis
diplomatiam moaxerxa da 864 wels bulgarTa mefe borisma miiRo
qristianoba, iwoda mixailad da monaTla Tavisi xalxi. miuxedavad amisa,
mainc iyo bulgareTsa da bizantias Soris xangrZlivi SuRli da
dapirisapireba, rac sabolood dasrulda bulgareTis damarcxebiT. 1018
wels es samefoc imperias SeuerTda provinciis statusiT. bizantielebi
did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen aseve CrdiloeT mravalricxovan
198
mezobelTan, paWanikebTan urTierTobas. bizantia Tvlida, rom
paWanikebTan megobruli urTierToba gadawyvetda maT damokidebulebas
rusebTan da bulgarelebTan. M mas Semdeg rac bizantiam bulgareTi
daipyro, paWanikebi ufro axlo mezoblebad iqcnen bizantiis imeriisTvis.
axali mezobeli Zalze mravalricxovani, Zlieri da agresiuli iyo.
imperia uZluri iyo misTvis winaaRmdegobis gasawevad. paWanikebTan da
bulgareTTan urTierTobis aseTma ganviTarebam ganapiroba is, rom XI s.
Sua wlebidan ruseTis problema bizantiis diplomatiis umTavres
sakiTxad iqca. am diplomatiis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba ki is iyo, rom
ruseTi bizantias megobrad unda gaexada.
xangrZlivi perepetiebis Semdgom, imperator basilisa da ruseTis
mTavris, vladimiris, mmarTvelobis dros, es moxerxda. diplomatiuri
garigebis Tanaxmad, vladimirma colad SeirTo imperatoris da, princesa
ana da TviTon ki qristianad moinaTla. amas mohyva ruseTis
qristianobaze moqceva. es iyo 988 Tu 989 weli. amiT daiwyo Zalze
xangrZlivi megobroba da ekonomikuri urTierToba ruseTsa da bizantias
Soris. rodis unda yofiliyo ufro drouli da popularuli bizantiis
samefo karsa da saeklesioo wreebSi “varlaam da ioasafis
sulismargebeli romanis” mimzidveli fabula _ ambavi gaqristianebuli
ufliswulisa, qristianobasa da warmarTobas Soris dapirispirebis,
samyaros qristianul da araqristianul nawilebad gayofis, qristianobis
absoluturi triumfis Taobaze: Tu ara swored X saukunis bolo
aTaswleulSi _ kievis ruseTis gaqristianebis rogorc uSualod wina
wlebSi, aseve ufro metad momdevno aTwleulSi?! e.xinTibiZe miiCnevs, rom
am garemoebisaTvis efTvimes avtorobis damcvel medievistebs aqamde
yuradReba ar hqondaT miqceuli. `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnul romans
didi popularoba moupovebia TviTon kievis ruseTSi sakmaod adre.
sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom am Txzulebis uZvelesi berZnuli TariRiani
xelnaweri dResac kievis wignTsacavebSi inaxeba da gadawerilia 1021
wels, jer kidev efTvimes sicocxleSi. Daris meore faqtoric, am
berZnul Txzulebas adreve upovia gza berZnul literaturaSi. `varlaam
da ioasafis~ Cvenamde moRweuli Zveli rusuli Targmani Sesrulebulia
uSualod berZnuli enidan kievis ruseTSi ara ugvianes XII s. Ppirveli
199
periodisa. aTonuri warmoSobisaa agreTve am Txzulebis ori slavuri
redaqcia-serbuli da bulgaruli, XIII_XIV ss. TariRdebian. unda iTqvas
isic, rom Zvel rusul mwerlobaSi, yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli
Txzuleba swored `varlaam da ioasafi~ iyo. Cvenamde moRweuli Zveli
rusuli xelnawerebi am Txzulebis daaxloebiT 1000 egzemplaramde
aRwevs (sruli Tu fragmentuli) (35,ix.174-177).
amgvarad, evropeli da qarTveli mecnierebis gamokvlevebze da
Sexedulebebze dayrdnobiT migvaCnia, rom `varlaam da ioasafi~ qarTuli
`balavarianidan~ berZnulad Targmna da metafrasireba gaukeTa efTvime
aTonelma X saukunis bolos, ruseTis gaqristianebis periodSi, aTonis
mTis monasterSi. qarTuli redaqciis wyaroa arabuli araqristianuli
redaqcia. qarTuli vrceli redaqcia, `iodasafis cxovreba~, gaxlavT
Sualeduri redaqcia aRmosavlur araqristianul Txzulebasa da Rrmad
dogmatikur _ polemikur, berZnul, `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebas~
Soris.
200
aristides aristides aristides aristides `̀̀̀apologiapologiapologiapologiaaaa~~~~ da ioane damaskelis dogmatika da ioane damaskelis dogmatika da ioane damaskelis dogmatika da ioane damaskelis dogmatika `̀̀̀varlaam da varlaam da varlaam da varlaam da
ioasafSiioasafSiioasafSiioasafSi~~~~ da efTvime mTawmindelida efTvime mTawmindelida efTvime mTawmindelida efTvime mTawmindeli
cnobilia, rom Zveli qarTuli literatura msoflio qristianul
mwerlobaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda. es garemoeba ki imiT iyo
ganpirobebuli, rom qarTuli kultura Taviseburi damakavSirebeli xidi
iyo aRmosavlur da dasavlur samyaros Soris. sparsuli da arabuli
gziT mosuli aRmosavluri azrovneba qarTul sinamdvileSi erwymoda
did bizantiur kulturas da erovnul qarTul niadagze originalur
gadamuSavebas da gaazrebas poulobda. aman ganapiroba is faqti, rom
bizantiuri mwerlobis gziT, qarTul samyaros Tavisi wvlili Seutania
Sua saukuneebis zogad_qristianuli literaturuli da sazogadoebriv
filosofiuri azris ganviTarebaSi. swored am Tezisis erT_erTi
damadasturebeli faqtia Sua saukuneebis Zalze popularuli romani
`varlaam da ioasafis cxovreba~ (39,288).
am nawarmoebis gamoCenam berZnul enaze, romlis genezisis, avtorobis
da Seqmnis periodis Sesaxeb Cven ukve vrclad visaubreT da uamravi
qarTveli Tu ucxoeli mecnieris Tvalsazrisi mimovixileT, kidev erTi
dadebiTi Sedegi mogvca. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom nawarmoebis SesaZlo
avtors, berZnul `varlaam da ioasafSi~ gamoyenebuli aqvs II saukunis
berZeni apologetis, aristides `apologia~ TiTqmis sruli saxiT,
romelic VI saukunidan moyolebuli berZnul mwerlobaSi dakargulad
iyo miCneuli. (`varlaam da ioasafSi~ CarTuli `naqoris sityvis~ didi
nawili aristides `apologiis~ berZnuli originalia).
rogorc ukve zeviT iTqva, am `apologiis~ sakuTar enaze migneba
dakavSirebulia mecnier a. robinsonis saxelTan. eZebda ra a. robinsoni
`wminda perpetuas martvilobas~ laTinurenovan martvilobaTa Soris,
SemTxveviT waawyda `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ nawilebs laTinur
enaze. misi yuradReba miiqcies sityvebma, romlebmac mas gaaxsenes
aristides weris stili da azrovneba, rac misTvis cnobili gaxda
`apologiis~ siriuli redaqciis meSveobiT, romelic r. harisma aRmoaCina
sinas mTaze. amiT dainteresebulma a. robinsonma naxa `varlaam da
iodasafis~ berZnuli teqsti, romelic dabeWdili iyo “Patrologia Graeca”-s
201
cnobil seriaSi. igi dabrunda kembrijSi da `varlaam da ioasafis”
berZnuli teqsti Seadara aristides `apologiis~ siriul redaqcias da
darwmunda, rom saqme berZnul originalTan hqonda. berZnuli `varlaam
da ioasafis cxovrebis~ es monakveTi, anu `naqoris sityva~, amoRebul iqna
a.robinsonis mier `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebidan~ da dabeWdili
kembrijis `teqstebsa da gamokvlevebSi~ (53,14).
mas Semdeg, rac gamovlinda efTvime aTonelis damsaxureba berZnuli
mwerlobis winaSe masSi `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ Setanis saxiT,
saWiro gaxda axsna sakiTxisa, Tu ra wyaros unda dayrdnoboda efTvime
aToneli aristides `apologiis~ gamoyenebisas da ra periodSi moxda
aristides `apologiis~ TiTqmis sruli teqstis Setana `varlaam da
ioasafSi~?! am SemTxvevaSi berZnuli wyaro moxsnili iqna im motiviT,
rom berZnul mwerlobaSi is jer kidev VI saukuneSi daikarga, xolo
qarTvel mwerals qarTuli `balavariani~ wyarod ver gamoadgeboda,
radganac TviTonaa `apologiis~ Semtani berZnul samyaroSi. Tumca,
mecnierebaSi SeniSnulia, rom qarTuli `balavarianic~ apologias
Seicavda garkveulwilad. S. nucubiZe miiCnevs, rom efTvime aToneli
iyenebs qarTul wyaroebs, radgan, berZnulisagan gansxvavebiT, aq iyo
sruli kulturuli winapiroba aristides `apologiis~ gasacnobad; misi
azriT, bakuris biografiidan moyolebuli, evstaTisa da abibosis
`wamebaTa~ da qarTuli `balavarianis~ gavliT, gza berZnuli
`balavarianisaken~ midis (18,206).
e. xinTibiZis varaudiT, amaod fiqrobda f. delgeri, rom aToneli
qarTvelebisaTvis gamoricxuli unda yofiliyo am teqstis xelSi
Cagdeba, radganac igi mTeli berZnuli samyarosaTvis dakargulad Cans
ukve V saukunidan. am faqtisAgaTvaliswinebiT, Tu berZnul mwerlobaSi
aristides `apologiis~ teqsti ukve V s-dan aRar Cans, moulodnelia, rom
igi hqonoda VIII saukunis avtors ioane damaskels, romelic `varlaam da
ioasafis cxovrebis~ avtorobis erT-erT pretendentad iyo miCneuli.
meore mxriv, sulac ar aris warmoudgeneli, rom aTonel qarTvel
literatorebs moepovebinaT aristides `apologia~, radgan berZnul
mwerlobaSi V_VI saukunidan gamqrali Zegli, Sua saukuneebs ar
daukargavT. Tu, VI–dan XI saukunemde Zveli berZnuli samyarosaTvis
202
aristides `apologia~ dakargulad iTvleba, igi Semoinaxa aRmosavleTis
araberZnulenovanma qristianulma samyarom (38,301). (rogorc zeviT
visaubreT, dReisaTvis am Txzulebis sruli teqsti daculia siriul
enaze. r. harisis mier 1889 wels sinas mTaze napovni teqsti moRweulia VI
s-is xelnaweriT. maSasadame, berZnuli samyarosaTvis VI saukunidan XI
saukunemde dakargulad miCneuli ,,apologiis” arseboba VI saukunis
siriaSi faqtia. r.harisis aRmoCenamde veneciel mxiTaristebs ukve
gamoqveynebuli hqondaT ,,apologiis” somxuri fragmentebi 941 wlis
xelnaweris mixedviT. SemCneulia (zeebergi, raabe) somxuri teqstis
TiTqis sruli msgavseba siriulTan da gamoTqmulia azri am
ukanasknelidan misi momdinareobis Sesaxeb. deeteris azriT, `apologias~
icnobs mesrof_maStocis mowafe eznik kolbelic. SesaZloa, somxuri
Targmanic am dros iyos Sesrulebuli. b. kilanavas azriT, `apologias~
unda icnobdes eRiSec (ix. II Tavi). berZnulenovani samyaro ki, aristides
`apologias~ xelaxla gaecno `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~
meSveobiT XI saukuneSi.
SeeZlo Tu ara efTvime aTonels aRmosavleTis araberZnulenovani
qristianuli samyarodan daebrunebina es Zegli berZnuli qristianuli
samyarosaTvis? migvaCnia, rom es mas SeeZlo. miT umetes, rom VI s-dan
moyolebuli, qarTul qristianul literaturaSi aristides `apologiis~
gamoyenebis uwyveti xazi Cans. qarTul hagiografiul literaturas ki,
aTonis saliteraturo skola udaod iqneboda naziarebi. imis
gaTvaliswinebiTac, rom efTvime aToneli aTonis saliteraturo skolis
erT_erTi yvelaze nayofieri moRvawe da mamamTavari iyo. Tanac,
`apologia~ arsebobda VI_s.AaRmosavlur wyaroebSi, riTac aseve SeeZlo
efTvimes esargebla.E
migvaCnia, rom aristides `apologiis~ CarTva `varlaam da ioasafSi~
gamowveuli iyo sxvadasxva mizezebiT. jer erTi, vfiqrobT, rom
berZnuli Txzulebis avtors, efTvime mTawmindels, unda scodnoda, rom
es nawarmoebi berZnul mwerlobaSi didi xnis manZilze dakarguli iyo.
vfiqrobT, rom man icoda is faqtic, rom aristides `apologiis~
gamoyenebis uwyveti kvali Canda VI saukunidan moyolebuli qarTul
hagiografiul ZeglebSi. `apologia~ icoda saqarTvelom (somxuri an
203
siriuli wyarodan). maSasadame, aristide arsebobda aRmosavleTSi maSin,
rodesac dasavlur mwerlobaSi misi `apologia~ gamqralia. efTvime
aToneli, aristides `apologiis~ CarTviT berZnul `varlaam da
ioasafSi~, mniSvnelovan xarvezs uvsebs bizantiur mwerlobas, rac
gamowveuli iyo VI s-dan berZnul mwerlobaSi aristides `apologiis~
gaqrobis faqtiT. nawarmoebis, romelSic naCvenebia warmarTobasTan
polemika da romlis Tematikac Zalze aqtualuri iyo X s-is bolos
berZnul_bizantiuri mwerlobisaTvis. rogorc Cans, efTvime mTawmindeli
garkveuli miznebisTvis aRadgens `apologias~ berZnul enaze aRmosavlur
wyaroebze dayrdnobiT da Seaqvs `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnul
TxzulebaSi. `apologiis” TiTqmis sruli saxiT Setanas berZnul
`varlaam da ioasafSi~, viqrobT, unda hqondes mniSvnelovani motivi.
migvaCnia rom, efTvime am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs bizantielTa interesebis
dasacavad saerTaSoriso asparezze. kerZod, rogorc ukve viciT, im
periodSi (Xs.), bizantiam moaxerxa ruseTis gaqristianeba. am faqtis
gasamyareblad, saWiro iyo iseTi Txzulebebis arseboba bizantiur
mwerlobaSi, romlebic axladgaqristianebuli ruseTis sarwmunoebriv
pozicias gaamyarebda da did STabeWdilebas moaxdenda. naTelia, rom
`varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ berZnul TxzulebaSi, romelSic
moTxrobilia erTi warmarTuli qveynis gaqristianebis ambavi, romelic
Txzulebis avtors (efTvime mTawmindels) qarTuli `balavarianidan~
gadmouRia X s-is bolos, efTvime mTawmindeli `varlaam da ioasafis~
Txzulebis meSveobiT, srulad aRadgens aristides dakargul nawarmoebs
sakuTar enaze. Mmas ostaturad CaurTavs `varlaam da ioasafSi~
aristides `apologia~, rogorc warmarTobasTan sapolemiko saSualeba,
romelic vfiqrobT, rom mas aRmosavluri wyaroebidan (somxuri,
qarTuli) moupovebia. marTlac, `apologias~ Tavisi misia Seusrulebia.
aristides `apologiis~ meSveobiT, misi polemikuri debulebebis
wyalobiT, romelsac warmosTqvams naqori `varlaam da ioasafSi~,
warmarTuli qveyana xdeba qristiani. Sesabamisad, myardeba
axladgaqristianebuli ruseTis sarwmunoebrivi poziciac, rac im
droisTvis bizantiis didi gamarjveba iyo.
204
migvaCnia, rom efTvime aTonels aristides dakargulad miCneuli
`apologia~, romelSic polemikaa warmarTobis winaaRmdeg, sWirdeba, raTa
daasabuTos ruseTis warmarTobidan qristianobaze gadasvla.
rogorc vxedavT, efTvime mTawmindeli ara mxolod `varlaam da
ioasafis~ Semqmnelia bernuli samyarosaTvis, aramed is kidev erTi
berZnuli Txzulebis, aristides `pologiis~ xelmeored Semqmneli da
aRmdgenelia berZnul enaze. sxvas Tu ara, efTvime mTawmindels unda
scodnoda, rom qarTul literaturaSi ukve arsebobda
warmarTobasTanAkritika `balavarianis~ saxiT. romlis aTviseba da
gamoyeneba im drois bizantiur mwerlobaSi, marTlac rom saWiro iyo.
efTvime mTawmindeli, `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~ berZnul
TxzulebaSi aqtiurad iyenebs ioane damaskelis bizantiur dogmatikasac.
esec, vfiqrobT, rom mas bizantiis mokavSire axladgaqristianebuli
ruseTis sarwmunoebis gasamyareblad dasWirdeboda.
