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A CO}TPARISON
BETWEEN ORCANIC BRAIN
BRAIN LESION PATIENTS USINO
OF TEST RESULTS
LESION AND I{ON-ONGANIC
THE STROOP COLOR AND TORD TEST
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a Thesis Title
Nane
Degree
Maj or-Adv isorCo-Adv isor
A Conparison of Test Results Between
Organic Brain Lesion and Non-organic
Brain Lesion Patients Using the
St roop Color and Word Test
ltiss Vanida Yankeaw
Haster of Science (Clinical
Archarn Sonsong Suwanlert
Assoc. Prof. Dr- NiPhon
Ass ist. Prof . Dr - Kanokna^rt
psychologY )
PounEvar inYingcharoen
aDate of Graduation
Archarn Kanokrat Sukhatunga
Archarn Sarapee Leeprasert
13 llay, 19BB
Abstract
Inrecentyeartherehasbeenanincreasedinteresting in ut ilizing neuropsychological tests that can
diagnose accurately brain danage. The advantage of the
stroop color and Word'Test include that it is useful in
identify brain danage, require a nininun of equipnent arrd
is easy to adninister and score. The present, study
investigated the validity and reliability of the Stroop
Color and Word Test natching 60 pairs of brain danaged
subiects on age, sex and education wiLh nondanaged
subjects who had been hospital ized at sirirai Hospital for
other physical reasons. It was found by discrininant
analysis that the stroop color and word Test' considered
as a screening device, is capable of diagnosing brain
danage. The t,est results of brain danaged and nonbrain
damaged subiects uere significantly different at level
.001. The relationship of age, sex and education with testperfornance was also Presented.
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nr sisrine. fl o ut r f,uiltsIsfrl"lun r :"tfi utn -r : n :rqifrqfi s uas inprfirlr s
d0n ooquuoa rn :6uii r fi g rfi o'r
s. r fiuuu.n.sdq"firn'rranrriiEt'lurtosd r fi erilassiolrt
ilsrrufirrrrJr
v-r - -.:i1",o,.R.1 .-'r.,",r.rdr s "-t-gil"tfiiun1?glrrqifiqfiaalilraniluelrBdnrunrtdHos uil'lsd'! EtJ?.u
sdr.r*riuaur']nttu,ri utas1nn1rfltraloa,f|"'ofiotorufirrno{ tC'T'
scan,'irfi cr yrufr orrjnfi"luufi rfi u a tdru o s
rfiu z ffnrmv 6o
1o asrlrrufiorrlnfrii, fiofiuf,rrti{ 0 0rl
D
cCopyright by Mahidol University
I r. Fr?.lilfroilnaiirfiuloafrlrt tDiffuse lesionl ilsridnril,3 1
! o {dil 0..fl ailuqurirtfi r fi o arn 1 1! o {n 11{f! r fl aufi rdr il {dil a s"luq lla''l B "l
ari-rsd?ilfiu rdn r?laelrilnrs'ir n'rriufi rrrrrfflrgrg.,ttu finrrufioilnfr
n1 { a 1 rilfi $ a uuqan z rl d rufiu fi .rar r ra$fi fi r'Lfi r fi oqr r rufr orJnfi 'tuaru a'r"turj
giloiirfiu1osfirlil arcrfiu|:ndrfio#ufirdrsnrsloafirl:t (svstenic
diseaser rduTrsrfirfioqT ndrzfir u€aTronrt netabolisn lt"drfiouri
rf,oaua.rrduduro,ii.u (SeniIe denential u€41:ndtfroeT nnrzfintdu
utafiorf,a"luaros rdu riofilauatdnrdu (Heningitis) dx;otilnrdtt
q 1fl r f,olr iA ( Encephal it is ) uofls'lnil6o r.u t fior rnn r risr rrl6u'[u
t n:rTuanfiiliuy rdufiu d'or.u rfioq'rnfi au,firorn fi'raqiitui r rmdrdrgfisrtfi
rfiaarnrrr*"."d firori"|'ur?rrrufilridrfirg u€o silent area oT cldfir
"tfi r fio a 1n 1r , *r..,rd usifi o rn.lzudo r r a {fl'l? r drun r rudu'lun rt1raaniitpc
1iltln run r :ri r s rur o.r dl a':to adelil
z. uaridn.rudrfioqrn'rrrHfiorlnfi r oursuris!a{ ttadua.r (Focal
resionl ccfirlfirfionairoT n'l?r*r."d (focal syndrones) sir'! 'l rdu
aphasia, apraxia, annesia, frontal lobe syndrone tfiufiu
rrrrrufioilnfrfifnrfrosrnl:r,*t.td rdu,froro fl'lucrros granulona'
cyst, henatona oaaoqurflutfiaoaodu"tudruo'r
t flradldfir.raridnrunr.:dra.r ururafis {rhaitrtriunT:inrT'[uT:susrura ua116iunrriilqfiaqrnurnd'irrhafiraTrn6u t dldfiuari
dfl1un'lsdruas rdu lzsrrir'lq lrnz"urnrstduorurz lrodriocrnnrru
fiorlnfi ro{:cuuffurira r f,ufiu
Sensitivity rcrrru"trnatnr:nor{aut railrafis|anrdfiulrL
noaoufi'lfl'lun r:iiar,#sfl""'tfietau?n r fi afilrn r frofrust.t to aarf,a r nrud
n r:notdauil'tsl?51u
Specificitv torrrruilttlluna{fl'l?nqdaut raurafit lanrAfi
ru urnordaufi"tff"lun. zinsF, #tfi"tfi ara r f,uau r fi o1ilfi t:nqi s 1o ai t t nrufrn r z
C nodauu'rsrrg'tu
Copyright by Mahidol University
t 4lilnn zqa
[ !]fld1ittas.!1u'lrigfi r fiarfia't
'tunrzdnrr t ondr:ttav truiiafi r fi artos
arrdaoaanrf,u e dru6o
1. orrudrfigno.:dltos
z. rafitduaonT :rir{'!ugatdna'l
g . n r r u fi orln6 n o t drt a su n c n 6i il a r n r zdu do'rfi sr^l a r iaR tu I a s dru a':
4. uuunadoudn:rjfia r aa{uaud r i{o r nad
s. natifiqfianrrlfiorln6rosdruatloaulunodaudorl1lfia r aa{
ruouo{ri{ornad
6. errrudrdrggo.to'l'l1t$Ongirt:vra'irt tud tcduara 11as:cdil
nr:frnrr?sil:raat r 5 aodssi o"lilil
sr r rrudr6U! a.odilg.l
"tudr.rn'r a r o sruurd , ,.fiur"uutl:cdrYlfirailrfif r6r1'[un r ?n xilqsl
r Control ) uacil:vA.uoiu ( Coordinat ion I "lfi:ciluoiarcgirs t '[u
d r s n r a ri r.r rui r ru fiu o d r .r fi rJ: "Rnin
ru r d s n T : d r z .r di or"tuan ruoi r s "l ?c ilil
rjrydrnfirufi'rfit1nrrlTfrnqrnaiarcfiilfid (Sense organsl oi'r'r1 fir"lfi
r : rdrru r rn itn r ru ffinuarnz rufi tn r : r rJ6 auurla.r n o sdssi r st'[ud'ru rofi aru
fi r rr o rfr e o d ununr rufi ,rfl .r ? r ild auurja.r"[u?iou ""fi arun'r s'[u'ir tn r ar a't
r r.r r dunrr r rJfisuuila{nasscfiuorilr: uaudrz r nilfidrfirgqianrtrirr'rir"r
n 1 T r rJfi suu rja \: r CI { oruunfr "[ud1 {fl 1 I do z'ln'lz r fiur a stir"tc$a"n r:urall
t fiufiu r.nfiurruurlry drnfi qr rirrafi 'rfif, o o.uut* er ruqru1fi o larcq alduo s
{iialfiu anndtr r1 a
l
l
Isi an r z r ild auuila ssi r s"l ii t fi rffufi onr a'tuuatnl rJua fl i r'ln r a :vuttdte;drn
Copyright by Mahidol University
t i rfiruilrfi r ufi ou, flr,:rludo ruorunaln ra snrzinurdnrud*oad n o { ril,,un 1 ?
"ludrrnra"lfi?nprttdtraiadn'rrsrlnfili (control of honeostatic
nechan isn ) fl''t I r r,f, oulrrnaufl'lt t 116 auurln od ' frtf;ufiufir"lfi r fiouqfin:zu
( Behaviors ) si'ls r d'rfrr'tfinut trdrlrtnrjiude r ilrfiudn'rrturoHan'tu
n.r roi r : tilr^l "lururd r r.fiu'" uiltlzsdrniilrfi rfidrdrl r d a e fi o sfi ufieturnr:
tasuoinnliliasusiasuqna r trrrlflrgrgr rrrrriln6o n1t t taui $asn'11
qoir uasuqfin:rufif,uflru fi.r'luor.u r f,uq?tufieqt t fiu'i'ln'r1fi1{1ufl4{
rcuuilzsrd.*fi, ro iirl.r"lfltd.ofl18aurr.,.6rulur fiin'[e uasuflGintzn
nrtudosoofl!o\tfl1?drzsdio'luflqsfiufi orrlinr'tinsrdrdq{nrtuund
lHrn?Efirrrofi.rf;u'.n qudrurznfirn'rzai'rfiorildsuoT"odd"'firu f rdu
fi r"ls'tfi usifi f .llilfi fi "[odr*r tnfi rn r :ai rfi o r rJd sud* a'rlfi uatfi 'ruil'i T qt'fi r
lfidr r 6s"ruaures, nrrai.rfio r r,dauaroou.nou"firlrr"td-tfidne,urd',rfiqo
frrtfirfionrr r ildauurla{ ,,qnna., dlfi6ut ardratnuduut fi.fi'il'18',
errrrudrfirgnoszsuurJtsdrn'lun1?q'lilailuqBnztildfluflou6'rnrirr 6sfiu
uunduasfininsrs{1dfl{firlil"ludfisilssiiut'raauTil'irnr:firsrux6 gf,vlttl
rl:sdrn r fluz rngruao sn r:iidinio"lql a tlurd r t r ua""tri t uilaunr: t fiu
ro sfir'lsfifiufiri{r f,u r fiasfirgudolafinlrt r f,u sitsntg r d1fiu t figfifiq
erffind u^t.udu "1 25282 t-ZJ
roudrao4 Ban'r{o uns BonBufiu
z llurt ($d'od;d *ror'r6na 2527: 56)
rs ttutlts dr nd'lut aluon
zyttutjtYd,tndrunart(CentralNervousSysten=CNS=)
ilssn auH r adru a'.ru aY'trfiuufi'r
rvrurrrud,rndrurrara (peripherar Nervous systen =
pNS = ) tJzvnalfiaarffurlzsd.tiltl'tflst'lgdtonqrndila{il1tdeu uaclnfru$fi'1
"luddrusir's r so'rir{n''18
"tun r efinrr r r :rr',dd r fi a r fi a sfi un r ziiae, {.lfi ev r on6i r rfi t:'uu
t
I 16urit :tulrlrvdrno an t f,u
6 a : s ulrj:sdr ndrun 0 1 {uas
a rlsvdrndruna,r oi{, d rrfiuduor t rirfiu
Copyright by Mahidol University
10
e
I
druos tThe Brain)
drssnosrurpdurtloqj"lun:o1uandtr" fifirrafinrttvtl'Iil g ilaud.eJilrvnouo'tstraarlrudrnorifr.r?aaac 90 (ud{dtd frar.rdla 2527: ?6)
uacilrynoufirr*r.A",a*4, tfiafifis ndfind ui'"udu a zirr: 64-6e)
1. Cerebral hemisphere (dilosdrurafituiogrua.r"tra{lfiAo..r
iln asin'rsfin?T Bttovrer?'rrrdattn rtan'jr cerebraI henisphere dro.t
drufiuri.ruannl{nrainrnlfi r fiu 4 l? t rru t ottilrltsnou 1) 6a ( ud{d€d
drorsdna zszr: 84-85)
u? t rruqouilfir r isn'ir Front'al lobe "[ul? r rzu Front,al
Iobe fi lu; r rrufinrtnilfl1?t.6tulrtna.rdr{n1a rian'i1 Motor area
u€a Motor cortex untui,t*d.tu.iln1t0ontda\tt?nrt.lo ttan'ir
Motor speech ur"u uto Broca's ut.u dsaqinrsdruooinfl.uluoudfi
nx.lilnfionT sfiT ulrriio uanqrnfifitfiu? r rrufidrfiry,do.Aun.: riau! r trrrrl
f,UUr ffu.. ru,fi ,r au fl 1 ?n tuqil r d s r fiufi nr*od, flurlninnrus o su0i a c i.o^au---'--q9t
u:t rrufirufirs rian'ir Tenporar lobe firrafirdrdgrfiunT zlfia{dueYelU t 6{8\i UAc t flel?IA{nUO'lllRlE''lO?8
l? t rzufiruraff.r r ian'i ''t occ ip ital lobe firuilT fin ?ilRllfl 11
rfiu1srn fratz nurouasdrufrnIlt rL? r rrufi'ruuufiosiafirLfi.rdT ruu? r rrufinairrrurufir t tan'ir Parietal
robe firuiirfiiugr?lutfinsirs r nr.rfr?fl'rs r drr ?arr t fiu r 6u f,rufrd ffuqt'
t[T{flo unvn.rsiut:dqt
aCopyright by Mahidol University
11
e
, lt[Allt I 4ll ft^l ,l'.1'l {:l
porielol lotre
occiFilol lobc
flftAtft. A.ss00lAt lOlt nnlAs
I
a)---l'-' 'frbtor oreo\ 1\.
, \ ......
t f-.* -.--. konrol ossoc orco
1( i \', \ j -l-----i- rnolor sreect oreo
-iS--'.--- I ----.---- J-oudilory oreo
'i-}I==i-=--- =---. L orrditory ossoc. orei;
\,- '-/"
sonrestlretic orryr.--... __ -.;I.j-- l-_'./ '".!
nesthelic ossoc:orco- ----*;'"'-' I i )/ i r (i il).-( i \',\', ,. --;s-:
l. i i "':"visroto,.', l, i "i;""'
"":
vlsrrrl flslioc.or"., - \,i i' '. l-*-/- .... .- ''
op^.i,'rv frqs^. of ...r . --1'
s0
trrJrJrcnaufi 1 ude {n'lrurirli t ltllo.tdtto,lCrur,ilrCopyright by Mahidol University
t
L2
z. Diencephalon rfludta.rdru'lutosdruos"lurX il:vnoudrsl
g ut r rrudoa "1 6o thalanus, Hypothalanus uac Epithalanus
Thalamus rirufirfiriranaofiEryT rusirs r lrtffslt r ?$ r ilt"llc
rurir uu cerebral cortex "tuuir rrufirdarilatfiunr:iuorrtTfrn uacfir.9t
uilrfirjtsalu{1u losiudrd.tq1fl cerebral cortex lrtriranoo"tfi
r? r rruoir.rt dnnoouds urn..nfiu? r ruursd?urot Thalanus fi.rfil,rilT fi
r d s rfiun r r?uTor r ru r 6'lrjro ( pain I u ncfir"lfiiin r zd{ { 1uCI ouduo.r"tu
zr]uqfinzzuudo{oofl na\rn1r r 6urJro rdofiEryrrurlzsdrnqrn r HurJzsarndJad,or.oqg
r flB?nun1r r euurodrdrrdrturfituz t ?iluro{dilo{
Hypotharanus orjdruairsro.r Tbalanus firufirfi,dat
fiunr rer ruoru rsrnrlrcar nilo1ufifi ds r d s r ila s"[un r ts, ruqrnr zril { 1un d {.air6lrtug6l-tqoTarsnauduosfroqin'rs'luir{n1a r du nrt t fiurosfir"lq ,..uduI^fr, n1?
a?uoilaruunfrraoilon'',, nrrfiuarultuac:srduf,u?un1i tiloruoi?ilBo{
f1{nra urrdrunos Hypothalamus fi.r rfiarilotfiunr:udo{oanro{orrrun1
Epithalamus arir uilofrutJqrn Thalanus iil? r.*f,firirur fl 1 v I ai si o erf,fi n r rru dr firu r d a r fi un r : r rld auu ila { n a { tc duiil
go{Iilu dr: r erfi"tu:ruurjzvdrn uavuqfrn:zrd r dgrfiasfiunr: r rjdauurla.r
notrs6rud.rd'ir{orudrr r ra'tsirs "l rasTuuacqgnla
a 3. Meseneephalon ( dila{dxunal\: ) tJtsnaufira Superier
colliculus uau rnferior colliculus firrafirdrdarfiosfiu reflexd r fi e rfrun'l rru 0 s r fiuunrn'r :'lfiiu r ila s uas ff .rfi nairu r dadilzsdrnraa ran6iildoud.l u-dysltfl1fiU1n [ fl8',1fl0{flllfl1T r naau tu?ro{u8uCI1uay?1{fl18
r o r r fiu:l:sdrns rnfi rudr a t'trjdarua.rI
trau r f,unrsairu
4. cerebellum tdruosdrurSnl firrafiT firfiaeffosfitnr:inrrdruoa $r o.rnr rnt tfi r fl 1 Ta ?ilail uavilrvdru{1uf, o.in. r r r* orrlurd 1 rn1s
iq
-t[tasu8ltCI1
D
tCopyright by Mahidol University
jllll
tl
liil,
n [!
tl
.li'lli
13li
tl
e s. Brain sten t firuduot ) ilxsnaudra r ffuilrydrniiCofiuql*o
n sfi qd adil s sdruoi'r.r'l fillsf,uufr { n-r slufi 1udil 0.riln airu r dndrJtc a.oittf '',
ufirC,d r anoofrqryrrurlrcrf 1n r ds efrurr 1: iuq lrru fffrn n'r:1d3u r das n 4 tinrrdruqa du,ln., or{firuacn., ,
"d aulur r o.tfiarlsr r&osiof,udru o.rd.r.tu$o
li,
n{ru r dadrJrvdrnfi rufi rii, d, rfiuzd $aen ?uo}rn rzuouufiu nrtnra'le urit
nriru rdadrlrvdrniiltf ir r fio r ffuilrsdrndruossirt 'l ifl'dYt
qs r uu ro'i rdr a s r fiua Ta rrdiinr r rnfl uiloufi sfi rulsr z sa?'r su rr il
nrrrirrru dilasusia'sdruiiufirdLsu-rsna{ouro\t uaorirrrultoaru$u
ana.rdrudu 1 naaosufrilfiudfiuaTsrrfirir{nra rdu ciailltdo Ur{.rloo "ra"i au t ? 1 qo a d : aofi .r n'r.r d r.rn r s u nstn"tqlfi o ri r srjnfi drat ohifi s
jiiO r 'ir
' rsuilrlrcdrnrfiududuurn dsdrfigna .l fiufir'lc ilso uncrsrutlsiaao'llr-t?
(ud.,rdtd rlrorsdna zszr: 94r iitil
ll
'd,- ,--9 r-onlora-o llluil'rfluasnr:Rrtrunasdros il
li
l'1
lil
<a Y - Oee s ta?1fi rodarqa'ls trrnsuodnR'rtf nrz-lilnrpruaEfinpcsir.i
iialil
xo{erurt-r rfiocrfinrtrirtrura{dHa{losrqiltcdilo.r'traqi tcerebru{t
arua.:drutrir.rruirrufiudrudu r la\ibnrrr{ rdu ascending reticuldr[,
a uac Iinbic systen t.rrigntu'ir "Higher Cort,ical Function{1"lii
tfrufius1 fiuqrtuor ras, fif,er sri'ta zsza: 8T-eD iltri
1, Ascending Reticular Systen rJ:srnau6rs z rouueidlall
d d o e, .J u . o Qr,r d tt d .r .{q{ q.udo tsuufrnrrnflrfrnzcfiudruo.rfir"tfiout rrdu uf orrfrcsiirlfrfiia'rorauTfio{a4 y , do g d o - o oed.ruroHailsirs'l uastvnuilnruf,'rfraonr:rir.qrutatdrualfir'lfinurt'rra'i,{u
1umurtnfifirruoa dr o srlr: rir {-rutr o rfrsdo trvrr ff.rfiun rr ri1{ 1u! a {
ascendiug ret icu Iar systen qofrt"lfi r fiorr^rfisnrsfiusia I inb
systen uacdila{"[H[i r cerebral cortexi "hlrirsrur fiurjnfr ffr r
n r -r&rfi q ilnfi s s s ascend, ing ret icu I ar s"ysten fi svfr r"lfin r rri'r.rrun dls
e auo s"lraqifiorrtnfilrtfirs l dufiu
Copyright by Mahidol University
t
o
}
oCopyright by Mahidol University
15
o a lun?'Iiln.l{1',ln1u loufisern tfronrrl{r'turi ( recent nenory)t
uanc-1n I inbic syst,en qrilnrruCrfirydonrz t fionrrlnr t{ru
ufi r rouuili.r r f,uoudur,is o rrtr$uncnt'rufi.:ualcfir a rouuili.rdr a r dir|n r r
I
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o 3 .!lu
iunrr r fiilacdilli'ludT uSu 1 lasdlasHarauris uacntrrirfruccad [6
u,1u rtan'ir nrrr{1fl'121 t renote nenory) 1aB11n ( lesion) ttofir'lfi renote nemory riae"fiosrf,utoaTrnfi,f,udelrt'lualas-[rag.
r u1 1cn')1u { rliofl r fi ulTua rauu6i.l
r fi an r rrn:.r{ r'lfidd sfru rr r fiu16'i -rfi r r f,u r i a sdfi su a'lc fi etrir'lfi ce { 1lH
.irauncuru
3. cerebral Cortex tlrhJrvnar'rd 2'a
uaruntuudo.t Brodnann areas aosduosluqi
f A = iirnilrt, B = firu"tur
,fi.ilEE
rrhj:"noud 29
Copyright by Mahidol University
16
{ aruo,rnlud ( cerebral cortexl r f,udeuf,finrrnErf,rgdoneru
rofiaraaro (intelligence) r;nfinnrnr (personalit'y) unuuqfinrrn
nrrf,snt (social behavior) ufirdro'rdrudr{ "1 ro'lduos'luqiuadlrl
'ru- I[oo{u
Baslc sensory and Motor sYstens uri.r lfiu
a -gU'I [ ?fUO\tU
3.
r fluut r ?rudfiun?rulin
3.1
aBrodnann area 1?) uirru?ufiruffd (tactile area ratd Brodnann
areas g;!,2) uasilA [ ?ilfilrilas ( auditory area rn€a Brodnann
areas 41, 42t l
3. 1. 2 Mot,or areas t fiuuts r rrudnruqilfl,t? r n*au
lrar 1fiuri Brodnann areas 4'6,8
S.2Associationareas(Prinaryuausecondary)
r? t'leu sensory Bns notor' o Jc rt
9?1iln2 {ts'lnilaafl 0u
l
1.1 Prinary Sensory Receiving areas
lfiuri t? r rruilnru r v isual , t""" nia
lfifunT ':rfilil1r *au r tssuao r iltau r fiaufiu
3.2. t Visual SYsten
"lunurJnfinr:uottfiu (vision)c
u?rrru association !o{dila{ rfiuu?trmdfioXadu (rart data) 11fl
Hrsd.)udr6rgoir.r r. tfiHfiud fiusuiuo't nat ilfla cita 25.282
r rr.3o{oo Luu , ,
fl.'Ref ract,ive ltedian n1ud1"l t fiugs
r fiuqrnnflrrur1UfiAluqo0.t ( ret ina ) loaarf,anr:fin t uro\iltd\tai'lu
o t rr ii.ttjtsrnoildxa cornea; aqueousrefractirre nedian !0{anu8u6l1 ?tr{lJTtttlituer'rE
hunor; tens $aE vitreous body rautfilrflufirirfffgdqtlil11silgn
srnqsfirfifiriir f,ufirfin t nud'lufir t aufrg{fierudrufifrfr r drd1il1?nrl?lgrlir'l
iltsnau
56-57 )
I,frarildsuuila{ refract ive pouer 1fi6rs rtan'ir "Acconnodation"
Copyright by Mahidol University
I
Fsl,[oaa168na'1il ]
t7
tsudr a g rfiuRiltlls o nuilr s aq r u ac'luoud't s gl 1 B 1'ltlruq rzonud{ ? ao 1
fio .iliary 'lunurjnfinrueirs "l rolilqnuu'{onruad 1[u
Vis ionsd
MacuIa lutea
u?rrmrrauuan (peripheral) qslililorqutdril?ttru nacula
n. Visual Fields (a1ud1ao1) n1ud1s
o 1 tr s { rl 0i n c ou a 1 1 u sr n si r { fiu, d, o. a n o r r il u o n d r',r i s.r drurh rn o uR'l aus tl
ra{enn1 r du fiuf;r, #oo*,nd r aiuurnn'iT rln6 a rqrir'lfiarud'rEo1 t ldaulrt
n.ral,uaT udranrqsiilouse (Blind spotl ii',r,fiu"rdur'rldrfiuriis.---l-.ur-d,,Yrd
r s6 ouSoaairu tunudiinr T rfioilnfi n a {n 1ud'r sn'tlriu.ninfi arc1dfi a 1n 1 x
oaoo o, o,l'l ?il a { t fiuaea',t
{. Binocular Vision n1?ila\il#udaa
fiBdnrfi.rAa.rfir.rutalfiu untlfinrutdarf,steu "Binocular Vision"
d.rfi a s s r da n I : ri r's ru! o \t 1s ililn'l ? iuR ,ttlua 1 s a d 1 { r du
fia.rfinrnrjtrngfla[lu tlu nacula lotudasnr i
fi a.riinT : r u*oult,tro,or.d r rau,rudl t da
'lfin1lfiuux1n3ilu nacura utarufiufinrfis 2 fir1oaoe r?n1
r fia'[fi rfie r f,unruarufi6
fiasinr:ri'to.n u.nfio 2 ourteufru
1. Visual PathwaY and Cortical
vis ion r flun,r sfi-.T n r ru f; in r d s rfi un r t iun'rulrJddru o.:l?, ."d r d s rfi unrr
iunau ra€anr:uoo tfiu
a. Visual Percept,ion r f,ururun"t?uEn
uscuas?utnrrulfneir.r 1 tderf,unr:Ha.lrfiu
d. Colour Vision
!. l,lacular and PeriPheral
, fiurodil*r'rldrfirgoianl? r fiuntr16ilo t cu R',riln0na{
o
o
d {.n 1? t l4U6[gl'l \t "1
unil1x1nn.lr??ilsa$dfiug.u e fr 6a fluos flfirriu uaudriiae
o
rfiu
Copyright by Mahidol University
a r d afi sdn 1 iunrutjo nn {ilill aR'l}l- e t .-,-!
