roaring 20's
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Chapter 12Chapter 12Politics Of The 1920’sPolitics Of The 1920’s
• The Roaring 20's The Roaring 20's • Republican EraRepublican Era• The Jazz Age The Jazz Age • The Lost Generation The Lost Generation • Boom to Bust Boom to Bust • Decade of Normalcy Decade of Normalcy • Prosperity Decade Prosperity Decade • Prohibition EraProhibition Era• The Advertising AgeThe Advertising Age• The Golden Age of SportsThe Golden Age of Sports
The Red ScareThe Red Scare1919-19201919-1920
Karl MarxKarl Marx
Friedrich EngelsFriedrich Engels
Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin
Soviet FlagSoviet Flag
The Palmer The Palmer RaidsRaids
The Attorney General used the attacks to initiate a widespread clamp-down on radicalism. He brought in the young and ambitious Justice Department lawyer, J. Edgar Hoover, to head a campaign of raids and mass arrests. Later known as the "Palmer raids," the widespread attack on radicals were largely Hoover's operation. He organized raids to be carried out in three different cities on January 2, 1920. Not possessing search or arrest warrants, the enforcers paid no regard to who was and who was not guilty of anything illegal. In the end, mass arrests were made and 249 people were deported including the prominent anarchists Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman. Hysteria hit an all time high when Palmer announced that there would be an attempted Communist takeover on May 1st, 1920, but when it didn’t happen, the hysteria dissipated.
Emma Goldman and Alexander BerkmanJ. Edgar HooverMitchell Palmer
Palmer House BombingPalmer House Bombing
J. Edgar HooverJ. Edgar Hoover
Sacco and Sacco and VanzettiVanzetti
On April 15, 1920, two men robbed and murdered a paymaster and his guard as they transferred $15,776 from the Slater and Morrill Shoe factory. Three weeks later, in the spirit of the anti-immigrant, anti-communist times, two Italian immigrants and known anarchists, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, were accused and arrested for the crime, despite the scant evidence against them. Following a seven-week trial which many considered very unfairly manipulated by Judge Thayer, Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted on circumstantial evidence of capital murder and sentenced to death. Sacco and Vanzetti appealed their convictions and got a lot of support from those who opposed the death penalty and racism, but they lost and were executed in 1927.
Sacco and VanzettiSacco and Vanzetti
Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan
Immigration in the 1920’sImmigration in the 1920’s• The Immigration Act of 1924 (National Origins The Immigration Act of 1924 (National Origins
Act/Asian Exclusion Act) greatly reduced Act/Asian Exclusion Act) greatly reduced immigration to USimmigration to US– The law was aimed at restricting immigration The law was aimed at restricting immigration
of Southern Europeans, Eastern Europeans, of Southern Europeans, Eastern Europeans, and Jewsand Jews
– Severely restricted the immigration of Severely restricted the immigration of Africans and prohibited the immigration of Africans and prohibited the immigration of Arabs, East Asians, and IndiansArabs, East Asians, and Indians
– The purpose of the act was "to preserve the The purpose of the act was "to preserve the ideal of American homogeneity“ideal of American homogeneity“
– W.A.S.P.W.A.S.P.
President Harding, Coolidge and President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover Hoover
Republican Philosophy-Republican Philosophy-1920’s1920’s
•Trickle-down theoryTrickle-down theory•Laissez-faire •Rugged individualism•Normalcy
Secretary of State Secretary of State Charles Evans HughesCharles Evans Hughes
4 Power Treaty4 Power Treaty
•US, GB, France, JapanUS, GB, France, Japan•Each country would respect each Each country would respect each
other possessions in the Pacificother possessions in the Pacific
5 Power Treaty5 Power Treaty• Same as 4 plus ItalySame as 4 plus Italy• Freeze navies at 1921 levelsFreeze navies at 1921 levels
9 Power Treaty9 Power Treaty• Above plus Netherlands, Portugal, Above plus Netherlands, Portugal,
Belgium and ChinaBelgium and China• Keep “open door” in ChinaKeep “open door” in China• Promise Chinese independencePromise Chinese independence
Kellogg-Briand Pact-1928Kellogg-Briand Pact-1928• 62 countries pledged not to use 62 countries pledged not to use
war to settle disputeswar to settle disputes
Albert Fall-Teapot Dome Albert Fall-Teapot Dome ScandalScandal
Warren Harding’s FuneralWarren Harding’s Funeral
President Calvin CoolidgePresident Calvin Coolidge
What impact did automobiles What impact did automobiles have on the United States?have on the United States?
