tshwane vision 2055
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1 TSHWANE VISION 2055
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Dajo Associates/Ryan Thomas
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Box 1.2 Key elements of the City of Tshwane CDS 2004Box 1.2 Key elements of the City of Tshwane CDS 2004
Focus I Infrastructure-led expansion of development potential of the North to tackle poverty.
Focus II Continued sound management and development of the established urban areas (Pretoria Central, Centurion, South-eastern Pretoria, Mamelodi and Atteridgeville/Laudium) by maintaining services and supporting market-driven initiatives to support the overall development of Tshwane.
Focus III Strengthening key economic clusters to gain leverage from growth trends in manufacturing, government and business services.
Focus IV Celebrating the national Capital and repositioning the inner city as a vibrant cultural and government centre.
Focus V Building high levels of social cohesion and civic responsibility to maximise development opportunities.
Focus VI Ensuring a solid foundation by modernising the administration for developmental service delivery through phased restructuring and institution building.
Focus VII Ensuring a solid foundation by ensuring municipal nancial fundamentals as platform for services and development.
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Box 1.2 Key elements of the City of Tshwane CDS 2004Box 1.2 Key elements of the City of Tshwane CDS 2004
Focus I Infrastructure-led expansion of development potential of the North to tackle poverty.
Focus II Continued sound management and development of the established urban areas (Pretoria Central, Centurion, South-eastern Pretoria, Mamelodi and Atteridgeville/Laudium) by maintaining services and supporting market-driven initiatives to support the overall development of Tshwane.
Focus III Strengthening key economic clusters to gain leverage from growth trends in manufacturing, government and business services.
Focus IV Celebrating the national Capital and repositioning the inner city as a vibrant cultural and government centre.
Focus V Building high levels of social cohesion and civic responsibility to maximise development opportunities.
Focus VI Ensuring a solid foundation by modernising the administration for developmental service delivery through phased restructuring and institution building.
Focus VII Ensuring a solid foundation by ensuring municipal nancial fundamentals as platform for services and development.
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Dajo Associates/Lucinda du Toit
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Dajo Associates/Ryan Thomas
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Chapter 2 provides an in depth analysis of the City of Tshwanes state of development,
opportunities and challenges.
Key messages:
Urbanisationhasbeenadefiningphenomenoninthiscenturywithpredictionsthattherewillbesignificantincreases
inpopulationincitiesontheAsianandAfricancontinentsbytheyear205025.Citiesarepreciselywherethe
pressuresofmigration,globalisation,economicdevelopment,socialinequality,environmentapollution,andclimate
changeallcometogether.
ThegrowthinurbanpopulationinSouthAfricaimpliesanincreasingurgencyforthedevelopmentofinfrastructurein
SouthAfricancitiesthatcansupportthisincreaseinpopulation.Thisisparticularlyrelevantfortheinfluxofpeople
inGautengCityRegionwhichisregardedasaneconomicengineofSouthAfrica26.Therefore,movingintothefuture
thereisaneedforeconomicinfrastructureinvestmentthatwillenableeconomicgrowthanddevelopment.
WhiletheprovinceofGautengisthesmallestofSouthAfricasnineprovinces,itisthemostdenselypopulated
province.Itishometoatleast24%ofSouthAfricaspopulationwhichisapproximately12.3millionpeople27.
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TheCityofTshwanespopulationincreasedfrom2.1millionpeoplein2001to2.9millionin201128andisprojected
tocontinueincreasingovertimeduetomigrationofpeoplefromthesurroundingprovincestoGautenginsearch
ofeconomicopportunitiesalbeitataslowerrate.Also,theCityofTshwanespopulationcaninpartbeexplainedby
theincorporationoftheMetswedingregionanditslocalmunicipalities.
Theworldspopulationisyoungerthaneverbefore.However,manycitiesarenotabletoadequatelyprovide
economicopportunitiesfortheiryoungpeople29.IntheCityofTshwane,thepopulationdistributionindicatesayouth
bulgeasthemajorityoftheCityspopulationismainlymadeupofyoungpeople(35yearsandyounger).
