strong magnetic fields in lattice lattice...

Strong magnetic fields in Strong magnetic fields in

lattice lattice gluodynamicsgluodynamics

P.V.Buividovich, M.N.Chernodub ,T.K. Kalaydzhyan,

D.E. Kharzeev, E.V.Luschevskaya , O.V. Teryaev,

M.I. Polikarpov

arXiv:1011.3001, arXiv:1011.3795, arXiv:1003.2180, arXiv:0910.4682, arXiv:0909.2350, arXiv:0909.1808,arXiv:0907.0494, arXiv:0906.0488, arXiv:0812.1740

Quarks, Gluons, and Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions

15th of March 2011 - 18th of March 2011

Schlosshotel Rheinfels, St. Goar, Germany

Strong magnetic fields in Strong magnetic fields in

lattice lattice gluodynamicsgluodynamics

P.V.Buividovich, M.N.Chernodub ,T.K. Kalaydzhyan,

D.E. Kharzeev, E.V.Luschevskaya , O.V. Teryaev,

M.I. Polikarpov

arXiv:1011.3001, arXiv:1011.3795, arXiv:1003.2180, arXiv:0910.4682, arXiv:0909.2350, arXiv:0909.1808,arXiv:0907.0494, arXiv:0906.0488, arXiv:0812.1740

Quarks, Gluons, and Hadronic Matter under Extreme Conditions

15th of March 2011 - 18th of March 2011

Schlosshotel Rheinfels, St. Goar, Germany

Lattice simulations with magnetic fields, status

1. Chiral Magnetic Effect1.1 CME on the lattice

1.2 Vacuum conductivity induced by magnetic field

1.3 Quark mass dependence of CME (+ talk of P. Buividovich)

1.4 Dilepton emission rate (+ talk of P. Buividovich)

2. Other effects induced by magnetic field2.1 Chiral symmetry breaking2.1 Chiral symmetry breaking

2.2 Magnetization of the vacuum

2.3 Electric dipole moment of quark along the direction of the magnetic field

Lattice simulations with magnetic fields, future

1. Calculations of “OLD” quantities in SU(3), SU(2) with dynamical quarks, QCD. Decreasing systematic errors in SU(2) calculations

2. Calculation of “NEW” physical quantities

Magnetic fields in non-central collisions[Fukushima, Kharzeev, Warringa, McLerran ’07-’08]

Heavy ion

Heavy ion

Quarks and gluons

Magnetic fields in non-central collisions[Fukushima, Kharzeev, Warringa, McLerran ’07-’08]

[1] K. Fukushima, D. E. Kharzeev, and H. J. Warringa, Phys. Rev. D 78, 074033 (2008), URL http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.3382.[2] D. Kharzeev, R. D. Pisarski, and M. H. G.Tytgat, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 512 (1998), URL http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9804221.[3] D. Kharzeev, Phys. Lett. B 633, 260 (2006), URL http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0406125.[4] D. E. Kharzeev, L. D. McLerran, and H. J. Warringa, Nucl. Phys. A 803, 227 (2008), URL http://arxiv.org/abs/0711.0950.

Magnetic fields in non-central collisions

Charge is largeVelosity is high

Thus we have

The medium is filled by electrically charged particles

Large orbital momentum, perpendicular to the reaction plane

Large magnetic field along the direction of the orbital momentum

Thus we havetwo very bigcurrents

Magnetic fields in non-central collisions

Two very bigcurrentsproduce a verybig magneticfield

B

“Instanton”

McLerran,Kharzeev,Fukushima

The medium is filled by electrically charged particles

Large orbital momentum, perpendicular to the reaction plane

Large magnetic field along the direction of the orbital momentum

field

2eB Λ≈

In heavy ion collisionsIn heavy ion collisionsmagnetic forces are of the order of magnetic forces are of the order of

strong interaction forcesstrong interaction forces

2

QCDeB Λ≈

Magnetic forces are of the order of Magnetic forces are of the order of strong interaction forcesstrong interaction forces

