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Thailand Motorcycle Accident Situation หนังสือรายงานสถานการณ์อุบัติเหตุทางถนนของประเทศไทย
Assoc. Prof. Kunnawee Kanitpong
• Thailand Accident Research Center (TARC)
Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)
• ThaiRoads Foundation
23 March 2015
Presented at the 70th Session of UNECE Road Safety Forum
Thailand Info…
Population: 64,456,695
Registered Vehicle: 32,476,977
Driver Licenses : 40,366,962
Male: 29,483,525
Female: 10,720,913
Total Road Length : 117,386 km.
National Highways: 68,098 km.
Rural Highways: 49,080 km.
Expressway: 208 km.
VKT National Highways: 213,438 MVKT
GDP : 8,830,957 million-baht
Fuel Consumption in Transportation
: 30,214 million-litre Source: ThaiRoads, 2012
1
Fatalities and Injuries
due to Road Crashes
11
,31
5
12
,72
2
12
,72
2
13
,35
4
12
,81
1
12
,34
0
11
,04
1
10
,42
1
9,9
89
9,6
86
13,244 13,766 14,033 14,059
12,040 11,988 11,652
13,116 14,012 13,766
12,858 12,693 12,492 11,561
10,717 10,742 9,910
7,634
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554 2555
Road A
ccid
ent Fata
litie
s
สตช Police MOPH MOPH (After Data Linkage)
Road Fatalities from Different Accident Databases
Source: Ministry of Public Health, 2012
2
Road Crash Severity
All road network (Royal Thai Police)
National Highways (DOH)
Severity Index and Fatality Index from Road Crashes
Severity Index Fatality Index
Severity
Index
Severity
Index
Fata
lity Index
Fata
lity Index
3
Who is at Fatal and Injured Risk?
Vehicle Types involved in Road Crashes per 10,000 registered vehicles
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554
รถจักรยานยนต์
รถยนต์
รถกระบะ
รถตู้
รถบรรทุก
Source: Department of Land Transport, Ministry of Transport
Motorcycle
Passenger Car
Pick-up
Van
Truck
Passenger Car
Motorcycle
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553
รถยนต์ 4 ล้อ
รถบรรทุก
รถโดยสาร
รถจักรยานยนต์
Injuries involved in Road Crashes per registered vehicles Classified
by Vehicle Types
Source: Ministry of Public Health
Motorcycle
4-wheel car
Bus
Truck
Motorcycle
Bus
4
Motorcycle Use
in Thailand
Rank No. Number of Motorcycle per 1,000 Population
1. Vietnam 358
2. Malaysia 332
3. Thailand 251
4. Indonesia 250
5. Uruguay 182
6. Italy 166
7. Republic of Dominican 136
8. Greece 127
9. Mauritius 123
Highest Motorcycle per Capita in 2010 Source: Global Status Report on Road Safety (2013)
Number of New Registered Motorcycle , 1993- 2011 Source: Department of Land Transport, Misnistry of Transport
-
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
2536 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554
Motorcycle
59% Passenger Car
18%
Pick-up
17%
Others
6%
Proportion of Registered Vehicles in 2012 classified by Vehicle Type
Source: Department of Land Transport
84%
29%
22%
18%
13%
12%
9%
4%
84%
25%
24%
19%
11%
11%
10%
4%
สะดวกรวดเร็วกว่ารถโดยสาร เช่น ไม่ต้องรอ ไม่ต้องต่อรถ ไม่ติดขัด
ประหยัดค่าใช้จ่าย
ไม่มีรถโดยสารว่ิงผ่านละแวกบ้านหรือท่ีท างาน
ต้องเดินมาขึ้นรถไกลหรือไม่สะดวก
ขับขี่สนุก เพลิดเพลิน เป็นการพักผ่อน
จ าเป็นต้องบรรทุกสิ่งของ
ใช้ตามคนใกล้ชดิ เช่น พ่อแม่ ญาติพี่น้อง เพื่อนฝูง
อื่นๆ ผู้ขับขี่ ผู้โดยสาร Others
Why people choose motorcycle for their transportation mode? Source: Self-Reported Questionnaire Survey by ThaiRaods Foundation and Road Safety Watch Network (2510)
Convenient and agility (no need to wait and less traffic congestion)
Low price
Cannot access to public transport
Long distance to access public transport
Recreational purpose
Need to carry stuff
Influenced by parents, relatives, and friends
Rider Passenger
45%
24% 24%
29%
34%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
15 - 25 26 - 35 36 - 45 46 - 60 มากกว่า 60
30%
40%
35%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
ชาย หญิง รวม Male
Proportion of Motorcycle Riders with No Driver License
Classified by Age and Gender Source: Self-Reported Questionnaire Survey by ThaiRaods Foundation and Road Safety Watch Network (2510)