`varlaam da ioasafis~ doqtrinaluri pozicia saocar damTxvevas
amJRavnebs ioane damaskelis SemoqmedebasTan. es gavlena vlindeba
rogorc azrobriv, ise sityvier formulirebebSic. swored amitom miaCnda
delgers, rom ioane damaskeli iyo am Txzulebis avtori. f.delgeri
gvTavazobs uamrav paralels `varlaamisa da ioasafis~ teqstsa da ioane
damaskelis naSromebs Soris. is miiCnevs, rom ioane damaskeli am
nawarmoebSi iyenebs nawyvetebs Tavisi doqtrinaluri Txzulebebidan da
xSirad sayvarel avtorebsac esesxeba. Tumca, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom
am nawarmoebis Semqmneli yofiliyo ara TviT ioane damaskeli, aramed
nebismieri, vinc kargad icnobda mis Sromebs. Cven migvaCnia, rom efTvime
aToneli iyo swored is pirovneba, vinc ioane damaskels farTod
SemouZRva qarTul literaturaSi. qarTuli eklesia SemdgomSi swored
mis mier gakvalul gzas gahyva. rogorc efTvime aTonelis, ise XI
saukunidan dawyebuli qarTuli eklesiis dogmaturi xazi, esaa ioane
damaskelis orTodoqsuli xazi. d. langmac daamtkica, rom im wyaroTa
umravlesoba, rasac `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtori iyenebs, umetesoba
Tavad avtoris, efTvime mTawmindelis, mier iyo Targmnili da
gavrcelebuli qarTul samyaroSi. is erTgulad exmaureboda
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saqarTvelos saliteraturo wreebis moTxovnebs da qarTul enaze
awvdida maT didi raodenobis berZnul, sasuliero literaturas.
f. delgeri miiCnevs, rom damaskelis TxzulebaTagan `varlaam da
ioasafSi~ ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia `gardamocema~. e. xinTibiZis da
r.miminoSvilis azriT, es gasakviri araa, radgan swored efTvime
aTonelma gadaamuSava ioane damaskelis `gardamocema~ im saxiT, ra
saxiTac CarTulia `varlaam da ioasafSi~. efTvimem `gardamocema~
Seamokla, Seavso sxva wyaroebiT da qarTul enaze gadmoitana
saxelwodebiT `winamZRvari~. mecnierebaSi SeniSnulia, rom `varlaam da
ioasafSi~ moxmobili ioane damaskelis citatebi ufro axlos dgas
efTvimeseul gadamuSavebasTan, vidre sakuTriv damaskelis berZnul
redaqciasTan (38,302).
sainteresoa kidev erTi garemoeba. rogorc specialur literaturaSia
SeniSnuli, `varlaamisa da ioasafis~ qristologia efuZneba
antimonofizitur, antimonoTelitur da xatTmebrZoleobis sawinaaRmdego
doqtrinas, rac arcTu bunebrivi iqneba ioane damaskelis avtorobis
SemTxvevaSi. efTvime mTawmindelis moRvaweobis dros ki, qarTuli
eklesia mezobel monofizitur eklesiasTan polemikaSi swored aseT
poziciaze idga. gansxvavebiT bizantiuri polemikuri literaturis
istoriisgan, qarTuli eklesiisTvis: antimonofizitur, antimonoTelitur
da xatTmebrZoleobis sawinaaRmdego qristologias aqtualuri
mniSvneloba arasodes daukargavs. efTvime aTonelis, rogorc
polemikosis orTodoqsuli poziciac swored am Sinaarsis matarebelia.
sainteresoa is faqti, rom ZiriTad gansxvavebas qarTul `iodasafis
cxovrebasa~ da berZnul `varlaam da ioasafs~ Soris qmnis berZnul
TxzulebaSi arsebuli dogmatur_polemikuri elementi. berZnuli teqsti
aSkara kavSirs avlens bibliasTan da wminda mamaTa nawerebTan. qarTuli
`iodasafis cxovreba~ mxolod siuJetis ganviTarebiT da igavuri
elementiT emsgavseba berZnuls, dogmatur_polemikuri elementisgan
sruliad daclilia. `varlaam da ioasafis~ dogmatur polemikuri nawili
avtoris naazreviT ar unda iyos gavrcobili. teqstSi Setanilia mTeli
Txzulebebi, abzacebi, paragrafebi da debulebebi cnobili Teologebisa:
ioane damaskelis, nemesios emeselis, grigol nazianzelis, basil didis,
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grigol noselis, ioane oqropiris, maqsime aRmsareblis, grigol
sakvirvelmoqmedis, ioane sinelis, aristides da ucnobi avtorebis sxva
Txzulebebisa. es faqtic metyvelebs imaze, rom qarTuli versia
gardamavali safexuria aRmosavlur araqristianul fabulasa da
berZnul, Rrmad dogmatur `sulismargebel moTxrobas~ Soris.
vfiqrobT, rom efTvime aTonels, berZnul `varlaamisa da ioasafis
cxovrebaSi~, Segnebulad unda CaerTo aristides `apologia~ da ioane
damaskelis `gardamocema~. rogorc iTqva, mas aristides `apologia~
sWirdeba axladgaqristianebuli ruseTis sarwmunoebrivi poziciis
gasamyareblad da amisaTvis is iyenebs aristides polemikur maneras.
amavdroulad, efTvimem aristides `apologiis~ CarTviT berZnul
`varlaam da ioasafSi~, berZnul mwerlobas daubruna dakarguli Zegli.
xolo, ioane damaskelis dogmatikis CarTviT berZnul `varlaam da
ioasafSi~, berZnuli Txzulebis avtori mxars uWers qristianobis
bizantiur, orTodoqsul mimarTulebas, radgan rogorc iTqva,
damaskelis bizantiur dogmatikas misdevs Semdegdroindeli qarTuli
eklesia da sasuliero mwerloba. es SeiZleba moexerxebina iseT did
moRvawes, rogoric gaxldaT efTvime mTawmindeli.
Cven mimovixileT berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ genezisisa da
avtorobis ESesaxeb mecnierTa Sexedulebebi. visaubreT aseve X s-is
damlevs bizantiis eklesiisaTvis berZnul enaze warmarTobis
sawinaaRmdego Txzulebis gaCenis aucileblobaze. SevexeT aristides
`apologiis~ sakiTxs. `apologiis~, romelic VI s-dan gamqrali iyo
berZnuli mwerlobidan da romelic, `varlaam da ioasafis~ meSveobiT,
saukuneebis Semdgom, garkveuli aucileblobisaTvis aRadgina sakuTar
enaze nawarmoebis avtorma, romelic Cveni azriT efTvime mTawmindelia.
Cven SevexeT mravali mecnieris arguments, romelic efTvimes avtorobis
sasargeblod metyvelebs. miuxedavad amisa, gvsurs naSromis dasasruls
Tavi movuyaroT efTvimes avtorobis sasargeblod wamoyenebul yvela
arguments, visaubroT misi samwerlo stilis Sesaxeb da kidev erTxel
mxari davuWiroT mravali qarTveli Tu ucxoeli mecnieris Tvalsazriss,
rom `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtori, marTlac efTvime mTawmindelia.
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Cvenamde moRweulia ramdenime angariSgasawevi cnoba imis Taobaze,
rom `varlaam da ioasafi~ qarTulidan berZnulad Targmna efTvime
aTonelma: 1. giorgi aToneli, Tavis naSromSi `cxovreba ioanesi da
efTvimesi~ wers, rom efTvimem qarTulidan berZnulad Targmna:
`balahvari~ da `abukura~ da sxva ramodenime wigni. 2. erT_erTi uZvelesi
berZnuli xelnaweri, romelic inaxeba veneciaSi, wminda markozis
biblioTekaSi gvauwyebs, rom es nawarmoebi `gadmoTargmnilia iberTa
enidan elinur enaze pativdebuli da keTilsaTno kacis _ efTvimes,
iverad wodebulis mier~. 3. am faqtsve imeorebs SedarebiT gviandeli
(XIV-XV s.) parizSi daculi xelnaweri: `sulismargebeli moTxroba,
eTiopelTa uSinaganesi, romaelTa (saxelmwifoSi Semavali) qveynidan
gadmotanili eTiopelTa kilodan elinur enaze efTvime iveris, uwmindesi
monazvnis mier, romelic iyo wminda aTanases didi lavris winamZRvari
aTonis mTaze.~ 4. efTvimes avtorobaze laparakobs erTi uZvelesi
(p.peetersis daTariRebiT 1048 wlis) laTinuri xelnaweris lemac:
`varlaamisa da ioasafis istoria, Sinagani eTiopiidan motanili wminda
qalaqSi sabas monastris Rirseuli berisagan da Targmnili elinur enaze
wminda kacis _ efTvimes mier~(ix. 4, 306).
im sabuTTagan, romlebic efTvimes avtorobis mowinaaRmdege
mecnierebs (h. zotenbergi, f. delgeri) gaaCndaT, ZiriTadia Semdegi:
erovnebiT qarTveli, araberZeni ver dawerda ase gamarTuli berZnuliT
aseT Txzulebas. xelnawerTa lemebSi ioane damaskelis
avtor_gadamkeTeblad moxsenieba da teqstSi misi citatebis arseboba.
gelaTuri xelnaweris cnoba, rom efTvimem berZnulidan Targmna es
Txzuleba da ara qarTulidan. moculobis TvalsazrisiT didi
gansxvavebaa qarTul `sibrZne balavarisasa~ da `varlaamisa da ioasafis
cxovrebas~ Soris.
am antiTezebis gamabaTilebeli naSromebi sxvadasxva dros
warmoadgines qarTvelma Tu ucxoelma mecnierebma: p. peetersma, d.langma,
a. greguarma, n. marma, k. kekeliZem, S. nucubiZem, s. yauxCiSvilma,
il.abulaZem, iv. javaxiSvilma, al. xaxanaSvilma, e. TayaiSvilma,
m.TarxniSvilma, r. TvaraZem, r. miminoSvilma, n. gafrindaSvilma,
e.xinTibiZem da sxvebma. Seiqmna mravali gamokvleva, romlebic vrcladaa
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mimoxiluli da kritikulad ganxiluli e. xinTibiZis mniSvnelovan
monografiaSi `qarTul_bizantiuri literaturuli urTierTobis
istoriisaTvis~. aqve dawvrilebiTaa Seswavlili da warmodgenili
“varlaam da ioasafis” romanTan dakavSirebuli problemebi: genezisi,
fabula, lemebi, avtorobis sakiTxi (4,305).
efTvime mTawmindelis avtorobis mowinaaRmdege mecnierTa
argumentebis gabaTileba advilad SeiZleba. literaturis istoriaSi
mravladaa iseTi movlena, roca erTidaigive moRvawe sxvadasxva enaze
qmnis nawarmoebebs. xolo aTonis mTaze mcxovreb or da met enovan
qarTvel berebze, bevri Tqmula da dawerila. bizantiuri literaturis
mkvlevars es garemoeba ar unda gamorCes. ase rom, araviTari safuZveli
ar arsebobs imisTvis, rom efTvime aToneli ver SeZlebda gamarTul
berZnulad daewera es nawarmoebi. Tu gadavxedavT efTvimes
literaturul stils, mis mTargmnelobiT meTods da nawarmoebis
warmoSobis adgils, kidev ufro davrwmundebiT im faqtis WeSmaritebaSi,
rom berZnuli `balavarianis~ avtori, efTvime mTawmindelia.
X saukunis dasasruls, qarTvelebma mZlavri literaturuli centri
Seqmnes saberZneTSi, aTonis mTaze. aTonis literaturulma skolam
arsebiTi cvlileba Seitana qarTuli literaturuli skolis
ganviTarebaSi. Seicvala interesis sfero, aiRo axali orientacia da
myari safuZveli Cauyara im did progress saqarTvelos
kulturul_literaturul cxovrebaSi, romelmac qarTul literaturul
azrs epoqaluri mniSvneloba mianiWa. aTonis skolam daiwyo qarTuli
literaturis istoriaSi axali xana, romelsac Zveli qarTuli
mwerlobis klasikuri periodi hqvia. aTonis skola gaxldaT tao-
klarjeTis literaturuli interesebis ganmaviTarebeli. am skolam
gaagrZela qarTuli mwerlobis erovnuli epoqis kulturuli xazi.
kerZod, aTonis literatorebma SeniSnes xarvezebi bizantiur sasuliero
mwerlobaSi da igi qarTuli masaliT amoavses. aTonis skolis mTavari
devizi gaxda mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba. am saqmem didi erovnuli
mniSvneloba SeiZina. qarTvelebi Seecadnen umokles vadaSi amoewuraT
bizantiuri literatura. eTargmnaT yvelaferi, rac amden xans qarTulad
ar arsebobda.
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efTvime aToneli, swored aTonis saliteraturo skolis mamamTavari
da Cveni kulturuli warsulis erT_erTi udidesi pirovneba gaxldaT,
romelmac gansakuTrebuli adgili datova qarTuli mwerlobis
istoriaSi. efTvimes xelmZRvanelobiT aTonis literaturulma skolam
ganamtkica qarTuli mwerlobis kontaqtebi bizantiur samyarosTan,
bizantiur kulturasTan, gaamdidra erovnuli saganZuri. swored mis
saxels ukavSirdeba bizantiuri literaturuli tradiciebis Cvens
sinamdvileSi gadmotana da qarTuli mwerlobis msoflio asparezze
gayvana (4,302). efTvimes Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis giorgi mTawmindeli.
efTvimes biografiaSi is dokumenturi sizustiT aRwers aTonis iverTa
monastris aSenebis ambavs ioanesa da efTvimes mier, maT cxovrebas da
monastris Tavgadasavals XII saukunis I naxevarSi. am biografiaSi
vkiTxulobT, rom berZnuli ena efTvimes bavSvobaSive Seuswavlia
safuZvlianad da amiT aixsneba is garemoeba, rom is aramarto
berZnulidan Targmnida, aramed qarTuli enidanac Seudareblad
Targmnida berZnul enaze. mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobisaken efTvimes
mamam, ioanem ubiZga, radgan am ukanasknelis azriT, qarTul enaze ar
iyo Targmnili uamravi saWiro berZnulenovani literatura (4, 301).
Cveni yuradReba unda SevaCeroT efTvimes muSaobis stilze, rac
gamoixata berZnuli enidan qarTul enaze da piriqiT mis mTargmnelobiT
meTodSi. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTi ram, rasac SemdgomSi efrem
mcirec iziarebs, romelic Tavs efTvimes Segirdad miiCnevs, xolo TviT
efTvimes literaturul mefed, bumberazad da lomad. efTvime
mTawmindeli Tavisufali stiliT mTargmnelia. igi berZnul dedans
Targmnida `Semateba_klebis~ meTodiT. es stili dafuZnebuli iyo
maSindeli qarTuli sazogadoebis Zvel literaturul tradiciebze,
romelic swored aseT meTods uWerda mxars. amasTanave, efTvime
cdilobda qarTuli mkiTxvelisaTvis ganzavebuli da ganmartebuli
teqsti miewodebina. mas Sehqonda teqstSi sxvadasxa wyarodan amokrebuli
damatebiTi cnobebi, gansakuTrebiT iseTi, rac qarTvelebs Seexeboda. igi
dedanSi umatebda Tavis komentarebs da a.S. amasTanave yuradRebas
aqcevda im garemoebasac, rom qarTuli literaturis praqtikuli
saWiroebisaTvis, erTbaSad Zalze didi literatura iyo saWiro. amitom,
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igi upiratesad, Semoklebul redaqciebs Targmnida. is gvTavazobs, ama Tu
im Txzulebis, axal, damoukidebel redaqcias. k. kekeliZes azriT,
efTvimes `Semateba_klebis~ ZiriTadi mizezi unda yofiliyo is, rom
efTvimes dros qarTuli sazogadoeba momwifebuli ar iyo berZnulidan
sityva_sityviTi Targmani aReqva. efTvimes dros, qarTul sazogadoebaSi,
kvlav Zlieri da Seuryeveli iyo Zveli literaturuli tradiciebi da
mogonebani, rac mas nebas ar aZlevda sityva_sityviT eTargmna da
iZulebuls xdida axali Targmani ZvelisaTvis Seefardebina da yovelive
berZnul movlenas sifrTxiliT mokideboda. amave dros, efTvime
mTawmindelia is pirvelTagani, romelmac Searyia qarTul mTargmnelobiT
praqtikaSi gabatonebuli, bibliuri literaturis, Tavisufali Targmnis
principi. man SeniSna, rom qarTuli bibliuri wignebi gansxvavebas
amJRavnebda Sesabamis berZnul redaqciasTan da amitom, berZnulTan
daaxloebis gziT, man Seqmna `saxarebis~ axali redaqcia. efTvimem
moaxerxa, rom saeklesio mwerlobis originaluri gziT ganviTarebidan
gezi aRebuliyo orTodoqsuli qristianuli literaturis aTvisebisaken,
Tavisufali Targmnis stilidan, berZnul dedanTan zustad misvlis
principisaken. am faqtiT, efTvimem, qarTuli mwerloba gverdiT amouyena
did bizantiur mwerlobas da dasavluri gziT ganaviTara (4, 308).
literaturuli moRvaweoba efTvimes 975-977 wlebSi unda daewyos.
giorgi mTawmindeli `ioanesa da eqvTimes cxovrebaSi~ wers, rom efTvime
aTonelma qarTuli enidan berZnul enaze Targmna `balahvari~, `abukura~
da `sxuanica raodennime werilni~ (17, 168). sagulisxmoa, rom `abukura~
pirvelad iTargmna qarTulad IX s-is bolos, Tu X saukunis damdegs
ucnobi piris mier, xolo X s-is bolos am Txzulebis qarTuli Targmani
xelSi Cauvarda efTvime mTawmindels, romelmac is Targmna berZnul
enaze bizantiuri hagiografiisa da liturgikul_kalendaruli xarvezis
amosavsebad. am SemTxvevaSic, Cven saqme gvaqvs mniSvnelovan
literaturul_istoriul faqtTan, rodesac qarTveli mTargmneli
mSobliuri enidan Targmnis Txzulebas da amiT wvlili Seaqvs sakuTriv
bizantiur kulturaSi. efTvimem bizantias daanaxa qarTuli mwerlobis
SesaZlebloba (ix. 4,308). e. xinTibiZis varaudiT, efTvime mTawmindels
`varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnul Txzulebaze unda emuSava X saukuneSi,
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sanam misi mama ioane cocxali iyo (38,289). unda aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom
ar arsebobs sasuliero mwerlobis arcerTi dargi, romlidanac efTvimes
ar eTargmnos raime Txzuleba. mis mier Targmnili wignebidan dRes
Cvenamde moRweulia 160-ze meti dasaxelebis didi Teologiuri naSromi,
romelic moicavs bizantiuri mwerlobis TiTqmis yvela dargs.