ConsideringthehighnumbersofyoungpeopleintheCityofTshwane,addressing urbanyouth-relatedissues
unemployment,education,securityandparticipationundoubtedlypresentsoneofthemostcritical
developmentchallengesfortheCity.
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An estimated 90% of all research and development in South Africa is conducted in the City of Tshwane by
institutions such as Armscor, Medical Research Council, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, the
Human Sciences Research Council and higher educational institutions
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An estimated 90% of all research and development in South Africa is conducted in the City of Tshwane by
institutions such as Armscor, Medical Research Council, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, the
Human Sciences Research Council and higher educational institutions
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INTRODUCTIONTheCityofTshwaneisnamedafterChiefTshwane.ItistheindigenousnameoftheareathatwasusedbytheearlyinhabitantswholivedintheproximityoftheTshwaneRiver,underthechieftainshipofChiefTshwane.Accordingtohistoricalaccounts,ChiefTshwanewasthesonofChiefMushi.ThelatterhadmovedfromthepresentdayKwaZulu-NatalandsettledinPretoriabeforethearrivaloftheVoortrekkers,theAfrikaans-speakingmigrantswhomovedfromtheCape.
Pretoria(whichisnowthecentralbusinessdistrictandsurroundingareaofthegreaterTshwaneMetropolitanMunicipality)wasdeclaredthecapitalcityandseatofgovernmentoftheRepublicofSouthAfricaduringtheliberationstruggle.On9August1956,ayearafterthehistoricsigningoftheFreedomCharter,PretoriawastobethestagefortheWomensAnti-PassMarchtotheUnionBuildings.Thiswasonlyoneofmanydemonstrationstocome,whichwouldeventuallyseethedawnofanewandfreeSouthAfrica.ItwasatthissameUnionBuildingsthatNelsonMandela,thefirstdemocraticallyelectedPresidentofSouthAfrica,madehisinauguralspeechon10May1994.
ThenewSouthAfricainheritedbythefirstdemocraticallyelectedgovernmentpresentedacomplexmyriadofbothchallengesandopportunitiesatthepolitical,governance,economicdevelopmentandaccesstoserviceslevels30.Significantly,thelegacyoftheapartheidwouldactuallybethatithadcreatedoneofthemostunequalsocietieswithincomeandpovertydisparitiesaffectingSouthAfricasBlackmajoritythemost31.Infact,therainbownationof1994wasnotonecountryunited,butcouldaptlybeseenastwonationsoneWhiteandprivilegedwithastandardoflivingcomparabletothatoftheindustrialisedcountries,andtheother,Blackandpoorwithastandardoflivingcomparabletothatofdevelopingcountries32.
Likeanyothergovernmentinstitution,theCityofTshwanepriorto2000mirroredtherealityofthenewSouthAfrica:spatialfragmentation;skewedservicedeliverytowardsspecificlocalities(totheexclusionofthemajority);pooreducationandhealthstandardsforthebroaderpopulation,andsocio-economicinequalitiesthatreflectedaneconomyincrisis,amongothers.
Therewascertainlyaneedtochangethelaws,institutionsandleadershipofthegovernment.Sincethen,thegovernmenthassetouttorigorouslydismantletheapartheidsystemandtocreateanequal,democraticsociety.MunicipalitiesinSouthAfricawhichareregardedasthecoalfaceofdevelopmentwerefacedwiththisdauntingrealityoftacklingthelegacyofapartheidwhileatthesametime,gearuptobufferagainstthechallengesofglobalisation.
Akeymilestoneinourhistorywastheamalgamationofthemunicipalitywith13othersmallermunicipalitiesonDecember5,2000toformthenewCityofTshwaneMetropolitanMunicipality(seeFigure2.1).Thisamalgamationwasnotsimplyanexerciseinspatialintegration;moreimportantly,itwasadeliberatesteptowardsreconcilingtheresidentsofthisCityanddevelopinganintegratedeconomicbasetodeepensocio-economictransformation.