( retina) $a? nail [aaat
Brodnann ""." d L7, tfiafiilc ndfind ou"*udu "l 2528: 96)
qrn,pninary visual cortex (area 17, qodr1siolilSt prinary
iil ueifirrfiunap,ttilauqt
t
+
fi , gr"[u ret ina n rn :v {u'[fi r fi on r zfi 1 {'lu r dd auudt',r ruu d'-r'[fi r f,ufrgrgrru
rlrlrd'ln dtriranaooialU{Alo.rdrul? t xiliun'lll ( VisuaI area<l
H?gtsoilat
uas
rai a* i an q'a^s I fioladrilunrrl?ilnsecond,ary association areas (areas 18'19) nOilAnUUUq?' s
n,l?ign1ufit g"5.u (basic visual sensatlonl rduud"td'irt nr,tuile
r Hu uacdlur4d{la{{on rolfiiunrt r ildaut fiutiluulHiod'.rlos ( f orms
or obiects ) grl lraeirfirclfiiunrrriur.t rJiau r fialfiurJrteunrzr$'[uadn
(previous experience) rfirtfi{'irr6urrla"l:
HatdlfiloXalrtfi.r l{ernicke's uas Word recoEnition areas t'rqo?
'irnrtr r ii gufiu r ii au'i1 s d1 slr9.2.2 AuditorY SYst'en
rcuun rtiu r ita.rfiiifinrilc r du r 6 arfitt?stlu
n1?iun1l6aiur?la.,rd prinary auditory cortex (area 4L, 42'
uHrd*siolrtd.r prinary auditory association areas (ares 22:l
uas, secondary association areas (areas 20' 2L, 37' 38) d"
rrilrrururirfiqsfirtfinrru.i.rrfiuritasool: rdu r6la.oun t?latnu frrrf,u..v^.J.|
r ta.rnufio.re{oialrt.ir r f,unrrtatsld le adssioldff.ru? t rsratdlasfi t ilar
fiunrrr3.2.3 Tactile PercePtion
u? r reuu :nd?ln r ruifinfrrufi c ( tact i le
perception) 6o prinary receiving cortex 16udu?rrU 3,!,2 dru
ui r rtu 8."? t f,u ""uociation areas d.rqodra'lfinrttun'l, H!finfrlfit
rtn prinary receiving area inr:fierur"rd""urnfinprusnasdootodu u tlu1ilCIo{ to
Copyright by Mahidol University
e
19
g . 3 Tert iary Assoc iat ion Areas r iiuu? t rufi r etrfi
rgurs'ludilo{!a{eu lfiuri Angular Clyrus (Brodnann area 39) uau
Supranarginal giyrus ( Brodnann area 40 ) dso{ddruairtro't
parietal lobe u? r rrufirs?ufirXErun1xiiln1u n1lln t ilaf uncn1lfrilfid
c1n secondary association areas UfirtrUtrruilOgAfi'rndrr UAU
uilastaloaarfistJzsdun..r?f$n'11 rtau! uava?xil{'laonil1 tf,unrrn r firtr
aa{n1$1toBn1?d1u n,r?[iiau uaufl'l?]re toad.rf,rgqlrurllcd,lYllrtfi"r
Broca,s area airunls arcuate fasciculus (ifla gi'lA 25242
323) fir'lfinur 11d1il11n"lflirue (word) urrarafisnT "drfiu riig.0dlfi3u
u"ndo n, odfi ,f,uffa, an il.1 r f,uri rgolfirat adra r :n us nd ruraris r a sfi rci'l s'l lfi
R1lt1 (Language)
r *astasnlr.l rf,uHfirddT 6rgdqoros*uat'luqi ntuttJ:cnaudra
fl11.ro, fl1? r ilau uasnrrniru u? t rulatata.'rd r darfiuntraqid
Broeat s area tld!, Exnert s area !o{ f routal lobe d
supfanarginel$acangulargyriBa{parietallobe$aUI{ernicke's' area nas tenporal lobe tfif,a Ci-[A 2524: 320)
u? r rru r uri.rf, fr rr,tfi T d d r u fiu, d, o r. u t il r'ls u n "
n'l I I de \t a s n E a \tR 1nIo a
a n1?Ho n,lrrilau uaonrrdru riaursnri'rrfist{o.rHfiT dra.ldilatdrdaafru
n.tu.tqusandrefis nrrfirrruratduatusinuiln' (cerebral doninant
henisphere) UfifdgOS corpus callosun; Brocats area Uns
I{ernicke?s area flott
Elauuuunouudu r uas *find lfindT rfrtnrtfirsrurosdHo'tuti
antn 6.rf, <ilrtrrn iif,a at'tc 2524: 321)
1. derasilnfrra (Left Doninant Henisphere) iirafirddT619
a
rdarfiilnrrruasfinrv ( Motor ski 1t ) sirs
'[usrunfioflr sufi'rd , r,rai"rf,druluqio qidril a 'rilnflr s
.l log t ouro'lununfiolrr
roiafi.r z ilr.r ilfiasrrad
+Copyright by Mahidol University
e
20
csadn,..{dnostnrrr 6.rfiufiT finrrrufioilnfira'sdro',rilnilrs fifinfir'Ifi tio
a,..nrzfioilna rdarfilnr:'[tnrr1 (aphasia) il€afinrcgir{ 1 ( apraxia)
z. dHosilnrlr rRight Doninant Henisphere) iinrrild'rdrg
rdsrfiun'lzfiruuoidnrt (Yi.sual Spatial Analysisl rdu n1x?'lo
u"rrd nr:urdruilri.rsirs 1 ra{ouI o\t uns I darfiiluqfin?trn.{arturi
dt a tiln I r rii n r uf rfiqn r.r {unt snruu r n u no o rqfi #uoau'lun r rrir s rudfi u
f,utaun.i r Cru a.rilnf r afi lfi r d a eru a sfl n s ?'r t ?ia {rh *rs { rd r uudtu n sfi dnr s
1d1H {Ta€of,..rouoira.la{ ldAu'tqdrtnra6ruorttruoaaoru ldiud
iutrafilnrufinrrdrs r drfiof;u tfirufiud fiusriuor un"iifla ctla
25282 92)
corpus callosun rflunriruro{rfiutail:udrnd,ttu cerebral
henispheres fin z firs "lu{rftadrfiuI:na*f,nnfiscrndo corpus
callosun aon rdoilasfiunrznrsl,ts!a{nrsudldflrdfiorlnA'ludruo'rlilfrs
firumttilrru {rlrafia{1firfiurlnfi ueinrrrTfinur'sodr'q rdu position
r rndru a si|nmd..rlrtfi s fi au
t
o
sense iirra'.rru'iadsairu corpus callosun
qr.ofirn tfir{q1n iifla *i'ta 2524: 321)
25242
fi T'lfifi rl'l sufilnrnd rilrnn r!T
fi raiiorrl fi ilraasuanlfign6a.r'ir r fiuilrnnr r $:tt duasilrsfila r $ufi r'rd
r oiudruiunltr-r u sifi rnd rrJrnn T fi r sii ofi r a o r u !?inrolildal A "riln nr T usi
ai ruu rnr rtnfi r a1d16 {rh a !'i. o, ofir* t f, uilT nn ru duo'i r rlrnn rldlfi r u ? 1s'
dH a siln s r rlil r tiud rra 5un tr fi o t a I f, s fi a il a c rn du a.rilnil r at"r q v uo n lfi
rurso{d ou"oudr. .l (Meyers, et aL. ilrtrrn iga Ai'tA
gZL nri,rlir druufitro{ Corpus callosun loarour"U?'trru
spleniun r f,unr.rairurasfirggrruil:srdrnq.1n visual cortex tnrr, lrt
fi.rilnflrarilodssiat116.tu?rr*drdarfiunrrr'[u"ud spleniun !a{
coripus callosun qnfiorro ar'tridrHlzndruufisilafira visual f ield
ilnfl-ra udilnrrrei.rulfirtnfi d,florduf,tur1s visual f ield ifnfiraiifir
ICopyright by Mahidol University
2t
il,l
uiluadd visual cortex ilnrrr dsruariinrrT lriiiui r irudtafrl r fiT '[q
n1t1 f,rgrgrrUrl:udrnfia.rd.raiT Ul?r tm spleniun Eo\t corpus collosun
il1fi.0dil4{ifnflrs
Broca's Areas (Brodnann areas 441461 rf,u anterior
speech cortex aqid inferior frontal, gyrus utrrrufifiosiofiuutrrru
99 $as 40 sa{ parietal lobe loadrunr"r arcuate fasciculus
du o sut r xilfifi luilrddr ar,r rd rgotfi gnfi a slr a I n :ri ufi rdsei sltlfr s supp 1 e-
nent,ary speech area rdrr.uqon'tloanrtas {rleadfiuarienrud
Broca's area drur:a r tr"lqdrnT rura€arird.r udloldldastl [ ?ilatdrurn
goorruldtrI finergoldnnlrarntd
I{ernicke's Area (Brodnau area 221 o{nr'rdrurefitr'ss
tenporal gyrus fiofiu angular gyrus (Brodnann area
supratsarginal gyrus (Brodnaur area 40) u?lzufld"r
lr
superior
39) $Ac
f,rXrgrrurl r u *'rnn r tlf, 3u t iia s'lrtff .r u? ] ?N! a { dsl, odo t uq o t t' oot" t fi otfi
I
r tT 'lqnrr.dlaat
written
nr:'lffnrurilrsrnaufiraotdilronrudi.dtg s orirsds tfigfrud
fi4gniuer '2628: 93)
1. n1?[ilr'tlnrygo (conprehension of spoken languaEe){ - - -^^C--gr-.
2. nrr'[ffierrilq,ltu r darfiunrrT loratafic'ltful t uqrua r fi arfru
6'lgo (verbal reasoning)
3. nTtd{r.rirr^ro (production of speech)
, 4. n1? r fir'lqu€on1?naotfidslnnrpr riiau (disf igurin'
languaEe) oonrfiunrrrXo
s. nrttliau (uritten)
eCopyright by Mahidol University
I
22
f;uoousirs 1 'lunrrtfi,t'lrntr tgrlrlrunoud 3]
n1? r tr'lqn,l'arda'i r rruro.rdlordoqiufisda Sylvian
f issure l6uri dlunfi.ola.c tenporal lobe unu parietal loUe do{
?cfiu riiald3urirge tiilate"airulln1r tr{elo"rcufi{ prlnary
auditory cortex d..re"iut'irrf,uriilas siarrnfiucrlrf{ tlernicke's
area (Brodnann area 22, dsrf,ugudnal\tlal'luta{n1?ttT ten, tr
uia word identification center * *fta\ilis\tcol6iunrrurlnliiu
dr!finrrita{R1r1 udtrrnfiurila'.tcolilfis inferior parietal lobuLe
(Bfodnann area 89, 40 ) ds r f,uqudnal{n11r ilr'lqn'rrrfru1',r rais
Ptlnarg @tot cattext,/\
Plpnation - lltitl.ngWoid rccognLtlon atea
svppTenentargsgnech azea Object nantng
object recognLtLon(vLsual assd.atlon
atea)
Pil.narg vLsualcottex
ReadLng wtl,ttenTangaage
Btoca's area \Word identification area
(Wernicke's azea)
t
I
u al un.lil u do { fi Ff n 1 .i n r r r fi r'tr n 11 1U o u a c I il ?Un 1 1'[un 1 1I
e Y'r-rdruoun$n1? r 6au|u
Prinarg auditorg cottex
I:rlrlrcnoud 3I
Copyright by Mahidol University
23
tword recognit ion center a''iladilo..lu? r rruf,ri.,"tfi r:r t ilr'tenqrrddfiu
flufi ouf;u 1o s a r6ail :v dun r rr$ti.r sl ii.r r fi ul1luod odcu o.rut r rufi r s r 6 a "r
urnu.nfiu? r rru 39 $as 40 fitdrll:nurlanrnrqrnnrriulloaiidu
uonqlnnrtf,.! tdu nrtlast6u nrtffufid ufiruilaaonilltf,uirXoTead"r
ndUlrtdlr lfernicke's area uns Broca's area 6nsiOrad"r nrrdsaiTu
ffrgrg.rnrr?la.rqrnrouun'rrlfi}ufiuqodsairu1rtfit tenporal lobes fitcto
ilr.,r lugua..ril.r.,rdraiu firgErrucsai'luqrn prinary aud'itory area lrt6s
I{ernicke's area loaot{ dru'ludua'rilr'rdlrirdu (non-doninant
henispheret f,rgrgrulvnndtairu corpus callosun riauudrt'rlrt6s
Uernicke's area dnsisud'l
nrtdtrsrirlo
t
rluxa
ident if icat ion cent,er ssifir t flun.rrda"n
C
Broca's area n'lt1o$acn,tl tiigust,|rq.dt-{.1|
area lil orq t rlgnrruouon,l? t nauo
uiantrdldaduf,uflaufid'wrrn r ilr"lqlfi t aafi l{ernicke's area
fi n r ruotfi o aufi qudsai'luq rn
rnfi.rqrndiifl.l?rfi'r'leirgo druriroonrflu z tsdu fis nrrr"irat
Wernicket s are.a
lrtgs Broca's area
firqv
Tord
, - -{-".^rtruflauratanrpr"tufinrruodu tdu nrttotnitrrilau rnlardu nrrrgonflal
nrtl|rufid{rfiaseiru word recognition center riou Ufirtsd'rlrd"r
Wernickers area rdolUA?roor".ltd Brocats area (Brodnan area
44, 45) finfirads Broca's area dosiafiu Wernicke's area Toaairu
arcuate fasciculus Broca's area rfiufirioIil:nnrurfiarldau
firgfinrdno{n1s'loanuT rf,uria.r load.rsialilHs prinarv notor area
ui r erudrdarfrunrzryo raiafi16a.rnr:udn{aan t f,unry t!iau Brocat s
area fissiolilz*nzrulrjfi.ru? I rmd.rilniln1i r iiau ds Exnerts area
ra€o area 46 t firtoslre ried
rfralrtfirefiu ndfiraqiraa Broca'
H€a r?ilsnr: rfiauuoinr:1ed ItCopyright by Mahidol University
rsupplenentarY not or
<aori[ ?8'1CI? [ UU
. Broca's area fi.rfinrzfrosiofiu
I
speech area dsodnr.rfiru-lulo.t superior f'rontal gyrus uttrruXa 4. -:!^-.!^9a^. --supplenentary speech ilficsfin1rfiosiafiu prinary notor area
, r fia;fiiln1xt^ro$asn1r t iisu, 6nfir'rds nT tfiosio6'0fl6i'lx r fiu'ltqr tdanrunru
"lfinT tgonasn1? r fiauoria'lfirffu
n1g"lfi tfiosrnn'l:ruo.: rfiu tvisual LanguageI
n.lun€on.lp,t r iaua"ilt, ngd prinary visual cortex rTfi'r
qrnfiuecd.raialrtfr s v isual association areas d.rui r rrufidrrurlnilan
"t6'iriitd t ffufiu r fluaolr t obi ect recosn it ion t 1oaarfiail:sdunT :r$
rrir 1 rdurfiurl.rnn1fi;'i1 r fiuilrnnriirt:vTgld'liltisu udfiT rflufirufi'rfro
(I{ritten language t u? r rilf,q"dril''lxnilanlf ir r f,ufirufisila t fi'ld r ffu
fiorisusriilo'lr nsifildntru'i'rilerrrullaoolr s1n Visual association
areas iloilasi'1.'tt 1rf16 2 n1.i6a n1{''lnilo*as'ln visual association
area xa{dilo.offrsdrdur^i'ruos'r1il6'r t{ernicke's area ntodat'rfio1a
i.tn visuar association area ra{d}tarfia.riililtoiusst.iru corpus
callosun riautfialrtffs'!{ernieke's area firuo:tfiril nrsfisdosf,tfiu
n.nd'lflui.un-rp.] r iau d.rufiaruafi I fisrfiunrrurndtdooto ( object
nanlngl uan'tfifi visual association area usifirfis.ouanoontr t fiu
drgofiosdtfiarualrtfi't word recognition uas uord identif ication
'{centers nautuadsoialrtfis Broca's area fir'lfi1oaannr16'ir{oqitrSu
fiu t fiuoo1r
e
n1lilo.t r fiud i colour v is ion i
'[u n.tina finairurtnddrian'ir Photoreceptor
unearirsd:v r ilsu photoreceptor il nriserilfinurucaon r fiu 2 dfio
- ( fiafifia ngfind n^""rrdu "l 2528: 96-99 | 6s Rocls fidnrrut r fiutrd'rI
n:auan rirlrfirfiTuu ilrfifior r rru r filti rfr r.r'rulfid"ludnrrs fiiiud'rdfirleia'ir.rrinCopyright by Mahidol University
I
25
uas Cones fifinrrug r uiiaud,ru , ru*uunrro firufiT fi t darfiunrtiunru"[u
fiuaanlrt
rio'tuuau Cones
Anrrrdfiudrd,ir.r 'tunur ,.fiu Cone rirufirfi'lun1lllo{ r fiuiilAu16 fi.f,
ruzrrlu Cone .fit.rdtnndrtan'ir Photopsin ?s rf,ullr rnqarotlUrfiud
rf,udrufir'tfi cone ii pignenr itfiqmaufifi'tunrrgouasiidildes,n*at si.s
ntrua siifiu r f,urun:rurtnnrrfir.*rruurnfia a so's cone
3 rio 6a ?ilfirrtu ?iriar uat?iuos rdaua"ra'itoonuod
fi q s n : "
fi u"tfi r i a n r s ri r r r u r ild auu fi .,r s r uu A tt"lfi r fl uilrgg r ru
rl:sdrn d,rlrtff.ratro..rdruilrdaefiunrzruostfiu (area L7l
fi ,.r dH a .r d e ud ri r rfi r d r d a a fi un r z 0l n r r u u a "
u il a ar afi.r d, fi t
o r rilfi oilnfi s a sdil a s uasrnrit a rn r tdudo sfi sura ridnru'tudl a s
n r r tfi a ilnfi 'luufi riil a'r cl o'r'tra$
1. nrrtfioilnfidrf,uTea'frelrt (Diffuse Iesion) zaaTtntu
n{tfirr ri r'lfi r fi o arn.l ? s a {fl .rr{rU r iiarafiT dl o sdr atlraqina ra 1 a d'r t :'u
fiu rdu t?laorrunz.r{r gelrdfi,{t.t tilgarrutodaroaro ilnearufiorlnfi
n. o a r : us$u a sruqfi n : t rr d r u fiu n ail a r n r :nr snfi finduuri o 41fi uri
t . 1 Denentia arnrsduou r*tu,irot.nnrtrirtruna.t
state t liarnrt
dHa.r'turluara 1 arirs riatl arnrzrsdaa r fiuriaslil zsdunrrruf;finfiailn
qs r f,uilnfi uan qrn"[uts ssufi { s a.r1rn{rlr g a rrfi iln {lfiL.2 Deliriun (Acute Confusion
srxla denent,ia nsiarnrr rfie,ffur 5r . unofrnfisrrrufiorjnfilottudunrrui
Rnfir tdu ta"ot1taraa uiatr{rulrtHra
tr.r r Hoilfir"tfi r ionr.wiiortnfi'lualo.,r"tra$rilod r f,uloafirlrl o1aI
rfiuIrndrfiof,tdr,rn,raloadrlil (systenic diseasel ldu tzndrfio
srndrrfipra€a1rnn-r.r netabolisn 1:ndriourirfiaana.rdrll tdu druo't
, duu ( sen i Ie denent ia i rataTrord r fiosrnnrr tn r duraiofio , fftii.ltt
Itudras rdu rdofiruAtotilnrdu, dHosffntduq'rn'trf,A urnu.nfiff{o''lq
I
unns
Rods
".nfit fidolrt
l
t
tCopyright by Mahidol University
I
z6
r fi oarnnrzfinrrufiu"ltln:"luanfi:rt' iiufiu ( 01? I iors'lnfi au' f,'otn il'r
seifiui r rzu*rdqfirir"tfi r fioo'tn-r?, "t.od fiT sri"luui r rrufililirfiryr'rto
s i lent area o rs'teirir"[i{ r fr o 0''tn 11, *".td o*iil ].n.rttdo sl 0 $fl '1 " du
n r rufiu"lun roTran6f rl'o"tilzun run r zfi r \r -ru! a sdu a r1o ar'ietJ rir"tfi r fi o
deliriun raio denentia)
z. srrrrufiorlnfiiir fiu * li'ltlirlit (FocaI lesionr stYir'tfi
r fronaiuo1n1T, *ra"d t f ocal syndrones ) sir.J "l r du aphas ia,
apraxia, annesia, frontal lobe syndrone tfiufiu nerlfioln6fr,u
frnrfiocrntrnr*"."d rdu ,flooan il"tu6'1o{ granulona, cyst'
henatona otaoosuua ao t f, ooorofiu"tudruo'r
nairu a'r n r r?su do s r o aI: ntund usi'r sI
"t nasduas'lra{ < firfrud
I
fiusliuor 2s28: 105-107)ornr:udos
d rrrrari'.r a1n11
Frontal Lobe.{- lnfinnruril6auuilas
t
a6flggraoa.ro{
et?1ilq1[ 6[0il
- nrrflnifiqgir'3 r tdu
Focal notor seizure
Adversive seizure
Status ePilePticusu v r\,lu- nfiuflddrrs lri t6
- !''raiouttz.t
- r"ro1d"tfi
- 01uao t tosTtn"lfi
frontal Iobe)v rvlu d- [}r lonau
' Intel Iect,ual inpairnent
. Menory defect
- crasp ref lex
- Motor apraxia
- Paraplegia
'HeniPlegia- Optic atrophY
- Blind eYe
- Motor aPhasia
I
C
Copyright by Mahidol University
27
Ica
st 1 tt 1l1l { 01n 11 a'ln 1?u 6to {t
I
Parietal Lobe - nrrf,nUUl sensory - Cortical asterengnosis
ep i lepsy
lrir ilr"tq"[un1r1uo - sensory aphasia
- Dressing .or.ir. ld;lf;oioii.rfrrffa
Geographical ,u"nlot, inattentionr
confus ion - 'tdtuffsirdnduoo rfiu.
t Visual inatt,ent ion
tt€o inattentionalhenianoPia)
- Sensory apraxia
- rfis body schene (las1zn
no.r parietal Lobe firtnflt
- rflg optokinetic nvstagnus
- Hononlmous inferior
quadrantanopia firunttfi'ut
- Gerstnannts strndrone
- Graphanesthesia
occipital Lobe - ffn uavrfnutds:sBu:vfri - HonorLvnous henianopia
iflash of lieht, fitr$:.lfiru tarsi nacular
sparing firrf,ultnno.r
rmaort6oqr
-'visual aginosia - Alexia
- d'nitriaon - riia optokinetic nystagmus
a
?Copyright by Mahidol University
28
{n 1ttr,llr { a1n11 O.|n"l.lUdc\i
kqporal Lobe - Tosporal lobe - Hononynous superlor
epilepsy quadrantanopia
autonat isn
psychonotor epilepsy Facial nunbness
r ilnr n6,a rJrn t isr{q{.