•Link to 1920’s cars
Henry Ford and the Model THenry Ford and the Model T
1920 Model T Ford1920 Model T Ford
1927 Chrysler-Walter 1927 Chrysler-Walter ChryslerChrysler
1928 Dodge Brothers Victory 6 Deluxe Sedan-John Dodge
1929 Buick 4-Door Sedan-David Buick
Route 66 “The Mother Route 66 “The Mother Road”Road”
History of NASCARHistory of NASCAR
Airplanes in the 1920’sAirplanes in the 1920’s• Mail carryingMail carrying• Transporting small groups of peopleTransporting small groups of people• Military Military • EntertainmentEntertainment• Major featsMajor feats
Charles Lindbergh “Lucky Charles Lindbergh “Lucky Lindy”Lindy”
Lindbergh’s FlightLindbergh’s Flight
Amelia EarhartAmelia Earhart
Chapter 13Chapter 13The Roaring Life The Roaring Life
of the 1920’sof the 1920’s
Rural vs. UrbanRural vs. Urban• 1920 Census- 51.2 people lived in cities 1920 Census- 51.2 people lived in cities
of 2,500 or moreof 2,500 or more
• 1922-1929-more than 2 million people 1922-1929-more than 2 million people moved from farms to the cities each yearmoved from farms to the cities each year
• Rural areas tried to hold on to moral Rural areas tried to hold on to moral values and close social relationshipsvalues and close social relationships
The Urban SceneThe Urban Scene• Largest citiesLargest cities
1.1. New York City(5.6 million)New York City(5.6 million)2.2. Chicago(3 million)Chicago(3 million)3.3. Philadelphia(2 million)Philadelphia(2 million)4.4. 65 other cities had over 100,000 65 other cities had over 100,000
peoplepeople
Cities tolerated drinking, gambling and Cities tolerated drinking, gambling and casual dating!!!casual dating!!!
Prohibition “The Noble Prohibition “The Noble Experiment”Experiment”
• 1818thth Amendment(1920-1933) Amendment(1920-1933)– The manufacture, sale and transportation The manufacture, sale and transportation
of alcoholic beverages was illegalof alcoholic beverages was illegal– Supporters believed alcohol brought Supporters believed alcohol brought
about corruption, crime, wife and child about corruption, crime, wife and child abuse and accidentsabuse and accidents
– Supporters came mostly from rural South Supporters came mostly from rural South and West(areas with a lot of Protestants)and West(areas with a lot of Protestants)
– Anti-Saloon League and Women’s Anti-Saloon League and Women’s Christian Temperence Union led the Christian Temperence Union led the attack on alcoholattack on alcohol
ProhibitionProhibition
•Alcohol was allowed for Alcohol was allowed for medicinal and religious medicinal and religious purposespurposes
•Prescriptions and sacramental Prescriptions and sacramental wine orders skyrocketedwine orders skyrocketed
ProhibitionProhibition• At first saloons closed and drunkeness At first saloons closed and drunkeness
went downwent down• The Volstead Act created the The Volstead Act created the
Prohibition Bureau to enforce the lawProhibition Bureau to enforce the law• Prohibition failed for three reasons:Prohibition failed for three reasons:
1.1. People despised it. Saw it as People despised it. Saw it as government meddling in people’s government meddling in people’s liveslives
2.2. The Prohibition Bureau was The Prohibition Bureau was underfunded. Had 1,500 people to underfunded. Had 1,500 people to supervise the country.supervise the country.
