t energi - bio fuel
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mahfud@chem-eng.its.ac.idJurusan Teknik Kimia FTI – ITS
BIO FUEL Bahan Bakar Nabati
Sources : dikumpulkan dari berbagai sumber
Bio Massa Kayu, arang, daun-daunan, sekam,
ampas tebu
Bio Gas Limbah biologis
Bio Premium (E5, E10, E20) Ethanol + Premium
Bio Diesel (B5, B10, B20) Metyl Ester + Solar
BIO FUEL?
Internasional Penurunan ketersediaan energi fosil Peningkatan kebutuhan energi Persoalan Lingkungan (global warming, perubahan
iklim, hujan asam) Bio-based energy/products
Nasional Produksi BBM menurun hingga 1,06 juta barrel/hari
sedangkan Konsumsi meningkat 1,25 juta barrel/hari net-Importer sejak 2003
Harga crude oil di pasar dunia semakin mahal Pengembangan potensi lahan pertanian/perkebunan
MENGAPA PERLU BIO-FUEL?
“Peak of oil” ..… Kita telah melewati puncak minyak bumi
… one day we are going to run out of fossil oils
Pertumbuhan Permintaan Energi Dunia
5
Diolah dari sumber: WEO 2004 dan WEO 2008, IEA
3.7 milyar org 5.5 Gtoe
1971 2002 2033
6.2 milyar org 10.3 Gtoe
8.3 milyar org 17.3 Gtoe
1.49 toe/org 1.66 toe/org 2.1 toe/org
+17% +26%
Perkembangan Harga Crude oil 1960 - 2007
Ken
aika
n ha
rga
yg ta
jam
> 170 $/bl ↓ o
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
Regional Crude Oil Supply by Origin2005 and 2020
• Inter-regional oil trade increases by 13 mb/d between 2005 and 2020;
• Nearly 63 mb/d of oil exports in 2020
-30
-20
-10
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mb
/dNet Imports
Local
USACanada
LatinAmerica
Africa/E. Med. Europe FSU
MiddleEastGulf
Asia
7
Asia, Eropa dan Amerika adalah Net Importer Minyak
Sumber Energi di Indonesia
9
Kebijakan Energi Nasional : Kepres No.5, 2006 Pada 2025 kontribusi energi berbasis fossil dikurangi
sampai 20%, Sedangkan dari sumber energi baru dan terbarukan
ditingkatkan lebih dari 5%, seperti dari : biomassa, air, angin, matahari dan nuclear. Juga untuk biofuel akan memberi kontribusi 5%.
Inpres No 1, 2006, untuk penyediaan dan penggunaan Bio-fuel sebagai sumber energi
Tujuan Strategis Biofuels di tingkat Nasional Roadmap Pemanfaatan Biofuels Pentahapan Kebijakan Mandatori
Kebijakan Energi Nasional
10
Gas Alam
28.57%
Batubara, 15.34%
Minyak bumi51.66%
Panas Bumi 1.32%
Tenaga Air 3.11%
Gas, 30%
Batu bara , 33%
Minyak Bumi, 20%
BIOFUELS, 5%
Panas Bumi 5%
Biomassa, Nuklr, Tenaga Air
Energi surya, Energi Angin , 5%
Pencairan Batubara 2%
EB,17%
BAURAN ENERGI SAAT INI Bauran Energi
Mengoptimalkan Penggunaan Energi
Bauran Energi Nasional Tahun 2025(Business as Usual Scenario)
Bauran Energi Nasional Tahun 2025 (Peraturan Presiden No. 5/2006)
Kebijakan Energi Nasional(Peraturan Presiden No. 5/ 2006)
Gas, 20.6%
Batubara 34.6%
Minyak Bumi,
41.7%
Panas Bumi, 1.1%
Mini/mikro Hidro, 0.1%EBT Lainnya, 1.9%
Target Tahun 20251. Elastisitas energi kurang dari 1
2. Mengoptimalkan Bauran energi
Sumber: Peraturan Presiden No. 5, 2006
11
Tujuan Strategis Biofueldi tinkat Nasional
Sumber: Ditjen Migas (2009)
12
Roadmap Pemanfaatan Biofuel
Sumber: Ditjen Migas (2009)
13
PRODUKSI DI INDONESIA 2008–Biodiesel 1,238,300 KL–Bioethanol 144,500 KL
TARGET BAURAN ENERGI 2025* Biodiesel 20% (B20) atau 9.25 juta KL * Bioethanol 15% (E15%) atau 4.3 juta KL
14
Pentahapan Kebijakan Mandatori
Sumber: Ditjen Migas (2009)
Pemerintah sedang berjuang keras agar target mandatory pada 2009 ini bisa berjalan
Biofuel commercialization
15
Since 20 May 2006, Pertamina has launched Bxx commercialization under the branded name of BIOSOLAR
At 12 August 2006, Pertamina has started a market trial for gasohol in Malang (East Java);
Currently, all the gas station selling biosolar;
Biosolar is being sold at the same price with (PSO) diesel fuel (Rp. 4500/liter);
BIOFUELS
IN
TRANSPORTATION
Biofuels in transportation.Their use is not new!