saqarTveloSi Zalze popularuli mis mier naTargmni wignebi gaxldaT:
`avgarozi~, `qebaÁ da didebaÁ mariamisi~, mociqulebis apokrifuli
aqtebi da a.S. eqvTimes uTargmnia: `ioane RvTismetyvelis gamoxadeba~,
`daviTni~, `saxareba oTxTavi~, apokrifuli literatura, egzegetikidan
`ioane maxareblis xilva~, asketika, mistika, homiletika, hagiografia,
saeklesio samarTali da sxva mravali (17,174). efTvimes saxeliT Cvenamde
moRweulia originaluri nawarmoebi, lirikuli Janris locva, saTauriT
`Tqmuli wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa efTÂmi qarTvelisaÁ~. k. kekeliZis
daxasiaTebiT, masSi Tavmoyrilia: `Rrma religiuri gancdebi morwmune
qristianisa, gonebrivi mWvreteloba moazrovne adamianisa da faqizi
aRmafrena poeturi grZnobisa.~ nawarmoebis avtors, kargad Seujamebia
qristianuli evxografiis saukeTeso damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi.
locvasTan erTad, efTvimes saxeliT, aTonis mTis berZnul xelnawerebSi
daculia originaluri nawarmoebebi: tropari, dideba, akoluTia,
auarebdiTi (38,281). efTvimes kalams ekuTvnis agreTve originaluri
Sromebi berZnul enaze. sayuradReboa, Tavisi berZeni mowafisaTvis mis
mier berZnul enaze Seqmnili `wesi cxovrebisaÁ~. mecnier v. asaTianis
azriT, am axlaTaRmoCenili literaturuli faqtis mniSvneloba Zalze
didia. es faqti metyvelebs imaze, rom qarTvelebis urTierToba
bizantiasTan ar iyo calmxrivi. efTvimes xeliT qarTvelebs
mniSvnelovani wvlili SeutaniaT bizantiuri kulturis ganviTarebis
saqmeSi (4,310).
imis gamo, rom efTvime mTawmindeli iyo erovnebiT qarTveli da ara
berZeni, an bizantieli, amitomac ver warmoedginaT rig evropel
mkvlevarebs, rom mas SeeZlo Seeqmna iseTi Rirebuli nawarmoebi,
rogoricaa `varlaam da ioasafis cxovreba~. Tumca im mecnierisaTvis,
vinc icnobs efTvime aTonelis cxovrebas da Semoqmedebas, misi
ucxoelobis arguments ara aqvs aranairi fasi. efTvimes saxiT Cvens
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winaSe dgas pirovneba, romlis mier berZnuli patristikis codnasa da
saeklesio berZnuli enis dauflebaSi raime eWvis Setana SeuZlebelia.
efTvimem berZnuli ena bizantiis samefo karze Seiswavla im zomiT, rom
mas mSobliuri qarTuli daaviwyda da bavSvobaSive mxolod berZnulad
saubrobda. im dRidan moyolebuli is saqarTveloSi arc yofila da
mTeli cxovreba gardacvalebamde gaatara bizantiuri ber_monazvnobis
centrSi, aTonis mTaze, maRali saeklesio ierarqis TanamdebobiT. is iyo
iveronis monastris winamZRvari, didi lavris sulieri mzrunveli.
berZnul enasTan da patristikasTan ase adreul asakSi ziarebis aseTi
maRali doniT ver daitrabaxebs verc erTi bizantieli mwerali. xolo
ioane damaskeli, romelic evropel mecnierebs miaCndaT `varlaam da
ioasafis cxovrebis~ WeSmarit avtorad, Tavisi mSobliuri eniT, ojaxuri
garemoTi, samsaxuriT da sacxovrebeli adgiliT, mWidrod iyo
dakavSirebuli arabul xalifatTan da qristianul berZnul samyaros
mxolod cxovrebis meore periodSi, axalgazrdobis Semdeg eziara.
efTvimes am kuTxiT is konkurencias ver gauwevs (38,290).
xelnawerTa lemebSi ioane damaskelis moxsenieba mravali iseTi
mizeziTaa gamowveuli, romelTagan arcerTi ar miuTiTebs misi
avtorobis ara Tu aucileblobaze, aramed mis SesaZleblobazec ki:
a)uZveles berZnul xelnawerebSi moxseniebuli iyo vinme ioane monazoni,
romelsac, rogorc daasabuTes : s. yauxCiSvilma, S. nucubiZem, d.langma,
e.xinTibiZem da sxvebma, miewereba ara Targmani, aramed ambis gadmotana
zepirad an werilobiT indoeTidan wminda qalaqSi. b) aTonis mTaze
mcxovreb qarTvel berTa moqiSpe berZen berebs (SesaZloa sxva vinmesac),
qarTvel moRvaweTa damsaxurebis dasamalad, SeiZleba daufiqrebladac
gadaeSalaT xelnawerTa lemebSi efTvime iverielis avtorobis
mauwyebeli sityvebi da darCeniliyo mxolod ioanes damsaxureba,
romelsac, rogorc iTqva, miewereba ambis, an xelnaweris gadmotana da
ara misi Targmna berZnul enaze. g) rodesac Semdgomma gadamwerebma
mxolod ioane monazvnis damsaxureba da lemis teqstis
azrobriv_sintaqsuri uxerxuloba dainaxes, Seecadnen Secdomis
gamosworebas, Secvales lemis Sinaarsi da ioanes miaweres nawarmoebis
ara marto wminda qalaqSi motana, aramed Targmnac romeliRac
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aRmosavluri enidan berZnul enaze. d) SesaZloa imis gamoc, rom efTvimes
dros aTonis mTaze moRvaweobda ioane qarTvelic, daisva sakiTxi:
eqvTimes avtoroba aRar Canda, magram ioane qarTvelis Targmani rom ar
hgonebodaT, daiwyes iseTi pretendentis Zebna, romelsac ioane erqmeoda
da ioane qarTvels daCrdilavda. aseT pirovnebad maT wamoayenes VII
saukunis marTlac didi saeklesio moRvawe, cnobili RmrTismetyveli da
dogmatikosi ioane damaskeli. e)SesaZloa Semdegdroindelma gadamwerebma
SeamCnies ioanes utituloba, aseve ioane damaskelis citatebis arseboba
teqstSi da es ioane uyoymanod miiRes ioane damaskelad da TavianT
xelnawerTa lemebSi ioanes magier ioane damaskeli Caweres. bevrze
maniSnebelia is faqtic, rom `balavarianis~ berZnuli versiis gamoCenamde
ioane damaskeli sami saukuniT adre gardaicvala. sad iyo damaluli ase
popularuli qristianuli nawarmoebi qristianobis religiis aRmavlobis
sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi?! nuTu vercerTma mwignobarma ver Caigdo
xelSi amdeni xnis manZilze?! (7,18) rac Seexeba teqstSi ioane damaskelis
citatebis arsebobas, is igive mizeziT unda aixsnas, ra mizeziTac
aixsneba sxva saRmrTo wignebidan moxmobili masalis arseboba `varlaam
da ioasafSi~. efTvime mTawmindeli mTargmnelia uamravi sasuliero
wignisa berZnulidan qarTulad. mas naTargmni aqvs agreTve ioane
damaskeli da gasakviri ufro is iqneboda, rom Tavis naSromSi sxvasTan
erTad ar gamoeyenebina misi citatebi, azrebi da Sexedulebebi.
vefuZnebiT ra `varlaam da ioasafis~ avtorobis irgvliv Catarebul
kvleva_Ziebebs da viTvaliswinebT ra, ioane damaskelisa da eqvTime
aTonelis epoqebTan da maT cxovrebasa da SemoqmedebasTan dakavSirebul
detalebs, amavdroulad, efTvime aTonelis sawinaaRmdegod da ioane
damaskelis sasargeblod wamoyenebuli argumentebis kritikuli
ganxilvis Sedegebs, aseve vadarebT ra erTmaneTs `varlaam da ioasafis~
berZnul Txzulebas `balavarianis~ qarTul da arabul redaqciebs,
vfiqrobT, rom `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli redaciis VIII saukuneSi
gadatana mcdari varaudia. nawarmoebis Seqmna unda daukavSirdes X-XI
saukunes da mis avtorad efTvime aToneli unda iqnes miCneuli. `varlaam
da ioasafis cxovrebis~ qarTuli versia, igive `balavariani~ gaxlavT is
teqsti, romelic gamoyenebulia berZnuli metafrasuli redaqciis
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dednad. sagulisxmoa, rom qarTuli `balavariani~ X s-is 70-ian welze
adre ar unda iyos Targmnili berZnul enaze, radgan mecnierebaSi
cnobilia, rom miqael modrekili Tavis sagaloblebis krebulSi,
romelic X saukunis dasawyiss miekuTvneba, arsad ar axsenebs arc
iodasafs, arc balavars. Cvenamde moRweuli XI saukunis `varlaam da
ioasafis cxovrebis~ berZnuli teqsti ki aSkarad metafrasuli
mimdinareobis hagiografiuli Txzulebaa. amas adasturebs, rogorc
nawarmoebis xasiaTi, ise avtoriseuli gancxadeba. metafrasuli stili
Tanamedrove, miRebuli da mowonebuli literaturuli stili iyo
efTvime aTonelis moRvaweobis dros. efTvime aToneli, garda imisa, rom
Targmnis qarTulidan berZnulad `balavarians~, is amavdroulad,
gabatonebuli samwerlo stilis mixedviT axdens teqstis
Targmna_gadakeTebas, kompilacia_komentirebas, is amoklebs an avrcobs
teqsts (38,364).
k. kekeliZe Tvlis, rom miuxedavad berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis
cxovrebis~ teqstis sididisa qarTul `balavarianTan~ SedarebiT,
avtori qarTuli `balavarianisa~ da berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis
cxovrebisa~ gaxlavT efTvime aToneli. Kk. kekeliZis azriT, SesaZloa
vinme mwignobars, SeiZleba TviT svimeon loRoTets, igive metafrasts
gadaekeTebinos SemdgomSi es nawarmoebi berZnul literaturaSi im dros
gabatonebuli mimdinareobis Tanaxmad im saxiT, ra saxiTac is mocemulia
dResdReisobiT cnobil berZnul redaqciaSi, imdenad aSkaraa `varlaam
da ioasafis~ kavSiri metafrasul literaturul mimdinareobasTan. am
azrs iziarebdnen aseve mecnierebi d. langi da m. TarxniSvili. jer kidev
efrem mcire aRniSnavda, rom efTvime mTawmindeli qarTulad Targmnida
misi Tanamedrovis, svimeon loRoTetis, gadametafrasirebul sakiTxavebs
(37,370). gadakeTeba_gadamuSavebis Semdgom xSirad Zveli teqsti
ikargeboda. k.kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom SesaZloa swored aseTi bedi ewia
efTvimes Targmansac, an SeiZleba jer arc iyos mignebuli (17,474).
amavdroulad, unda aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom efTvime mTawmindels
mravali literaturuli mteri hyavda, romlebsac ganzraxuli hqondaT
misi naSromebis garyvna da damaxinjeba. erTi aseTi literaturuli mtris
Sesaxeb gadmogvcems aTonis krebulis Semqmneli miqel daRalisoneli.
215
kerZod, viRac ozans gauryvnia efTvime `saxarebis~ Targmani, mis mier
Targmnili ioane oqropirisa da grigol RvTismetyvelis Txzulebani,
agreTve misi `daviTni~. am faqtze komentars efTvimes biografi, giorgi
mTawmidelic akeTebs (17,169).
e. xinTibiZe miiCnevs, rom efTvimes mTargmnelobiT meTods sruliad
Seesabameba Cvenamde moRweuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ teqsti da amitom,
swored efTvimes kalams da ara svimeon loRoTets unda mieweros
Cvenamde moRweuli metafrastuli redaqciis Seqmna am Txzulebisa,
kerZod, misi Tavdapirveli X saukunis dasasrulis varianti. Tu
k.kekeliZe mxolod Txzulebis Targmnaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas,
e.xinTibiZe Tvlis, rom efTvime mTawmindelma ara marto Targmna
Txzuleba berZnulad, aramed Seaswora, gadaakeTa, misi metafrasireba
moaxdina. nawarmoebis parafrazirebasTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa
efTvimes mamis, ioane aTonelis `anderZi~, sadac ioane wers, rom mis
sicocxleSi efTvimem aRwera `TargmanebaÁ balahvarisi~. am SemTxvevaSic,
Cven Targmaneba unda gaviazroT ara mxolod erTi enidan meoreze
gadatanad, aramed parafrazirebad, komentirebad (38,369). aseve unda iTqvas
isic, rom efTvimes mier am nawarmoebis berZnulad Targmna, mxolod
SemoqmedebiTi interesiT aRZruli faqti ar SeiZleba yofiliyo. efTvime
moqmedebda berZenTa TvalSi qarTvelTa inteleqtis, SemoqmedebiTi
potencialis warmosaCenad. vinaidan svimeon metafrastis stili im dros
bizantiur mwerlobaSi gabatonebuli literaturuli stili iyo,
efTvimec aucileblad Seecdeboda berZenTaTvis miewodebina ukanaskneli
literaturuli stiliT Seqmnili Txzuleba (ioanes urTierToba
svimeonTan udao unda iyos X saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi).
bunebrivia, ioane Tavis Svils efTvimes aucileblad aziarebda im
literaturul stils, rasac svimeoni qmnida. ase rom, aTonze moRvawe
qarTvelebi ra Tqma unda berZnul umaRles literaturul wreebs,
swored imdroindeli gabatonebuli stiliT Seqmnil naSromebs
SesTavazebdnen. aseTi ki, mxoloddamxolod, iqneboda `balavarianis~ ara
pirdapiri Targmani, aramed swored metafrasuli gadamuSaveba (38,372).
sadisertacio naSromis am TavSi ganxiluli mosazrebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT vakeTebT aseT daskvnas: berZnul mwerlobaSi VI_ dan XI
216
s_mde dakargulad miCneuli aristides `apologia~, romelSic polemikaa
warmarTobis winaaRmdeg, aRmoCnda aRmosavlur qristianul mwerlobaSi:
siriulSi srulad, xolo somxurSi fragmentebis saxiT. rogorc Cans, mas
icnobdnen qarTveli avtorebic. es xdeba maSin, roca berZnul enaze igi
ukve gamqralia. amitom araa gasakviri, rom berZnul mwerlobaSi
dabrunda qarTulis gziT. rogorc dReisaTvis damtkicebulad iTvleba
da raSic Cvenc davrwmundiT, SevadareT ra `apologiis~ redaqciebi
erTmaneTs, `apologiis~ berZnuli teqsti TiTqmis sruli saxiT aris
CarTuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnul romanSi, romlis uZvelesi
xelnawerebi XI saukunis dasawyisiT TariRdeba da romelSic
moTxrobilia warmarTuli indoeTis gaqristianebis ambavi. Tu
gaviziarebT am ukanaskneli Txzulebis avtorobis yvelaze metad
dasabuTebul versias, rom is Seqmnilia aTonis mTaze moRvaweAqarTveli
mwerlis, wminda efTvime aTonelis mier, `iodasafis cxovrebaze~ anu
`varlaam da ioasafis~ qarTul versiaze dayrdnobiT, bizantiis
maSindeli problemis aqtualobidan gamomdinare, maSin advilad aixsneba
is garemoebac, rom aristides `apologiis~ adrindel SuasaukuneebSi
dakarguli teqsti, berZnul mwerlobas SeiZleboda dabruneboda
qarTuli, an zogadad aRmosavleTis qristianuli mwerlobidan, rac
qarTuli kulturis saamayo faqtia.
217
ddddaskvnaaskvnaaskvnaaskvna
Cveni sadisertacio naSromis mizani iyo Segveswavla warmarTobasTan
polemikis kvali Zvel qarTul hagiografiul literaturaSi. naSromSi
Cven gverdi avuareT filosofiur polemikas warmarTobasTan. kerZod, ar
SevexeT antikuri miTologiis detalebs. ar ganvixileT warmarTobasTan
polemikis iseTi faqtebi, rac SesaZloa gamoyenebuli iyos qarTuli
mwerlobis berZnulidan Targmnil Teologiur an neoplatonur
literaturaSi an ioane petriwis originalur filosofiur naSromSi.
Cven SemovifargleT warmarTobasTan dakavSirebuli im faqtebis
ganxilviT, romlebic qarTul wyaroebSi Cans.
