the potential of corn cobs as source of fertilizer for white corn production / apolonio m. ocampo

THE POTENTIAL OF CORN

COBS AS SOURCE OF

FERTILIZER FOR WHITE

CORN PRODUCTION

APOLONIO M. OCAMPO

University Researcher III

Institute of Plant Breeding-Crop Science Cluster, College

of Agriculture, UP Los Baños

College, Laguna

OUTLINE:

1. Introduction

2. Objectives

3. Methodology

4. Results and Discussion

5. Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION:

White corn is an alternative staple to rice

Corn productivity can be enhanced

through effective use of nutrients from

agricultural waste including corn cobs

Cobs – part of corn ears that is normally

burned in the field or used as cooking

Incorporation of corn cobs in the soil as

organic fertilizer source of K will mean

substantial savings in inorganic fertilizer

costs for the corn farmer

OBJECTIVES:

a. To identify and evaluate corn cultivars and the

contribution of corn cobs in terms of available

potassium and other nutrient contents

b. To evaluate the effectiveness of corn cobs and

ashes derived from commercial corn dryers and

farmer’s fields when used as soil K-source and

foliar spray

c. determine the period of time required for the K to

be available to plants when applied to the field.

METHODOLOGY

1. Residual Effect of Corn Cobs on Yield

and Fertility Status of the Soil

- 3-season experiment was conducted to

determine the long-term effect of corn

cobs on corn yield, K availability and

other nutrients in the soil (UPLB, CVRC,

NMACLRC)

- cob rates: 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 tons/ha

- control treatment with inorganic K

fertilizer

- blanket application of 150 N and 90-

120 kg P205/ha

- white corn OPV (IPB Var 6) and hybrid

(Pioneer 30W40)

2. Response of White Corn to K- fertilization

through the application of corn cobs, ash and

inorganic fertilizer source

- the experiment was conducted to

determine the effect of corn cobs and ash on

corn yield and K availability in the soil (UPLB,

CVRC, NMACLRC)

- cobs and ash rates: equivalent amount to

inorganic K source (i.e. 60 kg K/ha)

- control treatment with inorganic K fertilizer

- blanket application of 150 N and 90-120 kg

P205/ha

- white corn OPV (IPB Var 6) and hybrid

(Pioneer 30W40)

3. Corn Cobs as source of Potash

- corn cobs was soaked in water at a

given ratio for a certain period of time to

determine the amount of K in the

solution

- was terminated as soon as the

analysis of K stabilizes

- liquid mixture was used as foliar

spray in a corn pot experiment to

determine the K-fertilizing ability of

this solution

- used OPV (IPB Var 6) and blanket

application of N and P

RESULTS

Table 1. Initial chemical properties of areas used in the experiment.

Soil Properties UPLB

(Tranca,

Laguna)

CVRC (San

Felipe, Ilagan,

Isabela)

NMACLRC

(Dalwangan,

Malaybalay,

Bukidnon

pH 6.30 5.90 5.30

Organic Matter, % 2.26 1.05 4.99

Nitrogen, % 0.113 0.053 0.249

Available P, Bray P2, ppm 12.31 17.83 2.24

Exchangeable K, cmol/kg soil 3.33 0.39 0.36

Exchangeable Ca, cmol/kg soil 5.05 6.35 1.86

Exchangeable Mg, cmol/kg soil 5.48 7.32 1.49

Critical levels:

pH – 5.3 Exch. K – 0.40 cmol/kg soil

OM – 4% Exch Ca – 4 cmol/kg soil

Avail P – 15-20 ppm Exch Mg – 0.7 cmol/kg soil

Residual effect of

corn cobs on the

yield of white corn

Table 2a. Mean grain yield of white corn (tons/ha) grown at

different rates of corn cobs at Tranca, Bay, Laguna (UPLB)

during the 2012 DS/WS and 2013 DS cropping (IPB Var 6).

