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漳江口红树林自然保护区
项目专家报告 The Consultant Report 1
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ITTO Project PD 460/07 Rev.3 (F)
Achieving Sustainable Management of Mangrove Forest in China Through Local Capacity Building and Community Development
Implementation of Activity 1.1.1
“The management plan of the model forest at Fujian ZMNR”
BEIJING FORESTRY UNIVERSITY The Project Executing Agency
Beijing, December 2011
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Table of Contents The management plan of the model forest at Fujian ZMNR
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ⅱ
CHAPTER 1 THE NECESSITY OF DEVELOPING A NEW MANAGEMENT PLAN 1
1.1THE PROBLEM OF ZMNR’S EXISTING MANAGEMENT 1 1.2 THE NECESSITY TO DEVELOP A NEW MANAGEMENT PLAN 2
CHAPTER 2 THE REGIONAL OVERVIEW 2
2.1 NATURAL BACKGROUND 2 2.1.1 Location and Administrative Divisions 2 2.1.2 Tectonics and Landforms 2 2.1.3 Hydrology and Climate 2 2.1.4 Soil 3 2.1.5 Vegetation and plant 3 2.1.6 Animal resources 3 2.2 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCES 3 2.2.1 Social circumstances 3 2.2.2 Economic conditions 4
CHAPTER 3 PLANNING FOR PROGRAM RESEARCH 4
3.1 RESULT OF THE SURVEY 4 3.2 MEASURE AND SUGGESTION 5
CHAPTER 4 MANAGEMENT POLICY, OBJECTIVES AND LAYOUT 5
4.1 MANAGEMENT POLICY 5 4.2 MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES 6 4.2.1 Development Objectives 6 4.2.2 Specific objectives 6 4.2.3 Management layout 6 4.3 THE PRINCIPLE OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN 7 4.4 THE BASIS OF MANAGEMENT PLAN 8
CHAPTER 5 THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT IN ZMNR 8
5.1 THE INDEX SYSTEM OF SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT 8 5.2 THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 9 5.3SPECIFIC MEASURES 10
CHAPTER 6 COMMUNITY ADMINISTRATE JOINTLY MANAGEMENT 12
6.1 COMMUNITY-RESERVE CO-MANAGEMENT 12 6.2 THE NECESSITY OF COMMUNITY-RESERVE CO-MANAGEMENT 12 6.3 THE EFFECT OF COMMUNITY-RESERVE CO-MANAGEMENT 12 6.3.1 SKETCH MAP OF THE EFFECT 12 6.3.2 The effect of community-reserve co-management 13
CHAPTER 7 INFRASTRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION 13
CHAPTER 8 SCIENCE AND EDUCATION 14
8.1 THE SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS 14 8.2 EDUCATION AND TRAINING 14
CHAPTER 9 BENEFIT ANALYSIS 15
9.1 THE ECO-EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS 15 9.2 SOCIAL BENEFIT ANALYSIS 15 9.3 ECONOMIC BENEFITS ANALYSIS 16
CHAPTER 10 ASSURANCE MEASURES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROGRAM 17
10.1 STRENGTHEN LEADERSHIP 17 10.2 ESTABLISH MANGROVE WETLAND CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 17 10.3 INCREASE INTENSITY OF PUBLICITY AND EDUCATION, ENHANCE THE PEOPLE'S ECOLOGICAL AWARENESS 18 10.4 TALENTS GUARANTEE 18 10.5 LEGAL GUARANTEE 18
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Acknowledgments
Here we are grateful to Prof. Li Junqing of Beijing Forestry University for assigning us,
with the prior expressed approval of the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), as
the consultants to carry out Activity 1.1.1 “The management plan of the model forest at Fujian
ZMNR” of Project PD 460/07 Rev. 3 (F) entitled “Achieving Sustainable Management of
Mangrove Forests in China through Local Capacity Building and Community Development”.
We also would like to express our appreciation to the management staffs of Fujian
Zhangjiangkou Mangrove Nature Reserve (ZMNR) for providing the needed information on the
management plan. Also their great support on the field survey, especially their constructive
suggestions base on the discussion of stakeholders’ forum.
It is our sincere hope that this management plan would be useful for guiding the sustainable
management of mangrove forest resources in the ZMNR in the future.
Best regards,
Prof. LIU Jinfu &
Prof. Huang Sheng
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Chapter 1 The Necessity to Develop a New Management Plan
Since ZMNR was established, the relevant higher administration authorities pay the great
attention and provide strong support. All employees made a lot of work on resource conservation
and mangrove resources background information investigation, and then various undertaking
achieved encouraging result. But there are still inadequacies of management. ZMNR need a more
comprehensive, more scientific, more systematic and more effective management plan to ensure
the efficient and good protection on the valuable mangrove resources.
1.1 The existing problems of ZMNR’s management
(1)The obvious contradiction between wetland conservation and the community economic
development
The residents surrounding the program still rely on the wetland to survive. First, the villagers
always make the production and operation in our experiment zone because there were many
vessels as a channel. They selected some economic marine organisms to sell while these creatures
are the food of the birds. Avicennia marina cause a very serious harm by Gelechiidae pests,
killed up to 100%. Second, the original trees in the Zhangjiang estuary upstream were cut down
instead of the fruit trees; however recent years the villagers lost the confidence because the
downturn fruit market and abandoned the fruit trees. Therefore, it would cause soil erosion if it
rains, especially rains heavily. The washed sediment would accumulate in the estuary and raise the
height of tidal flats. And this would threaten the growth of the mangroves. Third, the villagers
engaged in farming and fishing using the tidal flats widely. With this kind of income becoming the
main source income, the tidal flats utilization has elevated, the human disturbance are more
intense and the difficulty of the mangrove protection also has increased. This is the main
contradiction between conservation and community economic development .So the most
important and urgent thing is researching and exploring a new management mode.