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TheCityadoptedthesloganReaTshwanawhichmeans,Wearethesame,tosignifyunity.
AspartofthecontinuedcommitmentoftheSouthAfricangovernmenttocontinueimprovingservicedeliveryandensuringeconomicgrowthtoallitscitizens,theMunicipalDemarcationsBoardresolvedtore-determinetheboundariesofMetswedingDistrict,NokengTsaTaemaneLocal,KungwiniLocalandCityofTshwaneMetropolitanMunicipalitiessothattheywouldformanewsinglemetropolitanmunicipalityeffectivefrom18May2011(seeFigure2.2).Today,theCityofTshwanecoversapproximately35%ofthetotallandareaofGautengs18178km,33has7AdministrativeRegions,105wardsand210Councillors.
Figure 2.2 The City of Tshwane municipal boundary, 2011
Aspartofrepositioningandre-brandingthenewCityofTshwane,anewsloganhasbeenadopted-IgnitingexcellenceaimedatdevelopingacultureofexcellenceineverythingthattheCitydoes.Inthischangingworld,itisimportantthattheCityofTshwanemaintainsitscommitmenttocontinuouslyimprovethequalityoflifeforallitsresidentswhilesimultaneouslyadvancingtheCityscompetitivenessandmarketabilitytotheglobalmarket.
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CITY OF TSHWANE REGIONALISATION MODELGiventheenormityofthedevelopmentalgapthatmustbeaddressedandthemultiplicityofprogrammesandprojectsthatmustbeimplementedandtoimproveservicedelivery,theCityofTshwanehascreated7administrativeRegions(seeFigure2.3).ThisalternativeservicedeliverymodelRegionalisationisamulti-dimensionalapproachtoservicedelivery.
Figure 2.3 City of Tshwane 7 Administrative Regions, 2011
RegionalisationhasledtothestrengtheningoftheclusterapproachsystemoftheCitythroughwhichbettercoordinationandalignmentoffunctionscanbeachievedandallowtheCitytoorganiseitselfbetter,bringgovernmentclosertothepeople,andtoimproveservicedeliverythroughouttheregionsoftheCity34.Theadoptionoftheregionalisationmodelhasresultedinhealthservices,wastemanagement,library,sports,cultureandrecreating,horticulture,customercareandcemeteriesbeingdevolvedtotheRegionalServiceCentres35.
Theregionalisationconceptwasadoptedto36: Ensuredecentraliseddeliveryofmunicipalservices; Provideaccountablegovernmenttocommunities; Facilitateacustomer-centricservicedeliveryorientation; Promoteacceleratedprioritisedtargeteddevelopment(withintheRegion); Promoteserviceintegrationacrossfunctionallines; FacilitateCouncillorinteractionwithCityofTshwaneadministration; Provideeffectivegovernance; Bringlocalgovernmentclosertothepeople; Providecustomerswithgreateraccessibility(e.g.customercentresclosertothecommunity); Addresspastshortcomings-unevendevelopmentprioritisationwithafocusondevelopedareas(i.e. South);raciallysegregatedgovernance;centralisationwithresultantinaccessibility;inefficiencies;and Allowforthebenefitsofcross-subsidisation.
Thus,theRegionsrolehasbeenconceivedasbeingbothadministrativeandfunctionalinmonitoringday-to-day
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operationsrelatedtoservicedelivery37.TheapproachisdevelopmentalinthesensethattheRegionscoordinateandmonitorthematchingofinterventionsimplementedthroughCitydepartmentswithlocal(Regional)needs.
