take notes 1 j200 - week vi © j.t.johnson 1999 _____________________________fall 1999 notes return...

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J200: Journalism and Mass Communications - Week VI

The Newspaper Industry

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Latest news….

NYTimes: “The Ties Behind the News in Author Interviews on TV” (11 April)

Pass-along readership (NewsInc)

NYT – “Efforts Intensify to Capture Spanish-Speaking Readers”

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Newspaper: Industry, Profession, Avocation

Watch for necessary conditions for mass media gestation: Production technology Literate audience Distribution system

Changes in the Infosphere

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Newspaper: Industry, Profession, Avocation

Definition: Newspapers are a geographically circumscribed print medium, regularly issued, serving the GENERAL interests of a specific community (Usually geographically, but not always, i.e. computer newspapers, horse traders weekly, etc.)

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U.S. Nwppr ReadershipU.S.Adult Pop. & Adult Newsppr Readership

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

1964 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999

U.S.

Adu

lt Po

p. (0

00)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

% o

f Adu

lts R

eadi

ng N

ewsp

prs

Total Adults

% of population

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Avg. Circ. Of U.S. Daily Newspapers 1940-2000

Source: State of the News Media 2004 http://www.stateofthenewsmedia.org/chartland.asp?id=148&ct=line&dir=&sort=&col1_box=1&col2_box=1

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Believability of News Outlets Over Time – 1995-2002

Source: State of the News Media 2004 http://www.stateofthenewsmedia.org/chartland.asp?id=200&ct=col&dir=&sort=&col4_box=1

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Evolution of “newspapers”

See site:http://www.lian.com/TANAKA/comhosei/NPinEB.htm

59 BC - ancient Rome -Acta Diurna

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TheLondonGazette-FireofLondon

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LondonIntelligencer

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The Ladies Mercury

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StamfordMercury1722

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The Colored News

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Eras of American press

Colonial Press (up through 1776) Revolutionary Press (1765-1788) Political Press (1788-1833) Penny Press (1833-1883) Personal Editors (1840-1890) Yellow Journalism (1890-1917) Jazz Journalism (1914-1933) Age of Consolidation (1929-today) Electronic Journalism (1960-today)

Source: adapted from Emery and Emery, The Press and America)

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Eras of newspaper development in America: Colonial press

Grew out of the coffeehouses and taverns of the colonies, which were the leading "media" channels.

Mercantile reports of prices, ship sailings and arrivals (impt. information to the seaboard colonies)

The Colonial Press established the newspapers as a gossip machine, a tradition still intact. Remember, "gossip" doesn't mean the facts are not

true.

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Eras of newspaper development in America: Colonial press (1690-1765)

“Publishers" were printers and often undereducated.  

Gradually, "editors" evolved out of printers and specialization took effect. By 1746, three decades before the Revolution, a more educated and ideological person was in charge.

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Eras of newspaper development in America: Revolutionary Press (1765-1783)

Established the role of advocacy and reflected political stirrings of a restless country.

Thomas Paine's "Crisis Papers": Paine was a radical activist in England (twice

dismissed from the "excise office" [tax collector] and lead a movement for higher salaries (1772).

   Came to the colonies in 1774, carrying a letter of introduction to Benj. Franklin.

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Revolutionary Press: Thomas Paine

"These are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of his country; but he that stands it now deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like Hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph." ---- Thomas Paine, 1776

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Revolutionary Press

Alexander Hamilton's "Federalist Papers"

85 political essays written 1787-88 (mostly by Hamilton, some by James Madison and John Jay);

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MassCentinelApril 24 1790.

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GeoWashingtonElec

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Newspaper Eras:“Kept” Press (1783-1833)

$$ support from political parties and factions

Jacksonian period

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Historic Advances in Newspaper Press Technology

Date Press Desc. Power Paper Copies/hr

Colonial English

Common Press

Flatbed Hand Sheet 200

1832 Cylinder

Press Movable Flatbed

Steam Sheet 4,000

1846 Type

Revolving Press

Horizontal Cylinder

Steam Sheet 10,000

1871 Perfecting

Rotary Press Rotary Steam Web 35,000

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Handpress

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Moveable flatbed press

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Handset type: Composing Room

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Calif. Job Case

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California Job Case

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Handset type

Source: http://www.wmwoods.edu/Academics_at_WWU/UndergraduateStudies/Letters_and_Sciences/Clarence_Printing/typesetting.htm

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Handset type

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Horizontal Cylinder Press- 1846

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Rotary Press

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Newspaper Eras:“Penny” Press (1833-1861)

1833:Benjamin Day Low cost, sensational news Why was the Penny Press possible?

