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PRESENTATION
CATASTROPHIC FIRE SUPPRESSION AND SAFE
EVACUATION IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS USING
BREATHABLE FIRE-SUPPRESSIVE ATMOSPHERE
Conference on Tall BuildingsOctober 2003
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Presented by Igor K. Kotliar
President
FirePASS Corporation
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INTRODUCTION
In industrialized countries, the cost of fire damage and fireprotection represents a significant percentage of the GDP.
– In the USA, the cost of fire is approximately 2% of the GDP.
– That is 100-200 billion annually. (Ahrens 2001)
During the last years, the United States and the world haveawakened to the threat of terrorist acts involving powerfulexplosive materials and the fires they cause.
Large and catastrophic fires resulting from terrorist attackspose an unprecedented challenge.
Presently, there is no existing technology to adequatelycombat catastrophic tall building fires
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INTRODUCTION cont.
Unfortunately, we now understand the devastating effect
just one catastrophic fire can have on the global economy.
We can also see how thousands of lives can be lost
because of one inadequate protection regime. Nearly 50% of all fires are arson related.
For such an extreme problem calls for an immediate and
radical new approach.
It is time for you to open up your mind!
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FirePASS Technology Overview
FirePASS offers 7 new patents and a radical and newapproach to
Fire Prevention
Fire Suppression
Dual Mode Prevention & SuppressionMobile Fire Fighting Suppression Systems
Fire Escape
All FirePASS solutions incorporate hypoxic (oxygenreduced) air.
Hypoxic air can prevent ignition and suppress fires The FirePASS Concept is based on 7 years of extensive
experience and research
FirePASS’ mother company, Hypoxico Inc. specializes inthe health and medical applications of hypoxic air.
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1. FirePASS Prevention
Why extinguish fires when you
can actively prevent them?
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FirePASS Prevention
FirePASS-P is the first system in the world thatcan totally prevent ignition of Class A, B, and Cfires.
FirePASS-P system constantly generates, and
ventilates Hypoxic air containing 15-16%O2. At this oxygen concentration, nearly all ignition
scenarios are prevented.
In terms of O2 available for respiration, it is
equivalent to being in a passenger plane or beingin a mountain resort without this discomfortassociated with low pressure.
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FirePASS PreventionNormal Atmosphere (all altitudes)
21%
78%
1%
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Other
FirePASS Prevention Environment
16%
83%
1%
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Other
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FirePASS Prevention
Although there is less
percentage of O2 in a
FirePASS-P
environment, the
absolute amount of
oxygen in terms of
oxygen partial
pressure is equivalent
to moderate altitude.
Oxygen
%
Equivalent
Altitude
Symptoms
21 Sea-Level -Normal-
15.5 2,450m No adverse effects
12 4,400m Fatigue
10 5,800m Shortness of breath
7 8230m Stupor
5 11,000m Death
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Pressure Pressure Oxygen Pressure Pressure
kPa mmHg in % kPa mmHg
20.9 21.2 159.01 0 0 13.7 13.9 104.26 11,220 3,420
20.7 21 157.51 260 80 13.5 13.7 102.76 11,600 3,530
20.5 20.8 156.01 530 160 13.3 13.5 101.26 11,980 3,650