SevecadeT gveCvenebina iseTi qarTuli literaturuli Zeglebi,
romlebsac met_naklebad, warmarTul samyarosTan qronologiurad
hqondaT Sexeba. anu, ganvixileT qristianobis polemika warmarTobasTan
im qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebis mixedviT, romlebic dakavSirebuli
iyo qarTul warmarTul samyarosTan. am mizniT, mimovixileT iseTi
qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebi, romlebSic aSkarad igrZnoba rogorc
warmarTobasTan, ise cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan polemikis kvali.
qarTul (ZirZvel) warmarTobasTan polemikis TvalsazrisiT aseTi
nawarmoebebi upirvelesad gaxlavT: `ninos cxovreba~, uZveles qarTul
martirologiur Txzulebad miCneuli Zegli `cxra kolael yrmaTa
martviloba~, romelSic asaxulia saqarTveloSi qristianobis arsebobis
uZvelesi periodi da `sibrZne balahvarisi~. Cven SevecadeT, dawvrilebiT
Segveswavla aRniSnuli Txzulebebi warmarTobasTan polemikis kuTxiT.
vecadeT gamogvekvlia maTSi aRwerili istoriuli periodi. SevexeT
Zeglebis avtorobis sakiTxs da maTSi asaxul sxvadasxva mniSvnelovan
istoriul faqtsa Tu detals.
nawarmoebebis mixedviT CvenTvis naTeli gaxda, rom saqarTveloSi
qristianoba istoriulad Semodis garkveuli religiuri warmodgenebis
fonze. es warmodgenebi ormxrivia. es gaxlavT qarTuli warmarToba
kerpTayvanisamcemloba Tu mnaTobTa Tayvaniscema, romelic Tavis mxriv
gadajaWvulia cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan, mazdeizmTan. im faqtze, rom
qristianobis Semosvlis dros, qarTlis saxelmwifo karis oficiauri
218
religia mazdeizmi gaxldaT, metyvelebs, “ninos cxovrebaSi” qarTul
warmarTul RmerTTa panTeonis arseboba, romlebic sparsul
zoroastrul RvTaebebs Seesatyviseba da romelTa arsebobac qarTul
sinamdvileSi adreuli droidan dasturdeba.
sagulisxmoa, rom qristianoba saqarTveloSi erTdroulad
daupirispirda orive saxis religiur warmodgenebs: qarTul warmarTobas
da sparsul mazdeanobas. amitomac, polemikis elementebi orive religiis
mimarT erTad da erTnairad iCenda Tavs.
Cveni sadisertacio naSromis mizani iyo gveCvenebina, rom
qristianoba saqarTveloSi martivad, daubrkoleblad ar Semosula. man
grZeli, ekliani da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse gza ganvlo, sanam Tavs
daimkvidrebda. misi aRiareba ar undodaT qarTvelebs, romlebic
warmarTul kerpebs eTayvanebodnen da isini RmerTebad miaCndaT.
sadisertacio naSromSi, qarTul warmarTobasTan qristianobis
polemikis Sesaxeb wyarod viyenebT ara mxolod qarTuli literaturis
Zeglebs, aramed mogvaqvs arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis Sedegebi, rac
zoroastruli religiis saqarTveloSi arsebobis da misi gavrcelebis
utyuar matianed gvevlineba.
sadisertacio naSromis meore TavSi ganvixilavT iseT qarTul
hagiografiul Txzulebebs, romlebSic gvxvdeba polemikis kvali
cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan, igive mazdeizmTan. es nawarmoebebia:
`evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~, `abibos nekreselis martviloba~,
`raJden pirvelmowamis martviloba~. am Zeglebis mixedviT, qristianoba
ara RvTaebrivi saswaulebiT da fizikuri dapirispirebiT, aramed ukve
filosofiurad upirispirdeba warmarTobas (mazdeanobas) da am procesSi
is principul Teologiur arguments iyenebs berZnuli Teologiidan,
romelic mimarTuli iyo berZnuli warmarTuli panTeonis winaaRmdeg.
moxmobil nawarmoebebSi filosofiuri firmulireba xdeba imisa, rom
mazdeanTa mTavari RvTaeba cecxli ar aris RmerTi, rom igi RmerTis
qmnilebaa mxolod da rom WeSmariti RmerTi, qristianTa ufali, ieso
qristea.
aRniSnuli nawarmoebebis dawvrilebiTi ganxilvis Sedegad miviCnieT,
rom qristianobam saqarTveloSi erTianad gailaSqra orive saxis
219
warmarTobis: qarTuli (ZirZveli) warmarTobis da sparsuli mazdeanobis
winaaRmdeg. swored amiT iyo motivirebuli is faqti, rom polemikis
elementebi orive religiis mimarT erTad da erTnairad iCenda Tavs
qarTuli sinamdvilis amsaxvel literaturul ZeglebSi. naTelia, rom
qarTul hagiografiaSi mazdeur RvTaebasTan qristianobis polemika,
zogadad warmarTobis polemikis WrilSia Semotanili.
Cvens mier sadisertacio naSromSi moxmobili literaturuli masala
naTlad gviCvenebs, rom qarTveli hagiografebi warmarTobasTan
(kerpTayvanismcemlobasTan, mazdeanobasTan) polemikis TviTmxilveli da
mematianeebi arian. qarTuli literatura isrutavda qristianobis da
warmarTobis dapirispirebis yvela mniSvnelovan moments da am polemikas
Tavis furclebze asaxavda. swored am faqtorma ganapiroba is garemoeba,
rom Cvens naSromSi es polemika gavaerTianeT erTi saTauris qveS
_polemika warmarTobasTan. warmarTobis cnebis amgvarad gaazreba ra
Tqma unda pirobiTia.
qarTul hagiografiul TxzulebebSi warmarTobasTan polemikis kvlevam,
Cveni interesis sferoSi Semoitana bizantiuri mwerlobis polemikuri
Txzuleba, romelic qarTuli literaturis Zegli ar aris. es gaxlavT II
s. berZeni apologetis, aristides `apologia~. sagulisxmoa, rom
erTmorwmune bizantiasTan saqarTvelos Zalze mWidro urTierToba
hqonda. Sesabamisad, maT Soris aqtiuri literaturuli TanamSromloba
arsebobda. miuxedavad imisa, rom bizantiis (antikuri) warmarToba da
saqarTveloSi arsebuli warmarToba (cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan
Serwymuli) erTmaneTisgan ZiriTadad gansxvavdeboda, qarTuli
qristianuli mwerloba, qarTul warmarTobasTan polemikis
literaturuli masalisaTvis xSirad mdidar bizantiur mwerlobas
daesesxeboda xolme. berZnul_bizantiur mwerlobaSi iyvnen apologetebi,
romlebic TavianT `apologiebSi~ qristianobis uzenaesobas usvamdnen
xazs. rogorc Cans, imdroindeli qarTveli mwerlebi ise srulfasovnad
iyvnen naziarebi bizantiuri literaturis Sedevrebs, rom xSirad maT
SemoqmedebaSi CarTuli aRmoCndeboda xolme iseTi Zegli, an nawyveti
iseTi Txzulebidan, romelic berZnul enaze ukve gamqrali iyo. swored
erT-erTi aseTi Zegli aRmoCnda Zveli qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis II s.
220
berZeni apologetis aristides `apologia~, romelic VI saukunidan
moyolebuli originalis enaze ukve aRar Canda. aristides `apologiiT~
Cveni daintereseba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom adrindeli qarTuli
hagiografiuli Zeglebi warmarTobasTan polemikis procesSi im
Teologiur_filosofiur debulebebs emyarebian, rac qristianobaSi
aristides am nawarmoebiTaa Semosuli. aristides `apologiiT~
gaJRenTilia Cvens mier sadisertacio naSromis II TavSi ganxiluli
hagiografiuli Zeglebi.
naSromSi sakmaod didi adgili davuTmeT aristides “apologias” da
mis Cvenamde moRweul redaqciebs. es garemoeba imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom
es nawarmoebi bizantinologiis iseTi Rirebuli Zeglia, romlis
bizantiur mwerlobaSi aRmoCenis Sesaxeb mravali samecniero kvlevaa
Catarebuli. rogorc irkveva, berZnul mwerlobaSi VI s-dan gamqrali
`apologia~, sakuTar mwerlobas daubruna qarTvelma mweralma efTvime
mTawmindelma, Tavis berZnul enaze Sesrulebuli TxzulebiT
`wm.varlaamisa da wm.ioasafis sulismargebeli moTxroba~. im faqtma, rom
aristides es nawarmoebi qarTvelma mweralma, efTvime mTawmindelma
aRadgina `varlaam da ioasafSi~, romelic Tavis mxriv qarTuli
`balavarianis~ safuZvelzea Seqmnili, kidev ufro metad saWiro gaxada
aristides `apologiis~ problemis ufro dawvrilebiT kvleva da qarTul
samecniero literaturaSi am Txzulebis teqstologiuri problematikis
srulyofili Semotana, ramac Cveni interesis sfero ufro ganavrco.
aucilebeli gaxda im faqtis komentireba, namdvilad efTvimem Seqmna Tu
ara `wm.varlaamisa da wm.ioasafis sulismargebeli moTxroba~ qarTuli
hagiografiuli teqstebis berZnul enaze gadaTargmnis safuZvelze.
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom VI s_dan berZnuli mwerlobisTvis
dakarguli aristides `apologiis~ siriuli redaqcia gvxvdeba VI s.
siriul xelnawerSi da daaxloebiT amave periodisaa Cvenamde moRweuli
`apologiis~ somxuri fragmentic; amavdroulad `apologiis~ gamoyenebis
aSkara kvali Cans VI saukunidan moyolebuli qarTul hagiografiul
ZeglebSi, maT Soris garkveulwilad qarTul `balavarianSic~,
CavTvaleT, rom efTvimem aristides es dakarguli nawarmoebi qarTuli
an zogadad aRmosavluri wyaroebidan moipova (X saukunis qarTvel
221
inteligentebs SeeZloT aRmosavluri _ somxuri da siriuli wyaroebiT
sargeblobac) da garkveuli miznebisTvis moaxdina misi restavrireba
berZnul `varlaam da ioasafSi~. es ukanaskneli ki efTvime mTawmindelma
Seqmna qarTuli `balavarianis~ berZnulad metafrasuli literaturuli
stiliT gadaTargmna_gadakeTebiT. amiT, man didi xarvezi Seuvso
bizantiur mwerlobas, romelsac im periodSi Zalze esaWiroeboda aseTi
siuJetis Txzulebebis arseboba berZnul enaze. mecnierTa gamokvlevebis
safuZvelze miviCnieT, rom berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis~
avtori iyenebs aristides `apologias~ im konkretuli mizniT, rom
daasabuTos bizantiis Crdiloeli mezoblis, axladgaqristianebuli
ruseTis sarwmunoebrivi pozicia. kerZod, am ukanasknelis warmarTobidan
qristianobaze gadasvla.
ase rom, Cvenma sadisertacio naSromma qarTul hagiografiul
literaturaSi warmarTobasTan polemikis sferoSi sakiTxTa aseTi rigi
Semoitana: warmarTobis asaxva da masTan polemika (saswaulebrivi,
materialuri) uZveles qarTul hagiografiul literaturaSi (`ninos
cxovreba~, `cxra yrma kolaelTa wameba~, `balavariani~), warmarTobisa da
mazdeanobis filosofiur_Teologiuri kritika qarTul hagiografiaSi
(`abibos nekreselis martviloba~, `evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba~,
`raJden pirvelmowamis martviloba~), warmarTobasTan polemikis gadatana
qarTuli hagiografiidan bizantiur mwerlobaSi (efTvime aToneli da
berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~), warmarTobasTan polemikis klasikuri
Zegli _ aristides `apologia~ qristianuli aRmosavleTis literaturul
wyaroebSi.
vrclad mimovixileT ra berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafis~ warmoSobis
sakiTxi, misi avtorobis irgvliv Camoyalibebuli uamravi samecniero
Tvalsazrisi da Txzulebis Cvenamde moRweuli redaqciebi (qarTuli,
berZnuli), mecnierTa gamokvlevebis safuZvelze da hagiografiul
teqstebze Cveneuli dakvirvebebis Sedegad miviCnieT, rom warmarTobis
kritika, romelic Tavis droze, VI saukuneSi, berZnuli mwerlobis
meSveobiT Sevida qarTul da zogadad aRmosavlur mwerlobaSi
aristides `apologiis~ saxiT, ukve XI saukuneSi, qarTuli an zogadad
aRmosavluri gziT, ukan daubrunda bizantiur mwerlobas efTvime
222
mTawmindelis meSveobiT. efTvime mTawmindelma ori mniSvnelovani
Txzuleba SesZina berZnul mwerlobas: berZnuli `varlaam da ioasafi~ da
II s. berZeni apologetis, aristides, restavrirebuli `apologia~.
`varlaam da ioasafis~ berZnuli Txzulebis avtori da aristides
`apologiis~ aRmdeni sakuTriv berZnul enaze rom efTvime mTawmindelia,
es garemoeba qarTul_bizantiuri kulturul_literaturuli
kontaqtebis erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtia.
223
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229
danarTi I.1
ix. aristides `apologiis~ somxuri fragmenti
(veneciis redaqcia, eCmiaZinis xelnaweri)
Zalauflebis mqone(avtokrat) keisar adrianes, aTeneli filosofosis
aristidesagan
me, o mbrZanebelo, movevline ra samyaros, movixible RmerTiT,
romelmac Seqmna da niSanTvisebebi misca adamians samyaroSi, romelsac
emorCileba zeca da dedamiwa, zRva, mze da mTvare da varskvlavebi da
yvela qmnileba. gavocdi da movixible am wyobiT. me aseve Rrma fiqris
Sedegad Sevimecne, rom samyaro da yvela es sagani masSi, aucileblobis
ZaliT arian marTulni da moZravni. maT akontrolebT da nebas rTavT
RmerTi, romelic aris imaTze Zlieri, rac kontroldeba da rac
moZraobs. gaigo mamoZravebelze yvelaferi, Caswvde mis arss, aris Zalze
rTuli, scildeba fiqrisa da metyvelebis sazRvrebs da ar iZleva
aranair Sedegs, radgan misi buneba usasrulo da miuwvdomelia da
SeumCneveli da miuRweveli yvela qmnilebisTvis. erTi ramea cxadi, rom
is, vinc winaswarganWvretiT marTavs yvela qmnilebas, aris RmerTi da
yvelafris Semqmneli, romelic moiTxovs dainaxon misi kacTmoyvareoba
da RvTiurad ajildovebs maT adamianuri modgmiT. ase xdeba, rom Cven
vemsaxurebiT mas rogorc RmerTs da erTmaneTi ki gviyvars, rogorc
sakuTari Tavi. es ki calsaxa midgomaa, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac Cven
masze viciT. rom is ar Seiqmna raime zeciuri arsebisgan, TavisTavi
TviTon ar Seqmna, raRacisgan araa Semdgari, aramed is Tavad moicavs
yvelafers, misi sibrZne ukvdavia, dausabamo da usasruloa. is
srulyofilia, mas araferi ar unda, Tavad asrulebs yvela survils. is
dausabamoa, radgan isaa yvelafris dasabami dedamiwis zurgze da
srulyofilia. mas ar aqvs saxeli, radgan rac saxeldebulia, is aris
gamoZerwili da Seqmnili sxvisagan.
1 vaqveynebT aristides `apologiis~ somxuri redaqciis qarTul Targmans. ,,apologiis~
somxuri redaqcia qarTulad vTargmneT n. eminis mier Sesrulebuli rusuli Targmanidan. agreTve
visargebleT “apologiis” somxuri redaqciis: inglisuri da franguli TargmanebiT.
230
sxva qmnis mis fers da mis formas, radgan yvelaferi misganaa, rasac
feri da forma gaaCnia. mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi, am bunebisaTvis ar
arsebobs, radgan es vnebaTa sakiTxia. rac Seexeba zecas, mas zeca ver
moicavs, radgan Tavad igi aRemateba mas. arc zeciuri Zalebi arian masze
didebi. masSi yvela zeciuri da ara zeciuri qmnilebaa Tavmoyrili. mas
aravin ganikiTxavs da aravin ewinaaRmdegeba. Tu vinme mas ganikiTxavs, is
aRmoCndeba masTan asocirebuli. es ki SeuZlebelia, radgan is aris
uZravi da ganuzomeli da ar gamoxatavs arafers. is aris is, rac
yvelafers avsebs, awesebs, yvelafers xdis dasanaxs da daunaxavs. risxva
da agresia ar aris masSi, radgan araa masSi sibrmave. magram is
yvelanairad racionaluria da am TvalsazrisiT igi dasabams aZlevs
mZebnel, mosurne, srulyofil qmnilebebs naxon kargi sargebeli.
msxverplSewirva sicarielea, radgan RmerTi Tavad axorcielebs yvelas
survilebs da jildod araferi sWideba. is gamarjvebulia yvela droSi.
misi didbunebovaneba maZlevs Zalas da uflebas masze visaubro.
rwmeniTaa SesaZlebeli misi Tayvaniscema da aRzeveba.
modiT davubrundeT adamianTa modgmas. vis xelewifeba gaigos am
naTqvamis WeSmariteba da vin aris gzidan gadasuli. es aris manifesti. o,
mbrZanebelo, arsebobs amisaTvis oTxi kategoria adamianTa modgmisa:
barbarosebi, berZnebi, ebraelebi da qristianebi. barbarosebi iTvlian
warmomavlobas kronosidan, heradan da sxva mravali RmerTidan, berZnebi
zevss miiCneven TavianT sawyisad. maTi STamomavlebi arian helenosi da
qsuTosi. Semdeg STamomavlobas agrZeleben: helasi, inaqosi da poroneusi.
sabolood danaos egvipteli, sidonieli kadmosi da Tebeli dionise.
ebraelebi TavianT dasabams iTvlian abraamidan, isaakidan, iakobidan.
maTi STamomavlebi migrirebulebi iyvnen asiriidan egvipteSi, sadac maT
daerqvaT ebraelTa saxeli, ebraelTa STamomavlebad iwodebodnen.
aRTqmul miwaze maT miiRes iudevelTa wodeba.
qristianebi dasabams iReben ieso qristesgan, romelic RmerTis vaJia,
romelSic aris wminda suli, Camovida zecidan miwaze da misi sxeuli Sva
ebraelma qalwulma da gamoCnda RmerTis Ze kacobriobisaTvis,romelic
Tavisi qadagebebiT cdilobda samyaro gaexada saTno. misi sxeuli gaCnda
ebraelTa modgmaSi, RmerTis morwmune qalwulis, mariamis mier. iesom
231
airCia 12 mociquli, mowafe, romelTac aswavlida sibrZnes, WeSmaritebas,
RvTis siyvaruls. amis gamo ieso lursmnebiT gaakres jvarze. Semdgom igi
mkvdreTiT aRsdga da amaRlda zecad. Tavisi mowafeebi ki gaagzavna
mTeli qveynis garSemo. isini axdendnen RvTiur saswaulebs. maTi
qadagebebi dRemde ayvavebs da badebs nayofs da mTels samyaros
mouwodebs ganaTlebisken. Aai, oTxi kategoria erebisa: barbarosebi,
berZnebi, ebraelebi da qristianebi, romlebic Cven Tqven wargidgineT, o
mefeo! (48,252-254)/(51,5-7).