Goingforward,thesevenRegionswillbethemainimplementationanchorforTshwaneVision2055sprogrammeofaction.TheRegionalSpatialDevelopmentFrameworks(RSDFs)fortheCitys7RegionswillneedtotranslatetheTshwaneVision2055atRegionlevelandlinkittoRegionaldevelopmentstrategies.ThiswouldentailRegionsidentifyinggamechanginginterventionsthatwouldsupporttheattainmentofTshwaneVision2055andleadingtheinvestmentdrivetoensurethatTshwaneVision2055isachieved.ThesamewillbeexpectedofotherCityofTshwaneMunicipal-ownedentities.
AnoverviewofeachRegionispresentedinthisdocumentbasedonthedetailedanalysisprovidedintheannuallyupdatedRegionalSpatialDevelopmentFrameworksthatareavailableontheCityswebsite38.Inaddition,asummaryofkeydataispresentedforeachRegion39.
Region 1 Profile
Population 811575
Numberofhouseholds 227828
Numberofformaldwellings 187447
AveragehouseholdSize 3.6
Householdswithaccesstopipedwater(tap) 220749
Householdswithaccesstoelectricityforlighting 205780
Averageannualhouseholdincome R10225
Householdswithnoincome 37611
Personsemployedinformalsector 175284Personswithnoschooling 37909
Region 1
Region1issituatedinthenorth-westernpartoftheCityandcomprisesofthreemainzones.Theseincludeasouthernzone(Akasia,RosslynandPretoriaNorth),anorthernzone(Klipkruisfontein,Ga-Rankuwa,Mabopane,WinterveldandSoshanguveareas)andtheruralzoneinthewest.
Thereare28wardsinthisRegion.TheRegionishometotheTswaingCrater,whichisanationalheritagesiteandnaturereserve.
ThenorthernpartoftheRegionaccommodatesathirdoftheCityspopulationinlow-incomesettlementsthatincludessubsidisedhousingandinformalsettlements.Thereislimitedeconomicandemploymentopportunitieswithalowstandardofpublictransportinfrastructure.Thesouthernpartrepresentsmedium-tohigh-incomeareaswiththeeconomylargelydrivenbytheprivatesector.Single,low-densityresidentialhousingisdominantintheareawithhighlevelsofserviceprovision.TheautomotiveclusterintheRosslynareaissituatedwithinthecentralsectionoftheRegionandisanimportantemploymentnodefortheCity.
ThedominantlandusetypesinRegion1areindustrial,mixedusewithabout80%oftheCitystotallandallocationformanufacturingfoundinRegion1.
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Region 2
Region2hasthreemainzonestheurbannorthzone,centralandeasternagricultureandconservationzones,andthesouthernzone.Thereareatotalof12wardsinRegion2.TheRegion,whileurbanincharacter,isnotintegratedwiththelargerurbanenvironmentoftheCity.ThecentralandeasternpartsoftheregionfalloutsidetheurbanedgeandareruralincharacterwithalowpopulationdensitywhilethesouthernpartofRegion2isalowdensityformallydevelopedsuburbanarea,withwell-developednodesofeconomicactivity.TheWonderboomairportisalsosituatedinRegion2.
TheRegionischaracterisedbylowdensitysettlements,withconcentrationsofsubsidisedhousingandinformalsettlements,limitedeconomicactivities,poornetworkofsocialinfrastructure,limitedretailfacilities,limitedinvestmentbytheprivatesector,andmajorbacklogsininfrastructureprovision.TheRegionincludesafewprominentlandusesofstrategicsignificancetotheCityofTshwaneandevenonaninternationallevelthatincludeOnderstepoortVeterinaryResearchInstitute,ZoneofChoice,andtheDinokeng/BigFiveReserve.