Older than 60
Female Total
5
Motorcycle Crash
in Thailand
Pedestrian
3.0%
Passenger Car
25.0%
Motorcycle
39.2%
Pick-up Truck
16.7%
10-wheel Truck or
more
2.6% 6-wheel Truck
1.8% Large Bus
2.1% Van
1.8%
Taxi
3.6%
3-wheel MC
0.9% Bicycle
1.3%
3-wheel Bicycle
0.4% Farm vehicle
0.2%
Others
1.4%
Proportion of Road Crashes classified by Road User Types
in 2002-2011
Source: Royal Thai Police
Proportion of Fatalities classified by Road User Types
in 2012
Source: Ministry of Public Health
Motorcycle 41%
Passenger Car 12%
Pickup Truck or Van 2%
Pedestrian 6% Bicycle
1%
Heavy Truck 1% Bus
0%
3-Wheelers 0%
Others 37%
Source: Ministry of Public Health
Proportion of Severe Injuries due to Road Crashes classified by
Road User Types in 2012
Motorcycle 77%
Passenger Car 4% Pickup Truck
or Van 4%
Pedestrian 4%
Bicycle 7%
Heavy Truck 1%
Bus 0%
3-Wheelers 1%
Others 2%
Number of Fatalities due to Motorcycle Crashes, 2010-2012 Source: Ministry of Public Health and Road Accident Victims Protection Co. Ltd. (RVP)
Injuries Fatalities
Injuries due to Motorcycle Crashes in Thailand, 1994-2012
(Bangkok is not included)
Number of Motorcycles (‘000 veh) Source: MOPH
and DOLT
Number of Injuries Injuries per Number of Motorcycles
Source: E-claim from Road Accident Victims Protection Co. Ltd.
Motorcycle Collision Pattern in Thailand, 2010-2012
Injuries Fatalities
Lost Control/Roll Over
Vehicle collision
More than
2-vehicle Collision
Pedestrian Collision
Fixed Object Collision
Lost Control/Roll Over
Vehicle collision
More than
2-vehicle Collision
Pedestrian Collision
Fixed Object Collision
Other Vehicles Involved in Motorcycle Crashes, 2010-2012
Injuries Fatalities
Bus
Truck
Passenger Car
and Pickup
Motorcycle
Van
Bus
Truck
Passenger Car
and Pickup
Motorcycle
Van
Source: E-claim from Road Accident Victims Protection Co. Ltd.
Types of Motorcycle Crashes on National Highways, 2008-2012
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Pedestrain crash
Intersection-Head on collision
Intersection-Right angle
Straight-Head on
Straight_Right angle
Straight-U turn
Rear End
Side Swipe
Overtaking crash
Fixed object crash
Animal crash
Wrong direction
Run out of road on straight section
Run out of road on curve section
Others
Typ
es
of
MC
cra
sh
2012 2011 2010 2009 2008
Source: Department of Highways. Ministry of Transport
Rear End
Side Swipe
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Pedestrain crash
Intersection-Head on collision
Intersection-Right angle
Straight-Head on
Straight_Right angle
Straight-U turn
Rear End
Side Swipe
Overtaking crash
Fixed object crash
Animal crash
Wrong direction
Run out of road on straight section
Run out of road on curve section
Others
Typ
es o
f cra
sh
2008-2012
Fatal Crash Severe injured Crash Minor injured Crash PDO
Crash Severity by Types of Motorcycle Crashes, 2008-2012
Source: Department of Highways. Ministry of Transport
Straight Head-On
Wrong Direction
6
Motorcycle Crash
Risk Groups
15-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 60+
2010 5.05 2.22 1.38 1.07 0.82 0.88 0.95 0.97 1.03 0.93
2011 7.29 3.16 2.17 1.83 1.50 1.56 1.31 1.62 1.87 1.73
2012 8.00 3.21 2.23 1.81 1.64 1.54 1.53 1.75 2.11 1.94
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
Fata
lity
/10,0
00 M
C h
old
ing
dri
ver
licen
se
MC Fatalities per 10,000 MC License by Age, 2010-2012
Source: E-claim from Road Accident Victims Protection Co. Ltd.
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
2010 2011 2012
Fa
tali
ty/1
0,0
00 M
C h
old
ing
d
rive
r li
ce
ns
e
Year
Female
Male
Number of Motorcycle Casualties by Gender, 2010-2012
Source: E-claim from Road Accident Victims Protection Co. Ltd.
7
Motorcycle Casualties
จ ำนวนกำรเสียชวีติ จ ำแนกตำมช่วงอวยัวะทีบ่ำดเจ็บ
ศีรษะ
ทรวงอก
ช่องท้อง
กระดกูสันหลงั
ขำ
แขน
Motorcycle Fatalities by Injured Body Region More than 70% is Head Injuries
Source: E-claim from Road Accident Victims Protection Co. Ltd.