3.3. Organized crime became Organized crime became commonplacecommonplace
Homicide RatesHomicide Rates
Bootlegging in the 1920'sBootlegging in the 1920's • Illegally making or distributing alcoholIllegally making or distributing alcohol
•BootleggersBootleggers - people that made or transported - people that made or transported alcohol alcohol – Named because people carried liquor Named because people carried liquor
in the legs of bootsin the legs of boots– Most imported alcohol came in from Most imported alcohol came in from
Canada, Cuba or the West IndiesCanada, Cuba or the West Indies
BootleggingBootlegging
The biggest threat to the The biggest threat to the bootlegger was not the bootlegger was not the Prohibition Bureau or police Prohibition Bureau or police but….but….
HijackingHijacking
.
MoonshineMoonshine • Alcohol made Alcohol made secretly in home secretly in home made stillsmade stills
• Several hundred Several hundred people a year people a year died died from drinking from drinking moonshine during the moonshine during the 1920s1920s
• In 1929 it is In 1929 it is estimated that 700 estimated that 700 million gallons of million gallons of beer were produced beer were produced in American homesin American homes
SpeakeasiesSpeakeasies•To obtain alcohol illegally, people To obtain alcohol illegally, people
went underground to secret bars call went underground to secret bars call speakeasiesspeakeasies(people spoke easily or (people spoke easily or quietly about it)quietly about it)
•Speakeasies could be anywhereSpeakeasies could be anywhere•To be admitted a card or password To be admitted a card or password
had to be givenhad to be given
Organized CrimeOrganized Crime• Came about as a result of ProhibitionCame about as a result of Prohibition• Every major city had it’s gangEvery major city had it’s gang• Al Capone’s bootlegging business in Al Capone’s bootlegging business in
Chicago made over $60 million a yearChicago made over $60 million a year• Due to gang violence, only 19% of Due to gang violence, only 19% of
Americans supported Prohibition by Americans supported Prohibition by 19251925
• Prohibition was repealed in 1933 by the Prohibition was repealed in 1933 by the 2121stst Amendment Amendment
Al Capone-ScarfaceAl Capone-Scarface
St. Valentine’s Day St. Valentine’s Day MassacreMassacre
Taken down by Tax EvasionTaken down by Tax Evasion
Story of Templeton Rye Templeton, IATempleton, IA
Science vs ReligionScience vs Religion•There was a struggle between There was a struggle between
the modern scientific people and the modern scientific people and the Christian fundamentaliststhe Christian fundamentalists
•Fundamentalists believed Fundamentalists believed everything could be explained by everything could be explained by the Biblethe Bible
•They disagreed with the theory They disagreed with the theory of evolution especiallyof evolution especially
Charles DarwinCharles Darwin
The Scopes Monkey TrialThe Scopes Monkey Trial• In 1925, Tennessee passed the first In 1925, Tennessee passed the first
law making it illegal to teach law making it illegal to teach evolution in schoolevolution in school
•The American Civil Liberties The American Civil Liberties Union(ACLU) said it would defend Union(ACLU) said it would defend any teacher willing to break the lawany teacher willing to break the law
• John Scopes, biology teacher from John Scopes, biology teacher from Dayton, accepted.Dayton, accepted.