(2) Lack of perfect monitoring system and date managing system.
Currently, the comprehensive background survey of wild flora and fauna sources have
already been carried out, and the dynamic monitoring of natural resources and environment and
biodiversity monitoring system still need to be established. The building and improving of data
management system is very useful for the future development.
(3)The Weakness of the Protection Awareness of the Public
The public education about the conservation is clearly insufficient. We must make the
comprehensive education plan for public as soon as possible, making full use of network,
broadcasting, television and other media, to carry out form-various and content-rich and
villagers-accepted education activities. We hope enhance around resident’s protection awareness
through the series of education activities.
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1.2 The necessity of developing a new management Plan
These mentioned problems would be resolved effectively by carrying out the new
management plan. For example, we could carry out the eco-tourism activities for rich
entertainment life of the public, making full use of the social and cultural value of the wild fauna
and flora resource rather than the only straightforward economic value. The new management plan
is to make the most money using the least resource consumption and to improve the
self-construction and development capacity rather than to rely on the country’s appropriation.
Meanwhile, the implement of the new plan would bring more jobs for the residents, helping the
local people get rid of the poverty. Furthermore, we encourage the local communities to
participate in the construction and management of nature reserves and wetlands and to explore a
new way of co-management with the exit manager. Third, many education and training activities
would be carried to improve the awareness of around residents and professional quality of
decision-makers. The increasing popularity and the capacity of exchanges and cooperation are
bound to play an active role in the protection career.
Chapter 2 The Regional Overview
2.1 Natural Background
2.1.1 Location and Administrative Divisions
National Mangrove Nature Reserve of Zhangjiang Estuary in Fujian , located in Yunxiao
County (longitude 117 °24'07 "~ 117 ° 30'00" ,north latitude 23 °53'45 "~ 23 ° 56'00,elevation
of -6 ~ 8m) ,is a national wetland nature reserve which based on the protection of the mangrove
habitat for wild life. There are 18 administrative villages in both sides .The mangrove forests are
mainly distributed in Bamboo-tower village, Ship-field village and Dongyi village in DongXia
town, and the Bamboo-tower villages’ is the widest-range and the best-growth.
2.1.2 Tectonics and Landforms
The landforms in Yunxiao County are attributed to the granite hills sub-region. The
topography showed a ladder-like landing from northwest to southeast. The east, north and west
sides are high while the center and the south are flat and open. The Zhangjiang Estuary is the
largest opening of the sea in Yunxiao county, and the Zhangjiang river is the main river of this
county, its total length reaches 58km, the water shed area accounts 855km2 and runoff volume
attains 1.011 × 109m3(including off water1.53 × 108m3), The county’ s annual average runoff are
6.35 × 108m3.
2.1.3 Hydrology and Climate
ZMNR has a subtropical maritime monsoon climate. The annual mean rainfall is 1714.5mm
with the extreme rainfall of 2493.2mm and 1348.4mm.The rainfall is mainly in April to September.
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The annual mean evaporation is 1718.4mm with the relative humidity of 79%. The annual mean
sunshine is 2125.1h with the extreme sunshine of 2574h and 777h.The annual mean foggy days
are 7.7d; the annual mean frost days are 2.3d with the most of 68d.
2.1.4 Soil
The area soil is the coastal silt and sandy silt, more than 2m thickness. Mangrove soil in the
domestic and foreign academic circles is known as acid sulfate soils, also known as the soil of
mangrove swamps. Soil salt content is high (usually above 10%), with the characteristics of
salinization. Soil pH value is from 3.5 to 7.5. The soil is rich in plant residue and organic matter.
2.1.5 Vegetation and plant
There are 5 division 6 genera and 6 species of mangrove plants ,16 Division 27 genera 29
species and 1 variety of mangrove plants,59 Division 152 genera 184 species and 3 varieties of
coastal plants (including cultivation) in this mangrove nature reserve. According to “Vegetation of
China”, the plants are divided into 3 vegetation types, namely mangrove plant, coastal salt marsh
plant and coastal sand plant. Mangroves plant communities, such as Avicenna marina forest, Tung
Blossom trees,Avicennia marina and Tung Blossom trees, Kandelia candel forest, candle and
Tung Blossom trees, Wood lam forest etc, are found in this nature reserve.
2.1.6 Animal resources
There are 154 species of birds belonging to 38 families and 15 orders, which accounts for
28.36% percent of the total bird species in Fujian province. Many bilateral international agreement
protected migratory birds are also in reserve ,including 77 species that are listed as bilateral
agreements protected migratory birds between the two governments of China and Japan, and 41
species between China and Australia . 4 orders with 9 families and 14 species have been recorded,
about 12.73% within Fujian province, mainly some cetaceans distributed in the warm ocean, some
rodents and small insectivorous mammals distributed in the fields of residential. There are 3
orders,11 families and 37 species ,which accounts for 32.17%。There are amphibians belonging to
1 order, 5 families 13 species or 29.55% of the total of the species in Fujian province.