r na1$cu1n )
- Visual hallucination : Heniparesis
- auditory hallucina-t ion
- urcinate fit
I
n 1 1 r rld auurJa { r o {unAnfl 1}lt
oi- R'11r11r 6[A$
o1?$d$il?ilrru
- AuditorY aphasia
- llypersexuality
t Corpqs Ca}losun
ffi ;ffi:,:;.ffiil;;i::;:,"{rlruarrro
r iaud'railo{raldlfr
- il apraxia na'rilafra
- ldalr 11oilani oiion t.rfiirfigdrai air a
- irhadrr rrnfr r {'luu'r.r a dr.rfi1tau o.r
dnrlrod'rs r dar r du aan'1il ( copv I
o '1fi
Copyright by Mahidol University
29
t- Posterior
Cal Iosun
iu- [ua{11fl!Oilai-tn visual cortex- ilrsnrrfiasairu
posterior callosun lrtfi'rgudnrrrfirtflraqt'firl'fi
firlradruufisfranr.rfirufirgla.r visual f ield'tdoon
ae rr}|0.lorlnfi r fi a rfiun'ln1
I . er ?1ilfioilnG r fi g rfiun'l'lu t fir'tq : a sTtn atirafisda Sy lv ian
f issure {rlr afinnvuoad a'ruoifl s1d'[, *t o
z. nrrufioilnst'ro{druo r'rolrinaio'r srcnnocfrn :asTtnariuit rru
railrda syrvian fissure* B. ax1ilAoiln&rdarfiun.tltfi't
r{qtqitu l{ernicke's area - Arcuate
(Repet itionI nrtuodlarfia
fasciculus Brocats area
a
;i.ra{:au "l Rolandic sulcus usrfidnru?oil cl utr.rufifirj.ootro#'tlti
16 usifir$aridnrttariuanu?, .*fiffrJruut1rf;tltr
4. n.lrgota{ (spontaneous speech, n.tducfirtfitfionr:
lto[ 0.r'tfinria.r:aattofia.r rfioriaufit t{ernickens area'tfiuri prinarytl ..u
audit,ory area utarfru"lail:std'rnfi tilaruu?rrruiifiu l{ernieke's area
firtagTtorfio#.rud tternicke's area aon}J'[ul?trrusir{ 1 !a{?\rsT
n'rs1n1TUo t asfrnaoas t dHa
s. nrrrufioilnfi rornrur r iigu n'lu1 riieufinqc riis r dilo'[u{rleaii
fi aphasia rdrou.nnrsll?un1l"lunrt tiaufi a.rardan'rtyolrn tasTt"d
orirass.ln Broca's area tJ nryrt?isuorss"1drfiafi1fir-G. qrrufioilnfi r dsefiunT z"tflnrPr
6. L Cort ical deaf ness r fiocrnrosTteru? r rcu
prinary auditory cortex fi.rfs..rilr.r tfiT riiarfia{fir{rdsrrias
drt-rtnuiruqrndilastnufisld6s wernicke's area firuo:silulfifirha
i sldfi o rn-rr i fi rh snr1d163u r ila { a ti r { r 6srt'rlddrru r tn r fi T'lad ruoui o
r,ronaulfi nrz'lflnru',drudu f rdu n''luoro{ nrt'ondo{on $asn1'
riT u'lfi r fir"[q r fiuilnfio
Copyright by Mahidol University
30
t pnre word d.eaf ness r fioq1nTagl:ouB r erufifrolsio
auditory cortex fiu t+ernicke's area firlraldfirr.. i ,.1
finvruvEu'1 rtliiortfiu cortical deafness
wernicke's aphasia tfros'ln:osl:nfiui t rru
auditory associat,ion area ttio Wernibke's area ?t t fiuOutlfla'l{
'lnur0.0n1r"tfin1b.r {rlra* r franrs"lfin1r1nndfio 6o:lil r ilr"lanru'ruo r.rCI
sr.lil'til"tfi rLandalqn1illfi "til r ilr'lsnrra r fi8u fl'rr1^ro | 0.raoas firlrass
-qr!{r,ro"[6 tr a" n ri o s rr Eif, .r lil i r B s't$!u
6. 4 Conduct ion aPhas iah.-{q
r noqrntoS [1Anilt t 1$
arcuate f aseiculus firlraeolildrrurTnuogl11116 n11po t o{aoas tirlrs
r fi r'lqn.rprfiusiuoufi rr.ls'[ririast r to.$ uasiloldq6iosfin
6.5 Brocans aphasia rfroqrn:a81:nuttrru Broca's
area fiilrslto r o.:"tfifissa.su€01il1fi r an Eiruoon rfra{fi{uutu'nd'Torqlild u- s-
aiooao1fi usif,iilrar fir"tqnrr-rnnasil.rfion.o.rouaYfl'lu1riau zerufi'rHin
rr sir^to'tsia an
6.6 Aphenia rraiiou Broca's aphasia usi"lu Brocats
aphasia firlr8trt8tufiqilnfr "lu aphenia rteu1fiilnfr ru:1otilsrqilrv tfru
'lsilrcd.lnlrtff.rri r ?m6r?lJFmn1ruro usir Hu"tail:varnfi1rlilsrL? r ?ruFl?llorl
fl1rrfisutfiuilnfr
6.Tsupplenentarymotoraphasia(Transcorticalnotor afrhasiar rfiaraur"nl?Uo n,.,rilafinstfior1nfilridfrrdua rrsini:
"liln'rtraeir{du r rfiurjnfi -6. B Alexia without, agraphia r fioq'tnxosTzHrLt t rrufi
fiersiOr*rt,jr.l seconrlarl, r,is'al area uAy k'e.nickets area ril'[i4ti
rlr8r"[il r fir"l-on.rrr r 6su eiru6.r r "til"tfii uciodrsfiilrjnfi
t{lexia with agr.aphia: rTrJ,rarrjrrr"[sioanu.ay r fiau
13i"tfii rirortill-ds'1rnut t r,u angttlar g''r'us rrio word recognition
:-r re a
6.2
:vn'ir$ primarY
r fis{rrsildr ilr"tr
6.3
D
a
oCopyright by Mahidol University
31
{} 6.9 Transcortical aphasia tnaninE intact) tfiol
s"tnrdarfiu'lsilt"d'rrrdtdou:tr,t'irs l{ernicke's area fil Hordu
rre. firha1d t ffr"lqn'ryluouas'n1ur riau uanfiuilnfi {recognition I , s
drgdrurroniruoan riiasd't "l 1fi ud1il r tr"[s
6. 10 Transcortical sensory aphasia{<a
[ fl8n !IOrO
recoEnition area {rlrarn tiiaer'tu r fi'r"lqnrp, uolos I stf'lc R'lr1','ndl
u€af,uflau r?ianlrrfiauuasrilondolorq (nanins objectr ldld usir'le
o rtuav ei iu1fi10 sld r ilr'l,c
6.11 Noninal aPhasia r da r fiu'larltsdrnfi, dt*u.ntl .o
word recoEnition area 1:JE.t 1{ernicke's area {rftaevUonda1nn
1d1fi 1o r a.rld1fi uanrulfiuofldnriasfin orir.r6urlnd
6.12 Assobiative aEnosia without alexia rflarfru
word.tgiltsd'rndrda*rtra'ir'.r secondary visual cortex fiut ^- Y.vo , d r q
recosnition area ffilraqcuanflo1nqlillfi sei'r.riurlnd
6. 1g Visual agnosia lSsrfru'tar1ts6rndtdoHrtu'ir't
prinary fru secondary visual cortex firlralderu.,ou'nd'dooto
ilond ratoeiruds 't {rha1d r ilr"lqn,lrr r isuusin,lt'lt{oilna
r. nx'rilfioilnfinatntrgfiedu rT.I Global aphasia tfioqrnnrrlfiorJnfirtofio Brocats
uaE Ternicke's area fintfieqrnn,tlaofiur0{flaaot6aouo't niddle
cerebral firlrgfia1n'rtdrrufiufi$ Broca's $as t{ernicke's aphasia
6o uoldnriasr,r€arr.rn*slduo r aa uaold t fir1ufi.rn1p'll,lCIuasn1D'l r iau
7.2 Gerstnann,s syndrone tdrouanuBtru angular
supranarEinal gyri tt?r rru i'r9, 40) rfiuu?rt*dfituitnr:"lfl
f;on',*.""n'lrltiau ravn1p16luffnuzuodu 1 rdunrrrf,uffd ?og
t
a
$ac
n1t1
a
Ttou:' , r,u n,lai.rfiqrfir'Ifi r fioei r rufrorjnfir a.r { T ufi t fi arilo tfiuR'lD'l t fio r f,u
r' :tnolfira riauld"lfi (Agraphia) nrnriuotnltB0{ Gerstmann's dstjzcnoiloxa t ilau
cirueruld'lfi (lcalculia) eiruhioon tAlexiar ld!{nfir tFinser
Copyright by Mahidol University
a t Rieht- Ieft
32
disorientat,ion utaagnosia) unold?lrr-fl'rg
Al loche ir ia I
nrrnunu'io s r darfiunr:iui r Ct od
(Kenneth & Edcard 19793
(DeRenzi & SPinnler, cited
lfifrnrrfirlradileadr aI:nnr tdua s
n r r ,. un u.j o r'tun r r u a n iifiu o r "
r fi o s 1 n|: n n r t atru o s r f,ud rud r 619
zoz-zagl rqottut uasailudtaa{
in Kenneth & Edward 1979: 203)
fi raidlonT tiuft r * o sfrfi rsuuunodou
z oirtda Ishihara plates $asuililnodaun-rt{u{?idnffranfrtfiu uu'ir
r a.rfi il r adfi n r r ntnu.i o tn r t du a tlrieru r :nfi r u uuno doun r z{u{nlilL7%tu a s fi suu.ir r fi o fr'{rlr adfi , a slrntudH a tiln r r .,u rn n'i'rfi rle adfi t o a1t n'tu
dta.,rtnffra urnu.nfi iila{ua"nudt r' (}leadow' et ar" cited in
kenneth & Eduard 19792 204) lfi fi rn r :dntrTo sHunt rq rnr tlrund
$nsq1fl n 1tfi 't t nsr{rlr a t f,ut', arlnoa uu'i rn ? 1ililnud a t"[unr:?u! r t o sfrfiu
ifiug.r.no{rasl?n0{iidru occipitotenporal iunct ion
drunrrarunudo.l r da rfiunril ianfloifiu uoflclnuu'luunna
a'Ifl l Tsr luoaduHe r ao t tuiluaYdilur ao{ (DeRenzi & SPinnler'
dn
4a
ll
I
eiLed in Kennet,h & Edward 1979: 205t S'ruuqtu{rlradfinrruforlnfi
n.on.r*rR1s1 rngiud uacdia[n (Cleshuind & FusilIo, cited
in Kenneth & Edward Lslsz Zo7) lfiAnyl{rha Alexia d',rrfiufirJra
dlria.u.tn t fi r'[cnrsl t n au
, do oo.nfir^ts'lidn1ilfi r fi aaruo s
tai a {d t o a d ruufi .rfr 01fi ufi enfi l ei rulrilfi(lfsou i.re$ruisl{ zszs: 15r uu'j't
naiu o rnr zra.l A I ex ia fifi n'r z{U t danr:5u?fifiu t fluruau'ra1nn11nnfi 1a 1 a
oroA*,.sdrufi ,drHTa{rctl'irs visual cortex fiudrudrfiarilatfiunr'r
n r'.t ri r"frin r r fi 1 { 1un o .r fi s A a s d rulil rJ: s d rufiu il aqnii t fi o q r n n I r r fi ut t
1d a r u r z n d rlrtfi .r rtl o s d nfl 1 a"[ud ruiiri rrofi . d r d u,t n rii',l".lH
ICopyright by Mahidol University
33
o uuunodoudngrl6a raa{uoud ri{o r nad
fininina ro6ilniln raru !tD
/dCuqurnzlililUpa t$ilEu
'tudrs t taril'lcurru 30 ildoi ruru r1fifi n T r d rril o :cra'i'r sfin
inina T nfrilnfilurundn..rrl:cd1nina r"[unr zfinrT ilo4a r fi a efildru o'r fr r'lfi
R'l 1 il r il r'lq'tu, {, ., u.l . u f, ilfi ud t cu'i r'r drl o'r fi I
i.r t d u au"tq dt o o'|,*1.r.td r f, uo I a r "dd r alfi nu r :.r
o
rltufi r r ilrfildsu rofi ouoi r'r "l 1fi unsrfiasnrzsufinr,truano{orrufior]nfi
s a { du o sfifi si o1^tq6fl I 1ilu ac n e ru ?fi nfin6o I a suurd r fi arlrr r'lil il'r sfi sn e'r'
fiorlndno.r*uoslfiH'rnf;un'ir r6l. tircnr Anifiud 25242 241 lnn r fiu
(Golden 1926 : B2r-AZzr nair'ir'ludrs 25 idairu*r r*o'rnr'riq
rlzvdrnina rldiln rrildu'[qHrnffu iin'rzfinuruulnodauuacdo I a suilil
noda:rdd.r* I :niilqdan ? 1il{U t ?la n o tdu o't ua"diuuuno daldoud'rf o'i r {o
uililnodailisrrJ:sdrnina T ilaadoltunu ( HaIst,ead-Re itan Neur-
opsychological test batteryl d.rfierurloa f,a6fio (t947 ) uas
l:unu ( 1966 I ii.r.r*ac r ?i ao Ei ou"lun r :CI :rcrarn r rilfi oilnfi r o sdru o't ua:'
fiortr r flofiolfifi{ eo r rja{ r tud u si uilunedruf,lti t fiudilar'tilr rnfin
,ilro..n r fiuuuunoaoud'lt r rar'lunrtnodaturuil'1fl tjzsil'uu 4 Lz
dalru s il ?un I tnodouesfi a s t ilg t ra'luatri r'lili r adsu rn"lun rz'tilr-r?n rr
Gorden is"tfi oanuruurunodauilnddo-lzunu fiu'luri'tfifla'i'r uuunqdau
f,ndniol:unudofru (An abbreviated forn of the Halstead-Reitan
Neuropsychological Test I ?.rdrurtn"tt t rar"[unrznodauilzBll.'fu 1'
drT*,.r udfineurtofialfifi.r eG rrja{rtud rile{uoilsidrrurznuontfiruuris
iifi"r rGAnrurlfiat r 6 aoilo t qu r riT fiuuuunodauf,adoto"ttunuqo'traqi
"[unrzairsuuunodau Snlniolrunugofiuf, lnarduldfiotfion
uuunodaudu f rilrilrr1tlrno'fira 1o'fi rnrudnr:fiordan6o
l . uurnodoud'tdiun.tdo r fi anfia'r"lt r rar'lunrrdr tilunrt
ilrvrurru 1o urfirntoiloan'ir
t
I
ffi
15467
Copyright by Mahidol University
34
oz . u uilnodaildla f u r 6 a nfi a {ii rcuiln'l rlfi o"uuu r fiurj:fi a
( object ive )
s. uuunodaudlaiu r 6onfia.riinrrru r f,uiatc'tudr r a.rdqvdril1zfl
. ifisfianrrrutnr^rda { s a {du o.! od'r silne'rru r dofi al6adr.rfioa 7 o r rja{ r luo{
uurnodardo:il6nrao{uouri{ornad rf,u r 'tu a uuunodoud
16flnr16o r fion , ilro.rn'tfl r rnrdr r fiunrz r fia.r 4 urfi iirjr"ininru'lu
firuuunodoil t os 'tunttmzrciilqfisa?1ilunu'iasnrtdruot uAc r fiuuuu
noaord r fiuBdr"q rnu uunodrudr. arl r:n'tflnocau1fi"tut1o"udiit'r 4ff.ruoi
7ilfi.r80ilA uuunodaildorilfia r aa{uoud ri{o r nadfierurrurcrnn'lzf,s t non.rznl
so.!finc'syr*na'lnoao{?sBsu?fl ( Golden 19?8 : 1 ) dsuu'irfi'traqidlfiiiln'lz
finrrdrrur:n, iand.u nuilfi trn'j'rn r r d ruri rfifi rtida?i unn r n^ ( catte I 1,
cited in Golden 19783 1) r fiufirra srur darfiriltrngnrtt$tf;u, flu
, *, o u'r nuu'i r'[un'r : ri T ud'', fiuuoo u d ?ufi .riila ar ru r : n d rua o n1fiD
n?{$ ?n
nra"[u rt+ iurfi o*"dn.r, isnd.unilil.ira "1 fiufia.rtt I rar r f,u z r rir
douon, n^ lfitfiri r oiur a'i rn r r r dailTa otyra'i r.tn r tilo { t fiufiun T td ruri r!uu r flurruudo1ufifi 'tun*odn., , iand.unufrfiu t fiuaail rq rnn rrtdril 1 ?n
"lun'r z r ianunouonii"lurrfiun a.rindrfrn rsillilo1ufitslun rzairud rfiu r fiu
t arail1s1nflrrilnil!fifi arir.rq?sis"lur *o.rnrz tfiu uatnrteiru trrrrl(Brown, cited in Golden 19?831) tlu'iT fi.rrrfiqtiinr:flnnrtrtandoil
a ri'r.r n i r r n t'.1 fi 1il ar I r :n ri r lfi r € r t ri r fi un r t ni r uri r
lafiau (Ligon, cited in Golden 1978:1) 'tfirunala'irnrz
dn ''' t r t snt a;irlrlfiflrfi r u: rtflfi a sdrj:tn au t ot^rrvfie nair rd o ii r f,udr:r ord q { q . q d | -o,{----re,-- a u I
dunidfr r rion-u luszzudroE nrusnnlTo'lun''rf,uoaflua,ara{n1?alflr4oil1nn?''lq 4. q . 3 4! . H,.' - -:-^.J^!^r- -rgi-.^r--^4 o
o,'tq g I {ou?ufl auu r FIrn.t { ounr s o {uun'r ? o'turt 1s tdrrut rnilfurlt sraianrI
"tfi dru rnu ci't*ufirrffut dfiun r zfi nfi o o*t d", r l r 5rlun r t, i u nd ofrfiurt n'i rfi o
In o r r r sr 1o a o .r d il : r n CI il rt 1 .r B uni 6"[uff r n a t 6l t a s
Copyright by Mahidol University
35
C dOril ( Stroop, cited in Golden 1978 3 1) "lfinrru rfru
.i rn r rlu srnsi r s"[un r t r i and ofr ua c n 1 ? d'lud r r iof;u r ilo'r q rnn'l r&l 0 sfl fi a'r
, d a ulu.r fi ur.lfrfi i a ro oudua { n r.ruq6 n t l ilua ,l B a ri T s "luszu"dd'', t d oilla'rfiu
rJfrfria,rnolduotnr.ruqfin?1&l tfia.rari1.! rda? 6a nr:dru uns rdafinrr
nrrrfrtfiudrora.irsn.", iundrfr uaonrzdrudr do:ili.tlfidtrsuuunodou
f;uu.r do.iruuunodaudolrl6a t aa{uauol ri{o r n*d ( Stroop Colour and
Word Test)'lunr:{oriruuunodau.{outnfit 16fiurldlir "uo'i't trriiat"
"firttu" uac "tit.t" asuuuaiun'tuo18 urisrf,u 1o $n'l "l ns'
rirusiasdrnniurlfi rarafinfr loadd'tttilrifiuld'tdii t daefiuiorird
fitrl 1 durilir,,ro.l" qrnfirurffi.s;ifir riu ld"tdduo.r I druuuunodoldn
usiut flunT rfiruriuntritdrr,rdsilfiufiT r 6n 'l t darurnn t ildauurlas r fiu, o{to
uil r adiddnc l uac$ililnodorrafirdofi'r a t flun I zfirurld r r ignd oitlo a'lflufrn?il
ti r n rurir du-[q I o.ru uunoaolfi 6 a uqBn r rru r o.rfi nnnodou'lun T :Yirnodau
lurafi rdfi 6 r r € a n fl a ddld a a o e fi o .r fi lrafi n ild"lgt u,$ fiof, utrvfinnnadol
u si r fi o-lfi fi nnnodalni rudrrurznnirurirlfi r 6r r iiadrfiunnfirur$fi raufrniidr
d rddilur$u r n n'i r ei T ud r * . u.ii"[fl
-tun r : no d o u t r n'i r,.l
^.d'lil, t u nd a u n uil
fis E0 rilo{rtud n.rdorrrlr6ana{n.rrrtund'rdtaoatorir\iil1n rf,uola
et11.lnfl1?snrrdooun?n1ilfl?uscu'ia.rilfirLd'l (Golden 1978: 1)
ulunodoudozil6n r aa{uaud ri4o r nad lfi;unrrudu'lrurn
rrf?1y1:'tnnrzfinprz.r^ttdaoerrrutflug1.rosuuunodoufiu uu'ir $ilu
nocaufiilo r..,u, d rfi 01fi 4.r'|,un.l rn Bfl R ? lrunnsi'r szcr4'i r {uoan ( Jensen &
Rohwer 1960: .39-98i u^o.r.rufiorjnGra{unnn uatlunr:finrri{4fi.rfi
n I zfiruuunodouo:il6a r a o{u aud r i{o t nddlil'Iil"lun r:finyr r to {fl ?ulr?ut,
fl.lrn.l\ietrrudoua"terfinnru rto.riorr.raridn.ru unrn'rriilqfisfrrnrril
r fi r'fq r fi arfiuor.uuntd o tnrtdru o.t
tI
"ri'r01a"o10 0'l
I
tCopyright by Mahidol University
C
36
"[unrrfinrrn.rs6{rui0il:cdrnino.fir, dsrtrdlrrngluultl
e
a
"tun r zfiEu1 r tJu il Uil 1 6t r51u! 0.i u ililno da ildsr : il6a r n a { u oud r i {o
r nAdfiu r ilufi.rnr:fierur1iluuudcrdrlil1t1fi r f,ur1zc1aff
"lunr rfinrrcsudo s'lfi r fiun r ruuonsir ttuu.ioir.rf ( Go lden
1. ,irururasAdla
z. zrJuuurosd.r r tri4"til r duo"luunuddrud 2
g. nrtdr t duailonodau'i1n?1 r f,u'turruruourat'uu'frs
4. idnrt"lfintuuu
d.rloa*r1ilufir
1978: 3-61 fia
nodaldorgrlfia r ao{uoud r i{o r nddc!rn:c{u1fi r fre r.|fifi?atoaudua'{adr'r
il'Iufifi1o {n ?su1un 1rn'l {tI1tr. uasdaountnfir an rr r tanfl aii'lutt'6uio
drfin fi iun.r rnodour c fi o.rfi r.r'ruto a'ttrtfrfi ? a ro o lduo sfi sdo'r a d I t ( fl 'l I
ni rui rmrrfi r anr: r i andoii I nt ofi o sfi n r::v Suo tir sdo1ufrfr uavrjfrfiia'l
. natduo.t'tunrzni'ruri rfia sairun 1?n ?Uqil o rirsf;.r"[ ( Go lden 19?6a: 654-
658 )
e?.lrt r f,ur andnr,{nasuuunodoudnlrJ6a r aa{uoud ri{o r n*dfiu
oXid.ir drd r f,uiilfiuqr r ignf as'|,fi r frcrJflfi?arqorduosiln1uiifin.on.t. do
fi a sairun rzfi r t rur a { zsuuinil:trdrnins 1ua'l a1 a i1 {unsuan r railalilq T n
n?1Nr 6r'tunrzdrudruac riandotuKr rlfifi?ar'[unrzniruirdsrfiarfio'r
fiuda.r ( channels ) 'lu:ouuinrl:cdrn rruodlflfi?ar'lunrz ' iond'tiifiu
rflun:rurun15 d.rfiunT ronr:daoun?n?iln?uratulunodaudnzil6a r no{
u aud r i {o r nadfiuis t fiun r rnodaufi sn r r lrdrlr r zn n a'rrlnna'lun 1 ?u Bfl u ac
rora,i.rsd.,rrTrdrfiurirfiun..l,iandod firartr:nrirldfiudo.r'irunnadrrurtn
ruiuilfri?arstouduas6runr:druld uas rigndoiiunu o*od'luu.o"uffu
nrrzySlnrrdrudrccilrt dilnrUHuIr4a? uas,o'lqudo',rilfin?aroalduas
, r nu. fi o t flud r u a r n T z d rud aii u a r'|'uu't't n ri l rtfifi ? a ro a udua t rsH'i r { d r
uno?to11stirlrtr1o1ufiuluttanliloon (Golden 19?8 z t-21
::Juuug o.tuulnodoull
ICopyright by Mahidol University
a {rueufrd'tt
37
'tun r rdfi ru{u uunodoldor 1rl6a t a o {u aud r i {o t nad
fi sfiun T :rir r *uoddd{orire v o {-lu;rrInn,6an'lfi r flufirunudntz 'xrr 4 firi
,,
*sfifiefinrrt*du 4 fir gac?ctf,unrr
at
I
cr{ouznfiurJronaudraiifi.ruruo 5 ii siorrfifinr:fiur1Ioa-liliil g,a uta 5 A
(Golden 19?B3g) lnardu (colde; 1975a: 386-388) 16r:ttautiau
" innnodou loa'tt 3,4 ua:, s d u1',irlililnr1ilunnsir.ialafl1Tfl1sn1B0{0 s
arir.rfifiadrfiqnrsdifi.ryra'jrsnrznodrufio 3 uilil u*os'tfitfiu'i'r fl11
nodaufis 3 uilil si1sfiilnr1r rdsfia16'tunrtfir"tfi rfiownrasattcdoounrfl
1rlfl?u d.rfiuuuufi.i'radao t g il i.rnnrliurjts"lfi t f,uuuuno,daururettSru
:iluuuratd,: r ?r"[uuaiud fififinuruararirulfi'lt?is r tr'lutrlrrlu
sirs "t 1,unT :rirtduaunutuuuil'r?i rdu tfluzrJuuud,rndaufittfirfiu ?{nnil
,.{roru.adidfinc uavf,ryfinr,$dltifio..iluilrasirs 1 ufindrfig'lufl11
finrrfi r dadufiu'i r qruri.r na sddufi uratarJt rn4rLurafi riifiudaenfi a.rfiunrud'r
ra.rduuuaiufi r fiunr:*ironrnrrra'ir.riifiudr d.rfiun'r:drafir?i I f,unrz t dua
'turrlanu,rrrr{fiu uasrufi'rdoounrn rsu'ir.rri rfit?i r fiufiednrzdiltr,16. o;ifit
nofior..[fiudt-r"lfiddilrrn4uuuilrdae unrn zcu'i r sd rfiuii r urur tn'i.do.t
nrrrir r duoilono*ou loafirtJuuunodoudorlrl6a r ao{uoud r iiorngdilfinnrucilanodolrflu 10 x 10, 5 x 20 (10 urfiuri 10 tto? uau
b oofirurl zo un? ) unsfiirnr:nodoud t fiuuoonrjnfrqveiruLlnril$u?r?1$
ut o ei -lun \isr -,uuu.fi rfi1fi tsurl'i ridn r z d rufi .r z idfitir'tfi r fi owauonoi r.!
fiufi r s r finfi o, r ri.fiu usi'luff irLn r rnodouf,fi n r rru1ry r dara€oilo rruunudo s
qo rfiuru:rs.jriinrzn:y{onrcl-rB uufiud'ir.rilrrr uncfira,rrr^f,ioii
nrr6oau.irnrz-lfld.u ?rdofiranfi.rfiuuurailriir f,uii o."d. t irfirir r duofru
rsfia slrifin r ruuil .t an.t tnrPrfir a
finrrr6n{ (x) 4 fie 6a "xxxx"
na.rd',d,f,t d (ro{ riiae fi''',tul'l nasunudlfiddaoFr?1l6ulIU10 t oagt r
a nrsdruos r.ru'irlufl'l?tfionifid'''ufit fir'lfieirulilqrufl'l'1\t1ctfiqa,afioilaro
Copyright by Mahidol University
38
C.f;r, (Golden, cited in Silverstein 1965:6181 d'r{dnrrrdaefiu
$uunodau a {a ? 1il r Su,i r ruilnodaild r $uurr:grunr tiiilrgurfi o adqo r rird
rf,ulrtlfi 6ra rrqfilnu rfiu t.r6o rdan r a'l$uuyrocoudiidnrrus 5 nafiurl
Zo un r uaofi fun,r rnndouccfi s.i d 1un \t0t 1uuu"fi .t unsuiluno*atJfinr tfiilr$
n{ruun?uo1s nu'to I L"tzn x 11" d.rrfiunurodtil'ttouunodaudu 1 a{
ua?
iiin.r:"lfinBuuu nrr"[finnuuui z id"lraqi r 6a {urrar'[uo '4 - ,fi 100 ila uarnrrfi,,,irurufiodfirlfignfia.,r'tur.u.dn11n'r [ 6t?16[ilU?l
riruuo'lunr:nodoufi rdasifiiluondrsfiu'tufi s.rnoao{ ( oolden 19?8 : 3 )
uu,i r'tufi iun r rno do lilnfi lfi Ha fi saa..: o ri r s o snH rnfi r s nfi sfiu dsfiu-lun TlI
r 6an'lffi.rilsu r Sanifidtfinsuuu{rurutadlfignfi ot'lut rar as iurfi
rurr"lonrduara 1 odr.rfirsfiu 6o
' {o1. uuunodauiinruuo [ ?a'l Istl'lt Ii1s3s
unudasfiu lea*rlrtufirfinrs'lfltrar'lunrtfirnodou loo fis fis ro urfi
raia rs urflfiulrt t.rfiu"ie tSunrt tils t ear
ullllllgilOeA,9
Z. uilunodau aS iurfif,drlr:n'[fl1fifi..rnr:nodouuuunriu uau
3. fiodrn,ru 1oo ffo ccrfludrrranfrfrr-lfitiionrrufiuEa\i tq
'tufi5unr:noCoudinrrtunuia,snrsdltot rato unudatnrofiT udu
cc r f,udr, rqdfi 'r"[fi t ionerudufi a',r'[q r dil
dsiiaa"tfi r fionr:rlfir ctdqsfirgialil uas r fioflEHrdu r o'Iilil1
finurusuuunodalulnlS,tu
uuunoatouu.rrg.utqnetr.rf;uutontn loa lna rfiu- g. !t I
3s6-3881 uuunodouilrltvnsuoran:s,otr 3 u6lu
loa r dua t fiu s oo.r"uur.rfio $alas, 20 ffa t dr I
t
fiiunrznoeaudfinerrr!