Head
Chest
Abdominal
Upper Extremity
Lower Extremity
Spine
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
UnemployedOther Civil Servant
Police/Military
State Enterprise EmployeePrivate Sector Employee
Labour
Trader/MerchantAgriculture Sector
Student
Priest
LawyerArtist
Fishery Sector
DriverCraftsman
Housewife
ConvictChildren (<6 yrs old)
Maid
OthersNot Available
Fatality
2012 2011 2012 2009 2008
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
UnemployedOther Civil Servant
Police/MilitaryState Enterprise Employee
Private Sector EmployeeLabour
Trader/MerchantAgriculture Sector
StudentPriest
LawyerArtist
Fishery SectorDriver
CraftsmanHousewife
ConvictChildren (<6 yrs old)
MaidOthers
Not Available
Injury
2012 2011 2012 2009 2008
Motorcycle Casualties by Occupation, 2008-2012
Injury
Fatality
Source: Injury Surveillance System (IS)
Labour
Labour
Student
Student
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2008
2009
2012
2011
2012
2008 2009 2012 2011 2012
No 30112 33319 33576 33662 33265
Yes 18093 18669 17346 16594 15472
Injury
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2008
2009
2012
2011
2012
2008 2009 2012 2011 2012
No 1211 1293 1370 1306 1241
Yes 674 711 600 543 527
Fatality
Motorcycle Casualties by Alcohol Influence, 2008-2012
Injury Fatality
Alcohol No Alcohol Alcohol No Alcohol
Source: Injury Surveillance System (IS)
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2008
2009
2012
2011
2012
2008 2009 2012 2011 2012
No 42032 45325 44098 43771 44182
Yes 6235 6931 6453 7102 6291
Injury
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
2008
2009
2012
2011
2012
2008 2009 2012 2011 2012
No 1981 2100 1981 1911 1918
Yes 198 194 168 175 138
Fatality
Motorcycle Casualties by Helmet Use, 2008-2012
Injury Fatality
Helmet No Helmet Helmet No Helmet
Source: Injury Surveillance System (IS)
8
Helmet Use Rate
Helmet Use Rate of Motorcycle Users in Thailand*
2010
Rider 53% 54% 52%
Passenger 19% 24% 20%
Total 44% 46% 43%
2011
* Sample Size
1,484,669 MC Users in 2013
1,502,949 MC Users in 2012
1,244,140 MC Users in 2011
954,956 MC Users in 2010
2012 2013
51%
19%
43%
Rider and Passenger
Rider
Passenger
72% 46%
83% 56%
37% 19%
29%
34%
12%
เขตเมือง
ขนาดรอง
Urban Suburban Rural
by Age Group
52%
32%
7%
53%
34%
8%
49%
28%
7%
49%
23%
7%
2553
2554
2555
2556
Helmet Use Rate of Motorcycle Users 2010-2013
Rider and Passenger
Adult Young Kids Rider and Passenger Passenger Only
Land Traffic Act, B.E. 2522 (1979)
Not specific for motorcycle. Only for
some sections such as:
Section 35: The driver of truck, passenger car, motorcycle, vehicle of low speed or travelling at lower speed than those of other vehicles moving in the same direction shall keep to the curb side of the roadway as close as possible (Penalty $12-30)
Section 121: The rider of motorcycle shall sit on the saddle, provided for motorcycle rider. If the competent officer specifies in the registration to be able to carry passengers, the passenger shall ride at the back seat provided for the passenger, or in the side-car. (Penalty not more than $15)
Section 122: The rider and passenger of motorcycle shall wear a motorcycle helmet. (Penalty not more than $15)
(๓) สําหรับรถยนต์อ่ืนนอกจากท่ีระบไุว้ใน (๑) หรือ (๒) หรือรถจกัรยานยนต์ให้ขบัในเขตกรุงเทพมหานคร เขตเมืองพทัยา หรือเขตเทศบาลไมเ่กินชัว่โมงละ ๘๐ กิโลเมตร หรือนอกเขต ดงักลา่วให้ขบัไมเ่กินชัว่โมงละ ๙๐ กิโลเมตร
Speed Limit for motorcycle in urban area is not more than 80 km/hr, and outside urban area is not more than 90 km/hr. (Penalty not more than $30)
Ministerial Regulations, and Motor Vehicle Act, B.E. 2522 (1979)
ผู้ ท่ีต้องการขอมีใบอนญุาตขบัข่ีรถจกัรยานยนต์ ต้องเป็นบคุคลท่ีมีอาย ุ15 ปีบริบรูณ์ขึน้ไป และใบอนญุาตขบัข่ีรถจกัรยานยนต์จะมีอาย ุ5 ปีนบัตัง้แตว่นัออกใบอนญุาตขบัรถ โดยจะได้รับหลงัจากมีใบอนญุาตขบัรถจกัรยานยนต์สว่นบคุคลชัว่คราว มาเป็นเวลา 1 ปี
Motorcycle driving license: Age > 15 years
Research Agenda on Motorcycle Safety
• Design Standard and Safety Considerations for Exclusive
Motorcycle lane
• Child Safety for Motorcycle Usage
• Behavioral Influence Model for Promoting Helmet Use for
Young Riders
• Speed Management of Motorcycle in Urban Area
Thank you..
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