2.2 Social and economic circumstances
2.2.1 Social circumstances
The national mangrove nature reserve is located in Dongxia town in Yunxiao County. There
are 55,000 populations in Dongxia Town, including 6321 Bamboo-tower villagers and 4571
Ship-field villagers. And there are no residents in the protected areas. Around the protected areas,
there is a general secondary school in Bamboo-tower village and five ordinary primary schools
with 169 in-service teachers, five medical stations (Clinics) with 20 beds and 26 health technicians.
The local possessed initial infrastructure but weak social security system. The roads among all the
villages were connected, and the telephones and TV programs were acceptable by every village.
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However the good-conditions public toilets are nowhere, the village environment looks untidy. In
addition, the most local residents are low-education.
2.2.2 Economic conditions
The most villagers around the protected areas are engaged fruit-growing, fish-breeding,
rice-growing and anti-season vegetables-growing activities with low income. Among them, the
fish-breeding industry is the most important income source, taken up 60% of total annual income.
The annual net income per capita of the Bamboo-tower village reached about 4418 yuan,
including 2783 yuan of fish-breeding income and 1216 yuan of agricultural income. In 2004, the
total annual revenue of Bamboo-tower village reached 971,551 yuan, including 585,784 yuan of
tidal wetlands income and 199,557 yuan fishery rent.
Chapter 3 Planning for Program Research
3.1 Result of the Survey
ZMNR, Fujian seems as the most and best mangrove natural community in the north side of
the Tropic of Cancer.
In its history, there was large area mangrove forest which was tall and dense. Especially in
the coastline, there were concentrated pure Kankra forest community which average height of tree
was above 5~6m, the highest is 10m.According to the survey, the area of it in the 1950s is
66hm2.Especially in the period of 1960s-1980s,due to reclaim land from marshes and mudflat
aquaculture, the resources of mangrove suffered strongly damaged.
Now it is hard to found large area of pure Kankra forest community and only a small amount
of Kankra, Kandelia obovata and Tung blossom mixed living together.
But in the ZMNR, it still continue to reserve about 20 hm2 forest of Avicenna marina which is
largest and best protected in China.
But in recently years, the Avicennia marina forest suffered from Sitotroga cerealella Olivier’s
damage which causes total death.
Trees in the upstream of ZMNR are being lopped in order to plant fruit trees. As forest fruit
market downturn, the villagers lose confidence on it. It causes the result that fruit-bearing forest is
left uncultivated and death. If raining, especially torrential rain, it easily causes soil erosion. The
silt washed away will accumulate in the estuary place which upraises the height of intertidal zone.
All these threaten the growth of mangrove.
As the higher productivity of intertidal zone, villagers take use of it for cultivation and ocean
fishery which are the main economic source. The result is that low efficiency of using intertidal
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zone and strength increasing of human interference. All these increase the difficulty for mangrove
protection.
3.2 Measures and suggestion
(1) In order to recover the destruction of vegetation in the upstream of ZMNR, it could plant
vegetation to prevent soil erosion or recover fruit tree plantation which should form brand
and open up an outlet. It also could build factories to process the fruits to forming
characteristic food.
(2) Clean up the river’s silt. It can not only dredge the river for shipping’s navigation but also
alleviate the pressure of the beach being bid up.
(3) Try to use biological disinfectant to sterilize water of the breed aquatics. If sprayed on
intertidal zone chemical pesticide for disinfection, when we are killed the biology which
harm for the targeted breeding objects and at the same time should kill large amount of
benthonic organism. It will cause loss of species diversity of the intertidal zone’s ecological
community and decreasing in the number of migratory birds and increasing inserts especially
when the residual pesticide which polluting water and food.
(4) It is more suitable to use biological pesticide or introduce natural enemy to deal with the
insect pests.
(5) Reducing the strength of intertidal zone operation through less homework and reducing the
time of operation. Considering the intertidal zone’s income may decrease, so in order to
alleviate the contradiction between the villages and the reserve management department, we
should establish compensation mechanism and standard to appropriately make up for
villages’ loss.
(6) Establishing positioning ecological environment monitoring network is in order to monitor
the change of water quality and soil at any time.
(7) Adopting biological methods is to control the growth of Spartina alterniflora Loisel and
Spatina which are invasive species on this zone. They are invasive species and have been
mass propagation. They are competing with mangrove for the zone. Because of their strong
fertility, the mangrove is surrounded. The two invasive species are not only influent the
growth of mangrove but also the local species.
(8) Establish the related laws about mangrove protection.
(9) Establish mangrove special protection funds.
(10) Strengthen the related research about mangrove such as positioning studies and diseases and
pests’ research.
Chapter 4 Management policy, objectives and layout
4.1 Management policy
To implement the spirit about speeding up the development of forestry carried out by CCPC
earnestly. Establishing the scientific concept of development firmly and treating ecological
environment construction and sustainable development theory as the guide. Depending on China
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wetland protection planning and the national wetland protection engineering planning, following
the strategic policy seriously, this includes strict protection, positive development, scientific
management and sustainable use. Mainly protect and restore mangrove ecosystem, strengthen
natural reserve and international important wetland construction and generally promote the
construction projects of mangrove forest. Establish mangrove protection and development
guarantee mechanism and related management system and make the development of mangrove to
be scientific, institutionalize and standardized. Bring fully to play the ecological function of
mangrove such as maintaining coastal ecological balance, reducing the happening of disaster and
defending the homeland security. Make the function of high productivity and sustainable use of
mangrove ecosystem come true. The purpose of the measures is to lay good foundation for the
sustainable of coastal area resources, environment and sustainable development.
