thermodynamics 1 introduction - wordpress.com · 2013-03-05 · enabling nanotech revolutions •...

Kwang Kim

Yonsei University

kbkim@yonsei.ac.kr

Thermodynamics 1

Introduction

March 04, 2013

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교수 소개

김광범 : Email : kbkim@yonsei.ac.kr

공과대학 B 관 325호

전공연구분야 : 재료 화학 Materials Chemistry

재료전기화학 Materials Electrochemistry

전기에너지 저장 장기 (리튬이차전지, 초고용량 커패시터)

강의 조교 : 윤희창 박사과정 대학원생 (02-365-7745)

GS 칼텍스 연구동 411호

과목 소개 : 재료열역학 1 (필수 과목)

Physical Chemistry of Materials

강의 시간 : 월요일 6교시, 7교시 (실습, 문제 풀이, 강의 조교)

수요일 1교시, 2교시

면담 시간 : 이메일을 통한 시간 예약 후 면담

주교재 : Principle of Physical Chemistry (Lionel M. Raff)

Lecture Note available at http://web.yonsei.ac.kr/echemlab/

성적 평가 : 1차 (3월 27일), 2차 (중간고사, 4월 22일-28일),

3차 (5월 29일), 4차 (기말고사, 6월 17일-22일)

1차, 2차, 3차 시험 각 20%, 4차 시험 30%

출석 및 강의 참여 10%

출석 평가 : 전자출결확인 (1/3 이상 결석 시 성적 부여 불가)

출석: 강의시작 10분 전 - 강의시작 5분

(연강의 경우 첫 강의 시간만 확인)

지각 : 강의시간 5분 후 - 20분

결석 : 강의시간 20분 후

It’s all about the blue marble

It’s all about the blue marble

2004 6.5 Billion People2050 ~ 10 Billion People

Humanity’s Top Ten Problemsfor next 50 years

1. ?2. ?3. ?4. ? 5. ?6. ?7. ?8. ?9. ?10. ? 2004 6.5 Billion People

2050 ~ 10 Billion People

Prof. Richard E. Smalley1996 Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry

Humanity’s Top Ten Problemsfor next 50 years

2004 6.5 Billion People2050 ~ 10 Billion People

Prof. Richard E. Smalley1996 Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry

ENERGY

DISEASE

TERRORISM & WAR

POVERTY

ENVIRONMENT

FOOD

WATER

EDUCATION

DEMOCRACY

POPULATION

Humanity’s Top Ten Problemsfor next 50 years

1. ENERGY2. WATER3. FOOD4. ENVIRONMENT 5. POVERTY6. TERRORISM & WAR7. DISEASE8. EDUCATION9. DEMOCRACY10. POPULATION 2004 6.5 Billion People

2050 ~ 10 Billion People

Prof. Richard E. Smalley1996 Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry

World EnergyMillions of Barrels per Day (Oil Equivalent)

300

200

100

01860 1900 1940 1980 2020 2060 2100

Source: John F. Bookout (President of Shell USA) ,“Two Centuries of Fossil Fuel Energy” International Geological Congress, Washington DC; July 10,1985. Episodes, vol 12, 257-262 (1989).

Prof. Richard E. Smalley1996 Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry

PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCESAlternatives to Oil

• Conservation / Efficiency -- not enough• Hydroelectric -- not enough• Biomass -- not enough• Wind -- not enough• Wave & Tide -- not enough

• Natural Gas -- sequestration?, cost?• Clean Coal -- sequestration?, cost?

• Nuclear Fission -- radioactive waste?, terrorism?, cost?• Nuclear Fusion -- too difficult?, cost?

• Geothermal HDR -- cost ?• Solar terrestrial -- cost ?• Solar power satellites -- cost ?• Lunar Solar Power -- cost ?

Prof. Richard E. Smalley1996 Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry

Enabling Nanotech Revolutions• Photovoltaics -- a revolution to drop cost by 10 to100 fold.

• H2 storage -- a revolution in light weight materials for pressure tanks, and/or a new light weight, easily reversible hydrogen chemisorption system

• Fuel cells -- a revolution to drop the cost by nearly 10 to 100 fold

• Batteries and supercapacitors -- revolution to improve by 10-100x for automotive and distributed generation applications.

• Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to produce a liquid fuel such as methanol.

• Super-strong, light weight materials to drop cost to LEO, GEO, and later the moon by > 100 x, and to enable huge but low cost light harvesting structures in space.

• Robotics with AI to enable construction/maintenance of solar structures in space and on the moon; and to enable nuclear reactor maintenance and fuel reprocessing. (nanoelectronics, and nanomaterials enable smart robots)

• Actinide separation nanotechnologies both for revolutionizing fission fuel reprocessing, and for mining uranium from sea water

• Alloy nanotechnologies to improve performance under intense neutron irradiation (critical for all of the GEN IV advanced reactor designs, and for fusion).

• Thermoelectrics or some other way of eliminating compressors in refrigeration.

Prof. Richard E. Smalley1996 Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry

Enabling Nanotech Revolutions• Photovoltaics -- a revolution to drop cost by 10 to100 fold.