Region 2 Profile
Population 339182
Numberofhouseholds 93788
Numberofformaldwellings 74864
AveragehouseholdSize 3.6
Householdswithaccesstopipedwater(tap) 85558
Householdswithaccesstoelectricityforlighting 87983
Averageannualhouseholdincome R124763
Householdswithnoincome 14699
Personsemployedinformalsector 72689Personswithnoschooling 16461
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Region 3
Region3hasatotalof23wardsthatincludesthecentralbusinessdistrict(CBD)oftheCity,theBrooklyn,andHatfieldmetropolitannodes.Theeasterntwo-thirdsoftheregionismostlyurbanisedwhereasthewesternthirdismostlyrural.
TheregionhostsNationalGovernmentofficesandformstheadministrativeheartofgovernmentwithtwoofthethreeTshwanestationsoftheGautrainlocatedintheregion.Threelandmarksites-theUnionBuildings,theVoortrekkerMonumentandtheFreedomParkNationalLegacysitearelocatedinthisRegion.
Region3alsoincludesotherprominentlandusesofstrategicsignificancetotheCitythatinclude:theInnerCity,Marabastad,
Embassies,NelsonMandelaDevelopmentCorridor,ChurchSquare,BrooklynMetropolitanNode,HatfieldMetropolitanNode,PretoriaIndustrialTownship(includingtheCharlotteMaxekeStreetandSoutterStreetindustrialareas),FreshProduceMarket,CapitalParkContainerDepot,andtheSteveBikoAcademicHospital.
ThesoutheasternareaoftheRegionaccommodatesmiddleandhigherincomegroupswhilemostofthelowincomegroupsarelocatedinthewestwhilehighdensityresidentialdevelopmentsaretotheeastoftheInnerCityinSunnysideandArcadia.
TheRegioncontainssomeoftheoldesttownshipsinthegreaterTshwane.Phase1oftheTRT(TshwaneRapidTransit)bussystemiscurrentlybeingconstructedandwilllinkHatfieldwiththeCBD.TheRegionisgenerallywellprovidedwithserviceinfrastructure.Withdevelopmentrapidlymovingclosertotheprovinciallydemarcatedurbanedgeandtowardstheopenspaceareatothewestoftheregion,developmentpressureinthisareaistherateatwhichbulkinfrastructurecanbeprovidedtoaccommodateexpansion.
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Region 4
Region4with11wardsissituatedinthesouth-westernportionoftheCity.TheRegionbordersontheareaofjurisdictionoftheCityofJohannesburgMetropolitanMunicipality,EkurhuleniMetropolitanMunicipalityaswellasMogaleCitytothewest.TheRegion,servedbybothnorth-southandeast-westfirstorderroads(highways),linksittotherestofGautengandthebroaderregion.TheRegionconsistsofanurbanareatotheeastandaruralareatothewestbothofwhicharecurrentlyunderpressurefordevelopment.
ThecurrentdominantsectorsinRegion4arefinanceandbusinessservices,
generalGovernmentservices,manufacturing,andtrade.TheRegionalsoformspartofanareaofeconomicexpansiontothenorthofJohannesburgwherethissub-nodeisdominatedbysmartindustriesandbusinesstourism.TheRegionfallswithintheeconomiccoreidentifiedforGautengProvincewiththelegsofthetriangularcoretheN1HighwayonthewesternsideandtheR21HighwaywithitslinkagetotheOliverTamboInternationalairportontheeasternside.TheRegionincludesafewprominentlandusesofstrategicsignificancetotheCityofTshwane.Theseinclude:ZwartkopandWaterkloofMilitary
Airports,ThabaTshwane/VoortrekkerHoogteMilitaryBase,CenturionMetropolitanCore,CenturionGautrainStation,SuperSportPark,HighveldTechnopark,HighwayBusinessPark,Route21CorporatePark,SunderlandRidgeIndustrialArea,N1Corridor,SamrandCommercialAreaGatewaydevelopment,OlievenhoutbosAbsaHousingdevelopment,andCenturionAviationVillage.