4.2 Management Objectives
4.2.1 Development Objectives
Bring to realize sustainable management of ZMNR trough the local reserve capacity building
and the surrounding community development. Judge ZMNR management is sustainable or not
according to these following major indicators such as the proportion of degradation is reduced,
human resources construction is enhanced and the pressure of mangrove damaged is reduced. Its
most important prerequisite is government, universities and institutions continuously supporting
the sustainable management of ZMNR. In the mean time, verifying and identifying it through the
way such as reports, statistics and local residents’ income.
4.2.2 Specific objectives
(1)Strengthen the local forestry agency’s ability construction on the management of ZMNR.
(2)Release the pressure which is caused by community to the resources of mangrove through
carrying out right alternative industry.
(3)Realize the ZMNR’s sustainable management.
(4)Support the mangrove resources management through strengthening the mangrove research
and development.
(5)Improve the knowledge about mangrove protection through training the managements, local
technical personnel whom including reserve staffs and engaged in tourism personnel.
(6)Establish demonstration area of mangrove ecological tourism, especially for the natural
scenery, the ornamental bird, public scientific exploration and other tourism projects.
4.2.3 Management layout
The demonstration area, which consisted of two parts: one is ZMNR, the other is a
community named Dongxia which the reserve lies in. The total area is 24,628.8hm2.
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Fig.1 Map of Zhangjiangkou Mangrove Nature Reserve
ZMNR is the only national and the largest reserve in Fujian province, which is one of the
most important mangrove reserves in China. It is located in the Dongxia Town, Yunxiao County,
Fujian Province. The climate is subtropical climate. The total area is 2,360 hm2 which consisted of
forestry use land (1,300.6 hm2), forest (117, 9 hm2), open forest land (156.7 hm2), reproducing
area (13.4 hm2), suitable land for forest (1,012.6 hm2) and water area (1,059.4).
ZMNR is exactly located in Dongxia Town, so the project will include the town—as a
demonstration and research area. The town’s total area is 22,328.8 hm2 which could divide into
land for forestry (8,581 hm2), forest (9,492 hm2), intertidal zone (2,100 hm2) and non-land for
forestry (2,155.8 hm2).
4.3 The principle of the management plan
Base on the present and face the higher requirements of the future and long-term ecological
civilization to the ecological environment.
Observe the following principles: overall planning, rational layout, stress the key point and
implement step by step.
Mainly protect the mangrove ecosystem, at the same time, strengthen the construction of
natural reserve and international wetland. Establish long-term management mechanism.
Depend on science; use the latest technology to accelerate the recovery and construction of
the mangrove resource. Take use of the mangrove ecosystem’s multiple functions fully.
Connect protection to utilization. To explore the rational, efficient and ecological economical
use pattern under the premise of protecting the mangrove resource.
Avoid repetitive construction through combining the project with national and provincial key
ecological construction.
Realize the harmonious development between economy and nature through being
coordinated with local economy.
ZMNR, Fujian Province
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Divide depends on the power. Try to invest primarily depend on the central and local
government invest according to the proportion. Try hard to attract the investment from
international cooperation and society. Adopt all kinds of ways to draw funds. Introduce market
mechanism to realize the coordinated industrial development model between mangrove protection
and development.
4.4 The basis of management plan
The mangroves sample survey report in China
The mangrove resources survey results in Fujian Province, 2001 and the mangrove survey
report in Fujian Province
The results of mangrove resource survey, completed in 2005.
The planning of mangrove protection and development in Fujian Province from 2006 to 2015,
completed in 2005.
The demonstrated mode proposal about mangrove sustainable management in China,
completed in 2006.
The research summary report about China’s mangrove sustainable management, completed
in 2006.
The ensemble planning about wild animals, plants and natural reserve construction in Fujian
Province. The planning about wetland protection project in Fujian Province. Compartment on the
large scale of Marine function in Fujian Province. And others plans.
Forestry law of the People’s Republic of China; The Ocean law of the People’s Republic of
China; Environmental protection law of the people’s Republic of China; Natural reserve
regulations of the people’s Republic of China, etc.
Ramsar Convention, Mangrove charter, the China-Japan migratory birds protection
agreement, Convention on biological diversity, The China-Australia migratory birds’ protection
agreement.etc.
Chapter 5 The Sustainable Management in ZMNR
5.1 The index system of sustainable management
There are three meanings of ZMNR sustainable management which are sustainable economy,
ecology and society. So the sustainable management evaluation index must not only reflect the
three meaning but also reflect its potential. To combined with ZMNR’s actual management
situation and view of the mangrove protection to build a sustainable management index system.
The system is divided into four levels, target layer, system layer, condition layer and variable layer.
The target layer is the sustainable management comprehensive index in Fujian coastal mangrove.
And the system layer includes ecological environmental sustainable indexes, social sustainable
indexes and economical sustainable indexes. The variable layer contains 21 indexes. All the
indexes are given in table 1.