232
danarTi II.2
ix. Aaristides `apologiis~ berZnuli da siriuli redaqciebi
2 vaqveynebT Aaristides `apologiis~ siriuli da berZnuli redaqciebis qarTul Targmanebs, romlebic Sesrulebulia Cvens mier inglisuri enidan. r. harisis da a. robinsonis mier Sesrulebuli inglisuri Targmanebi moviZieT internetis meSveobiT. amavdroulad visargebleT siriuli da berZnuli redaqciebis franguli TargmanebiT da berZnuli enidan n.gafrindaSvilis mier Sesrulebuli “varlaam da ioasafis cxovrebis” qarTuli redaqciiT.
berZnuli
siriuli
es varianti iwyeba sityvebiT,
romelsac filosofosi aristide mimarTavs
imperator adrianes RmerTis pativsacemad.
yovlad Zliero keisaro titus
adrianius antonius, pativcemulo da
keTilsindisiero, aTeneli filosofosis
marsianus aristidesagan.
I. me, o mefeo, RmerTis
winaswarmetyvelebiT
movevline samyaros; roca
davfiqrdi caze da
dedamiwaze, mzeze da
mTvareze da sxva
danarCenze, me gamaoca
maTma mowesrigebulma
ganlagebam da rodesac me
davinaxe samyaro da is, rom
yvelaferi masSi moZraobda,
aucilebeli saWiroebis
gamo me SevigrZeni, rom
mamoZravebeli da
makontrolebeli iyo
RmerTi.
yvelaferi, rac
I. me, o mefeo, RmerTis surviliT movedi am
qveynad da roca me gadavxede zecas da
dedamiwas da zRvebs, gamovikvlie mze da
danarCeni qmnilebebi, gamaoca samyaros
silamazem da me SevigrZeni, rom samyaro da
yvelaferi, rac masSia, arian amoZravebulni
sxva ZaliT da me mivxvdi, rom maTi
mamoZravebeli aris RmerTi, romelic maTSi
imaleba da dafarulia maTiT. es imis
maCvenebelia, rom is, vinc moZraobis
mizezia, aris ufro Zlieri masze, romelsac
amoZravebs. amitom me unda gamovikvlio
yvelaferi yvelafris mamoZravebelze,
rogoria misi buneba, radgan me meCveneba,
rom es aris marTlac saidumloebiT
moculi Tavisi bunebiT da rom me SemiZlia
vikamaTo, rom misi mmarTveloba
233
moZraobis mizezia, ufro
Zlieria moZrav sagnebze da
makontrolebeli metad
Zlieria masze, rasac
akontrolebs.
yovlis Semqmneli,
romelic pirveli sawyisia
da akontrolebs samyaros .
. . damtkicebiT vityvi, rom
aris RmerTi, romelic
dausabamoa, ukvdavia da
damoukidebeli, maRla dgas
yvela vnebasa da
uZlurebaze, risxvaze da
gulmaviwyobaze,
ucodinrobaze da
dasvenebaze.
is moicavs yvela
sagans. is ar moiTxovs
msxverplSewirvas, eqstazs.
yvela kacs sWirdeba is.
Seucvlelia. is bolomde Seucnobelia,
SeuZlebelia kaci srulad Cawvdes mis
bunebas. me vambob, rom miuxedavad
yvelafrisa is aris RmerTi, romelic qmnis
yvela sagans kacobriobisaTvis da me
meCveneba, rom marTlac yvelas unda
eSinodes RmerTis da ar unda daCagros
adamiani. me vityvi, rom RmerTi ar aris
dabadebuli, Seqmnili. is yovelTvis
Seucvleli bunebaa dasawyisisa da
dasasrulis gareSe. ukvdavia, srulyofili
da amoucnobi. roca vambob, rom is aris
srulyofili, es imas niSnavs, rom masSi ar
aris aranairi defeqti da mas araferi ar
sWirdeba. piriqiT, sxvas yvelas sWirdeba is.
roca mas dausabamos veZaxi, es imas niSnavs,
rom yvelafers, rasac aqvs dasawyisi, aqvs
dasasrulic, rasac aqvs dasasruli, midis
dasasrulamde. mas ar aqvs saxeli. radgan
yvelafers, rasac saxeli aqvs misganaa. mas
ar aqvs aranairi forma, is yvela sagans
aZlevs formas, is arc mdedria da arc
mamri. zeciuri Zalebi mas ar zRudaven,
magram zeciuri Zalebi da yvela sagnebi,
SesamCnevi da SeumCneveli, misgan iReben
TavianT sazRvrebs. mas ar yavs mteri,
radgan masze Zlieri aravinaa. is ar
brazdeba da ar SfoTdeba. araferia, rac
mas win aRudgeba. mas araferi ar aviwydeba.
man yvelaferi icis, radgan is ubrZenesia.
masSi aris udidesi daTmena,
TavSekavebuloba. is arc msxverplSewirvas
moiTxovs, arc eqstazs. is arafers iTxovs,
234
II. amgvarad vbedavT
laparaks miuwvdomel
RmerTze, amis Semdgom
gadavideT adamianTa
modgmaze. Cven SegviZlia
vnaxoT, romeli maTgania
axlos WeSmaritebasTan,
romeli SecdomasTan.
CvenTvis gasagebia, o mefeo,
rom am samyaroSi aris
adamianTa sami klasi. arian
ucodinarni, RmerTebis
mimdevarni, ebraelebi da
qristianebi. maTSic,
romlebic mraval RmerTs
eTayvanebian, gamoiyofa:
qaldevelebi, berZnebi da
egviptelebi. isini iyvnen
maswavleblebi sxva erebisa
mravali RmerTis
kerpTayvanismcemlobaSi.
piriqiT, is sWirdeba yvela cocxal arsebas.
II. imis Semdgom, rac gavbedeT da
mogawodeT informacia RmerTze, gadavideT
adamianTa modgmaze, raTa mivxvdeT, romeli
maTgania WeSmaritebasTan axlos, romeli
gzidan gadaxveuli. o,mefeo, TqvenTvis
naTelia, rom am samyaroSi arsebobs
adamianTa oTxi modgma: barbarosebi,
berZnebi, iudevelebi da qristianebi.
barbarosebi TavianT religiis saTaves
iReben kronosidan da readan da sxva
berZnuli panTeonis RmerTebisgan; berZnebi
helenosidan, romelTa saTavea zevsi.
helenosma gaaCina aiolosi da qsuTosi;
iyvnen sxva STamomavlebi inaqosis da
poroneusis da sabolood egvipteli
danaosisgan, kadmosisgan da dionisesgan.
iudevelebi TavianT dasabams iReben
abraamidan, romelic Sobs isaaks da iakobs.
maT hyavdaT 12 vaJi, romlebic siriidan
egvipteSi wavidnen da iq maT miiRes
iudevelTa naciis wodeba da Seqmnes
TavianTi kanonmdebloba. qristianebi
TavianT dasabams iReben mesia iesosgan, mas
hqvia RmerTis Svili, umaRlesia. naTqvamia,
rom RmerTi Camovida miwaze zecidan da
ebraeli qalwulisgan miiRo forma da
daifara sxeuliT; RmerTis Svili iyo
235
adamianis qaliSvilSi. amazea swored
laparaki saxarebaSi, anu rogorc mas
uwodeben, evangeleSi, razec
nawinaswarmetyvelevi iyo. misi wakiTvis
Semdgom SeigrZnobT mis Zalas. ieso
daibada ebraelTa modgmaSi, daimowafa 12
mociquli, im mizniT, rom misi aRdgomis
misia droulad unda aRsrulebuliyo. is
Tavad ewama ebraelTa mier, mokvda,
daasaflaves, sami dRis Semdeg is aRsdga,
amaRlda zecad. am saocrebis Semdgmom misi
mociqulebi wavidnen sxvadasxva qveynebSi
raTa yvelasTvis moeTxroT misi sidiadis,
ubraloebis da patiosnebis Sesaxeb. aqedan
moyolebuli dRemde, vinc irwmuna maTi
qadagebebi, maT daerqvaT qristianebi da
gaxdnen cnobilni. rogorc zeviT vTqvi
oTxi klasia adamianTa modgmis:
barbarosebi, berZnebi, ebraelebi da
qristianebi. unda davZinoT, rom qari
emorCileba RmerTs, cecxli angelozebs,
wylebi demonebs da dedamiwa adamianTa
III. modiT axla
ganvsazRvroT, romeli
maTgania axlos
WeSmaritebasTan da
romelia mcdari.
qaldevelebi, ar icodnen
ra RmerTis Sesaxeb
araferi, gzaareulad
modgmas.
III. modiT daviwyoT barbarosebidan da
gadavideT miyolebiT sxva xalxebze, raTa
vnaxoT romeli emsaxureba WeSmarit RmerTs
da romelia Seyvanili SecdomaSi.
barbarosebi, vinaidan ar aRiareben RmerTs,
gzaabneulad mihyvebian elementebs da
iwyeben ara Semqmnelis, aramed Seqmnili
sagnebis msaxurebas da sabolood isini
236
gayvnen raRac elementebs
da daiwyes emsaxuraT ukve
SeqmnilebisTvis da ara
maTi SemqmnelisTvis. maT
Camoayalibes Taviseburi
warmodgenebi da ca,
dedamiwa, zRva, mze da
mTvare miiCnies RmerTebad.
Tavad gaakeTes maTi xatebi,
Caketes akldamebSi da
emsaxurebodnen maT da
eZaxdnen RmerTebs. Tan
icavdnen maT, raTa qurdebs
ar moeparaT. isini ver
xvdebodnen, rom, is Zala
romelic yvelafers icavs,
aris imaze didi, rasac
icaven. Semqmneli Seqmnilze
didia. Tu maT RmerTebs
sakuTari Tavis dacva ar
SeuZliaT, sxvebis
usafrTxoebas rogor
daicaven? mcdarni arian
qaldevelebi, aRmerTeben
ra usicocxlo
gamousadegar kerpebs. da me
maocebs, o, mefeo, rogor
xdeba, rom, maTi e.w
filosofosebi ver
mixvdnen, rom elementebi
aramdgradni arian. da Tu
elementebi arian
aramdgradni,
qmnian maT xatebs, ketaven salocavebSi da
ai! Tayvans scemen maT da darajoben didi
yuradRebiT mudmivad, raTa yaCaRebma ar
gaitacon maTi RmerTebi. ver xvdebian, rom,
is vinc maT icavs metia imaze, rasac icaven.
rom yvela vinc qmnis metia masze, rac
Seqmnilia. Tu maTi RmerTebi Tavs ver
icaven, rogor SeZleben kacTa usafrTxoebis
dacvas. did Secdomas uSveben barbarosebi,
emsaxurebian ra usicocxlo warmosaxvebs,
romlebsac araferi SeuZliaT maT
dasaxmareblad. me Tavs vTvli marTlad,
vifiqro, o mefeo, rom cdebian maTi
filosofosebi, sTavazoben ra RmerTebis
warmosaxvebs, romlebic Seqmnilni arian
stiqiebis sapativsacemod; isini arian
ubralo elementebi, xsnadni da aramyarni.
Tu am elementis patara nawili gaixsneba an
daingreva, maSin is mTlianad gaixsneba da
daingreva. ratom eZaxian am warmosaxvebs
RmerTebs? am SecdomiT filosofosebs
SecdomaSi SeyavT maTi mimdevrebi.
237
aucileblobaze
damokidebuli obieqtebi,
rogor arian isini
RmerTebi. Tu elementebi ar
arian RmerTebi, maSin
rogor SeiZleba maTi
gamomsaxveli xatebi,
Seqmnilni maT pativsacemad,
RmerTebad miviCnioT?
IV. modiT axla, o,
mefeo kvlav elementebze
gavagrZeloT saubari, Cven
vaCvenebT, rom isini
RmerTebi ki ar arian,
aramed male gafuWebadi
nivTebi. naTelia, rom isini
emorCilebian WeSmariti
RmerTis brZanebas,
romelic Seuryevelia,
Seucvleli da uxilavi. is
xedavs yvelafers da
rogorc mas unda, sagnebis
iseT transformacias
axdens. meti raRa unda
iTqvas? mcdaria vinc
miiCnevs, rom ca aris
RmerTi. radgan Cven
vxedavT, rom is trialebs
da brunavs aucileblobiT
da Sedgeba mravali
IV. modiT axla gadavideT, o, mefeo,
elementebze, raTa mivxvdeT, rom isini ar
arian RmerTebi, aramed, Seqmnili sagnebi,
advilad dasangrevi da Sesacvleli,
adamianis bunebis msgavsni. RmerTi ki myaria
da Seucvleli, uxilavi, Tumca is xedavs da
batonobs da axdens yvela qmnilebis
transformacias. isini, vinc miiCneven, rom
dedamiwa RmerTia, cdebian. dRemde is
iTxreba, irgveba nargavebi, irwyveba, mas
aWuWyianeben adamianebi, mxecTa jogebi. is
SeiZleba erTxelac gaxdes unayofo. Tu is
Caiferfleba, sacxovreblad gamousadegari
gaxdeba, radgan araferi ixarebs miwis
mtverze da sapirispirod, Tu mas zedmeti
wyali moxvdeba, is erTmaneTSi aireva Tavis
produqtebTan erTad. da ai, is iTeleba
adamianTa da cxovelTa fexqveS da iRebeba
adamianTa da cxovelTa sisxlis laqebiT. is
Riaa da ivseba mkvdrebiT da iqceva
micvalebulTa saflavad. Tu buneba RmerTis
238
nawilisagan, amitomac hqvia
kosmosi, mowesrigebuli
samyaro. samyaro agebulia
amgeblis mier. rac
Seqmnilia, mas aqvs
dasawisi da dasasrulic.
ca Tavisi mnaTobebiT
aucileblobiT brunavs.
varskvlavebi modian
rigrigobiT fiqsirebul
intervalebSi, zogi Cadis,
sxva amodis. isini ori
sezonis ganmavlobaSi
axorcieleben TavianT
marSruts. raTa, rogorc
RmerTma daadgina,
gansxvavdes zafxuli da
zamTari. mihyvebian ra
Seucvlel aucileblobas,
isini arRveven ara TavianT
sakuTar SesaZleblobebs,
aramed inarCuneben jgufs
zeciuri wesrigiT. amgvarad
axsnilia, rom ca ar aris
RmerTi, aramed ufro
RmerTis namuSevaria. aseve
cdebian isini, visac
qmnilebaa, SeuZlebelia, rom dedamiwa iyos
qalRmerTi. isic misi qmnilebaa.
sjeraT, rom dedamiwa
qalRmerTia.. radgan Cven
vxedavT, rom mkacradaa
gamoyenebuli da
tiranizebuli is adamianis
239
mier. aris daRaruli,
areuli. Tu is daiwveba
cecxliT, dakargavs
sicocxles, radgan
ferflze araferi
gaizrdeba, Tu wvimiT
moirwyveba, walekavs mTel
modgmas da TviTonac
wailekeba. xSirad is
iTeleba adamianebisa da
sxva qmnilebebis fexqveS.
iRebeba moklulTa
sisxliT. is iTxreba da
ivseba mkvdari sxeulebiT
da xdeba sasaflao. amis
Semdgom, dauSvebelia
vTqvaT, rom dedamiwa
qalRmerTia. is aris
adamianTa mosaxmarad
Seqmnili RmerTis qmnileba.
V. aseve mcdarni arian
isini, romlebic miiCneven,
rom wyalia RmerTi. radgan
isic aseve adamianTa
mosaxmarad Seimna da
kontroldeba adamianebis
mier. is Zalas kargavs da
irRveva da ganicdis
cvlilebebs xarSvisas da
icvlis fersac, iyineba
yinvisas da WuWyiandeba
sisxliT da recxavs WuWys.