Blanket application of 150 kg N and 90 kg P2O5 per hectare

Fertilized check: 150-90-60 kg N-P2O5-K2O per hectare

Treatments

(tons cobs/ha)

Grain Yield (tons/ha)

2012 DS 2012 WS 2013 DS

Yield Yield

0 5.10 g 84.9 4.00 b 77.2 3.33 d 69.1

5 5.42 f 90.2 4.19 b 80.9 3.88 cd 80.5

10 5.64 e 93.8 4.29 b 82.8 4.15 bc 86.1

15 5.73 e 95.3 4.48 ab 86.5 4.38 abc 90.9

20 6.17 c 102.7 4.72 ab 91.1 4.61 ab 95.6

K-fertilized

6.01 c 100.0 5.18 a 100.0 4.82 a 100.0

Unfertilized

- 2.17 c 41.9 1.03 e 21.4

Figure 1. Grain yield of IPB Variety 6 (tons/ha) grown at different rates of corn cobs at Tranca, Bay, Laguna

(UPLB) for 3 cropping periods.

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7

Treatment

1st cropping

2nd cropping

3rd cropping

TREATMENTS

T1: 0 tons cobs/ha

T2: 5 tons cobs/ha

T3: 10 tons cobs/ha

T4: 15 tons cobs/ha

T5: 20 tons cobs/ha

T6: K-fertilized Check

T7: Unfertilized check

Table 2b. Mean grain yield of white corn (tons/ha) grown at

different rates of corn cobs at Tranca, Bay, Laguna (UPLB)

during the 2012 DS/WS and 2013 DS cropping (Pioneer

30W40).

Treatments

(tons cobs/ha)

2012 DS 2012 WS 2013 DS

Yield Yield

Index (%)

Yield Yield

0 5.78 e 88.5 5.56 c 88.1 4.47 b 83.1

5 5.93 d 90.8 5.78 bc 91.6 4.68 ab 87.0

10 6.13 c 93.9 5.93 abc 94.0 4.84 ab 90.0

15 6.43 b 98.5 6.18 ab 97.9 5.23 a 97.2

20 6.78 a 103.8 6.34 a 100.5 5.29 a 98.3

K-fertilized

6.53 b 100.0 6.31 a 100.0 5.38 a 100.0

Unfertilized

- 3.09 d 49.0 1.27 c 23.6

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7

Treatment

1st cropping

2nd cropping

3rd cropping

Figure 2. Grain yield of Pioneer 30W40 (tons/ha) grown at different rates of corn cobs at Tranca, Bay,

Laguna (UPLB) for 3 cropping periods.

TREATMENTS

T1: 0 tons cobs/ha

T2: 5 tons cobs/ha

T3: 10 tons cobs/ha

T4: 15 tons cobs/ha

T5: 20 tons cobs/ha

different rates of corn cobs at Ilagan, Isabela (CVRC) during

the 2012 DS/WS and 2013 DS cropping (IPB Var 6).

Treatments

(tons cobs/ha)

2012 DS 2012 WS 2013 DS

Yield Yield

Index (%)

Yield Yield

Index (%)

Yield Yield

0 5.24 f 92.1 3.50 c 69.9 4.03 d 78.1

5 5.43 ef 95.4 4.09 b 81.6 4.29 cd 83.1

10 5.58 de 98.1 4.21 b 84.0 4.41 bcd 85.5

15 5.73 cd 100.7 4.42 b 88.2 4.65 abc 90.1

20 5.88 c 103.3 5.14 a 102.6 4.98 ab 96.5

K-fertilized

5.69 d 100.0 5.01 a 100.0 5.16 a 100.0

Unfertilized

- 2.45 e 47.5

Figure 3. Grain yield of IPB Variety 6 (tons/ha) grown at different rates of corn cobs at Ilagan, Isabela

(CVRC) for 3 cropping periods.