John ScopesJohn Scopes
Scopes-Monkey TrialScopes-Monkey Trial•Scopes taught evolution and was Scopes taught evolution and was
arrestedarrested•Clarence Darrow was hired by the Clarence Darrow was hired by the
ACLU to defend ScopesACLU to defend Scopes•William Jennings Bryan was the special William Jennings Bryan was the special
prosecutorprosecutor•Scopes did not deny teaching evolutionScopes did not deny teaching evolution•Trial was really about evolution in Trial was really about evolution in
schoolsschools
Clarence DarrowClarence Darrow
William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan
Scopes Monkey TrialScopes Monkey Trial
•Darrow called Bryan to the stand Darrow called Bryan to the stand and asked him questions about and asked him questions about the Biblethe Bible
•Darrow made Bryan look foolishDarrow made Bryan look foolish•In the end, Scopes was found In the end, Scopes was found
guilty and fined $100guilty and fined $100
The “Roaring” EconomyThe “Roaring” Economy
Buying on CreditBuying on Credit• ““Buy now, pay Buy now, pay
later”later”• Stocks market Stocks market was boomingwas booming
– Buying on Buying on marginmargin
High Tariff PolicyHigh Tariff Policy
• What is a tariff?What is a tariff?• Why did progressives want to lower tariffs Why did progressives want to lower tariffs
in the early 1900’s?in the early 1900’s?• Why did the Republicans raise tariffs in Why did the Republicans raise tariffs in
the 1920’s?the 1920’s?
The Era of “Permanent The Era of “Permanent Prosperity”Prosperity”
• ““As long as everyone has faith, As long as everyone has faith, everything will be fine.”everything will be fine.”
WOMEN IN THE WOMEN IN THE 1920’s1920’s
Cult of DomesticityCult of Domesticity•Developed throughout 1800’sDeveloped throughout 1800’s•The ideal of womanhood had four The ideal of womanhood had four
characteristics:characteristics:•1. Piety1. Piety•2. Purity2. Purity•3. Domesticity3. Domesticity•4. Submissiveness4. Submissiveness
• World War I interrupted the campaign for woman suffrage
• Women took the men’s jobs in WWI showing the country that they could do hard work
World War I(1917-1918)World War I(1917-1918)
Finally, on Aug. 20, 1920, the 19th Amendment became part of the United States Constitution when Tennessee
became the 36th state to ratify it.
1919thth Amendment Amendment““The right of citizens of the United The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by abridged by the United States or by
any State on account of sex. any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce Congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate this article by appropriate legislation.legislation.””
The Roaring 20’sThe Roaring 20’s• The 1920’s were a The 1920’s were a
good decade for good decade for women’s rightswomen’s rights
• 1919thth Amendment Amendment• Flapper girlsFlapper girls• Going to college Going to college
moremore• Working more Working more
outside the homeoutside the home
Margaret SangerMargaret Sanger• In 1921, she founded In 1921, she founded
the American Birth the American Birth Control League (ABCL)Control League (ABCL)– Today known as Today known as
Planned ParenthoodPlanned Parenthood• Women were then able Women were then able
to control their own to control their own bodies.bodies.
• This movement This movement educated women educated women about existing birth about existing birth control methods.control methods.
EducationEducation• By 1928, women were By 1928, women were
earning 39% of the earning 39% of the college degrees given college degrees given in the United Statesin the United States
• In 1900, it was 19%In 1900, it was 19%• What % do you think What % do you think
it is today?it is today?• Almost 60%Almost 60%
1928 Olympics1928 Olympics• These were the first These were the first
Olympics that women were Olympics that women were allowed to compete in.allowed to compete in.
• There were many There were many arguments about these arguments about these actions.actions.– Some argued that it was Some argued that it was
historically historically inappropriate since inappropriate since women did not compete women did not compete in ancient Greek in ancient Greek Olympics.Olympics.
– Others said that Others said that physical competition physical competition was “injurious” to was “injurious” to women.women.
The 1928 Dutch Women’s Gymnastics team. They won the gold medal in the group event.
““Pink Collared” Jobs-1920’s-Pink Collared” Jobs-1920’s-1970’s1970’s
• Gave women a taste of Gave women a taste of the work world.the work world.
• Low paying service Low paying service occupations.occupations.
• Made less money than Made less money than men did doing the same men did doing the same jobs.jobs.– Examples of jobs:Examples of jobs:
•SecretariesSecretaries•TeachersTeachers•Telephone operatorsTelephone operators•NursesNurses
The FlapperThe Flapper
•Short hairShort hair•Short dressesShort dresses•Shapeless dresses-Shapeless dresses-
eliminated corsets-eliminated corsets-see next slidesee next slide
•Smoked, drank in Smoked, drank in public and earned public and earned their own money their own money
• Author F. Scott Fitzgerald described flappers as “Lovely, expensive and about 19”.