V. aseve cdebian isini, romlebic wylebs
RmerTad miiCneven, radgan wylebi adamianTa
gamosayenebladaa Seqmnili da maT
emorCilebian. isini icvlebian da
WuWyiandebian, irRvevian da kargaven TavianT
bunebas, roca sxvadasxva substanciaSi
ixarSebian, isini iReben sxvadasxva fers,
iyinebian yinviT, iReben adamianTa da
cxovelTa WuWys da moklulTa sisxls.
mowmdebian wylis mcodneTa mier,
moedinebian, Semdeg mimarTulebas icvlian,
gadadian baRebSi da sxva adgilebSi, im
240
amitom SeuZlebelia, rom
wyali iyos RmerTi. is
RmerTis qmnilebaa. aseve
cdebian isini, vinc cecxls
miiCneven RmerTad, radgan
cecxli adamianTa
mosaxmarad Seiqmna, isini
akontroleben mas, gadaaqvT
adgilidan adgilas,
mosaxarSad an Sesawvavad,
sxvadasxva saxis xorcis an
mkvdari sxeulebis
dasawvavad. is Cndeba
mizniT, rom Segrovdnen. isini dezinfeqcias
ukeTeben adamianebs. amitom, warmoudgenelia
wylebi RmerTebi rom iyon. wyalic RmerTis
qmnileba da samyaros nawilia. WeSmaritebas
moklebulni arian isinic, romlebic
amboben, rom cecxli RmerTia, radgan isic
adamianebisTvis Seiqmna da aris maTi
mosaxmari mravali kuTxiT: saWmlis
mosamzadeblad, metalebis gamosadnobad da
sxva niSniT, rac icis Tqvenma
aRmatebulebam. is qreba sxvadasxvagvarad.
kvlav cdebian isini, visac sjera, rom
qarebis qrolva RmerTia, radgan CvenTvis
mravalnairad, qreba
adamianTa mier. cecxli
araa RmerTi, is adamianis
qmnilebaa.
gzidan arian
gadaxveulni isinic,
romlebic miiCneven, rom
qari qalRmerTia. faqtia,
rom qaris dabervac sxvisi
karnaxiT xdeba. adamianebs
is RmerTma Seuqmna, raTa
sworad imoZraon gemebma,
gaaniavos xorbali da sxva
saWiroebebisTvis. ase rom,
qrolva qarisa ar aris
qalRmerTi, aramed isic
RmerTis qmnilebaa.
VI. cdebian isinic,
kargadaa cnobili, rom es qarebi arian
sxvisi mmarTvelobis qveS. drodadro metad
uberaven, drodadro naklebad da Cerdebian.
Cerdebian misi brZanebiT, vinc maT
akontrolebs, radgan isini RmerTis mieraa
Seqmnili adamianebisaTvis, imisaTvis, rom
Camoyaros xidan mwife nayofi, gadaadgilos
zRvaze gemebi, romelTac gadaaqvT
adamianebisTvis saWiro sagnebi adgilebidan,
sadac maT moipoveben, iq, sadac isini ar
iSoveba. isini drodadro Zlierdebian,
drodadro ki Cawynardebian. erT adgilas
damxmarea, sxvagan katastrofis gamomwvevi,
misi meoxebiT, vinc mas marTavs. maT Tavad
araferi SeuZliaT. SeuZlebelia qarebs
RmerTebi vuwodoT, isini RmerTis
qmnilebani arian.
VI. aseve cdebian isinic, vinc fiqrobs,
241
vinc mzes miiCneven
RmerTad, radan Cven
vxedavT, rom is
aucileblobiTaa
ganpirobebuli, trialebs
da brunavs niSnidan
niSnamde, Cadis da amodis,
raTa mcenareebi gazardos
adamianTa mosaxmarad. aseve,
mas Tavisi adgili aqvs
varskvlavebs Soris da
ufro pataraa caze. is
anaTebs raRaca drois
manZilze da ar aris Tavisi
sakuTari survilebis
Semsrulebeli. aqedan
daskvna, rom, mze ar aris
RmerTi, is RmerTis
qmnilebaa mxolod. aseve
Semcdaria isic, vinc
mTvares qalRmerTad
moiazrebs. radgan Cven
vxedavT, rom misi moZraoba
savaldebuloa da
trialebs da brunavs
niSnidan niSnamde, Cadis da
amodis adamianis
sasikeTod. is mzeze
naklebia da ganicdis amas.
aqedan gamomdinare, arc
mTvarea qalRmerTi, aramed
rom mze RmerTia. radgan Cven vxedavT, rom
is brunavs sxvisi direqtiviT, brunavs da
asrulebs Tavis mogzaurobas da gadadis
niSnidan niSanSi, amodis da Cadis yovel
dRe, raTa gazardos mcenareebi da xeebi,
radgan mzis naTeba gansazRvravs yvela
amosul qmnilebas, rac dedamiwazea. is erT-
erTi varskvlavTagania bunebiT,
axorcielebs adamianebis moTxovnilebebs,
ara Tavisi surviliT, aramed misiT, vinc mas
marTavs. SeuZlebelia mze iyos qalRmerTi.
is RmerTis qmnilebaa, asevea mTvarec da
sxva varskvlavebic.
242
RmerTis qmnileba.
VII. cdebian isinic, vinc
adamians miiCneven RmerTad.
radgan, Cven vxedavT, rom
adamiani moZraobs
aucileblobiT da ibadeba,
raTa gaizardos da
daberdes, Tanac winaaRmdeg
Tavisi survilisa. mas
zogjer uxaria, zogjer
dardobs, roca moakldeba
saWmeli, sasmeli da
Casacmeli da Cven vxedavT,
rom igi brazdeba,
eWvianobs, icvlis vnebas,
mizans, aqvs mravali nakli.
kvdeba mravali faqtoriT,
cxovelebis mier,
Cveulebrivi sikvdiliT.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
adamiani ki araa RmerTi,
aramed misi qmnileba.
cdebian qaldevelebi,
romlebic hyvebian TavianT
vnebebs. isini eTayvanebian
aramyar elementebs,
usicocxlo
gamosaxulebebs da ver
fiqroben, rom isini Tavad
aqceven am sagnebs
RmerTebad.
VII. romelnic fiqroben, rom adamianebi
RmerTebi arian, aseve Semcdarni arian.
radgan, o, mefeo, adamiani Sedgeba oTxi
elementisgan da sulisa da xasiaTisagan.
esaa misi mikrokosmosi. amaT gareSe, is ver
iarsebebs. mas aqvs dasawyisi da dasasruli.
is ibadeba da kvdeba. magram RmerTi
ukvdavia, is bunebiT dausabamoa da myari.
SeuZlebelia, kaci RmerTs SevadaroT.
adamiani xan tiris, xan icinis, xan mrisxanea,
xan Zunwi, xan eWviani, aqvs uamravi nakli.
mas mxecebi nawil-nawilad glejen. aqedan
gamomdinare vxvdebiT, rogor cdebodnen
barbarosebi. maT ver upoviaT WeSmariti
RmerTi, isini Tavad gaurbian WeSmaritebas
da misdeven frTian warmosaxvebs
survilisas, emsaxurebian ra aramyar
elementebsa da usicocxli gamosaxulebebs.
isini ver xsnidnen WeSmariti RmerTis
bunebas.
243
VIII. modiT axla gadavideT
berZnebze, raTa vnaxoT
SeuZliaT Tu ara maT
Seicnon RmerTi. berZnebi
miiCneven TavianT Tavebs
Wkvianebad, magram ufro
metad cdebian, vidre
qaldevelebi. amtkiceben,
rom arseboben RmerTebi,
zogi mamri, zogi mdedri,
gamocdili xelovanebi,
yvela saxis uazrobis
mravalsaxeobani. berZnebi
Tavad qmnian warmodgenebs
maTze. maTi RmerTebi
sinamdvileSi iyvnen: ojaxis
erTgulebis damrRvevebi,
VIII. modiT berZnebs davubrundeT, raTa
gavigoT, ra Sexeduleba hqondaT maT
WeSmarit RmerTze. berZnebi, romlebic viTom
barbarosebze Wkvianebi arian, ufro metad
daSordnen swor gzas, vidre barbarosebi,
radgan maT SemogvTavazes mravali fiqtiuri
RmerTi, romlebic dayves mdedrobiTebad
da mamrobiTebad. zogierTi maTi RmerTi iyo
moRalate, zogi mkvleli, motyuebuli,
mtruli, mrisxane, vnebiani, mamismkvleli,
qurdi da yaCaRi. zogi iyo maxinji, natanji,
dasaxiCrebuli, zogi jadoqari. zogi
ukravda liraze, zogi mTebSi iyo, zogi
kvdeboda Cveulebrivad, zogi ki zRvis
talRebiT. zogi adamianTa msaxuric
xdeboda. zogi garboda Sors, zogs
adamianebi iparavdnen, zogs adamianebi
mkvlelebi, mrisxaneni,
mtrobiT da vnebebiT
savseni, mamis da Zmis
mkvlelebi, yaCaRebi,
qurdebi, jadoqrebi, giJebi.
zogi mokvda, radgan misi
rigi movida, zogi daixrCo
talRebSi, zogi adamianTa
monebad iqca, zogi
gadaixvewa. isini
glovobdnen da
itanjebodnen, zogi
cxovelad iqca. amitom, o,
mefeo, isini sasaciloni da
glovobdnen. zogi mogzaurobda
jojoxeTSi, zogierTebi iyvnen daWrilni,
zogma ganicada transformacia da cxovels
daemsgavsa qalTa mosaxiblad. zogma
Seircxvina Tavi, daqorwinda ra sakuTar
dedaze, daze da qaliSvilebze. maTi
RmerTebi mruSobdnen adamianTa modgmis
qalebTan. aqedan warmoiSvao WeSmariti
modgma, romelic aseve ukvdavi iyo. berZnebi
ambobdnen sisuleeebs TavanT RmerTebze,
eZaxdnen ra RmerTebs imaT, rac ar iyvnen
RmerTebi, aqedan kacobrioba iRebda
stimuls CaedinaT danaSauli, arakanonieri
urTierTobani. adamianebi Tu Tavad
244
absurdulni arian. es
mxolod zRaprebia, rac
berZnebma SeTxzes, daarqves
ra RmerTebis saxelebi maT,
vinc ar arian RmerTebi,
raTa raRaciT
gaemarTlebinaT TavianTi
uwminduri zraxvebi, raTa
damcvelebad hyolodaT
isini. maT RmerTebs
SeeZloT CaedinaT qurdoba,
mkvleloba, Ralati da sxva
cudi qmedebebi. aqedan
gamomdinare, Tu maTi
RmerTebi yvelafer amas
sCadiodnen, ratom maT ar
unda CaedinaT? am araswori
magaliTebiT kacobrioba
moicva xSirma omebma,
mkvlelobebma da mwvave
aneqsiebma.
IX. Tu maT RmerTebs Cven
cal-calke davaxasiaTebT,
Tqven naxavT, ra
absurdulia maTi
RmerToba. rogor
daasaxeles kronosi yvela
RmerTis mTavrad da rogor
swiravdnen mas sakuTar
Svilebs. mas hyavda bevri
vaJi reasagan da rom misi
AaZlevdnen maT rCevebs, rogor unda
mieCniaT isini RmerTebad. am Secdomis gamo
iyo didi omebi, SimSilobebi, tyveobebi.
TavianTi Secdomebis gamo daitanjnen isini.
A
IX. modiT gavyveT maTi RmerTebis
CamonaTvals, raTa frTxilad davamtkicoT
zemoT naTqvami. pirvel yovlisa unda
iTqvas, rom berZnebma win wamoswies RmerTTa
Soris kronosi. misi Tayvanismcemlebi mas
Svilebs swiravdnen da zogi maTgani
cocxladac ki wvavda maT. amboben, rom
reasgan gaaCina mravali Svili, maT Soris
zevsi. Semdgom kronosi gagiJda da
orakulis winaswarmetyvelebis SiSiT
245
SeSlilobis mizezi iyo
misi sakuTari Taoba.
ambobdnen, rom zevsma
moiWra Tavisi nawilebi da
daiwyo Tavisi Svilebis Caylapva. zevsi
gadarCa da bolos, zevsma is daaba, moaWra
mas aso da gadaagdo zRvaSi. Semdgom,
rogorc TqmulebaSia naTqvami, iqidan
zRvaSi gadaagdo. zevsma
SeboWa sakuTari mama da
Caagdo tartarozSi.
TvalSisacemia is Secdoma,
rac maT mosdiodaT
RmerTebTan dakavSirebiT.
SeiZleba RmerTis
dapatimreba? ra
absurdulobaa! romelma
gonierma SeiZleba es
moigonos odesme? Semdeg
warmodgenilia zevsi da
isini amboben, rom is iyo
maTi RmerTebis mefe da
rom man Tavisi Tavi
cxovelad gadaiqcia, raTa
mokvdavi qalebis gulebi
daepyro. isini amtkiceben,
rom man Tavisi
transformacia moaxdina:
gadaiqca xarad
evropesaTvis, oqrod
danaesTvis, satirad
antiopesTvis da talRad
semeles mosaxiblad.
SemdgomSi am samisagan
iSvnen Svilebi: dionise da
ZeTosi da amfinoe,
warmoiSva afrodite, zevsma Seborkili
kronosi Caagdo sibneleSi. es iyo yvelaze
didi Secdoma da sircxvili, rac berZnebma
moigones da Tqves TavianT pirvel RmerTze.
masze, o, mefeo. SeuZlebelia RmerTis
borkilebiT Sekvra, is am dros sacodavia.
kronosis mere, maT win wamoswies sxva
RmerTi - zevsi da masze Tqves, rom man
miiRo suvereniteti RmerTebis panTeonSi. is
iyo yvela RmerTis mefe da Tqves, rom man
Tavi mxecad gadaiqcia da sxva formebi
miiRo, raTa moexibla Cveulebrivi mokvdavi
qalebi da gaeCina maTgan Svilebi. pirvelad,
man Tavi xarad gadaiqcia evropesa da
persefones siyvaruliT aRtkinebulma.
Semdeg oqrod, danaes siyvarulis gamo,
gedad ledas siyvarulisTvis, kacad
antiopes gamo, manaToblad lunas gamo da
Sesabamisad, mas hyavda bevri Svili.
antiopesagan _ ZeTosi da amfinoe, lunasgan
_ dionise, alkmenesgan _herkulesi,
letosgan _ apoloni da artemide, danaesgan
_persevsi da ledasgan _ kastori da
polidevke da elene da paladosi,
mnemosinesgan 9 asuli, maT muzebi uwoda,
evropesgan _ minosi, radamanTisi da
sarpedoni. mogvianebiT, man angelozad
icvala saxe, raTa moexibla ganimede,
246
herakle, apoloni da
artemide, persevsi,
kastori, elene, polidevke,
minosi, radamanTisi,
sarpedoni da cxra asuli,
romelTac muzebs eZaxda
igi. aseve maT moitanes
kanonebi ganimedes
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
es moxda, o mefeo,
rom kacobriobam mibaZa
yovelive amas. kacebi
gaxdnen moRalateni, qalebi
dabneulni da gaxdnen
saSineli ganukiTxaobis
msxverplni, gamoigones ra
TavianTi RmerTi. aqedan
gamomdinare, SeiZleba
RmerTi iyos moRalate,
uxeSi da mamismkvleli?!
mwyemsi gogo. am zRaprebis wyalobiT, o,
mefeo, bevri boroteba warmoiSva kacTa
Soris.
berZnebi dRemde imeoreben TavianTi
sayvareli RmerTebis saqcielebs: Ralats,
tyuils, zogi klavs mSobels da a.S, im
martivi mizeziT, rom, Tu maTi RmerTebis
meTauri amas akeTebs, ratom maT ar unda
Caidinon igive? es sisuleleebi wamoswies
win berZnebma TavianT TqmulebebSi. arada
warmoudgenelia RmerTma danergos Ralati,
mamrebis da mdedrebis motyueba, mSoblebis
mokvla; Tu es sxvagvaradaa, is ufro
saSinelia, vidre destruqciuli demoni.
X. masTan erTad, agreTve
hefesto miiCnies RmerTad
da Tqves, rom is iyo
koWli da xelSi eWira
CaquCi da Rvedebi da Tavs
irCenda mWedlobiT. ra
sacodavia? SeiZleba
X. berZnebma RmerTad mogvivlines hefestoc.
masze isini ambobdnen, rom iyo koWli da
Tavze exura xelosnis qudi, xelSi eWira
cecxlis Rvedebi da CaquCi da
xelmZRvanelobda rkinis gamodnobis
xelobas, amiT Soulobda gasamrjelos.
nuTu aseTi gaWirvebuli SeiZleba iyos
247
RmerTi iyos koWli da Tan
adamianebze damokidebuli.
isini gvaCveneben hermessac,
rogorc RmerTs, gviCveneben
mas, rogorc vnebis amyols,
qurds, Zunws da jadoqars,
daWrils, Tarjimans.
SeiZleba aseTi RmerTad
aRviqvaT? maT aseve win
gamohyavT asklepiosi,
rogorc RmerTi, romelic
iyo eqimi da amzadebda
wamlebs, adebda TabaSirs
motexilobebze, radgan mas
uWirda. bolos is zevsis
mier iyo mokluli talRiT,
tindareosis, lakedaimonis
vaJis gamo. Tu asklepiosma
Tavisi RvTiurobiT Tavi
ver gadairCina talRisgan,
sxvas rogor uSvelida?
warmodgenilia RmerTad
aresi, Cxubis da
cxovelebis moyvaruli,
Suriani. qrTamavda
afrodites. is iyo
gzaareuli axalgazrda
erosis da hefestos mier.
vnebiani rogor SeiZleba
yofiliyo RmerTi?
mebrZoli, patimari da
moRalate? isini
dionisesac miaweren
RmerTi? ar SeiZleba RmerTi iyos
gaWirvebuli an koWli, metic, Zalian
ususuri. Semdeg maT sxva RmerTi moyavT da
mas eZaxian hermess da masze amboben, rom is
qurdia, xarbia, momxveWelia, jadoqaria,
aTletia, daWrili da Tarjimania.