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7

Treatment

1st cropping

2nd cropping

3rd cropping

TREATMENTS

T1: 0 tons cobs/ha

T2: 5 tons cobs/ha

T3: 10 tons cobs/ha

T4: 15 tons cobs/ha

T5: 20 tons cobs/ha

different rates of corn cobs at Ilagan, Isabela (CVRC) during

the 2012 DS/WS and 2013 DS cropping (Pioneer 30W40).

Treatments

(tons cobs/ha)

2012 DS 2012 WS 2013 DS

Yield Yield

Index (%)

Yield Yield

0 5.95 c 88.4 4.38 c 83.1 5.30 d 84.4

5 6.23 b 92.6 4.50 c 85.4 5.62 cd 89.5

10 6.39 b 94.9 4.70 bc 89.2 5.78 bcd 92.0

15 6.68 a 99.3 4.91 abc 93.2 5.99 abc 95.4

20 6.89 a 102.4 5.44 a 103.2 6.17 ab 99.3

K-fertilized

6.73 a 100.0 5.27 ab 100.0 6.28 a 100.0

Unfertilized

- 2.99 e 47.6

Figure 4. Grain yield of Pioneer 30W40 (tons/ha) grown at different rates of corn cobs at Ilagan, Isabela

(CVRC) for 3 cropping periods.

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7

Treatment

1st cropping

2nd cropping

3rd cropping

TREATMENTS

T1: 0 tons cobs/ha

T2: 5 tons cobs/ha

T3: 10 tons cobs/ha

T4: 15 tons cobs/ha

T5: 20 tons cobs/ha

different rates of corn cobs at Malaybalay, Bukidnon (NMACLRC)

during the 2012 DS/WS and 2013 DS cropping (IPB Var 6).

Blanket application of 150 kg N and 90 kg P2O5 per hectare Fertilized

check: 150-90-60 kg N-P2O5-K2O per hectare

Treatments

(tons cobs/ha)

2012 DS 2012 WS 2013 DS

Yield Yield

Index (%)

Yield Yield

Index (%)

Yield Yield

0 5.20 g 90.8 3.99 e 74.9 3.86 f 65.0

5 5.33 fg 93.0 4.20 de 78.8 4.01 e 67.5

10 5.51 ef 96.2 4.38 cd 82.2 4.22 d 71.0

15 5.70 de 99.5 4.52 c 84.8 4.41 c 74.2

20 5.79 d 101.1 4.84 b 90.8 4.64 b 78.1

K-fertilized

5.73 d 100.0 5.33 a 100.0 5.94 a 100.0

Unfertilized

- 3.49 g 58.8

Figure 5. Grain yield of IPB Variety 6 (tons/ha) grown at different rates of corn cobs at Malaybalay,

Bukidnon (NOMIARC) for 3 cropping periods.

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7

Treatment

1st cropping

2nd cropping

3rd cropping

TREATMENTS

T1: 0 tons cobs/ha

T2: 5 tons cobs/ha

T3: 10 tons cobs/ha

T4: 15 tons cobs/ha

T5: 20 tons cobs/ha

different rates of corn cobs at Malaybalay, Bukidnon (NMACLRC)

during the 2012 DS/WS and 2013 DS cropping (Pioneer 30W40).

Treatments

(tons cobs/ha)

2012 DS 2012 WS 2013 DS

Yield Yield

0 5.83 d 88.3 4.79 e 76.2 4.70 d 72.6

5 6.11 c 92.6 5.04 d 80.1 5.19 c 80.2

10 6.29 c 95.3 5.21 cd 82.8 5.29 c 81.8

15 6.56 b 99.4 5.39 bc 85.7 5.48 c 84.7

20 6.82 a 103.3 5.60 b 89.0 5.90 b 91.2

K-fertilized

6.60 a 100.0 6.29 a 100.0 6.47 a 100.0

Unfertilized

- 3.97 e 61.4

Figure 6. Grain yield of Pioneer 30W40 (tons/ha) grown at different rates of corn cobs at Malaybalay,

Bukidnon (NOMIARC) for 3 cropping periods.