Iv!u
( Goldenr.{
uoacuafuil1975a:
1oo fio
tCopyright by Mahidol University
{ , udud 1 ilztrnauHrgdti'l "$o'lo
firaufiniidr rtasfiuuuu{l ilufl lce,ttrl'lunrqoldiirirdu r 6n
" tilat' $ac *fir ttu"!u16|BIl2"x11"
39
qtUltt
nra'tu
uaiud z ilrsnoudratanedau 100 fio rdufiu usirf,uf,ednnl
ua"lddse
'luuaiud
uaiud s iltcnoufirairluudud r filrifirad'luuoiud z toadfi.r
q"nnfiur{fira
(l iilfio r uuo*ud z fir'lfirfiorfluta r rasuaiud g uaocoldfiritais?ildtu,i
I
rilxx fiuridrailue.r ?lriaruno?ifi.r rtu lrifidduuan,rilr..nil
nfio.rfiuilaneAau'luuaiud r 6ra tdrorirsrdu firfiane*sud 13
r rf,u o$e.*i,, fianeAoud rg tuusiud 2 fildlfifiilrifiratue.tr
ufilcsnnrirurardrwdrufiuuuuilsdsfia : ta r uuuaiud 1g
doqnfia.,!fiu
ifrnT tdrtilunrruusne doudoSrl6h r as{unud ri{e r nedf,Aur:ndr lfiunrlne dau
lfifi.,ruutr.laqnnn$auzran{l'lil r rnr'lunt:nedaurlrsur$ 5..8 uril nrr
rduauuunodaurflutloatzf,rduueiud 1, 2 uau 3 usifi.rfidsoilfifif,nT u
n4 r nrufr'lurifi auuuncdouo ir s t n dsn ie
qru*l fifi "lufl 'l I t f,uuuunedounr'oinina T
fiauarjnB (Nornative data)
{finrr r darfiuuuunodaudoSrl6a r ao{uaud r i{o r ndd uarariru
'tdua,r a ru rr a srufi ria r od auncir r d, o, uuil 10 i31us o \iuuunodau usifi fi "t
ldfi {'toua r s rr s d I sc? s i{drcfiour ilaladtatfi r f,utarau 10 1!1u ( st roop
norns I ld,iaqo t fiu'luu.inosgrluuu!o\tuuuno*su iitfir tilunrz raistd
nr:'lfinouuu (Jensen 1966:491 6.rfiu tqutdu (Jensen 19653
4oz-4a,+l t.rrirnrrfinrrloa"lilnr{rfirarirsdrf,ufinfinntudurl?ggrot
436 nu ut'irr?a1ro6adn{t6.ri'ro"iil'lunT :firuuunodas ilo ulunndou
n.r:nirudr (w) = gB.09'iu.fi uuunodounl?liands?il (c) = 68'24tCopyright by Mahidol University
40
{ iurfi ua'!, uuuncdoun,rrrtaniiaddlflfitr{dr (cw) = 10o.ge lurfl uac
i 1nn 1 1u1 d r f, il rlzcfin{*rf, ufiud d r aifi The product nonent
uu'irirdurttofinfcraflufiud rcil'ir'i w fiu c iiir r =
w fiu cw iiir r = .43 uas:sli'itt c fiu cw fiir r. =
.6G $ns "[un'rrHT irf,ililtsln{r"aomdfiu [u{tea{u31u (Brovernau,
cited. in Jensen 19BB: 491 islfirirnrzfinn'lufinfinrT luCdla fruild
ra.rinarfia{ruru gz nu uu'i'rfiirdlrltufinf*rf,ufiud = .74, .61
.?6 nudrdt ua"-lun{ru{ord,rdfrn:rata,sdnrtCrdurtuddra 35
nu d.rfinerrunndr.srrnnrirurnfisnT sfirut!rdunrrf,nnunsarilu tnririi
correlationa.52 ?cu?1{
I$Au
a ltoe
irf,lrlrcinf,etof,lfiud = .8o' .63 $as .81 nrudrdu
D
tnardu (Gotden le?B! G) lfizrurtufiagaUnfidlHrrnn'rr
0lnrisasnuro{uas!a..r{dudofiraed.rfiu tudo..1'[un"r.od 1) uu'i'r nta
q1no1 rAnr.rr. o" f s u a"1,uua r a giluuudrru r rndufiuld g.,r r d o r rtl au r fi au
'lundtara riiaefiu rrrn..nf, Golden d.r tfiufi',rnrriliunsuuu-lfi tuilrcd$ll
fiur33diloranotfiiun'1tned0undnsnu Toa I sursfiiunT :nedoudliaralrn
n.ir Id il uta drn'j'r t7 il fiofiti.o"unrtitc:rtr{nnuuulotfiiunltncdsu uu,i r n r r r fi n r o ad sd.,r r rad rficriiar nd adrcininrtr'tun r rri r s runr s
firundiln Tna r Hu t.r16tdus t nrufrnrtiliunuuuuratudaudr"roT ql{lu{fi0
nrr'liluuunndoudnlrldn r aa{uaud ri{a r nddXnofiu
eCopyright by Mahidol University
4t
t n1r1sd 1 nc$uu,*dunrouurnedaudnlrldnraa{uoudri{otnddlunT tnodott nra'lu[?41 +s iurfl
nvuuunairfir orir.r WORD COLOUR COLOUR WORD
Stroop ( 1935)
(N = 100) 11or 7!* 41*
Jensen ( 1965)
(N = 436) 11g* ?8* 45*a
Jensen ( 1965)
(N = 436) 1z1r 81* 51*
.u,dqnailo20a1{nil0'la4t
zcu'ir{ 15 45 il 108. 2 80.4 44 '7
nrilfirarir.rdfioT q
:cil'i'l.t 48 G4 il 99.6 75.8 38.8t
nriufirarirodfit.o GF 80 iConalli, et al. (1962) 93-?* 69.2* 27'2*
* ncuuu r uai'rf, rjrr r fi ufi r aidn r znrtnilndT cn { c 1n{'luruo *.tdti'tlfi'tu r ra r
t
46 iu'rfi
Copyright by Mahidol University
42
t n?1u rdafioldratuutnodaudorilda r aa{uaud r i{o r ndd
( ReI iabi I itY )
urunodotldorgrJfia r no{uaud ri{e r nad 1diunr:6uilu'iritnrrl
r fl afi old 4.r1d'i r : rtu nu r a { u ull nc d a u ? c r fl ulilo'to ua'ifid{frnrrdru'luqi
"lfl'lunr:ra1o11il , dr$unt suuune dalfifia iiino*oldr ( test retest
methodl rrurdu (Jensen 1965 z 4O2l firnrrfinrr'lunri*frradr'r 436
loauriraonrSu a n{n6rafiu 6a n{ldrads 50 nu lfitunrrri1uilil
no*oufir-ludrrrrardrsfiurilar 2-s urfi nrilfiaos 50 nu lHfunrt
noaauf;r'ludrstcac t ratirtfiu r {u uaonaiT d g 'iruru 336 eu lditt
nr:nodauf,r'ludr..r: vdv rrarvirsfiu r f,rtorri t qu t dutlu-i1tua!'dr\ira$
drr r.u.dfi.n.:nofouf;rfiu "^"rouudld?'-luueinodrulrifinrrruondrsfiua ri r.,rifi adr 6gn r s dfi fi uacs'lnn 1 ?u1n ? 1il t d afi oldlo aliliiirariT
f,HrtrrRnf drad*fiudtatuulnodauusiacdru u''iriin11il t ia6alfifis ' 86,
.Tg uas .21 uonlrnfi lnnrfiu (Golden 1975b: 502-5oO) 6"t1dfi1
nrsnodouulu:ranrirurrnneirfirsrirt 450 nu uu'irilnrrrtrfafialHfis
. g9, . 84 uag .73 untfirnrtnodal r f,u:1aune a"lunrilfiradrt 30 nu
uu.irilnrrurdafiald .86, .82 $av .73 uaotunrrnodalfr'ruuuzranair|nU
uas?.raunna tuqiunr:ncdal 60 nu uru'iriinz1tlrdafia16 '85"81 uau
. 69 d*o, r fiu16,i rfi n r Iuunnd T sfiu t ila s r 6nilaa r rirfru:tra'ir snrrud'fiud
no{uuilnodouudasd.u fio r d1l;truuunr:nodoudunnsir{fiu
uao'tunrzfinrrilrsininrulosulunedol Tnn r Hu ( oorden
1926b: GE4-GE?) ldne*au-lunaiudrodT s 1?6 nu iioT qt*do 28'86 il
rf,urudd'ta tzg nu ruetrafis 56 ail tcdunr:finrltadadatnfiu 12 nail
fi r o d r s nnnu1fi ilnr zno dorlo adau urnodaliniltcdrnina r r a "r ilaadelr
unurrufir 'lunrigfirarir.rf,finuunfi sr nu firhaiorRn 35 nu {rhadfi
ortr{ilt?latotdrua.rilnil'rg 40 nu {ilradilnru{Qrilasasdilasilnrrr31 nu uarfirlrafiilnrru{ur?larosdruatuuunzo.rufitlrt ag nu ndu
t fiearir.rfi.rraloldfiarrzuunnsir{fiu"lur{a'rrulet o1q aranrtfrnrruu'irnc$uu
Q
I
Copyright by Mahidol University
t
43
n 1 ?nodau! o.in6iilfi x a ri r.rfi n r rilunnsi r.ifiua d r siifi adr6gnT sdfi fi $ nsi 1n
n.rri r n: ror{uqnuq{r.lu'ir uutnodnudn 3rlfin r n o {u oud t i{e r ned drl I rn
u a n n ai u rJnfi a a n c 1 n n { u { il r adfi u a rB dn run r .r dl o .r1d o d T s il rl z u inin rufi t
BB. 9 r ila{ r tud uasdrr.rrnuanneirfirhsin t Rnoonq'lnneil{rhadiiuari
dnrunrsdlorlfifi.r Bz.9 r ila{ rtud dnfi.ruuune aoufiE.rA'lr1louan{rha
diiuarfi*nrunrtdrarfis s n6iil aanernfiulfiarir.rfirtrcininrufis 56'?
r rlo{ r lud ?o"^. rnnr zfinrrf,oco s'lfi r 6u'ir uuunodoldn 1rl6a r a o {u oud
r i {o r ncd dr u r :oiile da fi il r adiir.r a ridn ,runt s du a tld a i r.rii rt r"Rninrn
nrr'lfio"uuu ( Scoring )
uuunodaudmgrl6a r ao{uoud ri{o r ncd uri.rnT t'tfinuuuuaan t f,u
g dru 6a ns$uun1reiru,6r (w) rrtfiu{ruruiladfirlfiluusiuurn
. ncuuunlrilandail (c) rf,u{rurutadtrlaluuaiud 2 uau
r flu,irururad*rla'tuugiud g
ii.,run'aodrueniirtarnodal{rfiorilas aS iurfi druilo8euare
fi o"^. rd r fi of;uzrra'i r sn r zfi rnodailccldfi ut rlfi r a fi .tuf i r tofi oua refiqo
, f,ul.,^dri't'tfinsuuud.ur.ud", rda.r'rnfiqnnodaurt fio'tfirtafiu}ad
(Clo1den 1978:5)
n r :iilqdan r 1ilfi oilnfi I a.!dr a {1o au uunodoudn grtfia r a a {u aud r i {e r nld
uurnodaudn:rjfia r aa{uoud r i{o r nddnndrt'rlr'lil r fiur n*tofio
d ru il n z r qu 1 n ? 1 r unu.i a s n I .r aru o .rldd r ri r fi u r f, ud r url t B fl a u ! o \i I uune d a u
qolurjd'tto:rc6o r fi onn rruunuda snr tdr o { r uofiuulnodaudngrl6a r n o{
uaudri{ornedilnrrilrraurcdil fi ruzrrliltrar'tunrrnodalfiu'lilnoaau
1fiuffn:rd.rfifiiinrrflnnrz"6u#ufiu 1dfionfinr..rfiru{nusrrt uavdrruttn
urla r fiunrrrdrsdry r nrtlfiIoail:rdc.rnnrT urisarn (Clo}den 1978 3 9 )
e
ncuuufl 1r r iandsdd'lilfirur{rir ( cw)
t
aCopyright by Mahidol University
o
44
c.lnn1?Anr1ua1a .l ofiu 'lfitad.r r nn'ir firSadiinrruro t 6l
n r r dt o.r o r c r "
ii n r r il {rJ r fl g'lun r r d rui r.i r a'l u a v {rJ r ila"lun r rldr ru r rn
uandaflarirsqnfio.r d.rloafirlrJufir orw{rJrda rdarfilnrt;irud.fiu."
r dseta sfiun 11il.ro r 6u-[udt o.:intra n*rdn.t r ?andoiiarrrvgu r iila t duo
c rnii n r ru-re r 6u-[uat o riln I r r don,l ru unnr d o of, t fi un lulria'u r rnlufl 'l ?
!{nra€ouanunu?ll ratanr:uroriu'luAra.rilntrg d'o...*unuio.lf,r
otulddrtrzn'lunr:ilndounuddr*ua (oolden 1976: 6)
rr^f o r ?0t ( perret Lgl 4: 323-330 ) lfi'ltuuunodoudngrJ
allu
?
- ur dd I
nodoufrilr anrlnr rlufll^lro {! a'lto
e
n1 tsn t tdooun?n ?ufl 'luuuqc
1oa r quroodr.id',t g'l"tililnilda.r'[udposdruuilr
lnarfiu (Golden 19?6a: 654-6581 lfiri'rnrzncdailfiil"rdlfi
iuuro r 6rnrrdra.-r nuilnfiuacfirhsTzntn firauuunodaldn]rlfia t aa{uoud
ri{o r ned lna r fiu uu,i.r ncuuun.rrdruda?tfiulfiilnrtn?snunrc rfiau
a d r.rt rn"lu{rh adfi n1 ril'ro r 6u-luau a ofi .riln r r rua"ilnf r a u aseBuuun 1 IEi rud aii r fi a r o d r.,r r d a r fi aT u ,r rnu an nurlnfi u a s fi tl t odii o.. ufi oiln fi n T si n
o anc rnfi il. udlfi iuuro r {unr.rAry o.r1fi fi .r ta anr, 87 uasq 1fl fl 1 :Clnran *'r
t ilaru'rrnifief,a{rlead16iuu.r r 6rnrsdlaslfisrirtanfiosfisiaaac 84. 6%
lnn r fi u uu r nrudn r rfio3u{diin r rruunr^r'i a snr.rdu a sfi I aeuuuu? rnuuunodau
dqzrl6nrao{uoudri{otndd'ir asuuufl.ridT uit (c) triT fiu sa{tu?an'l
( cw)
rrirfiuratooiT n'i'r 25 qcudo.r'tfi rfiuorrrudqr?iaIasdua\t $ns rdurdaefiu
olr$uun.rrdrudr (w) r rirfiuutadrn'ir 75 usiuancrn t nrufinrrfiolufira
nouuuufi r uqdn z :r r a s{iun r rneda u'[un r :fi rulunodau fiiidrudr6tgd.o
6n r as{uaud ri4o r naddl:"andffuur-lud
aruo.16T u'tofiT uuts rfiasfirurdae fiuu'i'r
uAo.rara'tfi r fiuorirsilo r qu '[u{iun r rnoAoldfin'rz$S t ilaro tdu o 'rinilra
n.j.rfiu*e.r'[fi r fiusrerulnudotnosdro.'t acuuun1?niruHd'tiltttrfiir
a
'tilil:on ornr ziilsfia
Copyright by Mahidol University
I" ui. fiirnrzno*audldnouuunr:riruui'tu.n
45
3,( o'1fl?1
?
Eo ocuuu) o""d"ror.unrrdruililnfi$acncrtuu ctt rraiion'i'riln6 uro.r'lfi
r fiufi.rnrtil'lo [ 6unr{dila{uasrudo.to1fl 1: dys lexia firleaqsdruld r fir
"lquarlritilr'tenT rrriiau fiof drfr{flErXrilnfiuactnailnfil'rriau drruq
i'lnu[1Bdfl1un1tCrta'rd pariet,al lobe Hio'[u nininal brain
dysfunction rfia{adr{rdae iisrf,unrrulridrlT :n'lunr:dru fi.ttt."
r fio rdasq1nR1l1nflu.iarnrsn1Tf,{ t nn I u?1srdt naqarnus1fidn1u'[udlo.r
uililnodaildozrl6a r aa{uaud r i{o t n*d, f,u, o*.oilri'lltf rutsrrlldair.l
rurdT a'tunT z'tiliilcfiafirlra dyslexia fi.t-lur6nuaofi'traqi oonur.d,fiucgO
qrutt"6[1nrJtunT riilqdsornrt pure dyslexia 6anuuuu cw firfirl'lsrf,u
dys 1exia'fi qranzun ?u r da s r 6nfi o a rat a a'rcldfl nriln?u t a a'[unrtfi ruluU
nodau cu dsfrunsruuu cr'lnfirdssratatfiaurdrfiunt uuu c
ec$uunndrudr rrjuuuf,fincr r darffasfiunr:uro r 6l'[ueuo",rtn9s
fl.r afiistufinrilcn rrn ?c11a ( dif f use I uncfrnqcuu'iralanrrn rcrir t dua,
flrcaaonfio.rfiuflrgur'[un r:o an r iia { utan r tuofir,i rd.r , $un.rfr.d r'tu
droau rdgr nrtuof,rril ( Perseveration ) f, ullfiriaa'lufidradfinr:
finqcilrrnA'lu{ilradiin r rtunuia s r o sdr o s-lufinruu$ililnlcq1a ( dif f use )
* il1nn.j.l drufirlradiisrrruunudo{sosdila.rilnfl1a'[uzoscu?no1ils:zrudlfizd.otuu nril r duflcvilzrng'lfi r fiuilaa
esttull w rjnfi nc$uu c unsncuuu ." oia dnrructdufiuulrn! q ur d.rnao luaf il?anila?'urunudo.ono.sdruatilnrrr d.t t flt ,rtdti"t'lfi"tddrurrnuan
- t "
- " titi,,. "ti o1 t'r't n I t and
'filfi o ri r.r n n fi , o 4.,
FrE uuu w ilnd c rjn& usi ." d.nUnt*trduf,.ordarffotfiunrr
u,ror6udartosdru prefrontal lobe tilasadr.rrdar d'oat..ttf,unr.t
firuflraratafi.r z 6ru finrrucrdufic"uillfi.ira'tutcayfiurasarnr:dta.t{,. dsrfioffuludru prefrontal lobe uacdilosrfiar,dro..nn'rz"ttt 148
ouuuu
tl arfiorf,uren'lu1u (chronic drug abuse)
l1.1or6urotdruos'|,u frontal lobe ilnilrausinrildn"uuu'luqndrudlduf,
6.rfiuuuuno*oufiis r fiu
Copyright by Mahidol University
46
.. rlrsr1sr{'tunr:6inrrnrtsdra{ rdaltriouTs uaon'ildu t diln'rtuao\ioon
o 1qr"!,ulfi"luunoadiinr rttre r 6unr sdn, ou. ooudfiarnrrd 1oa r su,tu
"[ut" a" t Crufiurrd t ila.r r 6nfi aa
Rouuunndruilnfi nzilr lutldllcsuu rilasluqonarJnfi r ri'rfiu uo'
a i.r.rd s-[ur. odii".. rrfi o rjnfi '[urs 6u ri au ?s dr I'r z n n fi u6u r f, ulnfi lfi
n.l?'.lortufiu{rfieodrilasa*a.rin!'l'l loadrlilufirnouuudrjnfiisld
drr r:nu ann ?1ilunu'ia snr sdl o'rlfi usittu'i rn rtfiruulnoaoufiucciidru
:un rusi ourtfi n r :u r a sfi iun r tnodauo d T'rfi fi a irfiE 6.rfiu'lunrroiutanrs
i n r r tris { r r fi ufi o,,r i rfi rfi s n r rr unu d a r n r .ruqfi n z : rd{rl e au le { a an r 1 d r g
r fluihfig
uulnodot-t fiearir.r t du fi 'rfirlraiinrrlrisarnuiorirurn'tunrz dqrfi.tauri
a {dn ofirridgnfi o.rfi .r1 dro. o.ilu H rua r a'r ru6n fi u ao s'i rfi rh aiin r rIlnud a "t
a ri r r ruu :.s"tun I rno 1v aa d.r r f,ufinr"od, fi of;u' da'rr rniR r rllnud o { [ a \t
au r.rin o r. n.rrof, ',ri anr: a on t ilatn rufiutjd'rlrtn'lt r flu t tiu of,tfi
r fiufi .rn r rr rnud o r r a sdr a.otntr a n r :1dnruut,i ", t..oro',r-Ifi r fiufi 'sn r Iu
lil a r n .r t a a o nud a o r r 1 f, ufi a .r'lq u n s n'l z ilfr r ard e "
fi r n o d s usi nthai o dnrrut
o'r :run1 r fi a.,i r a fi a 1q q c, f,*, n{, otlf , fi ufr s o lr tfi o rjnfi nr.ri o r r d ul anr r o
i1, n.l?s.lo r 6unrsdlasadrr rdauufiu un"ToafrelrruXr{dfin'lrllnuda{n'l{
druararqudo.r'tfi r fiuarir.,rf,e r qu'ludrud rdarf,ua{arrdlil-lunrt t n*tul"r
unu o.lfl,lzdudo s a onn,r.rnrrru!fin
lnarfiu (Go1den t9z8: 101 iinrrrrfiu'iT {'ltuuunedau
dq:il6a r aa{u aud r i{e r nad nr ro tcufinfr.r fio{rfionr tnr:finrrno sfifu
nrrnodau uacfia{rfio'tu{TunrtnodouusiacTa firdufiuorqqstfioila
fi orn.ofru'[un r r"liliilcila n r rllnu'i o tnr tdru a stnfi r a
.tula
?nrzf,s r nouqfinz:r nrrH.r, nnddldEfid, f,.r t ne iinr:d{ilrafir
It
Copyright by Mahidol University
47
c n,l ? $ a nlr erfi r i o -{ rnn r rruiln r r nr t dru o t o a n ? ,ln a'l'lrtfi o rjnfi n r s
?CIrrfl
fi rJ r I i n r r d s y u.do.r a n n'lfi r fi ufi .r o r r ru unu d a s'[un "r z fi r u u uno d s u
dsrtil6n r ao{u aud r i{o r nad r da r rttau r fisufiunur.tnfi lrra r fiu t colden
t9T6a: 684-6EB r uu'irnriufirhais' t rddutrnfiruuunoaaul6 r durdarfiu
nail nurlnfi'lunndrun o',tuuunodou usi ssiinouuu r o6 sd rn'i'rlsrnailnfi o { 1o
r r.la{ r tud uau r dorJiunyuuu'lriad'[u?cuu T-score firhsto r rgfiqcfit<l
srcutlr4ofltrauorvfiu nsuilu t-score d aO f,rlraiorrrdfrnssiias,ruu w
d'r nv$ull c rjnfir,rtadsn'irrjnfi uavnsruu cu ti'', dsfinrrutrdufrqouu
fiagH1n'[u{rhaiiiluaridnrunrsduas lnn r fiu ffsuu'irnouuu c rilg".l
rirfi.sfiarrurrnuan{rlrsisr r rdaanq'rn{rlaaiifir.ra,rEdnrilnr.rrla',rlfffr'-r 83
r rla d r gud i{n6i r 116'i ruuunqdauda grJfia r a s {u aud r i{o r rradfirtn za'Ifr
"tfi 'luugr er n nn erudfi il, o.r fr eri r r fi uI r nt o r r du a g sl a ! o { n s, uuudlfi d.a'[un. trt
u s q- g fr Yugq5fu?ucoa ltn lq
u si a.sd tJt t 1 ps{1v fl 1 ttudod." r fi uoild: :osi an r t fi ruuunodstt
do:rjfiarao{uaudii{orndd rutsuuunodauioil:sdrninardt fr da t'la
q 1nn r r'lils r n r r'[il a'r{ -ril'luil 1n a r qfi r'tfi r fi on r rtfi artnfi "lun r tfi r s run o s
dil 0.r d.rqofi l.r n'lfi nsuuun r rnodoufi ar,ra rcr1fi usi ari r sl:fi *.nt"i t fi a q rn
nr:'[flsrqo r f,uarir ils{drr,trr r rirfius
urnuundil'lta rd rfi.rfi.r fia'irfiot
(Golden 1978r 10);,6rsdr.rfirJra (Golden 19?8: lo-11)
{rJrarrafi r {rhafirvfiu IQ = r35 firhafinrrrudrurn"lunr:
ilA.ilA.riulnallirl:'in4dr rustu'I, flur':ar 6 tdau n,lsnod.ounr.riotinarln
odr suu'j rfirh a r fiur]nfi sn r iuuunnodaudorgrJda r n s {u aud r i {o r ncd 'f o
lfiorpuuu w = 80, s = 75, cu = 22 finrrustduf,raua'lfit$uearufisr
dnfirotdlltatdru front,al lobe {rJealfigndtuuuund rtrtiltvdtninsT
, fi ,lt6;un,lisri rsuu'i'li, fi ,orn r fi ofiu"luata tdru pre-l'rontal ilrrflrs
a
a
ICopyright by Mahidol University
C
48
ffrlrs:1ad z {rJeatf,ut6naTa LZ il rfiurlnfinnarir'rrioudc"
rfioqiifi ruqnr.:rnaud fle1fiu{rhafiarnr: dyslexia t drulrir tr'lq tul'lu
ld t ilr'[cn1r..t r i au I {rlr aldnu$uul1nfl r ttirulunodaudonrl6a r a o {u sud
ri{orn6d 6o w = z?, c = 54, ctl = 46 d.:'ludnruordutlil{rtf,uct
fia.rf,[oil,..rrrcrres.irrflu dyslexia tfisf,[u?1!,nsuuu ctr nt:qsd't
n,ir I t.r arq r f,uCul61'ruld'i roreeoiiilgurn'l\ia 1'ild r trrr r drrilo'r il1n
n,i.r r fi o ilrgu r n I { n 1 I r i au{ n r z fi r fi o tnrr q c d r aiiufruld
{rhazrad s firhagndstrtilarlrttfiuatanrtiot1tcd,..ninar
uuirnouuilsa{uilunodaudogrJfinraa{uaudri{orned rflu " = 2, c =
zo, ch, = tz' dsdr'tunndru uae s'lfirfiufisnmuunudasrosdla'rdfie
nroq1sfrrlil (diffuse braiul'tutrnrdolruuninrsil:sdrninarl6fir
nrzsttrqfi.o,.{,ooaufir r oa{ uu'ir1fiHafiuilufiuuuilnodoudsl*lfia r aa{
uoudri{ornad uasrfi ilr a r. oilldiun r riilcds'i r r f,u Alzheiner's
DiseaseI --. Y-.^. w
.ffrhanad a {rlralfiiunrzgi'ldotfiatanlatdla's dru frontal
tenporal - parietal tnnrr rdafirnr:nodorfirauililnedoudntrl
darna4uoudri{ornddufi.rqrnnrrairfio il:rnanuuuuaanill 60 w - 43,
c=Ztrcw=L4O firJrarrad s ilrlrarfiurdno.rq 14 il iiornrz pure dyslexia
uu'irfinsu;;;;;";tt",ouunoo'uaofi " ] 8' c = 45' cu = 75 finrilc
firJaat,rad o firleanndslr rfio'lfiiilqdauanTtnrtu'irt1rnin r nn
fiuo r rilfi orln6nr.rdil a,r uu.i ,lcrnn r:fi ruuunodaldo lrjfia r n a {u aud r i{an,{-
rndd iin"uuu W = 4O, C = 43, CI{ = 38 l.rnnsuuurraririlfioRu'ir
firhsrf,ul:niornn d s si a ru rn r gfl dsld iun r rilufiur r n uun d n r .': tl ts drn
?