SeuZlebelia RmerTi aseTi iyos. Semdeg
RmerTad warmoaCenen asklepioss. amboben,
rom is aris eqimi da amzadebs wamlebs,
salbunebs da amiT Soulobs fuls.
sabolod is kvdeba zevsisgan gamogzavnili
mexiT, tindarevsis gamo. Tu is RmerTia,
ratom ver ixsna Tavi ? asevea aresis
SemTxvevaSic. masze amboben, rom is aris
mebrZoli da Suriani, ZaliT isakuTrebs
gemebs da nivTebs, rac misi ar aris. masze
amboben, rom afroditesTan Ralatis gamo,
is daiWres mcirewlovanma erosma da
afrodites qmarma hefestom da daabes.
SeuZlebelia RmerTi iyos mebrZoli,
dabmuli da moRalate. isini dionisezec
amboben, rom is namdvilad RmerTia. igi
RamiT seirnobs, loTobs da itacebs qalebs,
romlebic mas ar ekuTvnis. Semdeg is
giJdeba, uSvebs msaxurebs da garbis
udabnoSi. iq is Wams gvelebs. sabolood mas
klavs titani. Tu is RmerTi iyo, ratom ar
ixsna Tavi sigiJisagan, sikvdilisgan. aseTi
RmerTi sxvebs rogorRa uSvelida? Semdgom
win weven herakles da amboben, rom is aris
RmerTi, romelic amavdroulad aris tirani,
mebrZoli da Savi Wiris mmusvreli. aseve
maszea Tqmuli, rom is gagiJda da mokla
248
RmerTobas, romelic
marTavda Ramis nadimebs,
loTobda da stacebda
mezoblebs colebs, mere
gagiJda da gaiqca. bolos
is mokvda titanebis mier.
Tu dionisem Tavi ver
gadairCina sikvdilisgan,
ranairi RmerTia? berZnebi
Svilebi. Semdgom Tavi daiwva cecxlze. Tu
is RmerTia, ratom ar daixsna Tavi
winaaRmdegobebisagan? SeuZlebelia RmerTi
iyos giJi, mTvrali, Svilebis mkvleli da
cecxlze damwvari.
weren, rom herakle daTvra
da gagiJda da yelebi
gamoWra sakuTar Svilebs,
Semdeg is cecxlSi Cavarda
da daiwva. rogor SeiZleba
RmerTi iyos mTvrali,
Svilebis mkvleli da
sasikvdilod damwvari?
sxva rogor SeZlebda mis
daxmarebas, rodesac Tavs
ver daexmara?
XI. berZnebi apolons
warmoaCenen Surian
RmerTad,amasTan mSvild-
isris srolis
specialistad, zogjer
liraze da fleitaze
damkvrelad. is wyalSi
yvinTavda fulisTvis.
uWirda? SeuZlebelia
RmerTs uWirdes da iyos
XI. amis Semdeg berZnebi win weven apolons,
masac RmerTs uxmoben. amboben, rom is aris
Suriani, mas ver endobi. zogjer igi flobs
mSvild-isars, ukravs lirasa da fleitaze.
is misnobs adamianTaTvis da maTgan iRebs
jildos amis safasurad. es RmerTi jildos
molodinSia. sircxvilia es gadaxdes
RmerTs. Semdeg isini warmoaCenen
qalRmerTad artemides, apolonis das,
amboben rom is aris monadire da atarebs
249
Suriani da damkvreli
poeti. Semdeg isini
warmoaCenen artemides, ise,
rogorc apolonis das,
romelic aris monadire da
isvris mSvild-isars. is
daexeteba farTo tyeebSi
ZaRlebTan erTad, raTa
moinadiros iremi da
gareuli taxi. rogor
SeiZleba monadire,
ZaRlebiani qali, iyos
saRvTo bunebis?
afroditesac miiCneven
qalRmerTad, miuxedavad
imisa, rom moRalatea. erT
dros mas hyavda sayvarlad
aresi, mere anqizesi,
adonisic, romelsac
Semdgom dastiris kidec.
amboben, rom is hadesSic ki
Cavida, raTa persefonesgan
gamoesyida adonisi. odesme
aseTi sisulele
gagigoniaT mefeo, rom
RmerTad CavTvaloT
moRalate, mtirali qali?
isini warmoaCenen adoniss,
isars da daborialobs mTebSi ZaRlebTan
erTad, raTa moinadiros irmebi da veluri
taxebi. sircxvilia, qaliSvili mTebSi
marto borialobdes ZaRlebTan erTad da
nadirobdes. SeuZlebelia is iyos
qalRmerTi. aseve afroditesac miiCneven
qalRmerTad. zogjer is cxovrobs
RmerTebTan, zogjer mokvdav kacebTan. mas
hyavda sayvarlebi: aresi, adonisi.
afroditem mkvdari adonisis gamo bevri
itira da hadesSic ki Cavida mis
dasaxsnelad persefonesgan, hadesis
qaliSvilisgan. Tu is qalRmerTia, rogor
ver daexmara sayvarels, ratom tiris da
ratom aris ususuria an moRalate? ar
SeiZleba RvTaeba aseTi iyos. adoniszec
amboben, rom is aris RmerTi. is aris
monadire da moRalate, amboben rom
gareulma taxma daWra da amis Sedegad
mokvda. Tu RmerTia, ratom ver daixsna
Tavi? sxvas rogorRa uSvelis aseTi RmerTi?
aseve amboben reazec, rom is maTi
RmerTebis dedaa. masac hyavda Turme
erTxel sayvarlad atisi da eZleoda masTan
gancxromas. is Semdgom glovobs atiss. Tu
RmerTebis deda ver daexmara sayvarels da
ver gadaarCina, sxvis daxmarebas rogorRa
rogorc monadire RmerTs,
romelic sastikad kvdeba
gareuli taxisgan. man Tavi
ver gadairCina. rogor
SesZlebs? SeuZlebelia qalRmerTi iyos
binZuri da mtirali. asevea qoros
SemTxvevaSic. is motacebul iqna plutosis
mier da Tavs ver uSvela. Tu RmerTi Tavs
250
SeiZleba is iyos misabaZi
kacobriobisaTvis. aseT
saSinel da Semarcxvenel
ambebs hyvebian berZnebi, o,
mefeo TavianT RmerTebze.
es ambebi sainteresod
gamaxsovrdeba. aqedan
moyolebuli, kacobrioba
iRebs cud impulss
TavianTi RmerTebidan,
axorcielebs ukanonobas
da uRmerTobas da Tavisi
qmedebiT aWuWyianebs miwas
da haers.
XII. egviptelebi yvelaze
metad sulelebi
aRmoCndnen, radgan sxva
xalxebze metad gadauxvies
swori gzidan. isini
berZnebisa da
qaldevelebisagan
gansxvavebiT, RmerTebs
uwodebdnen miwisa da
wylis cxovelebs,
mcenareebsa da balaxebs.
am TavianTi ucodinrobiT,
isini yvela sxva xalxebze
metad Semarcxvenlebi
iyvnen dedamiwis zurgze.
isini aseve Tayvans
ver Svelis, sxvas rogorRa daexmareba?
am yovelives igoneben isini, o, mefeo,
TavianT RmerTebze. aqedan xalxi iRebda
cud impulsebs. cxovrobdnen uRmerTod da
mTeli dedamiwa, maTi mibaZvis Sedegad,
gaxada namusgarecxili, momxveWeli da
WuWyiani.
XII. egviptelebi, yvela sxva xalxze metad
ityuebdnen Tavs. barbarosebisa da berZnebis
religiuri warmodgenebi da RmerTebi maT
ar akmayofilebdaT da amitom, isini
gvTavazobdnen RmerTebad: cxovelebs,
mcocavebsa da frinvelebs da ambobdnen,
rom swored isini iyvnen RmerTebi.
egviptelebi yvelaze metad sulelebi da
binZurni iyvnen, vidre sxva xalxebi. Zveli
droidan moyolebuli, isini aRmerTebdnen
isidas, da ambobdnen, rom is aris
qalRmerTi da misi qmari aris osirisi,
romelic amavdroulad misi Zmaa. roca
osirisi mokla tifonma, misma Zmam, isida
gaiqca Tavis vaJTan orosTan erTad
biblosSi da iq iyo manam, sanam misi vaJi ar
gaizarda. Semdgom orosi SeebrZola biZa
251
scemdnen da aRmerTebdnen
isidas, romelsac osirisi
hyavda rogorc Zma da
rogorc qmari. osirisi
mokluli iqna Tavisi
sakuTari Zmis, tifonis,
mier. amis gamo, isida Tavis
vaJTan orosTan erTad
gaiqca biblosSi, siriaSi
da dastiroda osiriss
mwared, manam, sanam orosi
ar gaizarda da ar mokla
tifoni. ase rom, isidas
arc imis Zala hqonda, rom
tifons da mokla igi. amis mere isida
dabrunda da eZebda osirisis gvams da
mosTqvamda mis sikvdilze mwared. Tu isida
qalRmerTi iyo, ratom ver daexmara osiriss,
mis Zmasa da batons? sxvas ra daxmareba
unda gauwios aseTma RmerTma? SeuZlebelia
RvTiuri arseba iyos SeSinebuli, gaqceuli
da mtirali. osiriszec ambobdnen, rom is
iyo mSromeli RmerTi. is mokvda tifonis
mier da Tavs ver uSvela. cnobilia, rom
RvTiuri bunebisaTvis es miuRebelia. mis
Zmaze tifonzec ambobdnen, rom RmerTia. is
iyo Zmis mkvleli da moklul iqna
ZmisSvilis da Tavisi sacolis mier. ratom
Tavis Zmasa da qmars
daxmareboda. verc osirisma
gadairCina Tavi, roca
tifonma mokla. verc
Zmismkvlelma tifonma,
roca is orosisa da isidas
xeliT kvdeboda, ver
daixsna Tavi
sikvdilisagan. aseTi
ubeduri SemTxvevebiT
vlindeba maTi WeSmariti
buneba. egviptelebs isini
WeSmarit RmerTebad
miaCndaT. isini ar iyvnen
kmayofilni sxva xalxebis
RmerTebiT. zogierTi
maTgani Tayvans scemda
taxs, zogi cxvars, zogi
ver ixsna Tavi? maSin ranairi RmerTia is?
egviptelebi kidev ufro metad sacodavni
iyvnen, vidre sxva xalxebi. ubralo
egviptelebi ki, kidev ufro sulelebi
iyvnen. metic, isini RmerTebad moiazrebdnen
cxovelebs. zogierTi maTgani Tayvans scemda
cxvars, zogi xbos, zogi Rors, zogi Tevzs,
zogi niangsa da Zeras, Tevzebs, svavsa da
arwivs, yorans, zogi katas, zogi ZaRls,
zogi Sxamian gvels, zogi kobras, zogi
niorsa da xaxvs, zogi loms, zogi vefxvs da
a.S. es sacodavebi ver xvdebian, rom cdebian,
rom maT RmerTebs yoveldRiurad Wamen
adamianebi. zogi iwveba, zogi WuWyiandeba,
zogi fuWdeba. ase rom egviptelebi ver
xvdebian, rom iseTi sagnebi, romlebic maT
ver ixsnian safrTxisagan, ar arian
RmerTebi. egviptelebis Secdoma ufro
252
xarTa toms emsaxureboda,
zogi Rors, zogi yorans,
zogi Zeras, zogi svavsda
da arwivs, zogi niangs,
katas, ZaRls, mgels,
maimuns, drakons da kobras,
zogi xaxvs, zogi niors. es
sacodavebi ver xvdebodnen,
rom maTi RmerTebi
ususurebi iyvnen. maT
Wamdnen sxva tomis kacebi.
isini nadgurdebodnen
tanjviT. egviptelebi ki
mainc ver isazrebdnen, rom
es qmnilebebi ar iyvnen
RmerTebi.
XIII.ase rom, egviptelebmac,
qaldevelebmac da
berZnebmac, dauSves didi
Secdoma, daarqves ra
RmerTebi da Tayvans
scemdnen uazro
qmnilebebis kerpebs.
sainteresoa, rogor iyvnen
isini RmerTebi, roca
yoveldRe xedavdnen es
adamianebi, Tu rogor
Cexavdnen maT RmerTebs
mSromeli kacebi, Wridnen
naWrebad, adnobdnen da
mainc RmerTebad miaCndaT.
didia, vidre sxva xalxebis Secdoma
dedamiwis zurgze.
XIII. mefeo, saswaulia pirdapir,
miuxedavad berZnebis mimarT didi
pativiscemisa, romlebmac yvela sxva xalxs
gaaswres cxovrebis stiliTa da gonierebiT,
rogor gadauxvies gzidan mkvdari kerpebis
da usicocxlo warmosaxvebis TayvaniscemiT.
xedaven ra TavianT RmerTebs: daWrilebs,
amosvrilebs, marTulebs, gadakeTebulebs
TavianTi nebiT sxvadasxvanairad. Tu rogor
berdebian isini droTa ganmavlobaSi, rogor
dnebian da iqcevian fxvnilad. sainteresoa,
rogor ver iazreben isini, rom eseni ar
arian RmerTebi? vinc sakuTar Tavs ver
Svelis, rogor uSvelis adamianTa
ubedurebas? TviT maTi mwerlebi da
253
es RmerTebi Tavs ver
icavdnen da adamianebs
rogor daexmarebodnen?
Semdgom berZeni da
egvipteli poetebi da
filosofosebi,
qaldevelTa msgavsad,
Seecdebian leqsebiT da
moTxrobebiT win wamoswion
TavianTi RmerTebi. amiT
metad warmoaCenen maT
sasircxvilo saqmeebs. Tu
adamianis sxeuli, romelic
mravali nawilisgan
Sedgeba, ver Seeleva
vercerTi organos
dakargvas da rom misi
mTlianoba, swored, yvela
am nawilis harmoniulobiT
miiRweva, maSin rogor
SeiZleba Cxubi da
uTanxmoeba idos
yovlismomcveli RmerTis
bunebaSi? Tu erTianoba da
harmoniuloba devs
RmerTis bunebaSi, maSin
rogor SeiZleba erTi
RmerTi klavdes meores,
asaxiCrebdes an devnides?
Tu RmerTs dasdeven,
asaxiCreben, axrCoben
RmerTebi, es araa
erTianoba. es uazro
filosofosebic SecdomiT fiqrobdnen,
rom maTi RmerTebi umaRlesi RmerTis
msgavsad arian Seqmnilni da isini cdebian,
eZeben ra gzebs, rom isini RmerTs
miamsgavson, im RmerTs, romelic adamians
arasdros ar unaxavs. isini cdiloben
aCvenon maTi RvTiuri buneba,Tumca maT
uamravi nakli aqvT. roca isini amboben, rom
is RmerTi iTxovs msxverplSewirvas,
dalevas, adamianTa Sewirvas msxverplad,
taZrebs. RmerTi ki araa gaWirvebuli. mas
araferi sWirdeba. ase rom xalxs eSleba
sakiTxebi, rasac warmoidgenen. amis garda,
maTi mwerlebi da filosofosebi
warmoadgenen da yvebian, rom yvela maTi
RmerTis buneba erTia. Tumca isini ar
icnoben RmerTs, Cvens batons, romelic
vinaidan erTia, yvelaferSia. isini
Zirfesvianad cdebian. magaliTad, adamianis
sxeulSi yvela misi organo harmoniulia,
erTmaneTs eTanxmeba. RmerTi erTia Tavisi
bunebiT da arsiT. mas TavisTavis ar eSinia.
Tu berZnebis RmerTebis bunebac erTia, maSin
ar aris marTebuli, rom RmerTma RmerTi
moklas, moiparos, daWras, rame dauSavos
vinmes. Tu es asea, maTi RmerTebis buneba ar
aris srulyofili da Secdomaa o, mefeo,
rom isini TavianTi RmerTebis bunebas
srulyofilad Tvlian. Tu ase xdeba, rom
Cven unda Tayvani vceT RmerTs, romelic
dasanaxia da Tavad ver xedavs, rogor
SeiZleba kvlavac iyos imis SegrZneba, vinmes
sjerodes, rom maTi RmerTebis buneba
254
gadawyvetilebebia, yvela
maTgani sazianoa.
realurad, arcerTi
maTgani ar SeiZleba
iwodos WeSmarit RmerTad.
naTelia, rom mTeli maTi
saubari RmerTebis bunebaze
Secdomaa. magram rogor
moxda, rom iseTma Wkvianma
da erudirebulma berZenma
kacebma ver gaiazres, rom,
Tu isini TavianTTvis
ikeTebdnen kanonebs, isini
isjebodnen sakuTari
kanonebiT? Tu kanonebi
marTebulia, maSin maTi
RmerTebi arian Semcdarni,
radgan isini arRvevdnen
uxilavi da yvelafris damnaxavia. vinmem xom
unda adidos xelosnis Semqmneli?
modiT SexedeT, rodesac RmerTebma
Seqmnes TavianTi kanonebi, isini ar
fiqrobdnen, rom TavianTi kanonebiT, isini
asamarTlebdnen TavianT RmerTebs. Tu maTi
kanonebi aris utyuari, maSin maTi RmerTebi
arian Semcdarni, arRveven ra maT:
mkvlelobiT, jadoqrobiT, RalatiT,
qurdobiT, yaCaRobiT, kacebis motyuebiT da
a.S. ase rom, Tu maTi RmerTebi iyvnen
marTlebi am sisaZagleebis CadenaSi,
berZenTa kanonebia mcdari maSin, radgan ise
araa Seqmnili, rogorc RmerTis survilia
da aseT SemTxvevaSi, mTeli samyaro gzasaa
acdenili. maTi RmerTebis Sesaxeb
Tqmulebebi zogi miTis saxiTaa, zogi
leqsad, zogic himnia da elegiebi. es
kanonebs:erTmaneTis
mokvliT, jadoqrobiT,
RalatiT, qurdobiT da
sqesobrivi urTierTobebiT
mamakacebTan. Tu RmerTebi
am yvelafris CadenaSi
marTlebi iyvnen, maSin
kanonebi ar iyo marTebuli.