Primarily, literacy. But…. Improved paper-making and printing

technology New literate class

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Atlanta Constitution

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Newspaper Eras:“Personal Editors” (mid-19th Cent.)

James G. Bennett, New York Herald (1835) Horace Greeley, New York Tribune (1841) Henry J. Raymond, The New York Times

(1851) They established:

Crusading as a circulation-building device Adversary relationship with government Advertising promotions Foreign correspondents Specialized coverage: sports, campaigns, finance

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Newspaper Eras: “Yellow Journalism” (1870-1900)

William Randolph Hearst Joseph Pulitzer E. W. Scripps

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NYWorld1884

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Newspaper Eras: “The Muckrakers” (1890-1910)

Lincoln Steffens (city corruption) Ida Tarbell (Standard Oil) Samuel Hopkins (patent-medicine

investigations)

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NYPress

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Turn-of-the-century newspapering

Chicago Daily News - http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpcoop/ichihtml/cdnhome.html

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Newspaper Eras: “Jazz Journalism” (1915-1930s)

Tabloid format Extensive photos Sensationalism

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“Jazz Journalism”

Leopold and Lobe case

"Richard Lobe, a brilliant college student and master of the English language, today ended a sentence with a proposition.“

-- Ed Lahey

Chicago Daily News - 1936

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A chilly looking blonde with frosty eyes and one of those marble, you-bet-you-will chins, and an inert, scare-drunk fellow that you couldn't miss among any hundred men as a dead set-up for a blonde, or the shell game, or maybe a gold brick.

--Damon RunyonNew York American-1927

“Jazz Journalism”

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Jazz Journalism: “Composograph” (1925)

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SundayPictorial

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NYWorld1884

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SFChron Phones to SF

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JFKElection

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LBJElection

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NixonElection

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SFChronEarthquake

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Newspaper Eras: “Age of Maturity” (post-war to mid-’90s)

“Balanced” coverage Photojournalism Precision journalism Graphic design

Four-colors Informational graphics Re-packaging the news (books,

electronic databases)

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Newspaper Technonogies

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Newspaper Eras: Digital News (1995-present)

Originally, BBS systems “Shovelware” Customization Changing relationships between

readers, media, advertisers Threats to ad revenues, esp. classified Changing definitions and role of

“community”

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TheTimesofLondonWeb101299

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Financial Times101299

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% of Daily Newspaper Advertising Revenue by Category

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1998

Classified

Retail

National

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Expenses as % of Newspaper Operating Budgets

10

5.5

10.5

2

14

27.5

102

Editorial

Advert

Circ

Promo

Printing

Newspt

Admin.

Land&Bldg

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Newspaper Revenue Sources

Circ. Subscript. Single Copy

80-90% 10-20

15-30%

Advertising Local/Retail Classified National

55-60% 20-35% 10-15%

70-85% of TOTAL Oper. Revenue

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Avg. Churn Rates by Circulation

< 25,000 30 percent 25-30,000 42 percent 50-100,000 60 percent 100-200,000 71 percent 200-400,000 66 percent >400,000 68 percent

* It can cost from $60-125 to sign up a subscriber

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No. of U.S. Morning & Evening Dailies

0

500

1000

1500

2000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

U.S. Morning & Evening Dailies - 1950-1998

Evening

Morning

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Current Newspaper Circulation & Data

www.adage.com Data Centerhttp://www.adage.com/page.cms?pageId=954

NAA data http://www.naa.org/artpage.cfm?AID=1613&SID=154

NAA 2002 Facts about newspapershttp://www.naa.org/info/facts02/index.html

Daily newspaper circulation 1950-2001http://www.naa.org/info/facts02/15_facts2002.html

US Newspaper employmenthttp://www.naa.org/info/facts02/31_facts2002.html

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Newspaper Circ. Chart

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Newspaper Readership

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Making money with font change