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Table 1 the indexes system of Mangrove sustainable management
the
comprehensive
indexes
of
mangrove
sustainable
management
ecological
environmental
sustainable
indexes
The security index of
forest ecological system
Biological diversity
index
Index of soil and water
loss
Index of water quality
Rate of forest coverage
Rate of diseases and
insect pests protection
Ecosystem productivity
index
Soil type and fertility
Forest area
Primary production
Wetland management level Rate of wetland utilization
social
sustainable
indexes
Social stability index
woodland index per capita
Population growth rate
Poverty population
proportion
Living standards index residential area per capita
Cultural and educational
health index
Adult literacy rate
Index of medical services
ecological
sustainable
indexes
economic level index
The per capita GDP
Intertidal zone
utilization index
economic structure index Industry structure
index
economy operation quality
index
product-sale rate
economic efficiency index
Rate of production tax
Disposable income per
capita
5.2 The sustainable development strategy
(1) Set up a thorough management mechanism about mangrove wetland. And the county
government takes charge for the mangrove wetland natural reserve construction, and the
specific construction projects are taken charge by the administration of ZMNR. Establish
the scientific concept of development and strengthen the research about mangrove’s
structure, biological characteristics, productivity and ecosystem dynamic change during
the management.
(2) Increase the research input scientific and put the funds on the ways of trees’ prefer
selection on mangrove wetland, forest belt preferential configuration, introduce the
Target layer System
layer
condition layer variable layer
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breeding and application of beneficial microbes germplasm resources and build thorough
composite artificial coastal shelter forest system.
(3) Carry out the researches about various management models and protective benefit
monitoring system and evaluation technology. Make efforts to expand the mangrove
resources, to restore mangrove ecosystem, to promote the coastal economic development
and the coordination of coast ecological environment protection.
(4) Establish mangrove seedlings base and introduce excellent mangrove species from
tropical regions consciously and carefully. The purpose of it is to provide much more
germplasm resources for subtropical area’s mangrove and the coastal zone mangrove
system construction, to promote community structure built from one or several species to
variety, to improve the stability of the community, at last to be better to play the
ecological function of mangrove resources.
(5) Change the single operation mode and develop a variety of comprehensive management
patterns and ecological tourism resources. So the income from intertidal breeding is no
longer to be the main source of local villagers. This can reduce the influence to the
growth of mangrove.
5.3 Specific measures
(1) Through applying the technology of GIS and implementing the mangrove resources
monitoring, to grasp the dynamic change resources, to carry through scientific management,
to improve the management ability of ZMNR.
(2) Construction ponds and afforestation. The climate of ZMNR is warm and wet, with rich
precipitation and water quality is in good condition. All these are suitable for the growth of the
mangrove. Set up around the ponds, to provide life habits for various waterfowls. Chose the
shallow intertidal or mid-deep intertidal to build the ecological environment for wild animals
and plants. Afforestation should be chosen in the coast intertidal belt and obey to the principle
from easy to tough. The better way is to plant in the winds and waves of a quiet zone and
developed gradually to slightly deep sea water and waves largish area. To ensure biodiversity
and forest coverage, avoid the water and soil loss and at last realize the sustainable ecological
environment.
(3) Develop forestry and agriculture and manage intertidal aquaculture industry. The local
residents’ main income is come from the intertidal and it also becomes the important pillar of
village finance income. Although each resident owns the certain area of forest and farmland,
the soil salinization makes rice production restrictedly. So there is no extra grain for animal
husbandry production and the vegetables lack of scale and brand. The price is not stable. And
because the price of litchi, longan is low so the villagers lose confidence to the forestry and
agriculture production. This increases the degree of dependence on the intertidal and should
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damage ecological environment. Therefore, the government and related agencies pay attention
to the agriculture development in ZMNR, to let the residents do not rely on intertidal breeding
too much. As the residents want to increase their income and improve their living level they
will use intertidal zone for production blindly. This will destroy the ecological function of the
intertidal zone. So the government and related agencies should not shut turn a blind eye on it.
Through developing other industries and managing the intertidal breeding, it brings not only
continuous ecological environment but also plays the sustainable social effect.
(4) Establish ecological tourism area. Develop the ecological tourism efficiently is seems as the
ideal mode to better protect mangrove, to realize ecological, social and economic value of
mangrove at present. According to the characteristics of mangrove resources, its potential of
tourism development is very great. Visitors is not only to appreciate the beautiful natural
landscape, appreciate the magic and aesthetic feeling of the mangrove but also able to taste
fresh seafood. The citizens are attractive by the natural green food such as wetland seafood
and vegetables. At the same time, it can build peasant hotels. This is not only solved the
problems of the tourists’ accommodation but also increase the source of local residents’
income. Build ecological tourism road to facilitate visitors to make activity and in the other
way avoid tourists to step on mangrove and affect its growth in the process of construction.
Build the traffic facilities, such as the parking place and transportation that sent and receive
tourists. Predict the number of tourist and the increasing rate, calculate the environmental
bearing capacity and this is good for reduce the number of tourists and the pressure of
environment. All these are good for protecting mangrove. Design tourism routes reasonably
and alleviate mangrove pressure yearly and at last realize economic sustainability.
(5) The community-reserve co-management. The community-reserve co-management is the most
efficient measure to realize ZMNR sustainable management. The main goal of
community-reserve co-management is to combine the biodiversity protection to sustainable
community development. It usually refers to the local community owns certain duties to plan
and use specific natural resources. At the same time, it also refer to the way that the
community agrees to improve reserves’ and surrounding communities’ living level under the
goal that sustainably use resources and reserve’s biodiversity protection is not conflict.