RmerTebis qmedebas aSkarad
upirispirdebodnen
kanonebi. Tu kanonebi
kargi da marTebulia,
miviRoT, rac kargia da
avkrZaloT rac cudia.
carieli sityvebi da xmauria mxolod.
magram Tu es bunebrivi leqsebia, rogorc
amboben, maSin ar arian RmerTebi isini,
romlebic aseT saqmeebs sCadian, itanjebian
da iTmenen. maTze miTebi mxolod
zedapiruli zRaprebia, yovelgvari siRrmis
gareSe. D
255
magram maTi RmerTebis
qmedebebi kanonis
sapirispiroa, isini
arRveven kanons.
ganwirulni arian
sikvdiliT dasjisaTvis. is
adamianebi, romlebic aseT
RmerTebs gvTavazoben,
arian upatiosnoni. Tu
moTxrobebi maTze
ubralod miTebia, maSin
maTi RmerTebi araferia,
Tu ara ubralod saxelebi
da Tu aseTi moTxrobebi
gvxvdeba bunebaSi, vinc amas
akeTebs, is ar aris RmerTi.
Tu moTxrobebi
alegoriulia, isini
miTebia da sxva araferi. o,
mefeo, naTelia, rom yvela
es poliTeisturi
Tayvaniscemis sagnebi, aris
Secdomisa da wyevlis
nayofi. ar aris marTali
RmerTis saxeli vuwodoT
sagnebs, romlebic
SegviZlia davinaxoT.
mxolod erTs unda
vemsaxuroT, uxilavs da
yvelafris damnaxavs,
yvelafris Semqmnels-
RmerTs.
256
XIV. modiT maSin mivyveT,
o, mefeo da vnaxoT aris
Tu ara WeSmariteba im
XIV. modiT axla gadavideT o, mefeo,
iudevelTa istoriaze da vnaxoT, Tu ra
Sexeduleba aqvT maT RmerTze. iudevelebi
SexedulebaSi, rac
iudevelebs aqvT RmerTis
mimarT. iudevelebi arian
abraamis, isaakis da
iakobis STamomavlebi,
romlebic migrirebulni
iyvnen egvipteSi da iqidan
RmerTis ZaliT da moses
saSualebiT, romelic maTi
kanonmdebeli iyo, gamosul
iyvnen mravali
saswaulebiTa da xilvebiT.
RmerTma aCvena Tavisi Zala,
magram isini iyvnen jiutni
da umadurni da xSirad
sxva erebis kerpebsac
msaxurobdnen. sasikvdilod
imetebdnen
winaswarmetyvelebsa da
adamianebs,romlebic maTTan
igzavnebodnen. maSin roca
RmerTis vaJma ineba
dedamiwaze mobrZaneba, maT
is uzneo ZaladobiT
Seipyres da xelSi Caugdes
romael mmarTvel pilates.
arad Caagdes misi
keTilSobili qmedebebi da
amboben, rom RmerTi erTia, yvelafris
Semqmneli da yovlisSemZle da ar aris
marTali, rom sxva qmnilebebsac undaT
msaxureba, garda erTisa RmerTisa. aq Cans,
rom sxva xalxebze metad isini
dauaxlovdnen WeSmaritebas. konkretulad ki
imiT, rom isini Tayvans scemdnen RmerTs da
ara mis qmnilebebs. maT RmerTis gagebis
imitacia moaxdines filanTropiiTac, rac
maT Soris gamefda: Seicodes Raribebi,
gauSves tyveebi, damarxes micvalebulebi da
akeTes iseTi saqmeebi, rasac RmerTic
moiwonebda da adamianebic. danerges kargi
Cvevebic, rac winaparTagan mosdgamdaT. da
mainc, isinic Secdnen WeSmariti codnis
miRebaSi. isini Tvlian, rom maTi msaxureba
TiTqos ufro angelozebis winaSea da ara
RmerTis. mag: roca isini aRniSnavdnen
dasvenebis dReebs, Tveebis dasawyisebs,
dapresili puris dResaswaulebs,
didmarxvas, marxvas da ziarebas, isini
srulyofilad ver xvdebodnen maT arss.
257
saswaulebi da mas
gamoutanes jvarze gakvris
sasikvdilo ganaCeni. am
faqtma daRupa isini. iqamde
isini Tayvans scemdnen
erTaderT yovlisSemZle
RmerTs, magram iyvnen
ucodinarni, radgan isini
uaryofdnen im faqts, rom
qriste iyo RmerTis Svili.
isini warmarTebs gvanan,
Tumca WeSmaritebas sxva
xalxebTan SedarebiT ufro
metad miuaxlovdnen.
XV. axla rac Seexeba
qristianebs. isini dasabams
iReben ieso qristesagan.
ieso cnobili iyo Tavisi
wminda suliT. is iyo
umaRlesi RmerTis Ze,
romelic Camovida zecidan
adamianTa modgmis
XV. qristianebi, o mefeo, eZebdnen da ipoves
WeSmariteba. rogorc Cven gavigeT maTi
nawerebidan, isini sxva xalxebze metad
miuaxlovdnen WeSmaritebas da genialur
sibrZnes, radgan maT swamT da sjeraT
RmerTis,zecisa da miwis Semqmnelis.
romlisganac aris warmoqmnili yvelaferi
da romelic moicavs yvela arsebas. mas ar
gadasarCenad. am
qveyanas moevlina erTi
Raribi qaliSvilis
meSveobiT; is dausabamo da
umwikvloa. man miiRo
sxeuli da gamoCnda
adamianTa Soris, raTa
aResrulebina RvTiuri
Canafiqri da adamianebi
hyavs sxva RmerTi. mis moZRvrebebs iReben da
ibeWdaven gonebaSi. Semdgom axorcieleben
didi rwmeniT da meored mosvlis
molodiniT, romelic swamT rom dadgeba.
amitom isini ar sCadian Ralatsa da
ukanonobas. ar tyuian. ar iTviseben sxvis
qonebas. isini pativs scemen mamas da dedas
da sikeTes sCadian. sjian mxolod
samarTlianad. isini ar eTayvanebian kerpebs,
258
WeSmaritebisaken moeqcia.
is mokvda jvarze gakvris
Sedegad da amiT aRsrulda
zeciuri neba. sami dRis
Semdeg is aRsdga da
amaRlda zecad. Tu Tqven
waikiTxavT amis Sesaxeb, o,
mefeo, wminda saxarebis
nawerebSi, Tavad gansjiT
misi arsebobis didebas. mas
hyavda 12 mociquli,
romlebic misi zecad
amaRlebis Semdgom wavidnen
mTeli qveynis nawilebSi da
qadagebdnen mis sidiades.
mag: erT-erTma maTganma
Cvens qveyanaSic iqadaga
WeSmariti religia. swored
isini iwodebian
qristianebad, vinc TavianTi
qadagebebiT axorcieleben
marTal saqmeebs. isini
mieaxlnen WeSmaritebas
metad, vidre sxva xalxebi
dedamiwis zurgze. radgan
isini aRiareben RmerTs,
yvela sagnis Semqmnelsa da
formis mimcems
mxolodSobili Zisa da
suli wmindis meSveobiT; da
mis garda isini arcerT
sxva RmerTs ar
eTayvanebian. ;
romlebic adamianTa xeliT keTdeba. sxvas
ar gaukeTeben imas, rac ar undaT rom Tavad
gadaxdeT. xatebisTvis Sewirul sakvebs ar
Wamen, radgan isini wmindanni arian. mtrebs
amarTleben da imegobreben. wmindanni arian,
o mefeo, rogorc qalwulebi. maTi
qaliSvilebi arian Tavmdabalni, xolo maT
kacebs Tavi Sors uWiravT yvela ukanono
kavSirisa da usufTaobisagan im mizniT, rom
sxva samyaroSi miiRon jildo. metic, Tu
maT hyavT msaxuri kacebi da qalebi,
arwmuneben maT gaxdnen qristianni da Tu
isini amas akeTeben, maT Zmebad miiCneven.
isini ar eTayvanebian ucxo RmerTebs da
isini midian TavianT gzaze ubraloebiT da
mxiarulebiT. ar cruoben. maT uyvarT
erTmaneTi, qvrivebisgan ar iReben Sesawirs.
Tu iReben, oblebs aZleven. vinc uqonelia,
mas aZleven yovelgvari keklucobis gareSe.
Tu ucxos naxaven, saxlSi miyavT da alxenen
rogorc sulier Zmas. Tu erT-erTi Raribi
kvdeba, TiToeuli maTgani SesaZleblobidan
gamomdinare exmareba mis ojaxs da aRavlens
misi dakrZalvis process. Tu qristianebi
Seityoben, rom romelime maTgani
Sepyrobili an tanjulia mesiis saxelis
aRiarebis gamo, yvela maTgani cdilobs mis
gamoxsnas. Tu maT Soris vinme Raribi da
gaWirvebulia da maT ar aqvT damatebiT
saWmeli, isini ori-sami dRe marxuloben,
raTa TavianTi dazogili sakvebiT
gaWirvebulebs daexmaron. isini mesiis
moZRvrebebs misdeven yuradRebiT, cxovroben
259
isini asruleben
iesosagan miRebul
mcnebebs, romlebic
gulebSi aqvT CabeWdili.
asruleben da elodebian
mkvdreTiT aRdgomas da
sicocxlis dabrunebas
dedamiwis zurgze. isini ar
arian moRalateebi. arc
patiosnad da TavSekavebulad, rogorc maTi
mbrZanebeli ufali aswavlis maT. yovel
dilas da yovel saaTSi isini madlobas
uZRvnian da adideben RmerTs im
siyvarulisaTvis da sikeTisaTvis, rac
ufals maT mimarT aqvs. saWmel-
sasmelisaTvis, rac maT eZlevaT uflis
mier, isini pativs miageben mas. Tu vinme
marTali kaci tovebs qveyanas, isini xaroben
ukanonod cxovroben,
arc tyuian, arc wamglejni
ar arian. isini pativs
scemen mamas da dedas da
uyvarT TavianTi moyvasni.
isini sworad sjian da
arasdros ar sCadian iseT
rames, rac Tavad ar undaT
rom gadaxdeT. isini
umegobrdebian mtrebs da
maTTvis cdiloben kargis
keTebas. isini zrdilebi
arian da ubraloni, Sors
uwmindurebisagan. ar
Cagraven qvriv-obols da is
visac aqvs, aZlevs mas,
visac ara aqvs saSualeba
hqondes. ucxo stumari
Tavis WerqveS miyavT da
sakuTar ZmasaviT uvlian,
radgan isini erTmaneTs
uxmoben Zmebs ara sxeuliT,
aramed sulierad. isini
da RmerTs madlobas uZRvnian. isini
acileben mis sxeuls. Tu vinmes Svili
uCndeba, RmerTs madlobas uZRvnian. Tu vinme
pataraobaSi kvdeba, metad uxdian RmerTs
madlobas, radgan is ucodveli wava am
qveynidan. Tu vinme uRmerTobiT da codvebiT
damZimebuli datovebs qveyanas, misTvis isini
glovoben mwared, rogorc adamianze,
romelsac ufali gamoutans swor ganaCens.
260
mzad arian sicocxle
dasTmon qristes
xsnisaTvis. amitom
asruleben mis moZRvrebebs
srulyofilad da
cxovroben wminda da
namdvili cxovrebiT.
yvelafrisaTvis
madlobelni arian, rasac
RmerTi aZlevT. mas yovel
saaTSi, yvela saWmel-
sasmlisaTvis da sxva
sikeTisaTvis, madlobas
miageben locvebiT.
XVI. swored es aris
WeSmaritebisaken savali
gza, romelsac adamiani
miyavs mudmiv
sabrZanebelSi, rasac
rogorc ieso qadagebs,
saiqio hqvia. Tqven unda
icodeT, o, mefeo, rom am
yvelaferze mxolod Cemi
surviliT ar vsaubrob. Tu
Tqven inebebT da CaixedavT
qristianTa nawerebSi, Tqven
XVI. aseTia, o mefeo, qristianebis
moZRvrebis arsi da maTi cxovrebis stili.
Tu adamianebi, romlebic RmerTs aRiareben,
aRavlenen mis mimarT locvebs, raTa ufalma
miiRos maTi Txovna da ausrulos da amiT
arian isini dakavebuli mTeli sicocxlis
manZilze, isini grZnoben im did siyvarulsa
da sikeTes, rac ufals aqvs maT mimarT.
marTlac swored isini arian, vinc Seimecna
WeSmariteba didi xnis Ziebis Semdeg. aqedan
gamogvaqvs daskvna, rom mxolod isini
miuaxlovdnen WeSmaritebis arss. isini ar
aRmoaCenT, rom me arafers
ar vambob simarTlis
garda. amis mere SeuZlia
kacs winaswar igrZnos
afiSireben im mraval karg saqmeze, rasac
akeTeben. malaven TavianT gakeTebul karg
saqmeebs, rogorc is, vinc ganZs poulobs da
malavs. arian frTxilni, raTa SeumCnevelni
261
WeSmaritad cocxali
RmerTis arseboba da
emsaxuros mas iqamde, sanam
TviTon ar waiyvans mas
imqveynad. didi da
mSvenieria qristianTa
nawerebi da qadagebani,
radgan isini amboben
RmerTis sityvebs da ara
Tavisas. danarCeni xalxebi
ki gzas scdebian da
tyuvdebian, dadian
sibneleSi da mTvrali
kaciviT barbaceben.
XVII. amgvarad, o, mefeo,
cota gamigrZelda saubari,
Tumca es yvelaferi Cems
gonebas WeSmaritebam
ukarnaxa. rogor bedaven
suleli berZnebi uflis
winaaRmdeg laparaks?
TqvenTvis sasargebloa
mefeo emsaxuroT
iyvnen. isini ibrZvian simarTlisaTvis, raTa
iqiTa samyaroSi Sexvdnen ufals
pirnaTelni, miiRon misgan cxoneba. maTi
rwmenis, uflis siyvarulis gamo, o, mefeo,
isini kompensacias iqiTa samyaroSi eZeben.
Tqven am yvelafris Sesaxeb, maTi
nawerebidan SeityobT. mgoni sakmarisia,
raTa Tqven CawvdeT qristianTa rwmenisa da
WeSmaritebis arss. es aris RvTaebrivi
doqtrina, es aris RvTaebriobiT anTebuli
axali xalxi. aiReT maTi nawerebi da
waikiTxeT da naxavT, rom me es ar
momigonia. me ar var maTi damcveli. es
yvelaferi wavikiTxe da davrwmundi
yvelaferSi da am mizniT, me valdebuli
viyavi meTqva simarTle, raTa pirnaTeli
warvsdge uflis samsjavros winaSe. CemTvis
eWvgareSea, rom samyaro qristianTa locva-
kurTxeviT gadarCeba. sxva xalxebi cdebian.
sanam Cven mogvZebnian da Seicnoben
WeSmaritebas, isini ivlian wyvdiadSi da
rogorc mTvrali kacebi, ise ibarbaceben da
daetakebian erTmaneTs.
XVII. amgvarad, o, mefeo, me giambeT imaze,
rac xdeba. rogorc zemoT vTqvi, rac
ikiTxeba qristianTa nawerebSi. rac sakmaod
rTuli aRsaqmelia. rac aramxolod
sityvebiT gamoiTqmis, aramed aisaxeba maT
qmedebebSi. berZnebi, o, mefeo, erTobodnen
ra mamakacebTan gancxromaSi, aseve sakuTar
dedasTan, dasTan, qaliSvilTan sCadiodnen
amgvar uxamsobebs, TavianT uwmindurebebs
262
Semomqmeds-RmerTs da yuri
daugdoT mis marTal
sityvebs, raTa ascdeT
gansjasa da sasjels da
gaxdeT saukuno
sasufevlis memkvidre.
qristianebs abralebdnen.
qristianebi ki arian marTlebi, kargebi.
maTi suli mravaltanjulia. amitom isini
xvdebian berZnebis Secdomebs. qristianebs
ecodebaT isini. isini xom SecdomaSi arian.
isini maT sTavazoben ilocon, moinanion. Tu
romelime maTgani inaniebs, maT rcxveniaT
qristianebis winaSe im saqmeebisaTvis, rac
CaudeniaT. is aRsarebiT inaniebs RmerTis
winaSe im cudi saqmeebis gamo, rac Caudenia,
vinaidan is ucodinrobaSi iyo. aRsarebiT is
iwmends suls da mas codvebi mieteveba,
radgan isini mas adre aqvs Cadenili,
ucodinrobisas, roca borotad saubrobda
qristianTa WeSmarit codnaze.
qristianTa modgma metadaa kurTxeuli
yvela sxva xalxze dedamiwis zurgze.
modiT, vinc qristianobas augad ixsenebs
dadumdnen da momavalSi WeSmarit gzas
daadgnen. kargi saqme iqneba, Tu isini
WeSmarit RmerTs scemen Tayvans, radgan esaa
namdvili doqtrina. rac qristianebis piriT
iTqmis, is RmerTisganaa wamosuli.
ucodinarni, RmerTisgan ganze mdgomni,
SeiZleba aRmoCndnen sastiki ganaCenis
winaSe, romelic mesia iesos saSualebiT
SeemTxveva kacobriobas)(51,10-22),(52,7-45)/(7,184-
196).
263
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