Nikolaus Oto concieved the internal combustion engine (1867) to run on ethanol…
Rudolph Diesel designed the Diesel motor (1892) to run on peanut oil…
Henry Ford designed the Ford Model T, in the USA, (1903) to run on ethanol…
All that before cheap oil was available…
Biofuels, 1st Generation (1)
TypeType BiomassBiomass ProcessProcess ExamplesExamples, , remarksremarks
BioethanBioethanolol
Sugar cane, Sugar cane, palm, grains, palm, grains, jatropha, beet, jatropha, beet, maize…maize…
Hydrolysis, Hydrolysis, fermentatiofermentationn
Brazil (1975), Brazil (1975), China, AGRANA China, AGRANA (Austria), (Austria), Indonesia, USA…Indonesia, USA…
ButanolButanol ( 1916…)( 1916…)
Corn, Corn, grass, grass, leaves…leaves…
ABE ABE fermentatiofermentationn
Can be used in Can be used in gasoline gasoline enginesengines
Bio Bio ETBEETBE
Ethanol+CEthanol+C4 4 hydocarbohydocarbonsns
Catalysis Catalysis and and destilationdestilation
CDTech, CDTech, Lyondell Neste Lyondell Neste Oil, SabicOil, Sabic
BiogasBiogas Waste, Waste, organic organic materialsmaterials
Anaerobic Anaerobic digestiondigestion
Rich in Rich in methanemethane
Food-versus-fuel dilema…
Rapeseed Barley
Maize
Only part of the biomass is converted to
sugar and then to ethanol. But tropical maize grown in US (Midwest) concentrates sugar in
their stalks. “It may become the sugarcane of the Midwest” (University of Illinois, USA, October 2007)
Biofuels, 1st Generation (2)
TypeType BiomassBiomass ProcessProcess SuppliersSuppliers, remarks, remarks
Biodiesel Biodiesel from from residues residues FAMEFAME
Edible oil, Edible oil, animal fatsanimal fats
Transester-Transester-ificationification
Biodiesel: Biodiesel: fatty accids fatty accids FAMEFAME
Vegetable Vegetable oiloil
Via fatty Via fatty accidsaccids
Biodiesel Biodiesel RME/PMERME/PME
Rapeseed, Rapeseed, palm tree…palm tree…
Transester-Transester-ificationification
Biodiesel plant (Martifer, Aveiro,Portugal)
Biodiesel production in EU is dependent on fiscal incentives.
Also at Almada, Alhandra, Ramalhal, T. Novas
Home biodiesel
Various companies offer kits to produce biodiesel at home (at $.70 per gallon)
Cost: ~4.000 $US
Problems, challenges (1)
Food-versus-fuel debate! Certain food prices started to raise: preference for nonedible biomass in biofuels (ex: jatropha).
There is a lot of waste material (ex: maize); includes legnin wich is hard to break down: find efficient ways to convert lignocellulose.
LCA, life cycle assessment, required + EROI
Jatropha (curcas)
Jatropha’s grains are not edible (poisonous) and may regenerate dried and denuded soils (takes 2-4 years). Investments in India: D1-BP and Roshini Int. Bio En.