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7

Treatment

1st cropping

2nd cropping

3rd cropping

TREATMENTS

T1: 0 tons cobs/ha

T2: 5 tons cobs/ha

T3: 10 tons cobs/ha

T4: 15 tons cobs/ha

T5: 20 tons cobs/ha

Corn Cobs-Ash-

Inorganic K

Studies

Table 5a . Comparative analyses of K and N content of

corn cobs taken from different sources

Source % K % N

1. IPB Var 6 (IPB)_cobs 2.44 0.722

2. Lagkitan (IPB)_cobs 1.43 0.497

3. IPB-NSF furnace_ash 28.54 0.174

4. Echague c/o S. Tumamang_cobs 1.11

5. NABCOR (Jones, Isabela)_cobs

6. NABCOR_ash (furnace) 26.46 0.049

7. Villa Luna_ash (furnace) 23.16 0.092

8. Villa Luna_cobs 2.21 0.490

Table 5b . Comparative analyses of K content of corn cobs taken

from different sources

Source % K % N

9. Mindanao Grains_ash (furnace)_Isabela 33.34 0.148

10.Mindanao Grains_cobs_Isabela 1.45 0.376

11.Mindanao Grains_bees wings_Isabela 1.50 1.307

12.Manaring, cobs_Isabela 1.42 0.613

13.CVIARC, ash_(furnace) 28.54 0.006

14.CVIARC_cobs 1.08 0.426

15.Mindanao Grains_cobs_Bukidnon 1.15 0.311

16.Mindanao Grains_ash (furnace)_Bukidnon 21.72 0.035

17.Mindanao Grains_bees wings_Bukidnon 2.73 3.43

18.Mindanao Grains_cobs, partly decomposed file 0.189 1.689

19.NOMIARC_ash 0.170 1.79

Treatments IPB Var 6 Pioneer 30W40

K1_NP-0K 4.21 (81.0) 5.12 (88.1)

K2_NP-cobs 4.87 (93.7) 5.47 (94.1)

K3_NPK 5.20 (100%) 5.81 (100 %)

K4_NP-ash 4.91 (94.4) 5.56 (95.7)

Blanket application of 150 N-90 P2O5

Table 6. Grain yield of white corn grown at different K

source during the 2012 WS cropping at UPLB.

T1 T2 T3 T4

Treatment

IPB Variety 6

Pioneer 30W40

Figure 7. Grain yield of white corn grown at different K source during the 2012 WS cropping at

UPLB (t/ha).

NP-0K NP-cobs NPK NP-ash

K1_NP-0K 4.08 (77.1) 5.09 (77.4)

K2_NP-cobs 4.76 (90.0) 5.95 (90.4)

K3_NPK 5.29 (100%) 6.58 (100 %)

K4_NP-ash 4.87 (92.1) 6.11 (92.9)

Unfertilized

3.55 (67.1) 4.21 (64.0)

source during the 2012 DS cropping at NMACLRC.

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

Treatment

IPB Variety 6

Pioneer 30W40

Figure 8. Grain yield of white corn (t/ha) grown at different K source during the 2013 DS

cropping at NOMIARC.

NP-0K NP-cobs NPK NP-ash Unfertilized

control

K1_NP-0K 3.88 (76.4) 5.72 (87.6)

K2_NP-cobs 4.63 (91.1) 6.60 (101.1)

K3_NPK 5.08 (100%) 6.53 (100 %)

K4_NP-ash 4.66 (91.7) 6.99 (107.0)

Unfertilized

2.45 (48.2) 2.99 (45.8)

source during the 2012 DS cropping at CVRC.

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

Treatment

IPB Variety 6

Pioneer 30W40

Figure 9. Grain yield of white corn (t/ha) grown at different K source during the 2013 DS

cropping at CVRC.