r duf,uulHloade1il1un'rto??1 ,6nd r f,u dvs lexia
a
inarua"iouund
Copyright by Mahidol University
49
fi rle a n n no da r t d, n r.., *^dr^'r t ufi a q rn o fifi t Hule firlaat'rad z
c
nr'rilunnsi.oddtur iu'luaratrosdrauaoraQt t{fiu
84-7 2'
fiufiuiiru ruruufi r fi .,fi , f,u r urrndr auavuf, liifinrruodunn0i r sfiufi s'[usu'lo
n rrr6e d'irdu a s no tdrauaurafisiiln:.rair.rduornsir 'l
drtcrn {fitfi{drauac.
fiuufir {"0u
a
a
nrsdros r da r ilriau uu'ilnsuuura{uuilnodaudn1il6a r ao{uaud r i{o t nco{
ari"lu,nrufilntsfi{uuo 6o ilzcilril 50 arasln$ililnedountstoingr dilo6ua
fiia, u.A. anfi { fiu an r luE.riiilrgrarn r rfi 1un 1 I, od oulurdsldrtnfi {rh an'
rcililn ?1ilfio r fiu:Jnfro rqrriin r rudo s a anfito rrllddllr-lunrtfiruuunodau
u sifi r fiudnrrut r a r n'l rilnu'i a t r o s dl a t'Lu: t dlil 1 \i I u1 lri u *e'rfi 'rn : 1 il ci o
ilnfi'ludt a stnir a rai a ii ara q e fl fl ?c u?ufl r r r d a r fi ln..tr#',tl.
nrrl8rfiqrasnrrilunneirsnr.i tt Fl a1a uaYrsfiunrrfrnrr
1. nrrrusrndrs:t r4'j'l.i t ufl
1.1
urfifiErlna zs29zt
grJdr.r $ilror uauilnil1nn1$[urf uaudton (Lansdel
r,r:fifierrlqn zszs: 641 frnprnultdlfi;unrtsirfioduat uu'ir
u6,r fi rlfiiu'ro r {uqurir'lfi r fioerr-ru, irun.,.rcuo.rdnfira .l
arirstror{r aroodfr (Lacost ilrsqrn {fiufintrinar ilrs'iT drurot corpus cal losun
evil n r :{rJ r iia T r a u s tfi a a n'i r fi d r a u n o'tulruodd. ro u or0',rii uurtfi ildqo"lil
Ar a.rilnl,oilnuil.r u r n n'i rd ntnfiu'tus ruu r.r H rud r d a r fi un r :'tfl nrur {r0o
g rufiauer'ltaro.:dninufrsirildra urun1nau ( McGlone drsrrn {frun:fifiurlqa zszs: 6sl uu'irrdioiinrrt?larnra'lucruosilnt'ra t toiu'lufiru
nr:'ltnrprl rrfir"lfi rfie aphasia torrlfioilnfi'lufirunrtloratanrr'tfl
R'lr1 I "tufirafrs1dfiosn'irfidra
finrruvertrruunndl{n1{ r r^refifi airtzrallnaranu'ir dlo.rfisdo.r
dn no.rfiufu sfi rrafi rfi r fi a e to sfiun r zlflR1s1 n r rfinurnr tnrrrit r f,ulrt
r.rrfifierrlna zszg: 66 )
d.r r f,ufi e r d auudn rcr4'i r.t
Copyright by Mahidol University
t
50
ilnAru o.rfi sf a.rtn'lufiraft sru'luqin'i T l a s {l -r a r 5nfi a a uatuu'i r'[udil o't g o {
{rafr .rfiu drud r d a rfi un.r r'tfl n1rrq" ri au1ilnr sdruufi r s s sdl o s ( Anter ior )
uavo{drsqrndrurar parietal lobe uao'lu{rafi{sctluol1rfiorjnfi'lu
firunr:"tilnrur'tfiilaa
crnnrrfinrr r our"'tur{ro r f r{flrXrgr uu'iT 'lu{ufitoreetitnT :
io zc r ilalrail.rd1udr o,rd r fiulrto ri r rn rsio n rc c r ail rnn'i r ra€ ofi o s n'i rui a
r ri.rfiu r d o r fi sufitdr or r a rfi dT a udfi rnrirefi .,r r io t r dsrfiun1?uoua!'n1 ?
d y ----*- , . "-firsfifiruilrfirdarfiurtaof, cciotcrilatr ndou [urrasria uil?'l6ttla{ra{Hn -
railrd'luaurod, nrsn5iilfiu urnn.irdrarratfidrg ii.r r fludeudfir'Lfi r 6n
rafi .rvrolfi r {rn.i r o an r ?lasdn'ir unoiin'r?o ?ilnilnfi rru r f, afio t 6n1fidn'i T
,.rno. ntn r t {o tc r fi amafi rd'luAl a sdu n n si r'r fiufiu a r c r c drufiud
fililCI:rfieru1fl1rna{i'rtnradrtriauuatufi'rrirrilo rai (Levy ilr'rqrn
Afiu u:frfierrlna zszs: 691 lfi'lfineru rfiu'i'r dnrrnrtrfiuToro{ilndras
fis"lut.rauarraf,.riiorrruunnoi'rsfiu ilnarosfiruflra'tufir,rQ.rrofinrtfierur t 6r
n'ir uao'lufidradilostnnttcs,fi$ur r {rn'ir 6.r#u r 6nuft ',rr t!i n e rl afio-lu
finron r r'lili rr,ro dru r 6nd r aqcfi n r rr nfio'tufi nuod r d a rfiuto acn.1 \i
+
+
ilnil1nfla{go{TiluruC fi r flurta.rirdrg nrrgdrruT zndrdr.
fi 11v su11 s r a.r{r,rfr .r o r quilr r ld aulrtr4n .l t 6l aun rt zcdun r t r ild auurla'r
r o s aa {fu u r urt'tun ruu dTnfi or 6 a{raQ.sevfi rnvuuulfid'tude sdfi Estrogen
a qi"tu:oduti "'dqo'[unr {n t sfiut rrufi T i g a {IHu r ueraft 'r
a riluts'dud'l {'0ossrirosuuurdarfiufiflssfllrro*ou1"r (Motor skitl) 1fi6
t. 2 srrriluonsirs:cr4'i'l'l rurod rdarfiunrrildr r {c
nrdtfia (castre ilrsrrn iinturil TnuRu{ uac
{rrilar dr.rTgfi 2ble: 55t lfi:rutrur.odrrflndfidor?la'r'[uartudr'rr
{ruru 868 cru 1ur4n:uduarq uu'ir {ufrsdrurrnildot?latnrtnrttiiauru r n n'i r o rtr,rdu r u a s q 1 n n 1 :fi nr r d rulraqid r d e r fi un r r r f, l q n#" a n 1 { fl 'l t
au iau rJr rn4.i r r dnraft t r t au'tulr s r i au16dn'i r r 6nlr a 1o s r or.rro'luidr
Copyright by Mahidol University
e
51
n1s1d{nqD n,lidunedx fl,1?riauuauaarl drutdndrafirnouuuldd'tu
it.rnfrsrst,rdn{ rl:s{fielren{ nfier*n{ uasina'lelr*n{
1. 3 nrruuornoirtrvra,irs rud-lunrrrtd'rlrzndl6iunrtnedan
'tud.run r rud.rn rrnfi r dr r ducrrr,dlil ..trl t da rfiunr r
'tilfi a a 6 r c r n :u duTan r z nfi 'r ta{'lurg rl t r n4'i r r ueluQ"r u do { a o n n 1 { fi a a ri r
16arirsadrrdto uarndotunrirn'irtuefd'ts tgalri{n' $au rarj6u
(Herzberg & Lepkin ilrrqrn iiq:urfi inruiud ua!' {rrilgz drt1ffi
ZSL': E8l uu.ir r finrn6s:rduiisarnaurlnrg ( 01a 16, tT , 18 ilr
lfiaruuusrnnrtnodou Verbal Fluencv {sn'irrdngrasdrsrfiulfif,c
r 6nufi.rorq L7 il iiuuelfiufrre cuuudfiron.ro?1tr t *rl6dn'iT ii"lo"" t f,u
r u:rs.ir r dnufi.r r iauuofirueiarqfiaan'i r drur rnuelfidn'ir fio dr''rfiaa
n'i r-luttn'i r.rri au r ilr1r s r i au
deu'tufirun rrtdtr r:nnr tnfrnrtrdur{ uao'drun rtfioiunr rn
frufiudna.r?caunl{ {lT aevfirlfidn'ir{rafi'r
'tu6.run r rrudru I :nnr sfi ruBailc n r rttdrl r :n r d s rfiue r runri a s
unri r-[unrr'lilii ouarfir ununrrildrl r zn-lun T riu!:raa, t dae ad rs:re t {r
rr.rdufiseufirlfidn.i.r rileldrs tiisr:uril neruRu{ unc{r rilar drsTlfi
2519: 59-60 )
iin r zdnrrddoonfia.rfiuuar aofiu'i r{ufi.rfifinrc"lunr r r t and'aiil
d{n,irdra nrtfinrrla.r 1afiou (Ligon, cited in Golden 19783 8)
uao s"lfi r fiufi ssr r ruuonOi r.i o ri.r siifi adrdrgnr sdif i r firafi s a T a :cu'i r { 6- 1 6
il drur:nfirnvuuu c 1da.rn'irfigratu:sfiuarardaefiu dntil (stroop'
cited in Golden 1978: 8) fiuunrrlrrnnsirsolir':iifiafrrdrgnT sefifi'lu
nr:firuuunodau rcl4ir{finttaudra uavufl.rfitiauroduinarfia uau
crnnr:frns1ro{tqutdu (.Jensen, cited in Golden 19?8: 8l d'r
nodou-lunrirufirori'rr firird.rfinrrtvdurlirgEreri{ruru 436 au uu'ir
:ura.irsruetuncn.rrrisnfladfiri'rdrurJrvAn#A*f,utrrd .23 drvdlfiadrfirg
nr.rafifid . o 1
?
a
aCopyright by Mahidol University
d
dn
I
52
?unllfinrluilunodoudru u rltrn4'irfi.rnT rflnp1!a\i Ligon
( 1932 ) r^t I 1 I 1 il Anr li .r {rafi r ri r n o u uuld g.r n'i r {l r a rai a n r : fi n r 1 n o \i
dorgr.l (1935) riutdu (1965) uac tcurduuat1rrra{ (1966)
ilrcdun r rrufir r uarrgnoiiu r uzroliliin 1?Anr1flfilluuzra { 1ufi{n ?'lrBon
si'l.izcu'i1s t uel'luuuilnodau !t adr{fifiadrfirgnr.rafifi
unr'lun r rfintrn r rruuonsi r's r o tn r rriruuunodou clt
rudfiu'tu:ra"urndrirnrtfinrrlriulnrrilunndrodf,t r eu der1il
U
!a.,ifi{ 2
( 1935 )
?
uu'iriinrrluonsiT .rfiaail1fl unoldiifiadrdrgnr.rdfrfi nr{c r ua{ u.toudwl
(Gardner, et al., cited, in Golden t9?8: B) dnurriasnT:-[fl
r rar'tunrzrirurunodou cw fiuu'irldiorrrunndr{zct4'ir',i t uddrauac
raft .r o ri'r'rfi fi a dr6qnT .rcfi fi
'tutts"siour tuattorfi (Perretti, cited in Golden
19?83 B) 16dnrT'tuillra SO nu uauuftf 50 nu uu'irntuuu,*drnro
uUlnodol cw '[urrdr6. = 48.2 uao-tutugld'ls = 55.1 UatUU'irii. t ds q u .q-d s
Fl ?'lilU 0fl Sl 1 { A I 1 \iiluB 5[1 nQn,l { fl nAil?uO U . o t lunrziilnn'l?sauutnio{
19?83 B) ldfirnrznoas{'tutt,o [ ?04 (Perretti, cited in Golden
neildrorirtdraunuufut s nritarq6o finriaufruilrcnilfinn finttaufru
fisaufinrr uacfindnrrtlrduina'rda uu'irlur1nn{l{ufr',rrirnuuutl c}, ld6n'iT dra udnrrruuonsiT .rduufiuliliifisdrdrgn,',rdfifi
Tnardu (Golden 19?8: 8) lfi'lfluuunodoldntil6arao{uaud
ri{ornad nodoufinfinrlzcduinalfis ruduQ.,r I17 nu tuefdra LOZ nu
1o anodauuuundru uu'i'rfinrriluernsi'l { a ri'r sldiifiadrdrgn'r.rafifi :sru'i r s
rueldraua"ufi.r'tunr:firnodouulunodounr:drudr (w) sir tdf = 2!7 $aguililnodounrtrianda?i (c) rir t = 1.86r
usir^ruo r lilunnsir r o rir.riifiadrdgnr.r*fifi'luuuunodoufl'r 1 ] iund adiililfiuri
eir (cw) rir t = L.g7, df = 217 lnnrdu (Golden 1978: 8) i.r
'|'fiil0fl..r r ncrir fierrrtunnsi'ls:cu'irt turldra Iilas t 6nfioa'tunrtriruut
t
=
df
1. 33,
= 2L7
ICopyright by Mahidol University
53
? nodaudogrJda rna{uoud ri{o rn6d unofisufi'irrrilfiadrdrgnrtdifi usiqs
ldiin rrldrdrgnr sdruniin ut o s rudrilnoa 0 \i
2. nrriluslnoi r s:s,14'i'l sara
E.r q r f,ua sdrt:u n a ur,ldrn r ril rina r diidau{orrpflfi r t rn{l
r il'rurnari1 {}t a { r fiuf,o"lunrruuondr.rfiu dtd{i{adT r r iauu'l'luil 11 3o
riiort'ril {uuiu{ uas{.rrilar d.rsTrfi zsle z 7$ lfiqafriln?1lile?rg
rfiuln oonrfiu s f;uda
n. r"aniar6n (cbildhoodl tf,utoat,'ru.d,finfiflinoqid
fiauuasfiotdtntaunir
e. ?u8un2'lufiun.r (stabllization) 01q 28-50 ll ttl
,o uoduroafi r.,r rudrdrU r u.ndqo u ac ?u8edouds r fludru'lnr:i
{. lvasrdurfi,r{Tadra (decline) 01q 50-65 il rflu
dr{zsassa{n1i r rJdauurJa.,rdqonnlf,Teu?ail:c r fiudsd r rrlfiflandr r 6q -
rurufir $as r duffinfi.reruqi.r'irilinilnsu r ro{rfin
i. zlrasfin'$'lu (retirenent) s1q es ilf;ulrt
t qnnngn{rfie'[fiuao.rfienr:rufiaaas fintutilnldqnfiueion'r?{1tl
ilisrdairurr'[ua6o uasaauiunralc?.$'[t,*tod rdarfiuor1ilo1I
z. r nrruunndl {n1{o'1a'lutufiu r rr{ilrgrxr'*rlrr
r3{n (Yerkes drsqrn iiorurd {nruiud uag
E. :,racnrZfiruUef,rtat (self-deternination) O1q
L? -zB il d.r r f,uda.rdqo"unrodaiaiudanrtf rrrqficntrril t lafiotnrt
ita?uilinras t t1 unnnl:dturf,r r a't
,
I
e. ?ugun2'lllfiunt (Stabllization) riu
g?n8!ril
oaaillu
{r rilgr
fi.,ruoiorq
dr.r1tfi zs:s; 6? I lfi?lnur r tr{ilrgrgrla{ t u*g.radiitsduatadrs"l
18-60 il 'irurU 15,385 nu Toa'lf,uuunodau Arny Alpha
Scores 1lil.j 1q nuilu, *d, n, o t I r { ilrgrgr aen { q 1n fl riI 1n n a a r qfi o addclrtfi 'r
t
u.uo.nddt!tq
Copyright by Mahidol University
54
o Iru* uao
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cross sectional tiinzurfi lnruRud uas ,irriia: dr.rlrfi 2819:
73)
aCopyright by Mahidol University
55
oz. 2 nx1iluond1.,i?cr4'i'l.larq"Lunrrrudrurtnfi t dr
hnd un"haf (Miles & t{iles ilr{crn tioruril
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conparison) orudrrttodrufinrsn,t?rodtul"', (notor skills)unsnrrrdrur:nfirunrriuinrsdrsnr tvisual pereption) fitgil
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aoasairstro t 6r
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a Judgement and. Comparison
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a nr:dnrr'[u?sscu?n r darfiilora fiunrrru r €'l'lunrt t tandauao
n'rrdrudr rirloalnfiou (Ligon, "itja in Golden 19283 6) Tosr
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aCopyright by Mahidol University
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o iun ..,rnqdrudfi r. qu rnsoiin r:non os$aveciio r rudrru r:n'[unrz{ ruunu an
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,trr."i*efio , t* , iuna r iar r flr.fi", riar "luurunoaoud r f,ufi
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oCopyright by Mahidol University
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a -' r a '-ri.f,nra1u'lq( 19G3 t 6o'irfifln'rzne doufio'lail'lnqsuodt tu o{uu
d r anrut.r , fiur^d r irfrue 1flfl ?uu'lun. rfi
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n r zfi nursi a1il usifi {ufi 'i r il olndlA ;o1ri r f,uno' rXrufi rlz T n4'i r u uuno dau
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dunuf,u uat"uir, 'l (Stanton, €t al-, l9E4: 311-318)
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a z . z firhafi a.rldirtrrlfr nrr r 6urJranrsdruo s
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aCopyright by Mahidol University
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a
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ri r uurri r'[un r r fi r u u.une d o udrufi n fi r a fi tu uuno d o udrun r z d ru
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tas iurfir
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n r r fi T u ulno doudrufi nH r afi uAa t druu zndti't, *f c1ilu fi r r ila.ru si
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rr?rlrlrlnfiuild r {ruru 10 r1a ufirrarrirflurJt"indar,rffrufiud log'lflid
{.t d1 . n 1:u'ln? ru t ilofruuaso? 1tt t ia so:.1no {uililnodottdoltlt
Copyright by Mahidol University
67
Iuri'rflnrltuinf rudrfiud r fia{f,ulu:dnTl r lrud
Correlation Coefficient = r = )
( Pearson Product Monent'
lfiriT drurtruRnCaufrufiudna.ruuunadsu nr:riru6T (v)
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tNExz t*:t ) tN€yz <Bylzl
= 0.925
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1. z riruuune dsudnzrl6n , ^a{uaud
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25
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96.6? riT Specificity = 2t.87
uuunoarordrunr:,trndafrd'liltr{rir (cw) iiirsensitivit,y = 96.6? ri'r specif icity 53.33
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specif icity'[uuuunedauudasdeuAsfi 6o
uuunadoudrunrtdruir (w) firir sensitivity =
c
Copyright by Mahidol University
68
t z. L 6o r 6annriuf,rodr.r ToafinurcrnuuuiiufinfiouafirhaTS
sosTrtualil,ta ii'.rairunrriilrfiaqrnuund utanrzslrrriilcila6rat o{.o
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z. s f,runru${rha'[ur to.rfi agafrrh rlrlrTBdrudrd rdartas
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loa'tfliiiurirf,uilrsrRnfauf,rfiudrfia{Hu lurdn fu rrud (pearson product
!{onent Correlation Coeff icient = r = )
N €xy (€xt t €vttttZxz tQxlt ) {Nfyz <9ylzt
2x fio r.rn??ilso{iloqndtelfiqrndruilr x
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2y" 6a uat?il.noddrfi.rdo.,rna.rtaqaerndruilt y
N 6o {ru'lufiararaia{ruaunutuneiruf,rarirs
a
ICopyright by Mahidol University
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' z. n1 ?H1Fi1n ? "trt t du om o o, sulunodaildoril6a r a a{rr aud r iio-
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9l
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4. n,rifinu'rc?1rtuo.nor1{no{eu$uufi{ g druro'rfirJeadiiilari
dnrunrsdra.r fil{rhalilriiruridnrunr{dilas loaltifinrirufiuuuiu{(llatch pair t-test,)
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idnrzno\i scheffe (S-nethod)
tCopyright by Mahidol University
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ldst ttl
tn r ruunnd r s t"ra'i r s r qd ausia"ci
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qrsgafl1r?qsn?{u r uufl'lrdnyr r rjial t fiauatnnttne douzt ra'ir.rfirlrsd
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f . irrirrsrluln?'l1riafio16 (Reliabitity) !o.tuuunodau
dq:rjdn,no{uoudri{orn*dfi.r s dru tdrun'rreirudr drunrtttandatlI
unsdrunr: r tsndoddlffiutiri-', r
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Copyright by Mahidol University
+
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3. r rliau tfiauunnrtnodalfilfiqlnn'ttfituuunodaudnlrlda r aa{-
ruoud ri:d r nddfi s g dru :yu'ir.rfiilradfir^laridnrunrtdlratua"firlradlil
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ridn rtrn r t dru a s
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nrsdua.,r{1u?u I t'rs ifiarfiufiadautoaa" 4-L?i rvfiilocuuu 14-31
stsuuu ?1s tBarf,uflodru
I f,ufirhadldiluarfrAntenrtdnos{turu Sa r1a t 6q r fiuTaaas 49. 33 ) t ,r rddnrrenrtdnosi
fiodruTaans, E0.G?l ua"'lurudunsuuu{tn'ir 3t ecuuu llirtt'rngdT fi{
t un r t no d a u'tun d l fi rl r a fi fi ur a ri dn run T o Ou, o,. a"[e dri I n o uuulfi 'lm o Auiias
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fiodruToaas loo)q I 4 .'r,- --4a. n'l?? [ fl T'ts?n4"tn?1il t frgsst?{ro$uuunodoudnlilda t aai(I
uaur{ ri{ornad drunr: r iuntaifililfrruririr ( cr{r rfia"[trnudnrtfioRud
nsuuu zs r,nrudnrrfisiuncuuura.rlnarfiui loaiinrtitotr"Srarrirsensitivity unv specificity r"dlfi6oodo{1unr:r{fi 11
rflufirlrafriluaricn'runrtduat {ruru gz
e
)
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st 1 I 1 {fi 1 1 u do .r ri r n r.u r rit u { sl 1 \t ! o t u uunot d o udrun r : t i snfl afrfi lfl fi ild
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u nru6nr:fiofrunrst[uuno'llna r fiu
nr:iilstasrn firhafifil^raridnrxt {rhaiitiilr^larfidnru r,ril sensitivitv specificitv
[ulilnodoil ntsduos n1{dilo.t
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fioRulrnna.rTnn r fiu ,.ruuuri",n'iruia r rirfiu 25, uu'j'r'[unrritsn#ofl
urrnodoudrun.rzrBsndafrfi"lilfiuridr (cw) finrrulr (sensitivitv)
"tun-r:fiura.rsrrr*rfiqilnfinr.:dtosfi{{oaao 96. 67 ttatfinr,lru t qu1s 1-4'lv1'l
( specif icity) "lunrzrj..rff'i.fiiunr:nodauil:rslqrnorrllnr^ldo{n1{
dilo{Toaav 53.33
1l .r. nr:irr,rrrduro?'rurdrttrr{?a{llullnodottdozrJ6araa{
' r i{o r nasl drunr: r tsnflafiii"tflfirrid'r ( cr.r, , do1il t nru{nr:fioRufiu ouo. J-r d"r a. , -.-9-Yvq-.---:=-.^i^3Fts$uu :J 1 ( nv uuudsrf ofi {rle sfi ilu a rfi efn run r tdru o'rd'116-tun r :i {an 5.ril I
iv-loalffidnrrirprrrrr{utjr Sensitivity uav Specif icitv alafr [6
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r f,u r nrudnrrfiofru
JJ)d.(<rd<dq-o{CI'r?1{fr tZ udo{a10?'Iil r ng\in? {Bo{$uunodoudrun'l? I ignro6[n rililrtdl
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nrrilfiqilnfinrrdruarlfia.,rfi'rtaanr 100 uavdrurrof,r*raors.lul{( spec i f ic ity t'irfriun rrnodotriltrds rnus ridnrr.lnr sdil 0.rlff Ta aas gb
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nrtduo.t)
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I{itald1fiifinr:i r nrrorllosiiinrznoaaufi uurnodou t flu
rrari (Match-pair t-test, rtdlfifftudot'lun.r.od 13
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n r rnodouc.lnnr rrirurunodoudrun r : d rud r t w I rsra'i r tnaiufirlrafiiliua ridnrunr sdr o.r uasnriufi rlr rdlriilrr rfi dn runr sdru a lit n r rruunnsi't'rfiuo d r.r'
fifiadrdEnrrCfiafir"6u . 001 i.raaoeffo.rfiuAtlaST unrzi{a
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d1fiucro"[r.r.".od L4
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CI.'f11{d L4 rrjigiltfiauruanrrnodott ulunodaudrunrrriandoi (c)
rcu.ir{fiilrafiitraridnrunrrduat uaofirhadldiluari*nT u
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? acBuun'l?nodarrrnnrrriruuunodoudruflllrtando;i (c) rura'irsnril
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uacn6iilfiil.odlriil"urfidnrunrtdrat frufAl;nr:nodorfiurunodou r f,u
rrari arafi16uao s"lumrrrsfi 1s
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]n.l ? 1 {d 1 s r rli au r fi g ueran r :nedaruuunedaudrun'r l i a ni sid'ltilrrrii r
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drr r rnu ann ? ,rilusrnsir srsu'i r.rfirlrgfi{aa.rnairlffo i'r.rilfiadrfirunr tafifi9t
a
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+ u, n.. nilili ia 3.r fi r n I ri t n : r or{n r r I u n n d r t r a'o nt uuune d a u
uulnodaudsr:ilfin, ^riu
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dnrunr tdu o s'tud ruuri.rduqnd'r.rfiu r ilae 'i rdruudtuaridnrunr sdo t od
urrnsiT sfiuiiaasianrrtirurrune daldolrl6n r na{uaud ri{o r n*duiald '[u
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a lesionl {ruru 16 ?'18
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lesioul {ruru 16 ?'la
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dgd{,tl.St6ig? (Anova) o{ll1'l8asl080na LUU
n. finruvnrrnlsj'lano.rilorn ude.r'tuortaod 1oI
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uaud ri{o r nadf;.r g dru ra.rfidradfinrrrufrarjnfinrtdtas
nuiln Ici'l a drlrt fi ilr adiin r T rufi o lnfi dau a.rilnfl I auac{ilr afi
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! . n11i I e l lcrltora r rjiau r fiaunouuun azne af aluulnodaldnril6a r aa{uoud r i{o r ncsIfis s Cru tcu'i'l.0n6il{rhadilr.raridnlunr.r
dr a.ou uun :"c r aiirlil n {ru{rle aiiiio r rrfi or]nfiiiau o.rtnfl r a uann aiufi rJ r ad
ilnr T rufi orjnfi dar a.riln o.. Ie alflidnr :nodaunr ri r n:r"rin rrrurJ:il: rurilun1{rdar ,^dlddonao.r'lunru T sd LT
n.trod LT rrjtalrfiauaranr:nodaunr:drudr (w) n,tlrianiis;i (c)
uasnlrrianiioflii'lflfirdrir (cw) rsu'i'r.ifiilradiidrurari.r
n r rufi o ilnfi n a rdt o.,tusnsi,l,,ifiua
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( cw) 1?il 1989 .442
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Han 1 ? r rJ? au r fi aunruuun r :nedauc rnn r rfi ru ulnodoudn trl
finrna{uoudri{ernAd drunrzrirurir (w) drunrztiandoil (c) uav
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il:ruuuun'rstdsr (Anova) ldrir f c'lnnrzdruru'luuuunedoudrun,lt
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= 2. 39ot uaurir tr' rrnnr:drurudouuunodaunr: rianiadfi'tflAtridr
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n rlrt fi rh adii n lr rfi o rjnfi fi er a.,rilnir a u a s fi il r adii n e'rlrfr n lntsdeu a.riln n ltfin I zfiruulne daudq:rlda r n a{u oud r i{o r ndddeun rrdrui r ( w ) unndr.t
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c rnn r ri r n:ror{r,ruo rrtunnd'l { n o {Fnn rtncdouuuunodalds ?tJs.r I qd ,f r - --r---!- . . -^----J^ -g-r--C:'|---.-3:^.