Sugar cane
Brazilien ethanol has a high EROI = 8:1. Principle Energy (UK based) and Petromoc (Mozambique)
are both investing in bio-ethanol in MOZAMBIQUE, totaling $680M. Yields will be 50% above brazilien average, according to tests.
Problems, challenges (2)
Warning: avoid invasive species! (“Nature Conservancy” + IUCN)
Try the use algea as feedstock
To decrease production costs, genetic engineering promises to give answers soon.
OECD Biofuels Report (July,2008)
Savings in grenhouse gases are poor (total EU«1%) Brazil sugar cane 80% EU wheat, beet, veg. oil 30-60% USA maize 30%
Subsidised prices should be avoided. Recommends more open markets for biofuels and feedstocks, in order to improve efficiency and lower costs. Avoid “commodity feedstocks”.
REFOCUS ON LOWERING ENERGY CONSUMPTION!
Focus on wood and waste
Agricultural waste
(cellulose, hemicelluloses)
Biofuels, 2nd Generation (1)
TypeType BiomassBiomass ProcessProcess Suppliers, Suppliers, remarksremarks
Cellulosic Cellulosic bioethanolbioethanol
LignocellulosLignocellulosic,agro-ic,agro-residuesresidues
Hydrolysis Hydrolysis + + fermentatiofermentationn
PrajPraj, BEI-, BEI-DACHS,DACHS,
BC Int.Co. BC Int.Co. La.,USLa.,US
Biodiesel Biodiesel with with hydrotreatinhydrotreatingg
Vegetable Vegetable oils animal oils animal fatfat
HydrotreatiHydrotreatingng
High credit in High credit in USA refineriesUSA refineries
Biogas SNGBiogas SNG
(Syngas)(Syngas)LignocellulosLignocellulosic,agro-ic,agro-residuesresidues
GasificationGasification+ FT + FT synthesissynthesis
Increased Increased methane methane contentcontent
BiohydrogeBiohydrogenn
LignocellulosLignocellulosic,agro-ic,agro-residuesresidues
Gasif+synthesGasif+synthesis/biologic is/biologic process.process.
BioalgeaBioalgea AlgeaAlgea PhotosynthesiPhotosynthesis: biofuel, s: biofuel, ethanol, ethanol, hydrogen…hydrogen…
Shell+HR,PetroSuShell+HR,PetroSun,n,
Green Star+BR, Green Star+BR, GreenFuel, etc.GreenFuel, etc.
Hawaii: Maui algea biodiesel
Shell + HR Biopetroleum joint venture
2.5 ha research plant to be followed by 1,000 ha commercial demonstration. Full-scale (20,000 ha) expected for year 2011.
USA: MIT cogeneration plant (1995)
20 MW
Biofuels, a global market now( but subsidies distort the market!)
Major traditional playersUSA, mostly ethanol from maizeBrasil, mostly ethanol from sugar caneEU, mostly biodiesel, various sources
Major newcomersChina using rapeseed, wheat, corn, jatropha*India using sugarcane, sorghun, jatropha, pongamia Argentina using soy bean, mostly
* Agreement between State Forestry and PetroChina
The concept of biorefinery
Reduce the “carbon footprint”– locally, if possible
BIO DIESEL
BIODIESEL SANGAT DIPERLUKAN DI MASA DEPAN
memenuhi kebutuhan energi mengurangi dampak lingkungan membuka lapangan pekerjaan
KENDALA PENGEMBANGAN BIODIESEL SAAT INI
Harga bahan baku masih mahal Biaya produksi masih relatif tinggi …
Bahan baku Biodiesel
Minyak Nabati Kelapa Sawit Kelapa Kedelai Jagung Kacang tanah Bunga matahari Jarak Pagar Nyamplung Bijih Kapuk Bijih Kepuh Dll
Minyak Bekas Lemak Hewan
Lemak sapi, dll Minyak ikan