20.3 20.6 154.51 800 240 13.1 13.3 99.76 12,360 3,770
20.1 20.4 153.01 1,070 330 12.9 13.1 98.26 12,750 3,890
19.9 20.2 151.51 1,350 410 12.7 12.9 96.76 13,140 4,010
19.7 20 150.01 1,620 490 12.5 12.7 95.26 13,540 4,130
19.5 19.8 148.51 1,900 580 12.3 12.5 93.76 13,950 4,250
19.3 19.6 147.01 2,180 670 12.1 12.3 92.26 14,350 4,380
19.1 19.3 144.76 2,470 750 11.9 12.1 90.76 14,770 4,500
18.9 19.1 143.26 2,750 840 11.7 11.9 89.26 15,190 4,630
18.7 18.9 141.76 3,040 930 11.5 11.6 87.01 15,620 4,760
18.5 18.7 140.26 3,330 1,020 11.3 11.4 85.51 16,050 4,890
18.3 18.5 138.76 3,620 1,100 11.1 11.2 84.01 16,490 5,030
18.1 18.3 137.26 3,920 1,200 10.9 11 82.51 16,930 5,16017.9 18.1 135.76 4,220 1,290 10.7 10.8 81.01 17,380 5,300
17.7 17.9 134.26 4,520 1,380 10.5 10.6 79.51 17,840 5,440
17.5 17.7 132.76 4,830 1,470 10.3 10.4 78.01 18,310 5,580
17.3 17.5 131.26 5,130 1,560 10.1 10.2 76.51 18,780 5,720
17.1 17.3 129.76 5,440 1,660 9.9 10 75.01 19,260 5,870
16.9 17.1 128.26 5,760 1,750 9.7 9.8 73.51 19,750 6,020
16.7 16.9 126.76 6,070 1,850 9.5 9.6 72.01 20,250 6,170
16.5 16.7 125.26 6,390 1,950 9.3 9.4 70.51 20,750 6,330
16.3 16.5 123.76 6,710 2,050 9.1 9.2 69.01 21,270 6,480
16.1 16.3 122.26 7,040 2,140 8.9 9 67.51 21,790 6,640
15.9 16.1 120.76 7,370 2,250 8.7 8.8 66.01 22,330 6,800
15.7 15.9 119.26 7,700 2,350 8.5 8.6 64.51 22,870 6,970
15.5 15.7 117.76 8,030 2,450 8.3 8.4 63.01 23,420 7,140
15.3 15.5 116.26 8,370 2,550 8.1 8.2 61.51 23,990 7,310
15.1 15.3 114.76 8,710 2,660 7.9 8 60.00 24,560 7,490
14.9 15.1 113.26 9,060 2,760 7.7 7.8 58.50 25,150 7,670
14.7 14.9 111.76 9,410 2,870 7.5 7.6 57.00 25,750 7,850
14.5 14.7 110.26 9,770 2,980 7.3 7.4 55.50 26,370 8,040
14.3 14.4 108.01 10,120 3,090 7.1 7.2 54.00 26,990 8,23014.1 14.3 107.26 10,480 3,200 6.9 7 52.50 27,630 8,420
13.9 14.1 105.76 10,850 3,310 6.7 6.8 51.00 28,290 8,620
H in Feet H in
meters
Oxygen
in %
H in Feet H in
meters
Oxygen % v. Altitude v. Partial Pressure Table
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
891011121314151617181920
Precentage of Oxygen in Ambient Air (at Sea Level)
P e r c e n t
Corresponding Altitude (in feet)
Fire Intensity and Oxyhemoglobin Levels
Fire Extinction occurs at a safe Oxyhemoglobin level
X Fire Extinction
Point (16.2% O 2 )
SuppressiveMode
FireIntensity
OxyhemoglobinLevels
PreventiveMode
2,610 4,070 5,600 7,205 8,885 10,665 12,555 14,560 16,710 19,020 21,5301,210 23,705370 800 1200 1700 2200 2700 3250 3800 4450 5100 5800 6500 7225
(meters)
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Hypoxic Room System for athletic training contains 14.5% O2 inside
www.hypoxico.com
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Installation scheme of the FirePASS-P system
Air
Heat
Condensate
Hypoxic air out
1 – Computer room
2 – Equipment racks3 – Hypoxic generator
4 – Split a/c unit
Hypoxic air in 1
4warm
air
cold air
Exit
2
3
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FirePASS Prevention
FirePASS-P is a ventilation system that maintainsa positive pressure within the protected space
Due to this positive pressure, the Prevention
system, can be coupled with a filtration system tomake the building immune from – Aerosolized Biological Warfare Agents
– Aerosolized Chemical Agents
– Radioactive Contaminants For this reason, the protected space can double
as an emergency shelter.
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FirePASS SuppressionBREATHABLE, ENVIRONMENTALLY
FRIENDLY, TOTALLY EFFECTIVE
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FirePASSSuppression
FirePASS agent is premixed hypoxic air containing10-12% O2 – The FirePASS agent, hypoxic air, has inerting properties
analogous to Nitrogen (IG-100).