2

QCDeB Λ≈

We expect the influence of magnetic field on strong interaction physics

QCDeB Λ≈

Chiral Magnetic Effect by Fukushima, Kharzeev, Warringa, McLerran

1. Massless quarks in external magnetic field.

Red: momentum Blue: spin

Chiral Magnetic Effect by Fukushima, Kharzeev, Warringa, McLerran

1. Massless quarks in external magnetic field.

Red: momentum Blue: spin

Chiral Magnetic Effect by Fukushima, Kharzeev, Warringa, McLerran

2. Quarks in the instatnton field.Red: momentumBlue: spin

Effect of topology:Effect of topology:

uL → uR

dL → dR

Chiral Magnetic Effect by Fukushima, Kharzeev, Warringa, McLerran

3. Electric current along magnetic fieldRed: momentumBlue: spin

Effect of topology:Effect of topology:

uL → uR

dL → dR

u-quark: q=+2/3d-quark: q= - 1/3

Chiral Magnetic Effect by Fukushima, Kharzeev, Warringa,

McLerran3. Electric current is along

magnetic fieldIn the instanton field

Red: momentumRed: momentumBlue: spin

Effect of topology:uL → uRdL → dR

u-quark: q=+2/3d-quark: q= - 1/3

3D time slices of topological charge density,

lattice calculations

D. Leinweber

Topological charge density after

vacuum cooling

P.V.Buividovich,

T.K. Kalaydzhyan, M.I. Polikarpov

Fractal topological charge density

without vacuum cooling

Magnetic forces are of the order of Magnetic forces are of the order of strong interaction forcesstrong interaction forces

We expect the influence of magnetic field on

2

QCDeB Λ≈We expect the influence of magnetic field on

strong interaction physics

The effects are nonperturbative,

and we use

Lattice Calculations

fieldmagneticexternalH�

We calculate µνµ σγψψ ,1, ; =Γ>Γ<

in the external magnetic field and in thepresence of the vacuum gluon fields Weconsider SU(2) gauge fields andquenched approximation

1

0

2

3

T

Quenched vacuum, overlap Dirac operator, external magnetic field

2 qkπ 2

2)250(;

2MeveB

L

qkeB ≥=

π

Density of the electric charge vs. magnetic field, 3D time slices

1. Chiral Magnetic Effect on the lattice, numerical results T=0

ψγψ 33

2

3

2

3

2

3 ,)0,0(),( =><−>=<>< jjTHjj IR

Regularized electric current:

Chiral Magnetic Effect on the lattice, numerical comparison of resultsnearTc and nearzero

>>=<<

>>=<<

≠

=

22

2

2

2

1

12 0

0

jj

jj

F

T

>>≠<<

>>=<<

≠

>

22

2

2

2

1

12 0

0

jj

jj

F

T

ψγψ iiiiIRi jjTHjj =><−>=<>< ,)0,0(),( 222

>>=<< 2

0

2

3 jj

Regularized electric current:

>>≠<< 2

0

2

3 jj

Chiral Magnetic Effect, EXPERIMENT VS LATTICE DATA (Au+Au)

Chiral Magnetic Effect, EXPERIMENT VS LATTICE DATA

fmR 5≈

experiment

fm

fm

fmR

1

2.0

5

≈

≈

≈

τ

ρ

our fit

D. E. Kharzeev,L. D. McLerran, and H. J. Warringa, Nucl. Phys. A 803, 227 (2008),

our lattice data at T=350 Mev

1.2 Magnetic Field Induced Conductivity of the Vacuum

Qualitative definition of conductivity, s

yxmACyjxj

−−⋅+=><

|}|exp{)()(

C

xqxqxj

r

yxmACyjxj

∝

=

−−⋅+=><

σ

γ µµ

ανµ

)()()(

|}|exp{)()(

Magnetic Field Induced Conductivity of the Vacuum

- Conductivity (Kubo formula)

Maximal entropy method

Magnetic Field Induced Conductivity of the Vacuum

- Conductivity (Kubo formula)

For weak constant electric fieldFor weak constant electric field

kiki Ej σ>=<

Magnetic Field Induced Conductivity of

the Vacuum

Calculations in SU(2) gluodynamics

We use overlap operator + Shifted Unitary Minimal Residue Method

(Borici and Allcoci (2006)) to obtain fermion propagator

Magnetic Field Induced Conductivity of the Vacuum

Calculations in SU(2) gluodynamics

T/Tc = 0.45 T/Tc = 1.12

Calculations in SU(2) gluodynamics,

conductivity along magnetic field at

T/Tc=0.45

is parallel to

0Z axis

B�

Calculations in SU(2) gluodynamics,

conductivity along magnetic field at

T/Tc=0.45

At T=0, B=0 vacuum is insulator

Critical value of magnetic field?