AhigherpercentageofhigherincomeearnersresideinRegion4withtheresultthatmanyofficesandretailfunctionshaverelocatedtotheregionduringthepastfewyears.TheRegionisgenerallywellprovidedwithserviceinfrastructure.Withdevelopmentrapidlymovingclosertothedevelopmentedgeanddemarcatedurbanedgetothewestoftheregion,developmentpressureinthisareachallengestherateatwhichbulkinfrastructurecanbeprovidedtoaccommodateexpansion.
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Region 5
Region5,borderedbytheN1tothewestandtheN4freewaytothesouth,hasratherweakspatialstructurecharacterisedbyheavythroughtraffic,vastopenspaces,smalleconomiccentresandenormousdevelopmentpressurefromresidentialareasfromTshwanepushingfurtherandfurthereastward.
Region5isaruralareacharacterisedbynatureconservation(includingtheDinokengBlueIQprojectofGauteng),tourismandmixedagriculturallanduses.Mining,especiallyinCullinanprovidesworkopportunitiesforcommunitiesinthearea.
TheRegionincludesafewprominentlandusesofstrategicsignificancetotheCity.Theseinclude:CullinanMine,Dinokeng
NatureReserve,CullinanTowncentre
Region5haslargewaterandsanitationservicesbacklogs.Thisrangesfromaneedtoupgradethecurrentinfrastructureandcreatingnewinfrastructureinthedifferentmunicipalwards.Theneedismainlyreflectedintheinformalsettlementsthatarespreadoutwithinthevariouswards.Informalsettlements,thoughsmallandrelativelycontained,arespreadthroughoutthearea,forminglow-incomeresidentialenclaves.TheTownshipsofRayton,CullinanandRefilwearecurrentlytheonlyareasthatareservicedwithsewerbornesanitation.TheentireKameeldrift
area(Kameeldrift,Derdepoort,Roodeplaat,andsurroundingareas)donothavesewerbornesanitation.Theruralareasusegroundwaterandon-sitesanitationofwhichseptictankswithsoakwaysandself-constructedpittoiletsarethemostcommon.
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Region 6
Region6,borderedbytheN1freewaytothewestandEkhuruleniLocalMunicipalitytotheSouthhas24wards.ItistheRegionwiththegreatestdevelopmentpressure.AlmostallthedevelopablelandwithinthesouthernsectionoftheRegionhasbeendevelopedandtheuncontrolleddevelopmentintheoldKungwiniareaplacesaburdenontheexistingsaturatedroadinfrastructure.
Thesouth-easternsectionofthisRegionhasthehighestincomepercapita,buthereisalsoahugeconcentrationofpeopleinthenorth-eastquadrantwithnotolowincome.Thenorth-easternsectionoftheRegionaccommodatesmostlylow-incomecommunitiesandindustriallanduses.Themiddleandsouth-westernsection
oftheRegionaccommodatesmediumtohigh-incomeareaswithlargeinstitutionaluses.Althoughpopulationdensitiesinthesouth-easternsectionoftheregionarerelativelylow,thispartoftheRegionhasthehighestpercentageofgrouphousingdevelopmentscomparedtoanyotherRegion.
Muchdevelopmenthastakenplacefurthertotheeastinthelastdecadeandtheroadnetworkdevelopmenthasnotkeptupwithlanddevelopmentresultinginseverecongestionduringthepeakhours.Thereisalackofnorth-southlinkroadsintheRegion.Sufficienteast-westroadsexistduetothehistoricroleandfunctionoftheCBD.The
northernsectionoftheRegioniswellservedbycommuterrailwithaneast-westcommuterlineandstationsfromMamelodiintheeast,throughHatfieldtoPretoriaStation.
BulkwatersupplyisadequatethroughouttheregionexceptfortheundevelopedpartsofNellmapiusandWillowPark/WillowBrae.ThesouthernportionoftheRegionisgenerallywellprovidedwithengineeringserviceinfrastructure.ThechallengeintermsofserviceprovisionistophasedevelopmentintheadjacentoldKungwiniareathroughbulkservices.