– Premixing ensures safety of occupants
– Combats re-ignition with continuous flow of agent for post
suppression inerting – On-site agent re-generation
– Suppression system is more flexible. Its continuous flowcauses room integrity to become less of a factor
– Can be a supplement to other systems
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SUPPRESSION SAFETY
NFPA Requirements
According to National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
Standard 2001, ''Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems'' p.28.
Table A-1-6.1.3 "Physiological Effects for Inert Gas Agents“:
12-percent minimum oxygen corresponds to
No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL)
10-percent minimum oxygen shows Low Observable AdverseEffect Level (LOAEL)
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FirePASS Suppression
Fire Properties
FirePASS Safety Threshold
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TEST SUPPRESSION UNIT
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ON-SITE REFILLING
STATION
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OPEN WINDOW TEST
CONTAINER
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2 MW FIRE
GENERATEDAFTER 20 min.
BURN TIME
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AGENT RELEASED AND
FIRE SUPPRESSED
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EXTENDED AGENT
RELEASE TO COMBAT
RE-IGNITION
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FIREPASS Suppression
FIREPASS
has the abilityto protect
extremely
large volumes
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Hangar fire scenario
Phase I – detection – agent release
into the lower level of the structure
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Phase II – Agent floods the facility
suppressing fire and evacuating
combustion gases
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Phase III – Fire extinguished
Combustion gases evacuated
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FirePASS DUAL MODE
FirePASS can be utilized in “Dual Mode” for ultimateprotection.
A constant preventative atmosphere can be maintainedwith an emergency supply of stored pressurized hypoxic
air. In the event of an attack that breaches the integrity of the
protected space, the suppression system is activated tomaintain a positive pressure of hypoxic air within theprotected space.
The suppression system must only keep fresh outside air from entering the building to prevent a catastrophic fire.
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MOBILE FIREPASS
SUPPRESSION
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Applications – Buildings
Agent distributionpiping
accessible for
Mobile Systems
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Standpipes for the Floor-targeted
delivery of the agent, supplied by
Mobile Unit
A li ti M bil S t
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Applications – Mobile Systems
Refilling with breathable
hypoxic agent at station
Discharging FirePASS
agent at fire location
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Applications – Mobile Systems
Hydraulic agent delivery
“arm” enables to dischargeagent through a window at
any floor
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FirePASS Emergency
Escape SystemsFire-proof Escapes
A li ti E E ti
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Applications – Emergency Evacuation
Fire Escape Stairway
pressurized with FirePASS
agent
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Applications - Buildings
Hyperbaric Hypoxic Fire
Suppression and Escape System
Applications Emergenc E acuation
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Applications – Emergency Evacuation
Hyperbaric Hypoxic FireSuppression and Escape
System design
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Hyperbaric Hypoxic Fire
Suppression and Escape
System design
Hyperbaric Hypoxic Fire Suppression and
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Escape System
Engineering and Construction details
Escape bridge andpressurized door
design
Hyperbaric Hypoxic Fire Suppression and
E S t
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Escape System
Architectural design concept
Tunnel Fire Scenario
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Tunnel Fire Scenario
Phase I – fire detection
FIREPASS can provide reliable protection for the building's
underground facilities and infrastructure
Tunnel Fire Scenario
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Tunnel Fire Scenario
Phase II – FirePASS agent discharge
Tunnel Fire Scenario
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Tunnel Fire Scenario
Phase III – Total flooding of the tunnel or its section
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What work is needed?
FirePASS has laid the foundation
for the building of the future. Still,
there is work to be done!
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FirePASS Development
FirePASS Prevention and Suppression
Systems have undergone successful small-
scale testing and computer simulations but
lacks large-scale testing
FirePASS Suppression Agent is certified by
the US Environmental Protection Agency
but is at the beginning of many other regulatory and certification processes.
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How much does the worldsbest fire-protection cost?
Less than you might think!
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FirePASS Cost
The cost of both the suppression and prevention systemsare dependent on a vast array of variables
In most cases FirePASS-Prevention system can beat thecost of a typical halocarbon system.
For small to moderate spaces the suppression system canbe competitive to standard inert gas and halocarbonsystems.
Large scale FirePASS-Suppression systems have nocompetition.
Tall-building sized suppression systems can be asinexpensive as a sprinkler system
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