►Sufficient supply of feedstock from food and non-food crops within international strategic partnerships
►Contributing to increased biodiversity
Aceh :Kritis : 326 rb HaTotal */ : 861 rb Ha
Sumut :Kritis : 242 rb HaTotal */ : 594 rb Ha
Jabar 1/ :Kritis : 363 rb HaTotal */ : 363 rb Ha
Jateng 2/ :Kritis : 396 rb HaTotal */ : 1.105 rb Ha
Jatim :Kritis : 953 rb HaTotal */ : 953 rb Ha
NTB :Kritis : 224 rb HaTotal */ : 224 rb Ha
NTT :Kritis : 1.058 rb HaTotal */ : 1.058 rb Ha
Riau :Kritis : 255 rb HaTotal */ : 4.562 rb Ha
Jambi :Kritis : 544 rb HaTotal */ : 544 rb Ha
Lampung :Kritis : 2.280 rb HaTotal */ : 2.280 rb Ha
Bengkulu :Kritis : 500 rb HaTotal */ : 1.045 rb Ha
Kalbar :Kritis : 1.811 rb HaTotal */ : 1.811 rb Ha
Sumsel :Kritis : 2.280 rb HaTotal */ : 2.280 rb Ha
Kalsel :Kritis : 222 rb HaTotal */ : 222 rb Ha
Sulut 3/ :Kritis : 319 rb HaTotal */ : 319 rb Ha
Sultera :Kritis : 188 rb HaTotal */ : 188 rb Ha
Sulteng :Kritis : 153 rb HaTotal */ : 153 rb Ha
Sulsel :Kritis : 452 rb HaTotal */ : 452 rb Ha
Kalteng :Kritis : 1.708 rb HaTotal */ : 1.708 rb Ha
Kaltim:Kritis : 825 rb HaTotal */ : 825 rb Ha
Maluku 4/ :Kritis : 515 rb HaTotal */ : 515 rb Ha
Papua 5/ :Kritis : 1.720 rb HaTotal */ : 1.720 rb Ha
Bali :Kritis : 24 rb HaTotal */ : 180 rb Ha
Sumbar :Kritis : 112 rb HaTotal */ : 112 rb Ha
Lahan Kritis di IndonesiaLahan Kritis di Indonesia
• Jumlah Lahan Kritis di Indonesia ± 15,3 Juta Ha• Potensi Lahan yang akan menjadi kritis ± 6,6 Juta Ha• Sehingga Total potensi Lahan Kritis ± 21,9 Juta Ha
Palm oil .....may become the leading feedstock source for biodiesel production world-wide
Elaeis guineensis
highest oil yields / ha
oil-palm plantations in mill ha
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008
mil
l h
a Malaysia
Indonesia
Indonesia telah melampaui Malaysia dalam luas lahan palm oil pada 2006 !
Source: FAO, The Economist
IND: planned
MAL: actual
this strong expansion is biodiesel driven !
Perkembangan Produksi Minyak Sawit Dunia (ribu ton)
Negara 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Malaysia 4.133 6.092 7.596 8.051 9.901 11.052 11.595
Indonesia 1.243 2.413 4.480 7.465 9.891 12.293 14.438
Nigeria 307 580 780 1.016 1.297 1.623 1.005
Lainnya 1.215 1.858 2.256 2.730 3.154 3.603 4.067
Total 6.898 10.943 15.112 19.262 24.243 28.571 32.095
Sumber: World Oil, 1994 dan 1998
Kebutuhan Lahan dan Produksi Kelapa Sawit untuk Memenuhi Kebutuhan Bio-diesel 2017 – 2025.
Jatrpha Curcas,In India and Egypt, commercial plantations of Jatropha have been started in dry conditions and on marginal soils
non-food oilseed crops –
a new opportunity !
Biodiesel - Jarak Pagar Jatropha Curcas L.
Keunggulan Jarak Pagar? Tumbuh di lahan yang tidak produktif (gurun, tandus, dll), Sedikit hama Hidup sampai 30 – 35 tahun Seluruh biji dapat bermanfaat. Mulai Produksi pada usia 6 bulan Kadar Minyaknya tinggi 25 – 30 % dibanding minyak lainnya Menciptakan Lapangan kerja di kantong-kantong kemiskinan
khususnya pada Lahan Tandus dan Terpencil Menghijaukan Lahan Kritis dan lahan tandus Membangun Ekonomi Pedesaan Biaya panen relatif murah.