Comparing to the former management mode, this mode is not only to reduce the contradiction
between management department and the community residents, improve personnel
comprehensive ability of the management department but also make the community residents
become passive protection into active protection. The economic income of surrounding
communities of ZMNR is mainly depends on the reserve. Realize the community
administration can not only ensure residents’ economic resource but also let the residents take
part in the management. This can enhance their consciousness to protect the reserve and reach
the ecological, social and economic sustainability.
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Chapter 6 Community administrate jointly management
6.1 Community-reserve co-management
There are two meanings of community-reserve co-management. One is ZMNR makes
planning of community natural resources management together with surrounding communities and
work together to promote community natural resources management. The other is that the local
communities participate and assist the reserve to protect and manage biodiversity and let the
surrounding communities’ natural resources management become an important component of
reserve’s comprehensive management. Put ZMNR which is demonstration area with the
surrounding communities’ joint management into practice can promote the sustainable
management of the reserve.
6.2 The necessity of community-reserve co-management
The villagers near to ZMNR mainly engage in fruit planting, aquaculture, rice planting and
anti-season vegetable cultivation, etc. The aquaculture is the main source of economic income
which is low and the labor productivity is low and the economy is backward. If only depended on
various protection regulations and don’t cooperate with the communities and don’t improve the
residents’ understanding, it was difficult to get good protection effect. Therefore, the ZMNR
should carry out the way of community co-management and guide the community to take part in
reserve’s management. Teach the local residents some practical scientific technologies and
develop production way that suit to the local economy and conduct the farmers for reasonable
using existing resources and improve their living standards. Realize the purpose of manage ZMNR
through promoting community economic development and social progress.
6.3 The effect of community-reserve co-management
6.3.1 Sketch map of the effect
Change consciousness Policies changing Other industries
Public participation Resource management Community
contradiction
Eco-environment
Ability
improvement Surrounding areas
Participate in Development
Promote Alleviate
contradiction
Drive
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6.3.2 The effect of community-reserve co-management
(1)Ecological protection consciousness of the community residents improved obviously.
The residents adopt various economic actives to ZMNR is eyeing to economic benefit and
ignoring the ecological benefit and social benefit. To make community residents realize the great
effect of ecological and social effect and realize the importance of biodiversity protection to
community environment and realize the importance of their work in protecting the biodiversity
through vivid environmental publicity education activities in community-reserve co-management.
(2)Improve the relationship between ZMNR and the surrounding communities.
Through carrying out actives of community-reserve co-management, most community
residents realize the importance of protecting ecological environment and establishing the reserve.
They are not only interested in the idea of community-reserve co-management but also supporting
and participating into various work of ZMNR. This enhances the enforcement of protection
effectively. At the same time, with participation of villagers, ZMNR’s work carrying out more
humanization, and changing the behavior that ignoring villages’ benefit and strengthen single
protection. This make protection and development seek unity. In a word, the series of
community-reserve co-management measures improving the long-term existing relationship
greatly which are ‘opposition’ and ‘non-cooperation’.
(3)The ecological environment improve obviously.
Since carried out the method of community-reserve co-management, the villagers’
consciousness had been improved and reduced destruction obviously to the biodiversity resources.
The community residents often take part in the normal management of ZMNR and help the
ZMNR administrative staff to patrol. This makes the protection work more efficient. The result is
that as decrease of human disturbance, wildlife’s habitats have been better improved and the
number of wild animals and plants increased significantly and the environment, no matter in the
ZMNR or the surrounding has been improved obviously.
Chapter 7 Infrastructure Construction
In order to guarantee the sustainable management of ZMNR, there must be enough solid
infrastructures. Now ZMNR have building area of 300m2, a car, two patrol boats, ten computers,
and relevant office accommodations, traffic, communication facilities and so on, and these provide
primary protection for the management of normal work of ZMNR. In the next three years
protection zone continuously improve the infrastructure construction in the region, including
hardening of the surrounding roads of the protection zone, the construction of ecological public
toilets, offering the convenience to visitors and the construction of garbage collection pool in the
surrounding to make villagers’ house refuse achieve an uniform cycle. The construction of bird -
watching hide, environmental education wooden plank and birds climax habitats and other
facilities, these allow visitors make close contact with nature ecological environment, to bring to
spiritual pleasure to people through experiencing a good ecological environment, to create
beautiful artistic conception of harmony between man and nature At the same time, establishing
a publicity and education center about mangrove is also necessary, that can introduce mangrove
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protection and environmental science knowledge visually to the public.
Chapter 8 Science and Education
8.1 The scientific experiments
The research is one of the priorities of the protection zone, because of species richness of
protection zone, many colleges and universities in province and outside, scientific research units
come to set up the base to carry out research activities. Such as scientific research collaborating
with the Provincial Academy of Forestry, Provincial Forestry Planning Institute, Xiamen
University, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry College of Forestry, Minjiang University, and the
establishment of a national basic scientific personnel training and field practice bases; Provincial
Academy of Forestry, wildlife monitoring centers come to conduct scientific research
collaboration, such as carrying out Spartina alterniflora Loisel , bird survey and monitoring,
mangrove insect community and integrated management of major pest, technical studies, etc.. This
give full play to the nature reserve as the functions of research, science, education, training and
science base.