• H2 storage -- a revolution in light weight materials for pressure tanks, and/or a new light weight, easily reversible hydrogen chemisorption system

• Fuel cells -- a revolution to drop the cost by nearly 10 to 100 fold

• Batteries and supercapacitors -- revolution to improve by 10-100x for automotive and distributed generation applications.

• Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to produce a liquid fuel such as methanol.

Nano Materials + Materials Electrochemistry

The road to success is paved

with advanced materials.

Imagine driving it

Imagine driving it without the need of this

The Future of Transportation is Electric

Battery a cell that converts chemical energy into electrical energy by

reversible chemical reactions and that may be recharged by passing a

current through it in the direction opposite to that of its discharge

- Anode

- Cathode

- Electrolyte

- Seperator

- Current

collectors

AL Current

Collector

Cu Current

Collector

Electrolyte

LiMO2Graphite

SEI SEI

Lithium-Ion Battery Charge

AL Current

Collector

Cu Current

Collector

Electrolyte

LiMO2Graphite

SEI SEI

Lithium-Ion Battery Discharge

relevant enabling technology : Batteries

Li-ion batteries

1. Safety

2. Energy

3. Power

4. Life (15 years)

5. Operating temperature (-55 to 80oC)

6. Low cost

Performance : 성능

Safety issue

Safety issue

Safety issue

Safety issue

- Replacement of the oxygen releasing cathode material

(LiCoO2) with structurally stable alternative compounds,

e.g. LiFePO4

- Replacement of the flammable liquid organic electrolyte

with more stable materials, for example, polymer ionic

conducting membranes

Material Science and Engineering

Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) grew out of the disciplines of metallurgy and ceramics and now includes polymers, semiconductors, magnetic materials, photonic materials, energy materials and biological materials.

The field of MSE researches all classes of materials with an emphasis on the connections between 1) the structure, 2) processing, 3) properties, and 4) performance of the material.

Material Science and Engineering (MSE)

"Tetrahedron of Materials Science and Engineering"  

Performance

Properties

Composition/Structure

Synthesis/Processing

Four elements of materials and strong interrelationship among them define a field of Materials Science and Engineering. Materials Science and Engineering rooted in the classical description of physics and chemistry

Material Science and Engineering (MSE)

Performance

Properties

Composition/Structure

Synthesis/Processing

Final materials must perform a given task  in an economical and societally acceptable manner

Material Science and Engineering (MSE)

Performance

Properties

Composition/Structure

Synthesis/Processing

Properties and performance :  related to composition and structure

result of synthesis and processing

Properties and PerformanceProperties : descriptor that defines the functional attributes and

utility of materials

Properties Performance  sp2 bonded carbon structure          Anode material for Li batteries0.335 nm between planes

Material Science and Engineering (MSE)

Graphite

Structure and Composition→ Which atoms are present? How are these atoms arranged?

Material Science and Engineering (MSE)

Structure and Composition

→ Models to explain the origin of materials properties from their structure and composition

Increased understanding of the relationship among properties, structure and composition of materials leads to design of new materials with desirable combination of properties.

Material Science and Engineering (MSE)

Synthesis and Processing : applied to make a given material→ comprehensive array of techniques for building of new

arrangement of atoms and molecules

Synthesis : physical and chemical means by which atomsand molecules are assembled (atomic scale)

Processing : materials manufacturing (large scale)solidification, sintering, welding, machiningand forging

Material Science and Engineering (MSE)

Material Science and Engineering (MSE)

"Tetrahedron of Materials Science and Engineering"  

Performance

Properties

Composition/Structure

Synthesis/Processing

Physical Chemistry

Chemistry is the study of Matter and Changes it undergoes. Change in Matters accompanied by Changes in Energy

AB + CD → AC + BD Matter and Energy are what chemistry is all about.

Can be studied from a macroscopic view point→ Thermodynamics→ Macroscopic Science (T, P, V) → forget about the existence of atoms and molecules

or can be studied from a microscopic viewpoint→ Molecular concept→ Quantum Chemistry

Chemical reaction

Will it be possible produce AC from a mixture of AB and CD?

AB + CD → AC + BD

1) Can it occur? Direction of the reaction?

2) Will it occur spontaneously?

What determines the reaction direction?

3) How to control reaction variables to drive

the reaction to form AC?

4) How fast can we produce AC?

Chemical reaction

Will it be possible produce AC from a mixture of AB and CD?

AB + CD → AC + BD

1) Can it occur? Direction of the reaction?

2) Will it occur spontaneously?

What determines the reaction direction?

3) How to control reaction variables to drive

the reaction to form AC?

4) How fast can we produce AC?

How to get an A in Physical Chemistry

- Working problems is essential to learning Physical Chemistry.

Work with a pencil and a calculator.

- Learn mathematics while learning science.

Mathematical expressions and equations :

meant to be understood, not to be memorized

Equations :

statement of a relation between physical quantities

Learning Curve

Learning Curve

Respect the process!

All the things we want in life: money, success and attention,

will not come easily and will require discipline. Learning is

difficult, slow and laborious. Mastery requires time, focus

and energy—and practice.