TheRegioncontainsanumberofstrategiclandusesincludingtheCSIR,SouthAfricanNationalIntelligenceService,Silverton,Waltloo,KoedoespoortindustrialareasandtheMenlynParkRetailNodewhichhasametropolitanfunctionintermsoffacilities.TheeconomicbaseforRegion6isbalancedbetweentheretail,officesectorinthesouthernandwesternsections,withcommercial,warehousing,wholesaleorindustrialactivitiesinthenorthoftheRegion.
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Region 6
Region6,borderedbytheN1freewaytothewestandEkhuruleniLocalMunicipalitytotheSouthhas24wards.ItistheRegionwiththegreatestdevelopmentpressure.AlmostallthedevelopablelandwithinthesouthernsectionoftheRegionhasbeendevelopedandtheuncontrolleddevelopmentintheoldKungwiniareaplacesaburdenontheexistingsaturatedroadinfrastructure.
Thesouth-easternsectionofthisRegionhasthehighestincomepercapita,buthereisalsoahugeconcentrationofpeopleinthenorth-eastquadrantwithnotolowincome.Thenorth-easternsectionoftheRegionaccommodatesmostlylow-incomecommunitiesandindustriallanduses.Themiddleandsouth-westernsection
oftheRegionaccommodatesmediumtohigh-incomeareaswithlargeinstitutionaluses.Althoughpopulationdensitiesinthesouth-easternsectionoftheregionarerelativelylow,thispartoftheRegionhasthehighestpercentageofgrouphousingdevelopmentscomparedtoanyotherRegion.
Muchdevelopmenthastakenplacefurthertotheeastinthelastdecadeandtheroadnetworkdevelopmenthasnotkeptupwithlanddevelopmentresultinginseverecongestionduringthepeakhours.Thereisalackofnorth-southlinkroadsintheRegion.Sufficienteast-westroadsexistduetothehistoricroleandfunctionoftheCBD.The
northernsectionoftheRegioniswellservedbycommuterrailwithaneast-westcommuterlineandstationsfromMamelodiintheeast,throughHatfieldtoPretoriaStation.
BulkwatersupplyisadequatethroughouttheregionexceptfortheundevelopedpartsofNellmapiusandWillowPark/WillowBrae.ThesouthernportionoftheRegionisgenerallywellprovidedwithengineeringserviceinfrastructure.ThechallengeintermsofserviceprovisionistophasedevelopmentintheadjacentoldKungwiniareathroughbulkservices.
TheRegioncontainsanumberofstrategiclandusesincludingtheCSIR,SouthAfricanNationalIntelligenceService,Silverton,Waltloo,KoedoespoortindustrialareasandtheMenlynParkRetailNodewhichhasametropolitanfunctionintermsoffacilities.TheeconomicbaseforRegion6isbalancedbetweentheretail,officesectorinthesouthernandwesternsections,withcommercial,warehousing,wholesaleorindustrialactivitiesinthenorthoftheRegion.
Region 7
Region7hasthesecondlargestgeographicallandareaandhas4wards.TheareacontainssomeofthebestfarminglandinGautengwithmorethan80%oflandarable,butagriculturecurrentlymakesaninsignificantcontribution(lessthan5%)totheCityseconomy.ThemostsignificantcontributorstotheRegionseconomyaremanufacturing,services,financial,andtrade.Thetourismsectorisregardedassmall,butadevelopingsector.
TheRegionincludesafewprominentlandusesofstrategicsignificancetotheCityofTshwane.Theseinclude:Bronkhorstspruittownarea,Ekandustriaindustrialarea,Bronkhorstspruitdam,andhighpotentialagriculturallandintheRegion.
Publictransportinruralareas,inparticular,non-motorisedtransport(bicyclesandwalking),playaspecialrolewhenshortdistancesaretravelledandarealsothemostpopularformsofmobilityusedbycommunities.Servicesareconcentratedintheestablishedtownshipsintheurbanareas.Asignificantnumberofpeopleintheareadonotreceivepipedwater,sanitation,andelectricityservices.