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66. 15
47 .63
43.64
18. 52 22.5L
3. 99
fdu o^ - dsru86f .lnunruoil . o5
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i 1nn 1 ?nodsun tlrtunnd a { rcu'i r.iri r, *d, n t on r rfi ruUunednU
dorrjfiarao{uaudri{erndd deunrzdruir (u) nrrrafitnr:nodouorrl
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dnrunrsdila{$run?orT aitr}Jdrn'ir nsrilu r odaro s{rleadliugrianrud
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dir.r a ri *nruRa r dr a \r u ilun ru 1 r a fi elr|fi uEd a a dii n r trfi clnfi del a tiilnilr a
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sir.,rfiu ( aransruuudldfi 'rn. rrliuufi 'ra rilna t nru'fin r :lf{fi o I toalfiinrri r nzr"rinaruurJrilr?uuuiln1{r rdar ( Auove) ,.dlHdougattunrrrtd 19
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Io1r.l{d 1e r rjiaurialwnnr:nadauuuunodaudnrrjfra rao{uaud ri{e -
rnad drunrsdrurir (w), drunr:rianiloii (c) unsdru
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n1 {dil a {fr ii rc dilo 1 8$nn0 1 {fl uI
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d.iqfl1l t ?gntafl
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tllcu?1{nail9
OlR1A LUflnil
I
38L.717
L4375.862
190.8585 0.7169
266.2L97
2
54
??tl t4757,579 56
d{{n11 t lanxofl
ll?lrl4',t''l {nailt
OlR',la Lunail
9
82.6L7
227 t .27 8
41.3085 0.9821
42.0607doqq I on lf,uiluo1
2
54
( cu) 1?il 2353. 895 56
a
a
Hafl'l? r iltail t fisuncuuun'l?ne dou 1 1 n n 1 ?fi 1 uuuno dauurd ac
deuro.rfirJrsdilr,rarBdnrunr.rdilo.rdii?c6il0'lqunnFi'l{fiu loa'ltiiinodailattn1r?taT"tsl4o?'Iiltrillil??uuuun't{rdar (Anovat lfiir F ilnn,tti'luxau
'luuuunodoild?un'ridrudl ( wl r rirfiu 2.8136, eir F 11nn'ltli'luru'tu
$uilnodaudrunr:rtAndat (c) rriT fit o.7169 uncdr F 11fln'lldruru
l,uuulnodoild?un1?rtandrfrdltfitdd1 (cw) rrirf,u 0.9821 ude.r'ir
:"d'ua r aduon6ir.ifiur a.rffrlr adiir.ra ricn'runr tdru o.r ldiiruaeionrrfiruuu
nodoudotrl6araa{uaudri{orncd fio s dru tdontuuun.r?nodoil1fi;u
n r rrJiru fi ro'lilnA t nrufin r z'lilqiii auuunodau
Copyright by Mahidol University
97
I Z. n1?i r nrlsd r rliau r fialaranrttiruuunodoudotil6a r ao{I q ! .lA - t- -, ---^--r^ --Y^t^-.*f",-,^3ot-^o,-^-qq{qrn.f,fiq-,"uouor??otndnn{ 3 dru lcr,r'i'ls{rlrafifiu8lfidn'lun1.rdila.ldfi:cdilo1q
unn0ir {fiu ( Ftvruu6il I 1o aidn 1?nodailn 1f i t n ?1edn ?1il$ilttJ1?uuull
n1{ rds? (Anoval aladlfifi{udos'lun111{fi 20
n1r1.!d zo r rjtau rfiaualanr?nodailuuunodaudozrlfia r aa{uaud r i{o-' rndd drunrrdrudr (u) drunrrrtgndo;i (c) uacdru
n.rirtandoddlilfirrldr (cw) :cr{'ir{n6iru{rleadilua'ridn1il
nT tdtosdilztdlaraunnndrsffu ( avuuudil )
I
o
dourrnadou uuaitnrrluil:il:ru ss df t'Is F
n.rreiruir :vrn'ir.rneir 5834.53 2 2gL7 -285 5.6111**
(w) nrstun6iil 28075-37 54 519.9143
??il 33909.9 56
<ai"frtfllrrisnBad :vra'ir.rnriru LLl4.981 2 587.4905 2.2083
rra"tunail L4375.862 54 266.275
?'ril 15550. 843 56
d{{rln1? t tgnga5t tul4?'l{flail
I?o0.814 2 350 .407 8.3282***
2272.029 54dsluq ! on lfluillfn'l n'ra'lunail
( cw) l Xtl 2972.843 56
F",o" **P < .01 = 4.98 , ***p ( -001 = 7.76
oCopyright by Mahidol University
98
t
a
af an''rr r ritI:J tfialntuuufiurrnnrrrirullnodaudntil6n t aai
uoudri{ornad drunrzri'ruir (w) drunrzrtsnd'afl (c) uasdrunrr
r €anflofid-lilfirrid'l ( cw I :yu'ir.rfirlr afifiua rfidnrr.rnr 'rdr a sfifi:vduorq
uon0ir{fiu loa'lilidnrzi t ozr"tinrluu,trrtr?uuuun'lt t 6ar ( Anova) ld
rir F qrnnrrdrurru'luuuunodaunr:riTudl (n) = 5.6111 eiT F q1n
nrr+irursu'tuurunodounr:riandaii (c) = 2.20G3 unlreir F 1'1nfl1?
+irurru'luurrnodaufll?rtaniiadd'lilfilddr (ew) = B.szlz udo.r'jT tcdu
a'redunnsir.rfiun a sfiilradil"a.frdnrunr sdru o s iiq'aoian r rriru uunodot
dorilfraraa{uoudri{ornad <oruuudul drunrtiirurir (w) unrdrunr:
rianflofrd'lilfrul1rir ( cu) odr.rfifiadrdrunrrafifidzsdl .01 uas .001ourY.4o1ila10il uo ruilBJasionrzfiruuunodaudrufl,t? r tanflafl ( c )
q r n n r :i r n r r rr{uun r r r u n n d 1 { ! o { ar a fl 1 I no da uu rlne d a ualn t rJE
ffaraa{uoudri{ornrd tnvuuudul drunr:ai'rurir (w) uncdrunr:tiand adcr-o 4of,06[n lduilun1 ( cw ) rsra'ir.r{ileadfiuraridnrunr sarr a.,rdil rvduaraunn
. s j .4a d | | d I Q { rQ ! s e DquSl''l{nU tr.l0[lJ?8il[nAUO?1Fl''ltOnBI0{nAil LCIfi10Fl tOU0flgl1{flUu'l.t Cl?i8
tsrflrlrtnoaollo fl-lilidn r:nodoue ?.rilusrnsir s:yil'i r sdr , *doo. o*fi.:nr z
nodauRrrHu:l:ilzrunor scheffe (s-method) ldaladsucro'luu,.r.odj
2L uaso,t?1{n 22o
oCopyright by Mahidol University
o'r?1 {fi 2t r rjtau t fi aunruuu, "dun
rzriruuunodorrdCI?ilfia r a a{u aud r i {o r nad.!
drunrrairuir ( er) nasfirJesdfiuaridnrr.rnrsdrasdfir"dlora
99
\1
\\\ \\\\\ \.
!u
luqu0n01{nu ( nvuuuolJ)
16-zs il
58.583
ze-aa il
54. 11
as-ea il
35.889
16-25
26-44
45-64
58.583
54. 11
35.889
il
il
il
4.4T B*r'r zz.6g4***
Lg .221***
3
iifiadrfignrsafififizcdu . oo 1
11fln'r?nodolRrttunnsi'1.!:cll'jr.reir r oda t nyuuu6rl n,rztir
uuunodaudsr:ilfin r na{uoud ri{o r nad drunrzdrudr (w) rasfirJradildg
r.rs ridnrilnr ldru a sfi il zs 6uo r au on 0i'r { fiu nr afi ff tn r znodalR r rtu il:ilr ruI
1oa"lflif,no.r scheffe rJrrn4'ir acuuu,"dunrsfirhadiirvfiuarq L6-zsllt{ . I d a, I J.r I dil d.:n'irncuuu[ilaaro{aru?snila1arvu.ir.i 26-44 il uas 4E-64 fl,u!t
| .ao q uos'r{ ilus6r']arJnT safifi uasnsuuu,"duno.rfirlradiiarazou.jr zB-44 il'l|t
fl rn'i rnvrruu, *d, o o'rfi rJr udfi ,. u rru'ir.r 4s-64 il a rir.riifiadrdrunr rafi 6fugrrt4{s[truIo8?nu
c
Copyright by Mahidol University
100
ro..f I 1 {d zz r r1iau r fi aun"uuu, *d rn. rriruuunodoudot lrJ6a r n a{u aud r i {o t ndd
drun r r r iand odfi'Lilfi u{ri r..iq)o
5fil O {nri ?s6u0'1 8t[$n0 1 {fl u
( cw) ro.:firl'ladfiuaT icnrtlnl\tt nc$uufiu I
Tsou018tx
16- 25
17. 583
26-44 il
15. 44
45-64 il
9.44
a
16-25 il
26-44 il
45-64 il
17.583
t5.44
9.44
2.143 B. 143****r*6.0
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** r fifisdrfirufizcdu . oo 1
i 1 fl n 1 ? ne do tln t r u u sr n si r s z "u'i r t ri r t *d, o "
uuud ul a t n T rri r
uuunodardqrilfra rna{uaud ri{o r nasl drunrrr€antaiid'tilfilririr (cw)qt
erddq..io.sor a.rfirlr afriiura rddnrunr rdru a siil zcduo r auonsir sflu fl'lBud'{n1?no5f fltl
Sl
nrruuilzrlrruTos'tilifira.r Scheffe (S-nethod) ttl'irersuuu,"dooro
fi:lrafifiara 1c-zs il sac zB-44 il dsn'jrovurru,"dror.rfirhadiiarqri- ------- 'l et s t
zrr,r.i'l s 4s-64 i ori r silfi adrfignr'rdifi drun"uuu t afi an o.rf, rlranrila rqrll
,d{rrYr{squn fluiln ? ,riluonor { ad r.r ldilfiadrdgnr.rafrfiIt
3. nrri r n:r"r{wan1?fi1uil::nodoudorrj6a r ao{uaud ri{o r nada
Y - . er dY,.r q, . iafr .l g dru zvu'it \il.tu? Bn LililurE rsafntunr {dil o snil zcdilo r qtd'r'-rfiu ( rluuuu
dliuufirn1ilnA r nrufrnr::tfl{fia I tosidnT ti t erzr"r{nrrrruilzrJtruuuunl{
rdar ( Anoval lfiaradtudo.r'[uorrrsfi 23
oCopyright by Mahidol University
101
.Cn1?1.,rd zg r rjtsu r iiauannrrfiruurnadsudn:ilfia t aa{uaud r i{e r n*d
deunr:Eirudr (w) n.rrriandaii (c)
fiuridr < cwl :cu'irrn6irffdeadldiiua,lianrunrsdrus.,rdfi rodu
orquoneir.rfiu , *"nuuuruufirnrung r nmdn'rz'til{iio )
uacn'r? r taniiaiildtf
dauuunoalart uudsorruuilrilzru df !tsss F
ten'r?a1un1
(ir)
tl?slt?1{nail9
3ltR',lg tilnar
I
3806. 99
14403. 05
1903. 495
286.723
?. 1366r*,2
54
a, ??tl 182 10 . 04 56
n'l? rtanda?l t.l?su?1{na||t
6t.fl18 tUflAilt
232.Ot
9126.03
2
54
116.005 0.6837
169.667(c)
l',ltl 9394. 04 56
n'rr rtsndail tl?t t4?1{natl
Iall
R1A tunnilt
TL7.47L
5131.196
58.7355 0.6181
95.O22dll-c I o?r Lf,uilua1
2
54
( cu) tztl 5248.667 56
Fu,"o **P ( .01 4. 98
g|an 1 ? r il€au r iiauocuuun r :no dsui'lnuuunodauds zrlfra r n o {uaudri{ornrd d'lunrrniT udr (w) drunr:rignflot (c) uasdrunrz
r tsnd afrdlflfirr$ri r ( cw ) :cu'ir {fi il. udlrifi ro rfi dnrr,rnr -reu o rdii zcdua ra
uoneir{fiu 1oa"lilidnrri r n:r"rinrrruil:ilzauuuun'l\r r dar ( Anova) lfirir F qrnnr:drurrul,uuurnsdounrrnirudr (w)' = 2.1966 ci,r r r.lnnrzdrurru'luuurnodoudrunrzrtandaiil (c) = o.683? unrrdr F l1nnrrdrurul,uurunodoudrunr: rtandodd'lilfiHrfiir ( cw) = . 0.6181 rr6fo.,i
Copyright by Mahidol University
ro2
I.i r z s 6t a r gdu o n gi r.! fiut o s fi rJ e adldiiu a 1i dn run r t dru o .: ii al asi n n I :fi I u lltt
nodoudaun r r d ruri'r r d orliunouuun'1iln0 r nrudn r t'lil{fi aarir siifiadr619
nr.rdfiBfitcdu .01 usillifierasianr:tlruuunodnudrun,r?rtsndod (c)
ua"drunrr r tandadd'tAtutiA-, ( cw)
crnnr:i t n:rtriuln r luunnsi,t { tra {il4fl 1?nodauuuUnodoUdn:il
6araa{uaudri{ornfd drunr:;irurir (w) rdr.tnurujiuuHrorrrnru'$
nr z'lilrifi o rcu.ir.r{rlrafililfi ils'lianrunr rdru o rdi:"duoraunngir'0fiu iiialfi r r1tau t fiailo'iri., *duo,uneirlor,rioqi'louorndT 'rfiuilr'r 1oaltiin1?ne 6f ail*.|
"uurn, r srsra'i r sA. , *d un. uri.tn. rnodauR rrruuiltrJrrur a s
scheffe (S-nethod) lficladsuAo.r"lurrr.sfi 24
,.r",od 24 r iltsil t fiauntuurr t *drn.rfrruuunodoudmlrJ6a r aa{uoud r i{o-rndd drunrrni-rudr (u) na.rfirjradldfiusridnrurnrsdtatd
firuduarqunnsi'lsfiu t otuut diliurrHrnrrun4 t nrudnr:lfl{fia I
a.
1soila18tx
16-25 il
88.75
26-44 il
74.83
45-64 il
67.37
?16- 25
26-44
45-64
88.75
7 4.83
87.37
il
il
fl
13.g2*** 21.88***
*I* du e - d" ' ilfiadrfirjfrzsdt . oo 1
aCopyright by Mahidol University
I
103
q -rfln.rtnodoln r rruunn0ir { tsfi'j'r sril , "d
o o. on r:riruuunodou
dnrilfiarao{uoudri{orn*d drunrteirudr (w),dro"nuufiurjiuufie
n.lrun0 r nrufrn rr'tf {fi o na.rfi rJradldfiuarianrunrtdru osfifi todilo'lauon
si.r.rfiu nrafifi.rs.'tnnr:ne dounrrruuiltilzru 1os"liliisa.t Schef f e
(S-nethod) uu'jrnouur,r"dooo'rfirleafifiarazcu'ir{ 16-25 n d'rn'ir' -t- --'--'- '- ' {i - - -"r5adfiora:sra.irt 26-44 fl $ac 4s-G4 il orir.rfifiadrfiqftvuuu[ flaBga{gll r
nr.rdfifi uayocttuurodsna.:firlradfiorqzsu'irs 26-44 i dsn'irnuuuu
r adanasilrrea ';;-;;--;; ;;;;:ii,i.u*n'r.rana r dunu r'
4. nrri r n:rrriaranr:riruurnodoudo?rJ6n r ao{uoud ri{e r nad
a u-fis g druq
( Ftcuuuou )
: v ra.j .r s fi rJ. u dlri ii "
u r i dn -ru n r .r Au a .r fi il : s 6il a r a u n n si r { fi u
1o aidn r tno d a un r zi t n t r "rln
a r ru u il : tJ 1 ?uu ilun "l t t d a r
(Anovat t^dlfiasudo.r'tuo.t..td 25
?
ICopyright by Mahidol University
104
I n..f r f .id zs r rjiail r fi siluanr rnodouurunodoudo :rjffa r aa {u oud r i{o r n*d
drunrrrirurir (w) dtunr:ttsnila;i (c) uacdrunrttian
drfrd'tAtu,iAr ( cw) zora.irsnaiuf,rJraiililfiuarfrdnT unrtdruas
fifi :cduoraunnsirsfiu t nctruudil I
douulnodau uuaitorruuil:ilrru SS Fdf MS
lon'rTa1uFl1
(w)
lr?cU? 1\iflfltl
Iall
R1g luflnil9
7678.99
14403.05
z
54
3g39. 4g5 14. 395***
286.73
1?tl 22082.O4 56II
d4l4lfl11t 1gnr06[
(c)
ar?s14?''t {nailt
Orfl1d lunailt
890.12
9162.03
445.06 2.623
169.667
2
54
?1tl 10052. 15 56
n1r r tsndart' tcudr.indilt
qlfl1S LUflAil
9
352.734
5131.196
1.76.376 1.8561
95.O22dsls- ! on Lf,u,ill.lB 1
2
54
( cw) ??tl 5483.930 56
?F2 ,6Ei
*P < .ooi = 7.78
4 qt ,t | | o
tt auo r ?10 [ ndm6[?un1?0 .]ua''l
el d ^rdquo 4 o
r iandodri Lduntunl ( cw)
r dar ( Anova I lfidr F qrnnl?d'rurru"tuuuunodoudrunrteirusir ( s) =
14.39b rir F s-rnn-r?d1u?il'tuuuunqdailn'lrrtanflo;i (c) = L 623
uasrir F 1'lflflrrriruaru"lurrilunodoudrunrr r tanflodfi"lflfiruririr ( cu) =
ar a fl 1 ? r rji a u r fi a un c uuud uc r n n r z fi r u luno d a u dor 1 r.lfi a t a fl {(w) drunr:rtanto?i (c) uacdrunr:
1o a"tilidn r ti r r, trr#o r riluiliiliturililn"t {
a
Copyright by Mahidol University
I
105
1 . 8 s 6 1 u do t'i r :vdua r qfi u nnoi r sfiun a sfl r-lr afillifi ila rfi dnrunr s du a'rfi
araoionrrri-ruuunoor;;r;;;. r aa{uoud,t*, r nad t ncuuuaur drunrz
Eirud.1 (wl odT silfiadrdrgnr.rdfififitvfiu . o01 utdldilwnsianrzfiruutt
nodoudrun.lrrtantoR (c) uacdrunr:ttandoddlilnu,id. (cs)
q1nfl r ti r n trot{uun r rluOn0ir s n o {alan 1?nodouuuUnodaudnlil
fia r a a{u aud t i{o r nAs{ r ncuuuGil l 'luurunodaldrun r:drudr ( w )
'. v I - --iY -:;","n-,PzJnrr.rnr.rdr ic rngirsfiu fiiiald r rjiaurcfi?'l{te,ilxan tuiir^raT idntunrtdruasilii:Ydua,tsug en,
r fiauo.irei. r *fiunosnaiu"loratori'tousrnsir.rfiuilrs loa"ltiiinrtnodaun?'lll
unnsir.rzvra'irtrirrodanrsudtnrZnodounrruutJ::l:rura$ Scheffe
(s-rnethod) lfiaradsua".:'|,urrzrod 26
,.". od 26 r rjtau r fl auncuuu r odan'rrriruunodoudoril6a r ao{uoud r i{o-
rnad drunrzEirudr (w) nosfirhafililfiua1idnrunr.trrua.rd
iittduararrnnsi,r{f,u, ."orru6i'
a
r.6-zs il 26-44 il 45-64 il
88.?5 74.833 59.371volto',lg xIC
16-25 il 88.75
26-44 il ?4.833
45-64 i 5e.37
1g.912*** zg.B8***
- 15.463***
*** du q - d"' ilfirdrdryitcdu . oo1
oCopyright by Mahidol University
106
"q 1 n fl .l I no do uR r r ru u n n si r { I c 14'i 1 .! gi 1 t ad a n v uuud u n o { n 1 ? fi 1
$uilnodoudozil6atao{uaudri{orndd drunrrdT udr (w) ro.!{il?adld$91
{q.dd.uedir.r a rd dn run 1 { dil a sfi ii : y 6u o'r I u o n6i 1 { fi u n'r Br4fi { n 1 T no da un ? 1 il u il ? il T ?u
loa'ltidna.r schef f J ( s-nethod) uu'irncuuur odanasfirJrgdfiars|Dt
16-2s il dtn'irsrsuuur odaro.rfirjrafifio'ra 28-44 il rtat 45-64 il
ori'r{fifiadrfiEnr.rafifi uauRsuuu, *donasfirlrBo-ra 26-44 il dsn'ir
nvuuur odsro,rfirhao'rarvra'ir.! 4s-64 il orirsfifiadrfirynT .rdfrfi r durdarfiu9tI
n r:i r n : rrdwan r znodauq rnn r :riruililnodaildn :ilfia r n a {b oud r i {e r nad
drunrzeirut{r twr drun'rzrtsndo;i tcr $a"drun1:riando;ild'tilfiildir. vu d.r
( cu ) 1u14?',]\ret ?un ''t ?no6taunil ?seiln r rfinrru0neir {fiuna snaiufirlr adfir.ra'li
dR1iln1.:dilo{ uavfl aigffrJradldfiuarianrun,'raruo'r
1. nr:i rnrlor{aranlifi,ruilrlnodoudsrrda rao{uoudri{o rnad
fio g dru rou'irsfirlradfir.raridnt^rnrsdrasdfi:rdiln1?Antlusrndr{fiu
Ie s'tflifin rri r rr r rrdn rrruil:ilzruuilun''t.r r d ae ( Anova I "udlfiA{udo.l
"|'unr:1{fi 27
o
Copyright by Mahidol University
LO7
Io1r1rd 27 ciliautfiauoanrzfieuuunodoudnrilda rna{uaudrt{o rnrslfisI
g dru z cil'i r .r n ai u fi rl r a fi iiu a r i dn rurn r t dr a s dr' r r 6un r : ilnrr rtsl9
$0nCI'l{nu
douurmodauq
uuaiso rrruud:rJz zu SS df
aon1?a'lua"l
(w)
l!