Pengembangan Tanaman Jarak
No Provinsi 2006
(ha)
2007
(ha)
2008
(ha)
2009
(ha)
2010
(ha)
1 NTT 5000 50000 51500 54000 56250
2 NTB 5000 50000 51500 54000 56250
3 Gorontalo 4000 34000 34500 36000 37500
4 SULUT 4000 34000 34500 36000 37500
5 SULSEL 4000 25000 24500 25200 26250
6 SULTRA 3000 25000 24500 25200 26250
7 SULTENG 3000 25000 24500 25200 26250
8 PAPUA 5000 50000 51500 54000 56250
9 JABAR 2000 14000 14500 14400 15000
10 BANTEN 1500 10000 10000 10800 11250
11 JATENG 1500 10000 10000 10800 11250
12 JATIM 2000 14000 14000 14400 15000
Pohon kelapa + Jarak pagar
The nut produces a nut- and a meat-oil, which can be used in blends with other oils for biodiesel production
Acrocomia totai
Additonally other non-food oilseed crops can be grown in rows beneath the oil palms
Nyamplung (Calophyllum Inophyllum L.)
Di Indonesia, nyamplung tersebar mulai dari Sumatera Barat, Riau, Jambi, Sumatera Selatan, Lampung, Jawa, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Tengah, Sulawesi, Maluku, hingga Nusa Tenggara Timur dan Papua.
Sampai saat ini potensi alami nyamplung di Indonesia belum diketahui secara pasti, Hasil penafsiran tutupan lahan dari Citra Satelit Landsat7 ETM+ tahun 2003 menunjukkan bahwa tegakan alami nyamplung seluruh pantai di Indonesia mencapai luas total 480,000 ha, dan sebagian besar (± 60 %) berada dalam kawasan hutan.
Kelebihan nyamplung sebagai bahan baku biofuel adalah bijinya mempunyai rendemen yang tinggi, bisa mencapai 74%, dan dalam pemanfaatannya tidak berkompetisi dengan kepentingan pangan.
Keunggulan Nyamplung
Tanaman nyamplung tumbuh dan tersebar merata secara alami di Indonesia;
regenerasi mudah dan berbuah sepanjang tahun menunjukkan daya survival yang tinggi terhadap lingkungan;
tanaman relatif mudah budidayakan baik tanaman sejenis (monoculture) atau hutan campuran (mixed-forest);
cocok di daerah beriklim kering, permudaan alami banyak, dan berbuah sepanjang tahun;
hampir seluruh bagian tanaman nyamplung berdayaguna dan menghasilkan bermacam produk yang memiliki nilai ekonomi;
tegakan hutan Nyamplung berfungsi sebagai pemecah angin (wind breaker) untuk tanaman pertanian dan konservasi sempadan pantai;
pemanfaatan biofuel nyamplung dapat menekan laju penebangan pohon hutan sebagai kayu bakar;
Produktivitas Nyamplung
Produktivitas biji lebih tinggi dibandingkan jenis lain Jarak pagar 5 ton/ha; Sawit 6 ton/ha; Nyamplung 20 ton/ha.
Rendemen minyak nyamplung tergolong tinggi : Sawit 46-54 % Jarak pagar 40-60%, Nyamplung 40-73 %
Budidaya tanaman nyamplung tidak memerlukan investasi yang besar.
Ketersediaan lahan yang potensial untuk pengembangan tanaman nyamplung juga tersebar di seluruh Indonesia.