Calculations in SU(2) gluodynamics,

conductivity along magnetic field at

T<Tc, T>Tc

T<Tc

axis Z0

toparallel isH�

Calculations in SU(2) gluodynamics,

conductivity at T/Tc=0.45, variation

of the quark mass

1

1

α

β

≈

≈

Calculations in SU(2) gluodynamics,

conductivity at T/Tc=0.45, variation

of the quark mass and magnetic field

2

i j i j

ij

B B B Bσ ∝ ∝

Why?Why?Why?Why?

2ij

qBm Bmπ

σ ∝ ∝

1.3 Dilepton emission rateL. D. McLerran and T. Toimela, Phys. Rev. D 31, 545 (1985),

E. L. Bratkovskaya, O. V. Teryaev, and V. D.Toneev, Phys. Lett. B 348, 283 (1995)

• There should be more soft dileptons in the

direction perpendicular to magnetic field

2| |d Bσθ∝ 2

1 2

| |sin

d B

dp dp mπ

σθ∝

is the angle between the spatial momentum of the leptons and the

magnetic field, in the center of mass of dilepton pairθ

2. Other effects induced by magnetic field

2.1 Chiral symmetry breaking2.2 Magnetization of the vacuum 2.3 Electric dipole moment of quark along the 2.3 Electric dipole moment of quark along the direction of the magnetic field

3. Chiral condensate in QCD

><−=Σ ψψ

><= ψψ22 ><= ψψππ qmfm 22

Chiral condensate vs. field strength, SU(2) gluodynamics

We are in agreement with the chiral perturbationtheory: the chiral condensate is a linear function ofthe strength of the magnetic field!

Chiral condensate vs. field strength, SU(3) gluodynamics (+ talk of Kalaydzhyan)

Localization of Dirac Eigenmodes

Typical densities of the nearzero eigenmodes vs. the strength of the external magnetic field

B=0B=0

B=(780Mev)2

Chiral condensate Simulations

with dynamical quarks• Massimo D’Elia, Francesco Negro,

Swagato Mukherjee, Francesco

Sanfilippo, arXiv:1103.2080, PoS

LATTICE2010:179,2010. LATTICE2010:179,2010.

• Michael Abramczyk, Tom Blum, and

Gregory Petropoulos, R. Zhou,

arXiv:0911.1348

4. Magnetization of the vacuum as a function of the magnetic field

Spins of virtual quarks turn parallel to the magnetic field

2003.) Ball, P. 1985, Balitsky, I. (I.

rules sum QCD50

resultour )3(46

↔−≈><

↔−=><

Mev

Mev

χψψ

χψψ

],[2

1βααβ

αβαβ

γγσ

ψψχψσψ

i

F

=

><>=<

2003.) Ball, P. 1985, Balitsky, I. (I.

rules sum QCD50

resultour )3(46

↔−≈><

↔−=><

Mev

Mev

χψψ

χψψ

5. Generationof the anomalous quark electric dipole moment

along the axis of magnetic field

ψγψρ 55 =yyyyLarge correlation between square of the electric dipole moment

and chirality ψγγψσ ],[ 00 ii i=

Summary• CMEa) Visualization

b) Large fluctuations of the electric current in the

direction of the magnetic field

c) Conductivity of the vacuum in the direction of the

magnetic field

• Chiral condensate

( ) ( )j x j yµ ν< >

2

3 IRj< >

ψψ< >• Chiral condensate

• Magnetization of the vacuum

• Quark local electric dipole

moment

ψψ< >

αβψσ ψ< >

0 5[ , ]iiψ γ γ ψ ψγ ψ< ⋅ >

SU(2), variation of T,H,Mq,a, SU(3) for ψψ< >

Systematic errors

• SU(2) gluodynamics instead of QCD

• Moderate lattice volumes

• Not large number of gauge field configurations

• In some cases we calculate the overlap

propagator using summation over

eigenfunctions:

It is interesting to study

2

3 IRj< >ψψ< >αβψσ ψ< > [ , ]iψ γ γ ψ ψγ ψ< ⋅ >

SU(3), variation of T,H,Mq,aSU(3) gluodynamics

SU(2) with dynamical quarks

Lattice QCD

variation of T,H,mq,a

( ) ( )j x j yµ ν< >

3 IRj< >ψψ< >αβψσ ψ< > 0 5[ , ]iiψ γ γ ψ ψγ ψ< ⋅ >

• CME, vacuum conductivity

• Chiral condensate

• Magnetization of the vacuum

• Quark local electric dipole moment

• Dilepton pair angular distribution

• Shift of the phase transition

New proposals for calculations

• D. Kharzeev

5 0 5 5L iµµ µ µψγ ψ µ ψγ ψ↔ = +

SU(2), SU(3) gluodynamics, SU(2) with dynamical quarks

•

5 5 5 5( ) ( ) ( ) ( )j x j y j x j yµ ν µ νσ σ σ σ↔ →< > →< >

Chiral Magnetic Effect (CME) + Chiral Separation Effect (CSE) =

= Chiral Magnetic Wave

Dmitri E. Kharzeev, Ho-Ung Yee, arXiv:1012.6026

New proposals for calculations

• D. Kharzeev

5 5 5 00, 0 Lµµ µ µ ψγ γ ψ= ≠ =

SU(2), SU(3) gluodynamics, SU(2) with dynamical

quarks, QCD (imaginary unity is absent)

5 5( , , )ij B Tσ µ

New proposals for calculations

• D.T. Son, N.Yamamoto Holography and Anomaly Matching for

Resonances. e-Print: arXiv:1010.0718

25 2 2

2( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( )]

4

2

T L

qj q j q P P q P q F

N

α β β

µ ν µ ν ν αβω ωπ

↵ ↵ =< − >= − +∼

SU(2), SU(3) gluodynamics, SU(2) with dynamical

quarks, QCD

2

2

2

2

2( ) no quantum corrections

( ) there are nonperturbative corrections

cL

cT

Nq

q

Nq

q

ω

ω

= ⇐

= ⇐

New proposals for calculations

• D.T. Son, N.Yamamoto Holography and Anomaly Matching for

Resonances. e-Print: arXiv:1010.0718

2

2

2( ) no quantum correctionsc

L

Nq

qω = ⇐

SU(2), SU(3) gluodynamics, SU(2) with dynamical

quarks, QCD

2

2

2 5 5

2 2

( ) there are nonperturbative corrections

( ) [ ]

cT

c cT

Nq

q

N Nq j j j j

q fµ µ µ µ

π

ω

ω

= ⇐

= − < > − < >

New proposals for calculations

• D.T. Son, N.Yamamoto Holography and Anomaly Matching for

Resonances. e-Print: arXiv:1010.0718

25 5 5

2 2 2( ) ( ) [ ( [ ])

4

c cN Nqj q j q P P j j j j

q f

α β

µ ν µ ν µ µ µ µ

ππ

↵ ↵< − >= − − < > − < >

SU(2), SU(3) gluodynamics, SU(2) with dynamical

quarks, QCD

2

2 2

2]

,

cNP Fq

q q q qP P

q q

π

β

ν αβ

α α

µ µα α α

µ µ µη

=

↵ =

+

= − =

∼

New proposals for calculations

• D.T. Son, N.Yamamoto

• D. Kharzeev

5( ) ( )x yµ µψγ ψ ψγ γ ψ< >

5( ) ( )x yψψ ψγ ψ< >

SU(2), SU(3) gluodynamics, SU(2) with dynamical quarks,

QCD

5

New proposals for calculations

• L. McLerran “Nonsymmetric condensate”

Calculate parallel ( ) ( )x yψψ ψψ< >Calculate parallel

and perpendicular to the field. Chiral

condensate may depend on the direction!

SU(2), SU(3) gluodynamics, SU(2) with dynamical

quarks, QCD