?utt? 1{fl a ilI
Jlrfl18 tunailt
1956.088
28869.842
2
ri7
978.O44 1.9310
506.4885
??ll 30825.93 59I.r4.a
n'l? t ?8fltrafl
(c)
Ir?cl4't'l {fl4il
I5lt
fl18 lunailt
260. 0 1 17
14489.72t
130.0059 0.5114
254.2056
2
57
1?tl t47 49 .7327 59
Id<l<an'llt lantro5ltl
?ul4? 1{nailt
Orn1E luflAil
I
12.5893
2443.9937
8.2947
42.87T t0. 1468
dslgq ! on truillJo'l
2
57
( cw) ??tl 2456.583 59
t.d{o
9,lan 1r [ il?au r nsuncuuun,l lnodaul 1nn11n1[tuilnodaildo tilI
fiarna{uadriiorndd drunr:ii'ruir (w) drunr:riandod (c) $asrd?u
n1? rianiiaditlilfiruririr ( cw) rasfirhafiiiuaT fitrnrunl{d&r0.rdfi :rdun.rz
finr1rnnoi1{fiu loa"lflidn1ri r or.Jr{.r.iluil?rj?xuuuun.l{ r 6a.l ( Anova)
16ri'r F q.tnnlrd'lurn'luuuunodaild?un'r:iirurir (!r) = 1.9310 rir F
qrnn.tTdlu?ru'luuililnod0ild?un.lrrtandoit (c) = 0.s114 uavrir F
q1nn1?drurruluurunoda:rdrufl1?ttsniio;idlilfirrdrir (cu) = 0.t46B
udo.r'i r tsfiun r:dnrrduon0ir tfiur a tfirlr adiir,ra lBdn.runr.rara.rldilalnsio
O nrzfiruuunodaudorrJdnraa{uoudri{orncd
Copyright by Mahidol University
t108
z. n1?i r orlcdarnnlr?i-ruuunadaudn?rlda r ao{uoud ri{e r n*ds
fio g dru rcH'j'rsfirhadldfiuaridnrr.rnrrdrosdirodunrziinrrunnoirsg
e- cl .lq3!| q I , , d JV-nu toatg?fln'lr?rnfllcuarrtuilrilr?u$uiln1\irdar (Anova) aJanro.od
O \:$6[0 \: tilgl'l ? 1\in 28
t'',t..td 28 r rjiau t fiarruanrrriruuunodoudnril6a r aa{uauol r i{o r nadfrsa
g dru ssu'irsfirleadliliiuaridnrunrtdruosdiizrdunrrfrnurtu
unnsir.rfiu
a dourunodouI
uuaisnrrruurlrilrru SS df FMS
tcn'l?a'lun'l
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tl?clt?1{flail9
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H afl 'l 1 r rli au r fi aunr uuunodo ue rn n r tfi ruuuno daudo rrjfi a r a o {
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sir r qda nraradtnr:nodaunrrruilrrl:runa\r Schef f e ( S-nethod) t6. .l J ^- { d
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srl I 1.rfi zg r rjisu t fi ailnruuu, *d un. rriruuunodaunfq rilda r a a {u aud r i{o-rncsl drunrrdrurir (w) ra.rfirhafrlilfiuaricnrunrsdrard
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1 1fl n.'r rnodailn ?1iluongi 1.r zrH'i r sri., *d u ! a {n1 1fi luulnedou
dqrrlfiaraa{uoudri{o rnad drunr:d'ruir (w) lo.rfirhadldfiilsrian'lu
nr sdl o sfifi z"6un rtfintrruondr.:f,u nr aufi tn r rnrCrio.'tuutjzilrru to a
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n r.rfirJr adiniriin".rt6,aorfrntr o ri r sldfifi sdrfignT .rafi fi
a g|. r...rd go r rlial r fi aunruuu, *d un.tfi ruuunodoudorlrlfia r n o {u aud r i{e-rnad drunr:rtaniod (c) r o'rfi ilr adldfi us rian1iln1 {
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on t.rfirJe afifin r tiinnr rrrdilfilaufinrr
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ft unctsfiilaouHnrrodrtfifiadrf,rgnr'rdfif, drunsuuu, *d o n r.rfi rh afiiinr :ilnr r fir a ru Cln r r u a c : c dil q e tfr nr r it n r r n u o n d r s fiua ri r',r lil fi fi a d r 6rgn T t dfi fi
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drarruddrauaurudufts lddr t qrnnr:druruluulunodaudrunr:dru
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deunT zEirudr (w) uuilnodauf,otilorruL'lun1ril{t'i'lfiirunrznedauii
o x.rilAoilnfi nr -rcr o.116 I 1 ou ua u drntu'lufi rJ r udlriil, u'tioo.rn. odt a.tt-'tofiu uuilnodoild,lunr:orunr rw) f,uournld'ir"lu,irutuilrjradldfiuaT idnrunrfdilo.t 10o rufir, firils\t 48 nrurriT fiuiiilrrdqrnuslidnlun1{
duororir.rufiqi{ er rfiu1fi'ir'tunrz'1il t nrufr"tuuufi zs fiu uuuntdoudrug d y 61 4r o - Y rl qilqcilnrril [r-[untrnodauuao?: uasrio rruir t u1srn0 \in1lnodou liln 1 t nu
lrtfin nai rrd a'tun :ilfiilfi rl e a 6 r aTzan,r {dil a {il'l iln r :nadal R ..4ton''riln$uu
nodaudrufiqriilsfiafior,raro'irlnnnldilrafi.r'l fi r srilrasi.rfi Taaa"
"g ir d , & - .. o t
, ,1 4-g-----la{ runlilrEuu s{qsiln'lln1uuunq6t0uduo0u8ual,[0n rrddrfiiil gr au
u uo ? r ru ar' o ln fi fiufi q c r fl un r r d r s fi u ffu il a d.r fr a$i a n r z iilq d a r a s rr u ndlfi
19
dn
4U\t
Or ri'r fiild r I a o n ''t 'i c B 0 { n r^r n d rat a u n a r n t d *'tu n 'r r d c
" fi a .i 0r I ? 1 r dH r sr'il 6 r a id
Copyright by Mahidol University
o
133
n.l rn r?sdilofiu usi"tuz r sfiilr 1dq rnua ridnrr^rnr tdu, ofiuuuunoaaudruf,
d1il1?nilan1f iril tila.r 46 ou , ti.fit fi1tifinrrufioilnfrnrtduas druin
s4 nu fi o.rrirn,r?srzrsfi raid6u0ia"til
rrsifir'tt t nrud*tur,ud s7 fl .r r f,unruuuataofi fi rJr anGiHd
fir,rsridnrunrtdruatfiruuunodaudrunrrdrudr (tt) 1fi "[un'r:iiat *sfi
uru'ir uuunodaudrufiqtfinrrr,L'tunrznodou ( sens it ivit,y ) r fiori.rf,
srrrtfroilnfinrrdraslfiffsiaaar 100 usifiarrr{1ru'lcb0{nlrnodou'tu
n. rf{.u"nail:rrls rnuaridnrunt tdr a t t fia s Toaav I . 3 3 r rirfiu do
r4r'lscr?''ru'irfir'tfl r nrufrnrrdoRudotuuu 97 ufir st'tsiillonrdfiouaro t fioC d qu . r r ! ^t^-51 --^--:^l^p-.-.^^^ifl qDu rila rsuuunodotdrunrrd'ruri'l (!r) dra"tunT tiilcfisqenadfiusrd
dRrunrtdruos ueirrucrdarfiuurunodaudruf,filt"inio.t{un.rriof irunnail:'tdqrnilerfirtfl'lun,ltduosutiuaurilas g au qrn'iruru 10O nu
toaiirlilufiruurnodaufi'tff'tunT tiilcfiatrn r,r{ofruurff
rlrasrrzfierrrrhlunrrnordouds unriinrrlr.ir r r^rrtfi't*itir r fiulrt , arui
nilafouna zszl : lG1, nuinraoutsfinrrth'lunr:nodaudslt''tfl t rirto
uda vi rutunodotfiufi rt:rinfi nru"lun r : Tad.r Tan rdfi qc t fi a n r rrft oua 1 oit
fiaa nrus r 6arfiuuulnodau'tofinrru,i",, "ltootnrtnodoud{ fiecd.tu'l:n
u gnnuilnfi o anq1fl aufiIrn1fia.r r dufiu d.r1un ufi , drrf,a.u. rof .l snon r:tirD / { /61 d u o -- -Crr-.-c{'lux a { urln su ? 0 iln a 1 fl T n'l { n 1 ruun 6-[un r r fr s s 6 o { n r n I t no d a ufr fl ud s ud.r
t
arnsi a1il drra?uaranrrdnrr r t a.rn r T r r fi a {q t { fl o suuunodoudrun r zni rudr6l qu S g, t .a I o
( w ) -[un r ri{sor Y.ril:jz rn4'i rilci ra r rilq r I u1c ! o tn I znodoLt ( Spec i f i c ity I
. u t J c. , &.o- o t Q i ! rr-r--.-!O OUE r ter r unn t IIU t dUUff ?i geo ? 1 01s t ilUalA I Ufl .ttl'lq1nafltilv i A {ruU? gn
99s
rirr r r rjiau r fial nair 16 ofirlr anaiiln runil t nrirrfirtrrdq rnus lBdnrunr ss'lti
dr o.r I r f,ufi rJr efi r il'r iun r r 5nyr"[u1r tua rurad? rra ii.r t fiuTz sxlH'Iil1nqt
6l r u | 3- 4 v t d t q-. .turu gtrJraurnlid{iln [ iluaril?anH1un11Tflb'] tuaffl']ut^f 81u''lntcoil7a{il1-gs
uaraud{ tq'ot Rnfiorut H. il. n. :13) finreucTrnfirfiut.rfia.n'',rdtlt.n4
fi s#uan r!,o ?'l u r 6 urlr s u a s d auu o nr t "i r t n t etu n s i o'l c a r c
I
tvo aufl'r { lutl I {
Io,{sar a si o n r z ri ru uuno a o llfi
Copyright by Mahidol University
o
134
a- $uunodoudrunrtrisniofi (c)
n rri r o r rrf,in r.u, du $st I { a o suuunqdoldrun r' t und t
d (c) uu'irrfio"tilrncufrdoRud"tuut* Sa frtTnarfiu (Gotden 1976 :
6s4-6F8r finrrli uuunoeloudnrilfia r ao{uaud ri{o r naddrun-r: rtando
A (c) fl fi.r.r,hsa{fl1?nodau (Sensitivitv) fisHaen" 96'6? rras'
fidrir ru'lyro\tfl'llnodoutaaau 2I.67 usifi'r1fi r nrufifioRudncuuu eo do
( Sens it, iv it Y I
qo t fiulf irsi'r
I
I
?
, f, ur, "
u uud'r Aofi { rl r s n 6i u fi i u s r fi dn r r^r n I s du a'r d r ru r : n ri rlfi r fi u r nru{n r z
6oiul:n uu.i ruuunoaaildeuf,s riin r 1 il't1 n a \: fl 1 I noda u
{aaa" 98.33 firir{r ru'lc?0snrtnodauHarlat 18 ' 33
. r I tl r n a r n I : no d a uu a c i -t { r r u'ls, tr a t n t t not da ufi lfi c r n t nruSer " uuud'la
fioRufi.r z r nrufr firi, "tnfi r da'rfiu uatfiilztinanru'tunt:rioflotrrfioilnfi
ldeiaufir.rdsHrn
a. uuunodoud.lun.rr r tanilodd"tflfiilrftir (cw)
nT ti t n:rttnnr.u, duor"{ no{uilunodaudrunr: r tando
edlfnuriAr ( clr) ul'ir r iia'|il r nrudn'rtfiqRudo'uuu 25 ii'r1na r fiu
(Golden 1976 : 654-658) finrrl{ arnrttrnn'iruuunodaudrufi"til
nrrru'trno':nrtnodou ( sens it iv ity ) dsfi'rTocac 96 ' 6? untfirir
{r rursrtarnr:nodaud{?oaas 53. 3s ueifir"lil t nrudnrrfioRudotuuu 31
iio r fiuoruuuA.rAofifirJr andudfiraa'lidnrunr tdru o tdrl I tafirlfi'lun rtiia
"#ofl "u.i.uuunrArunr: r iunirdli"tilfiurld-1 t cw) f,qoiieirnrruhno'r
nrsnodau (Sensitivity) dsfr.r{aelas 100 uaoilrir{T tU.1sra{fl'.1?
nodaudr?a'as 3s fi.rfiu1ddr-r"'tfi rnru{n'rrfioaudntrruu zs utonvruu 31
ouun"irudrufiqrilrt:cRnfinrud.r'lunr:ifiqilaqr'.'Hfi orjnfi nT tdu a s lrlly
r d a r fiufi fi rJ:sRnfi nrudrua dr n r q'lun r r u a n uon nilnfi a a n q rnunnafiiln r rru
fiorJnfinr sdro.t
s 1nfl r :i t o r rotiuro r au, du {sl I { a o {uuunodoildn til
fiarao4uoudri{ornAdfi.r g dru uu'i't ulunodoudrunr:tisnilo?i (c)
uau$uunodoudrunrliandafidlAAutiril ( cut firJr"ininrudtlrn"lunr:
Copyright by Mahidol University
135
ari.rffererufi o:lnfr nrrdruo{ rncdsn'iruuunodoudaufi r fiun'rrEirudr ( w) do
I
Fdward 1979 :
q.lnnr:finp.lf,a{$antnA (Cat,t,e11, cited in Golden 1978 : 1)
r vo ,dY--Irlr.r.lr.r r$gn rorun.1lAnB16{1il1.?fl r ?andounuf,16flrn'irnrtrirudr 1oa"tu '
nrrdrudrfiuunnafiiuilrflod.rrulrnii.ruaonlfinra'lut ?a'l It 4 iurfi n.us
finr:, iundauouii.ira "t fis.r"lff r ?a1t fiu z r rir fi.tfioon t naaiura'ir
n 1 I r t ruto s : oui..t { n..t I sl o t r fi ufi un r : ai rud',fir., f,ur o ludqlufrfi f s r fiuola
lu.l11flfl.l1ilnrlfrfifiodrrq?.ris"lu,4ron.rrfiuuarnr:niru "lunrutiin'',ttian
fl.fr , f,uornurq rner r rrudrs r rn'lun r z t i anua o:.tand'lu:odlindrfin uac
unrrl (Brown, eited in ctolden 1978 : 1) dufru'j'rfisuilctfin'l:iln
o n.rr r isndodsri.o"i,., r srds r orc?s r orisfilild'rrurtnfir16 r 6rn'irnrteiT urir
lafiau (Ligon, cited in Gold.en 1978: 1) -tfi r raoNa'i.n'rrdn.t r ian
il odfi r1fi f, ,rfi r r.r: rr?iil o.rdrl:rn o u r oilr c fi r n ai r 16 oii r fiuaT riunt dii, fi tfit,l
"[urrtrd'rB n*rdn., d ru6lffu, ..ci fi u$l a n a t n r zitnfi o''r n n'i T a r fi a a s 6
il:cn ailfi r elrnr sBunid d.rfiun r z d ruri rttd'tr I rniliurlrsu€ arir'lfidurn
uriluufiuadfiun rtilnfior o*odr.'rru r 6r"tun. t , ?ond ofrnn{ rfio noil t !o
To a a s drlscn aun-r s6uni 6 n a s fi ril r o.r fi sfiuilfrfr ? I rfi r fi ofru'lun tr r t anfl ail
a I q,--.e s rjrcd,lninatuaraadr{i.t t ilunzvil?ufl1? uasorilan''lzn1{'1u30{Tviluqn'
raurunua"t6ari{o (Kenneth & Edward LgTg z 2O2-2O3r nairyir. 5l 4l q .t- I t q' r- i
R ?,lilUn!,? o { tuft'l 1u anii t iar rn [: cnr sdu a t t i]udrudrago {0 ? o s'l {n
r ndiuduacil?aTa (Geshwind 8a FusilIo, cited in Kenneth 8a
2o7) dnprffrlra Alexia r^ru'ir nairuornr: ltexia fifi'''ut
n'r:{U, du, t. on.r r t:rTfr r f,ualau'rq rnn r tonri'\n 1 s ! a tdu o.rdrufi , d.u1u o
:su.ir{ visual cortex fiudrufitfiarilosfiunr{tl1r'l fir'lfinr:ri-l{'luv.
n a rdu a sfr sda.rdru'trirl:varufiu
dtrjn.rzr't nr r"r{n r.* , duorr{ ! 0{Bilunodoudo trjda r aa {u ouo{
' tU
riio r nd6fir g dru wa:Jrrn4'i'ruuunadauusiavdruiirt:"ininrueiouil'r.r
d,rtun r z Ton r I rufi orln6 nr r dru a s fi su il'i r q tfi ei''r Q r r ru d r r u1c ! a su luno do Iru si a
" d r u"tun .r : rj o f n r z v il r r rlc r nrd a tB dn ru n r t lru a .r lil ei o a {.r fi n u si fi 'tfi
a
aCopyright by Mahidol University
136
I r4$r1sFr?1ru.j.ruuunod.ufilria.urrnrir"tl'lflrt:"Iatdld utaldi:trcRndn'Iil
r irg {ua'lun r:rir1rt1fl fitf,, ur 1sn r zriruuuno doudnrilfia t a o{rt aud r i io
r nddlil'tilfiuu"fi o r"liluuunoaorfi s g druilrsn oufiu i'tfi"lildru1odruuil'r
rila{orir{rfiar rd.o..no11rurf,uronfintrfrno.ruuunodouadn:od'i'', iio
r ?.rdr1:rnn"tuuuunodauqvn rv {u"tfi r fioilfriia rn auduo {! 0 {n 1Yil?un 1tn1{
nrutuavfia {cirunl:ftr stun a struuiutritcdrnltar aadr s{d
r iloiln115100
sCunrnrilflrurnoruluuuuno*audrud g tdrunT trtetndafidliltrutirl'l cw)
t.r r rirfiu r fiunrrnodounrrrd'lu,trnro.rqnna"tun,t Tu anu av rYu'ir odo r ?'',d
r flui rfiln.,, iundrd Sour snuo rqilrcdun r rrufi I t ua r'lun rt rs Sun I :d ru
o i ruav udo srJ$fi ? a r o ont.r'tuzr]n r : d rud r u a r, i and ad!,t orufiulrt o*"fl u. o
nurir r ardruatdodlrtrttrtufiucuuanlliaan (Golden 1978 : !-2t"tfluulnoAoudotilfia r aa{uaud ri{o t nddi{fi4.r'tffrJ:"noufiufi'r 3
r fi a'lfi r fi on :vlrun r rnr sioiltcd'lnina r n'r z'|'fi r fi a s dru"lo druuds et
fir"tfi I fio ffafior^la ro"[6uar r fluarn r ?lar rnn'i rzuad r ur r"'lun'r:iilsfisIt.fiu
uanr.tnjc'lfl r nmfrnrzfioRufiean"uuuufi r u116n:TilBo.rfinodounzusfrruuu
noAalfifidrufrdg"lun'r:"lilrJ:ono1ifirfis (Clolden 1976a : 654-658)
uacnrz'Ifl rnudnruuuna{uuilnorraufi.r 3 drurlrsnolfiu sodraifiqdal:n
ld a d r.r n n fi o.r u a o fi rJ : " infi n T uu. nd o f; u'tilfi t r dun r : fi nnr n o t1n a t 6u
a (clolden 19?6 a : 654-658) fiilnUrffnpiluRsuUulatUUUnndaldnlil
6arna{uaudri4ornadfis g dru,drriof,r.nrrrosl:nuu'i'ts 3 !--- -.l---.^r^-a sr^-.^."I ".H"1^-.",^^,9'nlRsuuu w sr1 rrcuuudndosdrur]nfr finuru"lufirl?flil'lo t 6unr'r
tl
.idUA,riUffO{41n1? E0\r dys Iexia
I i 6l ul iol 4-- 4{ r,t {nsuuunndrusi r ul-lufr ilr artnn r Iu'lo t ?uil o rdtl 0 {flnu 1 8t4I an'l I
4qu'lo I iugasdruas'lufinreusnruclB ( dif f use )
flyuuu w r1nfi nc$uu c unu cw dr u11ufirlrafifinrruunu.ia'ttu
.{n0\:6[110{Ann?-l
FrBtruu w ilnfi c rlnG usi c!r t4'', finul"lufirlrafifin-,ru-totfutl
tasdrua.r druuilrros frontal lobe (prefrontal lobe)
fl't 1
dru
tCopyright by Mahidol University
t
137
hrc$uuilnAnndru a.rqq"fi-l,duu16rfia.r'[uuornailnfirrirfiu usii'q
YuQ - -ifin1?u.lor6urr-,.sdruoou..ro.udiorrrr:d uiofinrrrfiorjnfr01sl^ru to tuunaat
:c dud ou ?sdrru.r rnnfi udu r f,urjnG'tfi 'lun :fi r duf,ctfi o.r"lfl n -r t fi s t nnuqCI--
nr3u r il,rrurdra"[unrrifrsta rurrvfisuf irorvuuurrlddrl.lrtltrstlFl?''l]l
unr^r d a { i o s du o s'tfi u si frn s vuu'j r a r n''l r ! o \t o ? 1ru unu'i 0 $ n 1 {dH a s cs d st'f a
r un rufisurtfin rrru n o sfi6un r zno daua ri'r sfifiadrdry r dufirlr afin r rrud rurn
"lunr:drreuArurfi'liiarifiunr t column ) !o.tttuuttodald'.rudo.r"tfi r fiufi'r
srrrrunu:'a\inoon.rnJ TvdY uian',rfifitJ.urof;l*ia0on rdatnrufiutj
n rrrts r andscriruuunodousiolrt or,lur$ t fra.ira nrrufi orJnfr sosl.fq&n zril
C , { a d {q- 4 --- a | {naai rila 1s s y t ilU t n i A sil'tfi t frun r r s n'l ? U 10 t i U n a {dil a { 0 B 1 { [ Os Ur'lau
- ! r':' t 4 '{ornad1rt"],il qcfia'lfi'.tfiufrililruuunodoudsl?ilna I a0luauo t ?
q :cufinfi { fi ori rfiosi r sr s a {uuunodau u nurfi o sfi er rru t ilr-lqffr.X.uo a sfi fl
n r rno da uu odun r r fi r dufiua r qr oil il ofi oua 1o r iot'ulfi '[un r tfi ru uunodo u
ilh'tA1unreiilsdserruunuiatnttduo\itra{Uana (Golden 1978: 10)
3. 3.ran.l? r rJtau r fiaunr:riruurnodau dorlrJffa t no{uauo{ r i{o-, e . | , ur dc -, -^.:^..^-.^,.:..t?"1--.sY-!
r ndd fi.r g dru ryn.jr.rnaiu{ilrafriluarddnrunr{dllo{ $nvnaila|il?sn Lil
fir,rarfidnrunrsdrua r ilr rn4'iror"uuunItnodailna.rfirJr afi.r z nrjH fi err lil
$onsir.rfiuadr.rfifitdrdgnrsafifr (p ( .001') fio 3 douuunodou ru4fl''l?