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Oil Palm
Jatropha
Coconut
Rapeseed (Canola)
Sunflower Seed
Castor Beans
Peanut
Soybean
Corn
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Litres per hectare biodiesel Giga joules per hectare biodiesel
Biofuel Yields from Oilseed CropsS
ourc
e:
Inte
rnat
iona
l Mon
etar
y F
und
oil palm is most efficient
rapeseed in cool humid climate
Jatropha carries many hopes
PERBANDINGAN PRODUKTIVITAS
Jenis Tanaman Kg. minyak/Ha
Oil Palm 5,000Coconut 2,260Jatropha 1,590Rapeseed 1,000Peanut 890Sunflower 800Soybean 375Corn 145Calophyllum In L 4000
PENELITIAN & PENGEMBANGAN BIODIESELPENELITIAN & PENGEMBANGAN BIODIESEL
Optimasi Proses
Rancang Bangun Pabrik Biodiesel
Uji pemakaian, uji kinerja
Sosialisasi
Sumber bahan baku baru
Proses Pembuatan Biodiesel
Trans-esterification
Jatropha Oil Methanol
Biodiesel Glycerolll
Hasil
Personal Care(Sabun, shampoo, etc)
Biodiesel(Bio Fuel, etc)
Reaksi Pembuatan Biodiesel(Nama Generik dari Metil Ester atau Etil Ester)
R1 C OCH2
O
R2 C OCH
O
R3 C OCH2
O+ 3 CH3OH
HOCH2
HOCH
HOCH2
+
R1 C OCH3
O
R2 C OCH3
O
R3 C OCH3
O
Trigliserida Gliserol BiodieselMetanol
KOH/NaOH
katalis
100 kg + 10 kg 10 kg + 100 kg1 kg
• Search for New Catalyst• Reducing Cloud Point
• Additives; process
• Search for New Catalyst• Reducing Cloud Point
• Additives; process
• Raw Materials:Raw Materials:
Estimated production cost per ton of biodiesel vs. plant capacity
Makin besar pabrik, makin rendah biaya per liter
Source: Plant manufacturer offers, ABI analysis
Note
• Fully loaded production cost excluding feedstock oil cost. The feedstock oil price must be added to the production cost to determine the breakeven sales price for biodiesel per ton.
• As facility size increases, less fixed costs such as depreciation and interest are spread over each ton of product, so total production costs per ton approach the variable costs per ton.
• The kink from 10,000 to 40,000 tons capacity is due to the low number of plant offers ABI has seen at these sizes. If more offers were received, the curve would be smoother.
size matters !
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
10 40 70 100 150 200 250
Plant size in thousand tons per year
EUR
/ to
n
Green f ield
Industrial park
size matters !
PROPERTIES SNI Test Method
Cetane NumberMin 51 ASTM D 613
Density (40oC) mg/ml 0,85 – 0,89 ASTM D 1298
Viscocity (40oC)2,3 – 6,0 ASTM D 445
Cloud Point (oC) Max 18 ASTM D 2500
Flash Point oCMin 100 ASTM D 93
Acid number mg KOH/g Max 0,8 AOCS
Iodiene Value Max 115 AOCS
Free glycerol (%-m)Max 0,02 AOCS Ca 14-56
Total glycerineMaks 0,24 AOCS Ca 14-56
Ester content (%)Min 96.5
QUALITY STANDARD of BIODIESEL B100
(SNI 04-7182-2006)
Biofuel
Biodiesel Pilot Plant, kapasitas 8 ton/hari Perkiraan kebutuhan biodiesel 2010
• apabila 2% dari solar diganti biodiesel~800.000 kl
Perlu ~ 25 pabrik dg kapasitas 30.000 ton/hari
Contoh Pabrik Biodiesel
PERTAMINA recently introduced Biosolar into the market
61
Produsen Biodiesel
Tahun Produsen Kapasitas(Ton/th)
2006 PT. Eterindo (Jakarta + Surabaya)
PT. Platinum (Jakarta)
PT. Walmart (Dumai)
120.000
40.000
350.000
2007 PT. Eterindo (Jakarta + Surabaya)
PT. Bio Nusantara (Medan)
PT. Sumiasih (Jakarta)
PT. Darmex (Jakarta)
PT. Platinum
120.000
250.000
100.000
50.000
50.000
2008 Additional capacities +/- 25% 1.350.000
2009 Additional capacities +/- 20% 1.600.000
2010 Additional capacities +/- 20% 1.900.000
Ringkasan Kebutuhan akan energi alternatif secara nasional maupun
internasional sangat mendesak saat ini, baik karena menurunnya cadangan energi fosil maupun desakan masalah lingkungan
Biodiesel memiliki potensi yang cerah di masa depan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif, karena sangat dibutuhkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi, mengurangi masalah lingkungan dan meningkatkan lapangan kerja
Pengembangan biodiesel dengan menggunakan berbagai variasi bahan baku perlu dilakukan, karena akan menurunkan harga bahan baku dan biaya produksi, sehingga Indonesia dapat menjadi pemain utama dalam arena biofuels di kawasan Asia Pasifik bahkan Dunia.
