slum policies in india

Slum Policies in India

Shohei NakamuraDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning University of Michigan

2012年 3月 23日　ワシントン DC開発フォーラム@世界銀行

Topics

• Introduction• Urbanization trend• Slum policies in India• Mumbai’s Slum Rehabilitation Scheme• Conclusion• Q&A / Discussion

Urbanization trend

Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/magazine/19Urban_West-t.html?pagewanted=all

Eastern Asia, Southern Asia, and Africa will see massive urbanization.

Urbanization in India is rapid and massive.

Slum Policies in India

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0hkfBS6Z6Io/Tb1bkn-3YfI/AAAAAAAAAiw/cqumVZLcLBA/s640/dharavi.jpg

Slums in India

• Definition

A compact settlement of at least 20 households with a collection of poorly built tenements, mostly of temporary nature, crowded together usually with inadequate sanitary and drinking water facilities in unhygienic conditions. Source: Government of India. (2010). Report of the committee on slum statistics/census.

Slums in India

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Slums in India

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Slums in India

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Slums in India

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Slum population has increased from 75M in 2001 to 93M in 2011.

Why do slums proliferate in India?

Income inequality

Lack of economic growth

In-migration

Poverty Lack of affordable housing

Slum formation

Excessive/obsolete regulations

Source: UN-Habitat (2003) Challenge of slums

Why are slums problematic?

• Detrimental to health• Locking land for infrastructure/open spaces• Insecure tenure• Discrimination

• Slum of hope• Solutions to government failure• Community• Eco-friendly/sustainable

… Are they?

Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)

– Improving existing slums• Relocation/upgrading/redevelopment

– Preventing future slum formation• Lifting regulatory barriers• Subsidizing mortgage for the poor

– Improving governance• Decentralization• Information base (e.g. Slum GIS)

• Three-tiered approach

Slum Rehabilitation Schemein Mumbai

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Questions: Is Slum Rehabilitation Scheme…

• Effective in improving living conditions of the urban poor?

• Replicable to other cities/countries?• If not, how should we amend the policy?

Where is Mumbai?

Source: http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/showArticle.jsp?srv=j1Yq1L6SGeWUPa

Slum locations in Mumbai

Source: Mumbai City Development Plan 2005-2025

Floor Space Index (FSI)

Source: Nakamura (2010)

Island City 1.33Western Suburbs 1.00Eastern Suburbs 1.00

How Slum Rehabilitation Scheme works?

1. Get agreement from at least 70% of slum dwellers

2. Shift slum dwellers into transit accommodation and demolish the slum3. Build new tenements for slum dwellers

4. Build (and sell) sale components as many as the FSI of the land allows

FSI Limit( FSI=3.0 in slum areas)Rehabilitated

Components

Sale Components

5. Sell the rest of incentive FSI or use it in other project sites to the north of this site = Transfer of Development Rights

TDR

Other projects

Market

Slum

Rehabilitated housing

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Rehabilitated housing

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Rehabilitated housing

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Rehabilitated housing

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Rehabilitated housing

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Rehabilitated housing

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Political economy in SRS

Source: Nakamura (2010)

[3] Provide developable floor space through SRS/TDR

[4] Redevelop slums and provide financial support (bribe)

[2] Provide political support (vote) and work force

[1] Promise free housing

[5] Surrender squatted lands and appoint developers

[6] Provide free housing

Governments

Slum Dwellers Private Developers

Downsides/limitations of SRS

• Not led by communities• Forced many to moved/sold out• Susceptible to volatile market• Built on obsolete regulations• Exacerbated congestion

Source: http://development.thinkaboutit.eu/scripts/tinymce/jscripts/tiny_mce/plugins/imagemanager/files/Stanley3.jpg

Concentration of TDR use has caused congestion

Summary

• Top down/bottom up• Community participation/development• Private-public partnership• Market and speculation• Planning regulations and easement• Informal sector/housing

Thank you!

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