Through a series of investigations and studies, ZMNR get a lot of scientific data in the
conservation of biological diversity, slowing runoff and flood storage and drought, degradation of
pollutants, water purification. The protection of mangrove plays a certain effect for the society.
Such as a strong typhoon on May 18, 2006 named "Pearl" that take a frontal assault to Zhangzhou
and the wind reached 12 or above. It is a rare strong typhoon in the history of Zhangzhou, "Pearl"
landing coincided with the full tide result in highly destructive,but around protected areas, due to
the tall, dense mangroves outside the embankment, the embankment was safe, so the loss of
farmland, cottages, aquatic plants within embankment is minimal. The reason is that the ground
criss-cross roots of mangrove forests can unite the soil and resist the impact of the tides and floods,
to protect the embankment, but also save the artificial earthwork project.
8.2 Education and Training
in education , training and publicity, we can send the environmental staff ,county school
teacher, department heads, the person in charge, the representative of the village farmers in groups
to accept the training of environmental education, wetlands management, community building
aspects, in order to improve the capacity of protection and management level of environmental
and the capacity of inter-sectoral collaboration. On Protected Areas Authority has also prepared
based teaching materials into the wetlands, and invite experts to schools in Yunxiao County to
carry out environmental education knowledge training for teachers and educators,. Use the "World
Wetlands Day, Love the Birds Week, World Environment Day, Science and Technology Week,
Publicity Week for an opportunity , cooperating with the Municipal Environmental Protection
Bureau, Department of Education, Science and Technology Bureau and the county primary and
secondary schools ZMNR will carry out the lectures about ecological and environmental
protection, knowledge of wetland ,and calls for people consciously to protect wetlands, to promote
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the conservation of nature favorable production and lifestyle, and to raise public awareness of
environmental protection. ZMNR also require that each staff member should become
communicators of environmental protection.
Chapter 9 Benefit Analysis
9.1 The eco-efficiency analysis
The implementation of mangrove protection and development of project will help to improve
coastal wetland ecological environment. Mangrove has greater function of environmental
regulation to reduce the natural disasters in province caused by typhoon. Mangrove has a strong
capacity of blocking the tide and reducing the impact of the waves, so it plays a role in the
revetment and becomes the first line of coastal shelter forest system. It has a function of
purifying water, producing oxygen, climate regulation, water conservation, flood storage and
degradation of pollution and plays an important role in the conservation of biological diversity,
human aspects of production and living resources. Project can restore the ecosystem and have a
local control of pollution through pest control and a large area of mangrove forestation so that
the mangrove ecological environment has been significantly improved, and it is conductive to the
mangrove ecosystem to give play to effective function, and provide a good habitat、breeding sites
for many birds、benthic organisms, and improve the local biodiversity and provide favorable
conditions for sustainable development. Mangrove has a strong function of water purification,
and can greatly reduce environmental pollution through absorbing heavy metal in the workers,
agricultural waste and oil spilled from transport vessels. The implementation of project can
basically contain the downward trend of natural wetland function in the province and give full
play to wetland’s function of climate regulation, soil and water conservation, flood storage and
drought, sand-fixing and environmental beautification.etc. At the same time waterfowl wildlife
species will be effectively protected.
9.2 Social benefit analysis
1. The implementation of the project construction provides opportunities for regional sustainable
economic development.
With the improvement of the environment of entire wetland ecosystem, the development
conditions of regional aquaculture, forestry, tourism will be greatly improved. With increasing
sustainable production capacity, some construction of basic facilities will directly contribute to
local development. Mangrove ecosystem is with rich biodiversity and landscape diversity,
mangrove forest produce high biomass as a rich source of food and nutrients for plants, benthos,
plankton, birds in order to attract birds and other creatures, so that it satisfy the broad interest of
community, especially the bird-watching enthusiasts. So we can provide the ideal base of
scientific research, science and environmental protection publicity and education for the
local .Mangrove has a magical, quiet, beautiful landscape value. Abundant natural resources,
landscape resources bioscience make it become the ideal place for biological sciences research,
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teaching practice, and science popularization.
2. The implementation of the project construction promotes economic development in area with
mangrove distribution and provides employment opportunities for the community.
With the implementation of the project, restoration and reconstruction of mangrove
ecosystem will drive the economic development of surrounding area, the living standards of
coastal residents will be improved steadily year by year, thus stabilize the situation to live and
work and promote harmony between man and nature. On the one hand, mangrove can improve the
economic efficiency of farmers; on the other hand, it can play a model function to extend the
impact to the surrounding estuary areas, thereby promoting the economic development in
surrounding area. In addition, the implementation of protection and demonstration projects can
provide many employment opportunities for local residents, to a certain extent, can ease the
pressure of local employment. At the same time of promoting local economic development and
increasing local revenues, it will also promote social stability.
The mangrove woodland is one of the important types of wetlands, because the environmental
problems along with economic development are common in coastal areas, so the project is typical
and representative. The construction of wetland protection and restoration is an important public
welfare undertaking. Through the implementation of the project, people can deepen the
understanding and awareness of the relationship between wetlands and water, wetlands and
wildlife, wetlands and our own survival. As this for an opportunity, achieve the basic consensus
that protection of wetlands is to protect the survival and development of space, and then transform
into conscious action for the protection of wetlands. After the implementation of planning, ZMNR
will accumulate a set of construction and management experience that is suitable for mangrove
conservation and rational utilization, will initially form the ecosystem monitoring and information
management network and provide theory and technical support for the scientific management of
mangrove wetland, active protection and rational use.