• “In the 1920’s, a new woman was born. She smoked, drank, danced and voted. She cut her hair, wore make-up, and went to petting parties. She was giddy and took risks. She was a flapper.”
• Speaking to 1,500 students at Wellesley College in 1921, Mrs. Augustus Trowbridge condemned "the vulgarity and revolting badness of petting parties."
• She said that these “loose-moraled gatherings — along with jazz music, unchaperoned dancing and lipstick — were symptomatic of a decadent society.”
•Snugglepupping-Flappers--Link
•Snugglepupping was common in high Snugglepupping was common in high schools and collegesschools and colleges
•"Girls like to be called snuggle-"Girls like to be called snuggle-puppies," one school administrator puppies," one school administrator told a news reporter. "They grant the told a news reporter. "They grant the boys liberties. Encourage them to take boys liberties. Encourage them to take them and if the young chaps do not, them and if the young chaps do not, they are called 'sissies‘ or a 'flat tire.' they are called 'sissies‘ or a 'flat tire.' ““
•Eventually spread to carsEventually spread to cars•Died out by the end of the 1930’sDied out by the end of the 1930’s
Clara BowClara Bow• Became THE flapper Became THE flapper
of the 1920’sof the 1920’s• She appeared in 58 She appeared in 58
films between 1922 films between 1922 and 1933and 1933
• Seen as the leading Seen as the leading sex symbol of the sex symbol of the 1920’s’1920’s’
FlapperFlapper•Not all women in the 1920s were Not all women in the 1920s were
flappersflappers•Most were traditional-stay at home, Most were traditional-stay at home,
do the housework, etc.do the housework, etc.•Flappers mostly were Northern, Flappers mostly were Northern,
urban, single, young, middle-classurban, single, young, middle-class
Flagpole Sitting-Alvin KellyFlagpole Sitting-Alvin Kelly
Oxford BagsOxford Bags
Greta GarboGreta Garbo
Clara BowClara Bow
Mary PickfordMary Pickford
Charlie ChaplinCharlie Chaplin
Douglass FairbanksDouglass Fairbanks
Rudolph ValentinoRudolph Valentino
Al Jolson in The Jazz SingerAl Jolson in The Jazz Singer
The Marx BrothersThe Marx Brothers
Harry HoudiniHarry Houdini
Babe RuthBabe Ruth
Jack DempseyJack Dempsey
Gene TunneyGene Tunney
Bobby JonesBobby Jones
Bill TildenBill Tilden
Red GrangeRed Grange
F. Scott FitzgeraldF. Scott Fitzgerald
W.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois
James Weldon JohnsonJames Weldon Johnson
Marcus GarveyMarcus Garvey
Harlem RenaissanceHarlem RenaissanceLois M. JonesLois M. Jones
William JohnsonWilliam Johnson
Palmer HaydenPalmer Hayden
Louis ArmstrongLouis Armstrong
The Cotton ClubThe Cotton Club
Duke EllingtonDuke Ellington
Cab CallowayCab Calloway
Bessie SmithBessie Smith
Crash Course Video: 1920s
New York Stock ExchangeNew York Stock Exchange
Causes of the Stock Market Causes of the Stock Market Crash-1929Crash-1929
• Stock prices were grossly inflated, did Stock prices were grossly inflated, did not have real value-watered stock not have real value-watered stock pricesprices
• Overspeculation during the 1920’sOverspeculation during the 1920’s– Led to watered stockLed to watered stock
• ““Buying on margin”Buying on margin”– Led to people being in debt and watered Led to people being in debt and watered
stock pricesstock prices
•Overproduction of goodsOverproduction of goods•Uneven distribution of wealthUneven distribution of wealth•Too much borrowing from banksToo much borrowing from banks•Federal Reserve increased Federal Reserve increased
interest ratesinterest rates•Lack of government regulationLack of government regulation
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