Indonesia memiliki lahan yang cukup luas untuk pengembangan bau mahan baku untuk pembuatan biodiesel, khususnya dengan memanfaatkan lahan kritis atau marginal
Bahan baku jarak pagar dan nyamplung nampak prospektif untuk terus dikembangkan di Indonesia, karena termasuk bukan tanaman pangan dan dapat menurunkan biaya produksi
Fasilitasi dan konsistensi Pemerintah menjadi prasyarat utama bagi tumbuhnya industri biodiesel di Indonesia di masa perintisan seperti sekarang.
Terima kasihTerima kasih
“Peak of oil” ..… Kita telah melewati puncak minyak bumi
… one day we are going to run out of fossil oils
Daya pendorong saat ini
1. Dukungan Politik untuk Biodiesel Dunia : Biodiesel dipandang sebagai energi alternatif
• Untuk mengurangi resiko ketersediaan energy seperti pernah dialami oleh minyak fossil,
• Untuk mendukung usaha-usaha dalam mengurangi perubahan iklim,
• Untuk menciptakan lapangan kerja.
Dapat digunakan untuk semua kendaraan diesel.
Ide Biodiesel telah tersebar secara cepat ke seluruh dunia.
Daya pendorong saat ini
2. Biaya produksi Biodiesel rasional : Biaya bahan baku dapat dikurangi, khususnya jika
menggunakan tanaman bukan pangan (non-food oilseed crops).
TersediaTeknologi proses yang effisien.
Biaya pemrosesan yang rendah, sebagai akibat dari unit produksi yang besar dan otomatis.
Kualitas Biodiesel yang tinggi dan sesuai standard dapat diproduksi dari berbagai varietas tanaman.
Kebijakan, Regulasi & IncentifKebijakan, Regulasi & Incentif
Government’s Supports
President Instruction No 1/2006:
Biofuel Acceleration Program
President Decree No 10/2006: Nat Biofuel Dev Team
President Regulation No 5/2006:
National Energy Policy (Biofuel > 5% Th 2025)
Fin Min Reg: Interest rate subsidy Small holder
Other supports:
APBN: Seeds, Small-scale Expellers, Infrastructures;
Biofuel Standards & Utilizations (Pertamina & PLN)
Gov Regulation No 8/2007: Biofuel Fund
Gov Regulation No 1/2007: Tax Incentives Biofuel
Ministry of Agriculture Decree 2007: Land Allocation
SOURCE: NATIONAL BIOFUEL DEVELOPMENT TEAM
Boiling Point Curve
60,00
100,00
140,00
180,00
220,00
260,00
300,00
340,00
380,00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Distilled Volume [% (V/V)]
Tem
per
atu
re [
°C]
Diesel Rapeseed Oil-ME Coconut Oil-ME
Distillation characteristics
coconut oil comes closest to diesel fuel
in smooth combustion behaviour
Key guidelines for a successful investment
1. assure anytime highest biodiesel fuel quality
2. select most suitable and proven process technology,
3. security in supply of multi-feedstock in volume and cost,
4. choose reasonably large capacity of biodiesel plant,
5. select location with lowest logistic cost – in and out,
assure access to fuel markets – build customer loyalty,
6. with reasonable capacity – running min. 345 days/year,
7. lobby for supportive legislation,
8. use all readily available information world-wide.
►proven quality is to be or not to be
70
Possible incentives
Fiscal incentives, such as: Tax (PPh, PPN, PBB) and custom duty Soft loan (interest rate subsidy) Capital support
Non-fiscal incentives : Simplifying in license procedures Simple testing and certification procedures Mandatory use of biofuel blending in fuel
Note: incentives are provided by relevant institutions
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