6 &- d 4 .ri-a^l- -..d-^Ffnr,tus{ t ilun'lrriuaunrrru t flaflo [fi spvnlru t ria{o1'lna{llilunodaudflril
6a r aa{uaud ri{o r nad.irfirtzrinBnrr^rg..r1unr:"tt, f,u, "dtsfiorlrraiua??i
fi'lRl.rilunuiasnosdros d.rdaoqfiaoiun.rAnsln0stnarfiu (Golden
1926a: 654-688) firi'rnrrnordau"tufirjraii"[6fruror6lnrsdru0t, nurjrrfi
runcfidea1sninufi ruu'i r uulnodauir nrA. r a o {u aud r i {o t nadf,A'ril 1?o
sq u ur dq d - ----^ttl--l^^^^Y^-:"P^-^- oa a cr- C
iilq{afiileaililnr:lro r 6unrsduo'116orirsnnfiotfisYoaas 84. 6 uonqrnu
;odfiudqr.nrtfinrrdnraarsafiu r du r ua t tn ( Perret lg7 4z 323-330 )
ua"Tna r fiu (Golden 1973: 6 ) fiuu'jrfirJrudlfi?uu'',o,6un.'tdrua{o'ls
I
oCopyright by Mahidol University
a srfinrt{rlr fiaerrtudtutrn'lunT :druorira "l
138
unv{rJ t fi an rrrrdru rtn-tu
nrzuonfafi
*rn..nfi" rnn r zi r r, t rtr1 r fi oo'i rd rurarisfi r fi oua1fr dn1un1 {
du a.rfi s.la si a n r tfi ruuuno doudrvt ; :lfi n t a o { rr aud r i {o r nadrai olilfiu arn il t r n4
,i r d ruraris n r r'fi o ilnG n r.r dt| a .r fi u q n si r .r fiu"lilfi ar a si a n r z fr r $ uuno d o tt d ru
n.rrriando?i (c) uacuuilnodaldrunrt*iandadd"lAtutiA-, (cw) ii'rdso
srdasfiunT rdnnrnas t oa r tuil uat Aiur ao{ ( DeRenai & Spinn}er'
cited. in Kenneth & Edward 19?9: 203) firirnrrfinnTfirjratrnn']\t
dua.rfierliiion'r:iu!tto.rfi Hrauulnodau Ishihara plat'es uauttlJ1
n o d a u n r r i' ri fr fi n fi r a n fi .r fi u u''i r fi rl r s fi fi n r r ru u.nu'i a s n r r dr o .r d ru'traqia n
\idrrrzn{urid16 nrur r dsrfiu'tunrtfint","#of,fiur^ru'ir oiruurisdfioilnfr
nr sdu o.rilararirtfi r fioer 'r,1usrntd
1{ ! 0 {alaasuuun r:frrulunodou drun r s
drudr (u) adrsiifiadrfirynrtdfiE loafitlr afifiusridn'lunr sdru a {Bilu
nrru,rafirlil (Diffuse brain lesionl finvuu*,*dooaoatanr:firuuu
nodoudrun T zd rud r ( w ) a'rn'i'rf, rlr udfi r^'a ttsanrun o tdu o stn r r r ( Ri ght
henisphere Iesionr odrsfifiadrfiqnrsdfrfr $acd{n'irfirJradfiuarfi
dnrutardilosinff'ra (Left henisphere Iesionr odr.rlrififiairfirgnr'r
dAA druaranr:nodouuuunodaunrzd'rudr ( w ) :vra'ir'rfi rJrafiiuaridnrr'l
o nr rdu a ttnlrrunrdnflrtfiulduCInsi r sfiu d.r'til r f, ulilq ^,il nqrifi 'i r fi rfi
nr rufioiln6r a.rdu a.rtnflr s finfir"lfi r ion r rufioiln6 t oiuf o r fi arfiiln r z'lfl
n1p1 t Hrsqrn ifla rft"ld 2524: 321) nrziiiltrn0ala I duilfiitaao'ir
o r eacfi ruail11.Ifl o sdrjz"n ouuacdRtun I srilrrutfirirn I tnodou naired o !ilsdo ,,_.&-.y r . o-^rudortaonfisnrlilluuf{la{alnlzunnsir.lilnrnrtnodouilu6rlrS[[oasl'lgiln1T[tao\raillllr\rH r I'
r
fiu fi rlr au1 \i T.t aiin r rudo s a onfi sne'r I r 6urlranr t dr {fl 1 I ?uu?{tt 1fl lj''l {
:rafiarnrl?uuzriloa Ssdnrtrnrril r 6urlrsfifi"^si"ot.T ldrrufia rac
il:cRninluDo.:ilnenlunr:riruuunodol"tfi 6'rdTna t fiu ( Golden 19?B:
1o )'tfi nri.r rli*fi r.j -r uqfi n t rru ruyfi ruuunodouiiq r rrudr6ry'lun'r :dcv dr a
ifr-adserrilu.lo r 6unrrd'a.r r.rnu.nfi , unwainrJzon.r"dodfi r'lfiaranrz
a
tCopyright by Mahidol University
o
139
q R rt- quoa 1 s [ fr oEu'[6q r n n'] ?-[f, i 1u,luna ilsl ? 0 s'1 { nn 1 fl "t rfinar"td r f,u1rtnrilnilDi
finrrilos riu"lrt
a
4. s{afl'lr r rlisu r fialnrtriruulnodoudorltl6n I ao{uouoi r i{o t ndd
y -r q e!.-.- do v ' s'-- -*.rtlufinrruunsruuufiiluacfi.r gdru -lufiSunrrnodaunurvou0'18$mno1\:flu n-'-S t
u" ouudilfuufi ro -ril r nilfr fl 1 r"lff rifi a r^ru'j'r r d arl."an I znodotr o sfi rJr afi s
2 nril tnairufiilr,raridnrunrsduasuavnriudlilfiuarBaR.run'l.ldila{) il1-,irl
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acuilulvtf irsfiiunT tnodalfifitsfiuo'tatt$ncirsfiu'lufirltufio z nrirr usi
d - t ' '.-- -'^-.:^$^.t) r ' dc
rilauq1?illqlnqvuuuoUrlu,t.ttlFlxltlunnsi'l{[dofru Lufirlrgfi{ 2 n6iilfriltl
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d { o - ---.gd-^ F^r 4' 'uosrruu I odsna {n1Tn']ttuunodaildildo . 58 . 58 ) ?0 {a{il161oflOil018
26-44 il (b4.11) uacnriuara 45-64 il (43.39t CIrsdr6'uct
$ililnodoun1r r tandodii"tflnruririr ( cw) neiruaT qfiilacuuurqa'sdtl
_"iqI naoda a1s?uu'j1{ 16-2b il (12.88) To.:a{illdotvdlolq 28-44 iltit
(1s.44r unsrcdu0ls 45-64 il (t4.44t orlri16'l'l
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J, lru j.c d ^^,/^^. 5l o
fr i rdi ?un r ?nodoilfr il fl ''t s il 1 fl q v il n r : no n a I r a re ? 1ild1il 1 Tn lufl 'l 1 s']rtufl
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uuilnqdaildrunrtrtsnflafi (c) dv , | | . r---in qn triuuo r 1il$ann'l { ?c14? 1 {t^llJ? Bnilua 1fl
ID
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rir'Ifi rionrrtunr.riatlunlluanfi ( Kenneth & Edward 19?9 z 2O2-2OBI
a- g ur r - 6l ,3 ivv aq u e I d t'6.rfiufi rl r s $ ei a s T a-[un ei rurinn n u td 5 un r r Iils t a u 6 r i r ilu a rddnruln I { dil 0 $
!te
Copyright by Mahidol University
140
ai.rorqfiruuunodau'ludrunrrrtsnflad (c) lfililustnsir.rffu drunrrn
ruornsi. odru'luu uuno doun T : r i unt tf,lilfifi ur,id'l ( cw, fiur.o t fi onr rv n I z
doounrn ?un ruzcn'i r sn 1 co;l$ac Ei rudr r d ofi o r r*uonsi r.r r fi ofiu'lu t 4 t o
nr z ai T uri r n o sffrJa a'luusiat Itdur., isd sarasi on rrfi ruuunodaudrud r fir,
nr"riendo*d'tAluri,lr (cw) f,am
'tun {u {rl r e fi 'l'il fi u a r i dn r un r t dr o.r uu'i r R r r r u o n 0i r { I o { : c 6'u
arailHnsianrtriruutnadaldruntteirurir (w) odrsfifiadrdqnTtAfifid
:yfiu. 001 loe'luuuilnodounrreiruri'l (rrr fiiunrtnocaudfirocuuu, *do
agrdqaaqiludr{:sfiuars 1G - zs il
zB 44 il ( 74. 83 I uactcfiua'ls 45
(88.?s) io{a{ilrEa:cduarat
- 64 il (Gs.z3) srTrudrdu d.t
r f, u1r]o r il norfl d'i r fi f rn r zno da ufi fi o r a r 1 fl ls r fr o n r r r n o n a ari r'lfi fi n lr ldrt r zn'lun r z{ruun'lfifia an'irfiiun t:nodouigl,rducr rd.rfilfineir rt rufir
rusi"tu$uunodardrunll tuntrfrdlilfiil;dr ( cr{) tlr,rnflarn'ir1d
uue ? lrruonsir sa sir sfifiadrfirunr.rdfifi:cu'ir tt.ranr:nodotno.ofirlr adldil
o
uarfidnrunrsdra.rdfi rrduar4uonsir sfiu d.rld r f,ulrtortnqrflunuaulo'i3 'rv J a , 3
s'lunCI{ [? [uantilutfluu uqe<|qAr€do6?igilnx1ilao rfiu'1101s I no Iua{s1nn1fl'l?I
flnu r'tun aiu dr o ri r s dil { ruruei ouff r.rfi o I u n rldldn r uq l fi r u rl t 6un a { u dn c
rcdu o r a-lfifi fi nururlnfi r 6 a s fiu
d:,rJufir'lunrrfiruuunodaudorlrl6a r aa{uoud r i{o r nadfiu zs6'il
dru{roalan$onarsnuilarasianrtnruuunrdrufi ., g dru d'rfiu-lunrtfiruutnadou
Jrt'lilrt rrladrl q c fi a sfi n T ziliun "
uuu'tfi t uu rcdilfiurc6u o r ao r il fi ti riluo'tl5| / ourun4 r nilnn 1 ? rsrifi au uunqdo u r fr ari au is qr ?ir'lfi u uunrarr]ilfi o. r ru r d ofi 016
b. r{nn1r r rjigrJ r fiaun.rryiruurnodoudntil6a r ao{uoud t i{o'tt ' "[ufiiunrznodoudfi:ofiunrsfinrrumnsirsfiu r^rrt,ir"tunauarrn6l6n{ s rl?u lufiiunrznoroudfi:vfiunrsfin"lnJn,i.sfiu ul'ir"fr ' u
tlri<t.
il? B nriuB'1fl dnlun1 { 6{il a {ttl
r c fi u n tr fi nr r d u o n si 1 .t fiulri fi a, n si o n r z ri r u I u
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Copyright by Mahidol University
141
o J-t+nBdo{0aflna'180n{flu fi t r dunr rufi oiln6d t fi otfru"luufi rdn rrfi r $ 1uB 0 {
A1o.r1uEfirrflunrrlfiortntsiirflulrtIoaiielrt (Diffuse lesion) cvfir
'lfirn'o01fl1?!a{flrt{rJrdsufirdrotdro.r'traqiraara "1 orjrsdrrufiu tdu
r?laarrtnzs{r ueldT,dto tilasrrrutqdsrqnro uiofinlrufiarlnBn, t
uqfin t:nu.o r. rui*.oOu uacfir r f,ua rrrufrolnfid t froffu, *r."d ( Focal
Iesionl fi'qrrir'lfi rfioneito'Ifl'li,*r."dri'to't rdu aphasia, apraxia,
annes ia r f,ufiu ii.rnrirua.n",rd t firffufi r do r fio'lufiileadfiuaridnrunrs
a, * r, nito fi 'r I ofi .t ilulH
rfirufiud fiusiliuo.l u^r.r,du 1 zszl :92) uf irrsrrraairfiucoiitt6ilnrt
frnrrunnoir sfiufisrt
u d'[un dru ff rl r a dldfi nr a rfi dn run r t dru o.,r u u'i't zs fi un r :fi npr du n nts
si r.rfiufi arasi onr :fi rurunodaudnrilfia r n o{u aud r i {o r nadfi s s druo d1 sil
fia*rfignr.raifi tfi:cdu .001, .01 uac . o1 ouiirdul losd'tuuuu
nedaudeunrzdrui, (w) uatdrunrzrtandaii (c) firhadfinrzfinur
rcHufissetfinrr uac:cduaarRnrr dTrr:nfirnuunrfrilfrdn'irfirlrudfi
n r rfinpr rc duil:snufinrr a d r rfi fi aC'rfiEn r.r afi 6 dru'tuu lttnodoun r t r i a n
trfidlAtotifi", (cw) firlrgfifinrzfinnrrcduqorudnrrd'rurrnfirulunodau
'tfi dn'i rff rl, un *udiln. rin". rt dlrJzs ntfint. r ri. ofi fi a drdqnr safi fr u silliU9
I | | de q u .qc . uu -- Cf---g-uiln ? 1 il u o n si.l.r o d r sIfi a d r dqn I t dri d rvu r t t 6 i ufl 'l I ne 5f o ilnil fl 1 ? 6{fl P1 T c oil
ilrsnrilnut uactsdtfrtalfrnr, iirwnn r zdn".fld r r"fi a tfiun r tfintr r o.t
Tuztro{urtu (Brovernan, cit,ed in Jensen 1966: 491 fir^rl'irfin?1il
u nnsi r r n o ssi rf,rurt z "RndauflHfiud
r a tu unodo udrr 1ilfia t a a {u oud r i {o r nad
. eu i a u ae S :rd ^)--L^^s-:lt^ {?cu?'l {af lun'l?no6toun t iluunf, n$1 guiln 1 $asfl aililaT drdfin? B o { a tnnr t'olo
n r s rf r du'r d il ".l
. u os| n si'l { fi ufi t'tuH r un r t fi nr r u a t o'r ilr,r
t.: r^r o a r rj'tf i r : r du n r r dn u. du n n si r s fi ufi at a si a n r z fi r u u un o d a u
dn : rlfin r a o {u aud r i io r nad"tuun" ^d'[tiil,
u rfi dn run r t du o.t
a
OCopyright by Mahidol University
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l42
6. ilan11 r iltaurfiaunrrfiruuunodaudn:rjdn raa4uaud ri{o
r nadfis g dru rou.jrriliunr:noaaudfi r ur{sir{fiu uu'i'r'[unriu{ilraiiil
us.rfrdn.lunrrdrostvu.jrsrusldrauavrr,rrrrafrsldfisrrriluonsir'rfiu'tunT rrir
uuunodounr:riru61 (!rt uuunodoudrunrtriandad (c) uasfl'lltian
?rfrdlaturiA,., r cr.r) od,rtfifiafirdqnr.rafifr aranrrfinrrfiuil'lunriu{rhafi
fiil8 rfr dnrr.rnr sr{* o sil lri o rq6uffu16'i r t ior''lno ? ,.tlusrnsir { :cu'ir s t ud
arir.rufiqt o fi ofi r ur rrfi nr'lcn? 1il r 6urlranr sdro'r t fi rH r t fi artotdea d's
fl 1s r f,uala"lfiilqfi n r s u rrus fi r n r r no da u t ils s r ilulrtlfi
d.ru'tunriru{rtr ad1ilfir^ls rfidnrunr sd* o.rfiu uu'i rsr rruuurnsir 'i
rvu.jrt r r^rstfiarationrzfiruuunodaldorrjdn r ao4uaud ri{o r nAdfil g dru
orir,rfifiadrfiEnr.rdfi6 tfirc6il .01, .05 $as .001 nr*6rdll loa'tu
uurnodolnrzrirudr rw) rrurldrafieirradea.tn'iT rr'rotra6s fi8'429 uns
66.32 nrudrfiil) uuilnodaunr:tientafr (c) rurldrafinu$ultrofia
bz. 89 rurfufu.riloy$uu, *d, 45.7s uacuilunodalnrt r€anflo?id'lilfirri6r
(cw) rr,rrtdrsfinsuuuro6s 81. 086 rurtrafi'rilncuuur*d, 21--gB dsld
rf,u"trjstrilfinpruvorruunnsir{n1{rutdiifi{afrrjrrslluaranu'ir {uft.r"tilfiaa
C
6rrrnn'irfidr a dr o rfisAarilnno.rfiufusri'afirfi t fia rta.rfiunr:"lflnrt't
nrrfi*urnrsnrrri't r f,ulrtarirtzro t 6r t dfiu u:fifiErlna 2529 : 65)
O $asr{afl.lrfinr.rf,fi.r"tdaaonHasfilnrtfiflH1las 1afiau ( 1932) d01il
(1935i rsurdu (1960) UAY tsurduuatlrtro{ (196G1 fiuu'ir"lU
nr:firuu'nodondCIzrl6n r no{uoud ri{o r nAdfiu nrrruuCInsir{zcu'ir'0 tu'l
1ilfi arasi on r rfi rurunodaun'r r d rud 1 ( w I deu'tuuu:rnodou'tun r z t tand ad
( c ) firailsq rfifinpr"lun r: r i anfl ofr166n'i rfir r s o d r sfifiadrfirgn'r sdifi u si
9-
irraiuuuunodoun r l i unf odd"tilfi u{ri r ( cr,r ) fir*, ^
n''' tfi ntrn * silao onfi o'r
fiunrrfrnr.llo{ tuat znfi (Perretti' cited in Golden 1976:8)
d'u".l.uu$noirsna{0yuuunodoudrunr"rianda*dlanu,ia..'(cl'|,l"rt.jr.t
r ueld r su a v r r,relnft s o d r'rfi fi afi r 6En r'r rtfi fi 1o afi o"uuu r o6$na s t ur{dr a
e (55. 1l d.rn'j'rovuullrqf,anosrurdufr'l ( 48' 2)
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143
d q , -.^ -J^^.- -lx.,o3-"fl'1 .i.t...''Xa.rfilmnt o {fl.l rnaran l rfinrrur.r drur o {n .r riirin #.tilltiattsrfia.rfiunRrflui o
nrrfinyrfiilurrirufiu or., flur!f?1un1liEan{tf,fiila{rfiourtil:vnr:'[u
drun a s { rurun { rufi r o ei r s u ac n 1 I a ? uqil fi r rr r]zfi fi 'rlri o r ounailrl afi 16
t. n'r z i t sr r r "
tiu I n v u uull 1 o 1 g1u! o s u llno d o udn t ilfia t a a i
uoud ri{a r nadfi.r g dru'lufiiunrznodot rurldra-uOs tsfiuotsluastcfiu
nr:finrrsirs "1
s 1nn 1 r i r n z r "
t{u r n'l 1 lt, d u o r, { B 0 su Uilno da ldsr r rl6a r n a {,v
uoud riio r nd6fir g dru ul'iruuunonauf,firirorrrhrotuuunodou
( Sensitivityl d{ rrdilirorrrl{1ru']v ( Specif icity ) ratulunodar't
riaufir.rdr ilrsn oufiuaran r zi r nzrr116nfiua r o r6ruilrsian'rrriruuunodau
uu,ir r ud o 1 q $ ay rcfiun r:dnrrdusrnsi''r sfiufi alasi an r triruuunodaldntil
f,a r aa{uoud ri{a r n*d fii{si{lfii r n:'rrriu,.'ncuuuil''tot1,..uilo.riltunrz
nodauloauana'liln?ruunnsir{tcu'j'l.t tuel :ufiuara uavtcdUnrtilnrr.dq
t^larl:rnnr 1 t il a ? t n s.t"fru anOtililts t tln! o sfi ruil:ufi ruuunodaildm zil
fia r ao{u aur{ r i{o r nadfi r g drufiileirorrrlrna suulnodou ( sens it iv itv )
uasri ro r rru.i r t g1v fl o.tulunorlau ( Spec if ic itY I *.rfruariT .r t fiulfi
il6f r su r d.rudor"luu,rr-.,rd 14, fi.r 4L, ii'rafirauuwanr:i{adr^rrir tilsl
a 1 q uac zcfiunr tfinurfi arasian r :fi ruulnodauds arJda r a a {u oud r i {o r nAd
drra{ln'rrfiruuunodouds|zilda r aa{uoud r i{a r nad lrt"lfl
rJ:cIagfin.r snhilnfiuq ? ? r fi on1floruiluil 1a 15rufi t uil -tc6ilufiufiiun r tnodau
too.nn. ri{sn*{il fi iiafi e r rrfi o r fiu'j'r a T q'liloc$uuil rB r5'lus o.rTna t fiu
r fiur nrudnrsfioiut:q"td , dro.rnfirirerrrruhrornrrnod'rJ ( sens it ivitv i
ra€ onrn c r'lil r neudn"uuutt ''," rg.ud1fis'lnn r:i{ao{tfi t fiu
a
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16-2s il, z6-44 il uay 4s-64 il fiof,rur1c?rnnr:itsuu'ir orsfi
a infiuasian r rfiruuunodourlo 3r.tfia r a a {u aud r i {o r nad fi'l"lunrilfirl? aiifi
Copyright by Mahidol University
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t44
us1i dr 1,!rn'l ldr a .r u ar n ri l{rtr ailliils ridnrunr*du a r'lum" i r xduas
:udun r rAlnrr ii niund on r riru uuncdaudn g$f,a r nai'u aun r i in r nadt a rfirtraii'tdiua'ridntrnr,odra.rrila'rnrirrdarrrirfiu ii.ru*rr-lfirfiu'irfiruilrl. oil* r.u C rfini ouir.rd rd u n. r ri.u r]unn d audrrrlda r e a {u oud r i {e r nadtt
a
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dzrjnr:i{Buac ilo t duouuc
n'r ri ia n * sf,fi r o ri srail 1 I r fi oi r n t r ttira r n r r I u riun t s
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6n r ao{uoud ri{o rndd r.ufio rrjiaurfiarnrrruondr{rarrunnr:riruurj
no daudn :rl6a r a o {u aurl r i {o r nAsl t"rai r.r fi rjr adfi nra "idarunr
tdil o {u nc
fiilr atlilfir.ra rfidnrunr sdru a s r ilarirrtzrruo*dra;u1rt'tfl'tusrufirunfifin
n ai ru dr o :i'r sfi'lfl 'tun r ri i a n {.rf, r fl ufi rl r gfifi r^ra rfi dn run r .r dr a sfi
rilriunrtinrr'luuwufla''lazdrdn4 lzsuaruraBizrtr uas'udrail:sdtn
inar 1:tuarurailzsdrnuETln {ruru so 114 laadnrrriltaurfisufiufi
rJr giililfi,^rarBdnrunr tdr a.rfi r fir ?un r t?nurfir a1znnr t a 1s rnrtil '[u
uafuno'ls?d'rngt{ 1:tuarurafii:rf druru eO ?'ls "lufinrils'{uci lfifi
r ud 0 1 auau zsfitnr rfinyr'lnfi r d a.rfiu fl '11 [ fi onnrilfir a d r s r fluulu t ilt'l1sI
rq.1sq{ (purposive sanpling) rfia"lfilfinrgnzudliifidrirrauoll
r nio.rfi afi'lil"lunr riiss,#sfi il:snoufi rs
n . urLufiufin il ouadrufir ra tnairudradr s
B. uutnodsudozilfiarao{uaudri{orndd dsurisaanrflu 3
attrdru6o dourunodaunrrnirudr (w) douuunodailfl'l1rtsanflo;i (c) uns
doutunod0iln'r r t tsnd tfrii'[ilfrrr$d r ( cw )
fl 1 t r fiu: rrLt rl ilorn fiiiafi rn I : r fi onnaiufi r orir'rfi sdo sndilq rn
uuurJo {ruiiufin:l:v T6r o.rfirJr s r fia"tfilfinaitfir o dr.rfifinrurrufi6*. ',g|tud
rirrauorll q'rnfiuffiis'tfidr rilunr:noaolfirhafi'r z nairufiranut o': loa
f, unrrfirj :" {6tlrufr rrt trl zs n r tnqdoudnrrjfia r aa4uoud r i{o r n*o{
uasrirn r :nodalu uttz r aqnn afi ? s$ ililc
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oCopyright by Mahidol University
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146
t. eirqrrrrusdafio"tfi (Reliability) notuuunodoudn:il
- 4 4 <l ' e ' | .s-g-'lvi- !.-.-"?-.9-Poa r aoTttauo r ??o t ndd fi'r g dru uild"tgl?1]l t dado [6n:c6ilil8d'l6Un1{
.UdfrAfi . os 6.ril
n. uuunodaudrunr:airudr (w) rir r = 0.925
B. uuunodoudrunr:riandad (c) rir r = 0.6323
Fr. uuunodor.rdrunrltundoadlffitrial ( cw) ir r = 0.7576
z. sirnrrt rfiuurr\too\tuuunodolderil6a rao{uouo{ ri{o rnad
fio g dru 1fialad.ruao.r'tuo''tzr.rfi 42
J . . d rer----1-.--.!.:t^.---! Hst1?1{n 42 lr6to\:q1n?1illn8{CI1{rarurnmodoildn:L6ataotrraunritotndn fi.r g dru
!t
douuumrdauq
stvtn{uil'16t15'Tu
5vn0{ Lflatou
asuuilil.lsng'lu rir sensitivity eir specificityd.r s qun Loq.]nn'1I?q8
O $uunodau
nr:Eirudr twl 97
75 81.67
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60
58 96.67
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18. 33nrrrtanila;ttci
53- 33
35.00
96.67
100.0031
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"tflfimldr t."la
Copyright by Mahidol University
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g. aran.,ri r 6ri1yr{ r rjiau r fisilnrtnodauutlnodaudmtrjda r ao{
uaudri{ornad fio s dru :cu'ir{n6iu{rleadfir^rarfidnrilnrsdruotuasnaiu
{rtraiilriiluarfidnT r^rnr.tdlo.r firsidnT :noraoufiuuu{uei (Match pair
T-test I r,lu'j lervuuunodaun o.rfi ilr afi 'r A nuiu ilor riluOntdr t a ri r'rfi.at
fiadrfignrsdfi& fit"fiu -001 fi': 3 donililnodau
L. nrzi r srrrtr{ r rJtau t fiaualanrznodauulunodaudcllrtda r aa{
uaudri{ornadfis s dru rvra'i'r.rfiiunrrnodaudil:"duaT asir{fiu loa-[il
if,i rnzrrdnrriluilrili?uuililn1\r rdar (Anova) dlilaranr:i tnz'tcli
-go{u
n. n{r{dradiuaridn'runrsdrua't
ldr^run rrtunnsir 'r a rir silfisdrHqnr.rafifi !a {ncuilufl'11
nodauutunodoudotlr1daraa{uoudri{otnAd f;o g dru'lu{iunrtnodou
;; ;. ;;; ; 1,.., u'," *lll;ll;::l
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dlAtr,rlA -, ( cw ) udldglsr r rHuCInri r s o ei r.rfi fi a irfirynr.rdfi 6'[uuuunodou
n.rtrtantafr (c) rdarirntuuufiulritnyr"#
r. n{H{rhadldiiua'ri*nrunrtdr o s
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aCopyright by Mahidol University
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9
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u*s{td dT ar.rdga o.o.udu f . inins'rfrrlil. ttat'lud, ltsfilrrlffr.r
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unrina rfig t nrn:s{rdn {, 25 19 .
oolt finrruiqrrd. ltninuaonlrsutjtiltrunr{in ilsuil:silrru zszz -2529-i-'-n1.0 t nililfi'luar, Tt.rfrruri*iofiud, 2528.
Abransonr J.H. Sur:rey net\ods in Conmunity nedicine.
Second edition. New York: Curchill Livi'ng Store
Inc., 1979.
Golden, C.J. "A Group Version of the Stroop Color and lford
Test. " Journal of Personal ity Assesssen'L. 39
( 19?5a): 3BG
. "The Measurenent of Creativity by the Stroop
Color and tford Test. " Journal of Personalitv -Assessnent. 39( 19?5b): 502-506.
. "Identification of Brain Disorder by the Stroop
Color and l{ord Test . " Journal of Cl inical
Psychology. 32(July 1976at: 654-658.
Copyright by Mahidol University
155
Golden, c.J. The identification of brain damaEe
abbreviated form of the Halstead
neuropsychological battcry." Journal of
Psychology . 32(October: 1976b) : 822'
. stroop color and tf ord Test,. I I I inois: stoel ing
ConPanY' l'978.
Guttnan, Ruth. "Perfor&ance on eight spatial ability tests
as a function of age and education" Educational
Gerontology- 1O ( 1984) : 1-11 '
Jensen, A.R. "scoring the Stroop Test' " @24 (october 1965): 398-408'
Jensen, A.R. and Rohwer' U.D. .,The Stroop Color-l{ord Test:
A Review. " l@. 25 (January 1966):
36-93.
Kenneth, il. He i lnan . and Edward ' Valensf ein . C I in i.cal -
Neuropsycholocy. Neu York: 'oxford University
Press, 1979.
perret, E. "The left frontal lobe of nan and the
suppression of habitual responses in verbal
categorical behavior. " NepropEychologia. 12 ( 1974):
323-330.
by an
Re itan
Cl iroical
Fundanentals
HeaIth and
Peterson, R. Donald and Thomas, B. David'
and EPidernioIogY. U.S.A.: D'C'
Corrpany ' 1978.
Rand, G. et al. "Age differences in perfornance on the
stroop color - l{ord Test. " Journql.,of Personality.
3(1963f: 534-558.
j
Copyright by Mahidol University
I
156
RoberL, E. Silvernan; Psvcholggv. Fourth edition. New
Jersey: Prentice Hall, fnc., 1982.
Stanton, Babette, Ar et, aI. "Age and educationat differences
on the Trail Making Test and lfechsler Menory Scales."
perceptual & ltotor Skills 58 (Febuary 1984): 311-318.
\)
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aCopyright by Mahidol University
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