9.3 Economic benefits analysis
Mangrove not only has great ecological and social benefits, but also has considerable
economic benefits. Mangrove area is abounding in fish, shrimp, crabs and shellfish. Mangrove has
a variety of purposes, such as raising bees, feeding the fish, to provide standing timber,
pharmaceutical, refining spices. Some mangrove plant is edible, some can be used as green
manure and feed, and some can be processed into pulp, the extraction of tannins for tanning,
anti-corrosion, waterproof. Mangrove has beautiful natural scenery, so it has tourism value.
Through the implementation of the project, it will help to improve the quality and yield of seafood,
thereby increasing the income of the farmers along the estuary region. In the surrounding area of
ZMNR, coastal farmers use of tidal change to put shallow ponds at low tide, add pond water at
high tide to farm fish, shrimp and crabs; and not only it reduce the cost of breeding, but also the
quality of aquatic products is excellent, therefore the economic benefit is significant. By helping
and guiding the fishermen to develop sophisticated aquaculture and eco-tourism, the income is in a
direct increase. The implementation of the project stop the blind and excessive use of behavior,
guide the wetlands in project area on the track of rational development, coordinated development
to achieve integration of resource exploitation and environmental protection. Under the premise of
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the protection of unique ecological environment of wetlands, rational use of water resources and
biological resources of the wetlands, the development of aquaculture, eco-tourism and other
special industries will play a promoting good role in eliminating poverty for local farmers and
herdsmen, improving the living standards of residents, as well as the local economic development.
Chapter 10 Assurance measures for Implementation of the management plan
10.1 Strengthen leadership
First, All management personnel should conscientiously study management plan to improve the
understanding of the importance of implementation of the management plan, and really achieve
the target of managing district by law and enhancing forestry by science and technology.
Second, for the implementation and management, the head of the farm is responsible for the
system and various departments are responsible in division, operations are performed in strict
accordance with the objectives and tasks of the program planning, so that a clear responsibility
and goal can ensure the smooth implementation of the program.
Third, for the implementation of the management plan, it implements the target responsibility
system, will the effect of completing program planning as one of the main reference standard of
the job performance of departments ,and the implementation of the program is not terminated
because of personnel changes.
Fourth, establish specialized leadership organization; implement the project legal person
responsibility system, project supervision system. Legal representative is the first responsible
person, each person should be responsible.
Fifth, regularly study and inspection the implementation of program, timely resolve and
correct problems and deviations in the implementation process, and make a detailed analysis of the
study to determine the corrective measures.
10.2 Establish mangrove wetland conservation management system
At present mangrove management in our province is responsible for the forestry sector, the
marine sector, environmental protection department and other sectors, because of multi-sectoral
participation in the management, so it is lack of coordinate, harmonious and effective protection
measures. We establish office about mangrove protection and management and rational utilization,
which is responsible for the formulation of relevant strategies, policies and planning, coordination
of relevant departments and industry, conservation and development activities, supervision of
checking mangrove protection and management and rational utilization.
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10.3 Increase intensity of publicity and education, enhance the people's ecological awareness
Mangrove protection is an emerging field, so it is not familiar with the general public .The
key of the protecting work is to raise the awareness level of the mangrove. Full use of various
media means and increasing publicity efforts enhance the understanding and awareness of whole
functions and benefits of mangrove of the citizens; We must vigorously promote and support
environmental organizations and other social groups to conduct activities related to mangrove
conservation, especially to strengthen mass science activities mangrove conservation; establish the
science and education bases of mangrove and organize university students, secondary school
students and primary students, government officials and community people to the field for
scientific expedition. Through personal experience, people strengthen the culture of
eco-environmental awareness, and raise the new philosophy of mangrove conservation and
sustainable use.
10.4 Talents guarantee
On the one hand, we actively carry out the survey of the mangrove resources and a
professional training of forestation, so that management and staff have strong professional skills
and rich mangrove management experience. On the other hand, through establishing a special
talent training plan with research institutes and universities, it can enhance the strength of
scientific research and management of local administration and Nature Reserve. Through the
establishment of the system of talent training, it further satisfy the demand for professionals and
carry out the strategy of science and education flourishing province and human resources
enhancing province for vigorous and healthy development of the mangroves in our province.
10.5 Legal guarantee
The province has promulgated and implemented Fujian Province Forest Ordinance, Fujian
coastal shelterbelt Ordinance, Fujian Province Marine Environmental Protection Ordinance,
Fujian forest and wildlife Nature Reserve Management Ordinance and other regulations, and
mangrove protection and development is included in the Fujian Province Wildlife Conservation
and Nature Reserve construction Project master plan, Fujian coastal shelter forest development
plan. Fujian Wetland Protection Ordinance is being formulated. And there is specialized forest
police contingent to deal with the behavior of destruction of mangrove resources.
Determine measures of wetland conservation and rational use of specific, implement
mangrove development of environmental impact assessment system. Establish ecological impact
assessment of mangrove development and change of the use, examination and approval
management process, implement the environmental impact assessment of development of
mangrove in the major issues involved in the development and utilization of mangrove forests. Be
strict in accordance with feasibility studies, approval and supervision of the implementation.
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