NP-0K NP-cobs NPK NP-ash Unfertilized

control

IPB Variety

Pioneer

IPB Variety

Pioneer

IPB Variety

Pioneer

UPLB NOMIARC* CVIARC*

K1_ NP-0 K

K2_NP + Cobs

K3_NPK (inorganic fertilizer)

K4_NP + Ash

Unfertilized Control

Figure 10. Grain yield of white corn (t/ha) grown at different K source at different locations.

Table 11. Comparison of K supplied by cobs and ash

equivalent to 60 kg K2O at each site.

Percent K

Content Equivalent no. of bags/kg

Site Ash Cobs Ash Cobs

Mindanao Grains

(Bukidnon) 21.7 1.15

(276 kg)

(5217 kg)

Mindanao Grains

(Isabela) 33.34 1.45

(180 kg)

(4138 kg)

IPB- NSF-UPLB 28.54 2.44

(210 kg)

(2459 kg)

CVRC 28.54 1.08

(210 kg)

(5556 kg)

Incubation studies

Cobs rate: 1. 0; 2. 1 t/ha; 3. 5 t/ha; 4. 10 t/ha; 5. 20 t/ha;

6. K-fertilized

6. K-fertilized (Lipa clay loam)_plant height

Whole cobs Shredded cobs

Finely ground cobs Ashed cobs

6. K-fertilized (Alipit clay )_plant height

Whole cobs Shredded cobs

Finely ground cobs Ashed cobs

Corn cob extract as

source of potash for

foliar or liquid fertilizer

Figure 11. Potassium content of solution from cobs and ash

soaked in water. 1:25 cobs-water ratio. (1.whole cobs; 2.

shredded cobs; 3. bees wings; 4. shredded cobs; 5. whole

cobs; 7. whole cobs; 8. stocked ash; 9. shredded cobs; 10.

whole cobs)

Treatment

(corn cob:water ratio)

Lipa clay loam Alipit clay

Stovers Roots Stovers Roots

T1 – Control (no fertilizer application) 65.3b 5.2b 146.3c 14.6b

T2 – Inorganic Fertilizer (Recommended Rate) 212.5a 31.8a 251.4a 27.4b

T3 – Liquid Mixture (1:25) 215.4a 29.3a 221.4ab 50.1a

T4 – Liquid Mixture (1:50) 199.1a 24.1a 231.9ab 34.2ab

T5 – Liquid Mixture (1:100) 178.8a 27.5a 187.5bc 25b

T6 – Liquid Mixture (1:250) 185.4a 29.8a 234.3ab 33.3ab

T7 – Liquid Mixture (1:500) 174.9a 25.6a 191.9bc 28.3ab

175.9 24.8 209.2 30.4

Table 12. Effect of spraying of liquid mixture from corn cobs soaked in water

on the fresh biomass of white corn (gm/plant) grown on Lipa clay loam and

Alipit clay soils.

T1_control

T2_Recom

Fert Rate

T3_Liquid

mixture , 1:25

T4_ 1:50

T5_1:100

T6_ 1:250

T7_1:500

Conclusions

Recommendations

Corn cob is a promising material as

K source for white corn fertilization

Immediate results for using corn

cobs as K fertilizer source for open

pollinated varieties could be

attained by using 10-15 tons cobs

per hectare while for hybrids, 20

tons per hectare is recommended

Ashed corn cobs from furnace would

give the best results in terms of growth

and biomass production as compared to

whole cobs, shredded cob or finely

ground cobs since it contains higher

amount of K. Extracts from cobs soaked in water could

be used as foliar spray after soaking for

4-5 weeks, however, further studies are

needed to determine the right amount of

dilution and time of application that is

economically feasible

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

• Department of Agriculture-Bureau of

Agricultural Research

• Department of Agriculture-AgriPinoy

Corn Program

• PhilMaize Fed. Inc.

• DA-CVRC, Ilagan, Isabela

• DA-NMACLRC, Malaybalay, Bukidnon

• Institute of Plant Breeding-Crop

Science Cluster-College of

Agriculture-UP Los Baños

THANK YOU !!!

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