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DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDSTotakefulladvantageoftheCityofTshwanesdemographicprofile,andtomanagerisk,itisessentialtohaveanappreciationofkeydemographicindicators.InthissectionwelookatsomekeyfactsandinsightsaboutthepeoplelivingintheCityofTshwane.Unlessstatedotherwise,thestatisticspresentedinthissectionarebasedonCensus2011.
Population profile
TheCityofTshwanespopulationis2921488.OftheCitystotalpopulation,thereareproportionatelymorefemales(1468005)thanmales(1453483)intheCity(seeFigure2.4)40.
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Figure 2.4 City of Tshwane population distribution by age group and sex, 2011
Interestingly,GautengProvincesawapopulationgrowthratedecreasefrom3.6%between1996and2001to2.7%between2001and2011.SimilartrendsareobservedfortheCityofTshwane41wherebetweentheperiods1996-2001and2001-2011,thepopulationgrowthratemarginallydecreasedfrom3.6%to3.1%.
Almosthalfoftheworlds7billionpeopleareaged24orbelow,with1.2billionagedbetween10and19years42.ItisalsoestimatedthatinAfricatoday,slumdwellersmakeupmorethan70%oftheregionsurbanpopulation,andthevastmajorityofthemareundertheageof2443.Similarly,theCityofTshwanespopulationdistributionbyagerevealsthattheCityhasarelativelyyoungpopulationwithabout677110peoplebelowtheageof14andafurther1185605between15and34yearsofage,whichcombinedrepresentsabout64%oftheCityspopulation.TheextenttowhichtheCityofTshwanecantakeadvantageofitslargeyouthfulpopulationwilldependonwhetheritisabletoprioritiseprogrammestoallowthemtoparticipatemeaningfullyintheeconomy.
WhiletheCityspopulationpyramidshowsproportionatelymorefemalesthanmalesoverall,thereareproportionatelymoremalesintheagegroupsbetween0to14yearsandbetween20and44years.Intheagegroupsfrom45to49yearsrightuptothe85+years,thereareproportionatelymorefemales.
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TheCitysRegionalpopulationdistributionbyage(seeFigure2.5)44Figure2.5showsthatRegion1isthemostpopulatedinallagegroups(811575)followedbyRegion6(605556)andRegion3(585159)respectively.Region5istheleastpopulated(90900)withRegion7havingamarginallyhigherpopulationof109767.Thepopulationdistributionbyagegroupfollowsasimilartrend.
Figure 2.5 City of Tshwane population distribution by Region and age group, 2011
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Figure2.6showstheRegionalpopulationbyraceandgender.IntermsoftheCityspopulationdistributionbypopulationgroupandgender,themajorityoftheCityspopulationisBlack(2202849)followedbytheWhitepopulationgroup(586498).Figure 2.645 City of Tshwane population by Region, gender and population group, 2011
ThemajorityofBlackmalesandfemalesliveinRegions1(769468),6(428048)and3(375648)withtheleastlivinginRegion5(63309).TherearemoreColouredmalesandfemalesinRegion6(27254)thanelsewhereintheCity.TheIndianorAsianpopulationgroupbygendermainlyresidesinRegion4(32710)andRegion3(11666).MoreWhitemalesandfemalesliveinRegion3(181114)buttherearealmostasmanyinRegions4(148265)and6(139825).
Age dependency ratio profile
TheCitysdependencyratioprovideskeyinsightsabouttheburdencarriedbytheeconomicallyactivesegment(1564years)ofthepopulation.Twodependencyratiosareofinterestthechilddependencyratioandtheadultdependencyratio.
ThechilddependencyratiofortheCityofTshwaneis32.2whiletheadultdependencyratiois6.8resultinginthetotaldependencyratioof39peopleper100economicallyactivepeople.Thismeansthatevery100peopleintheeconomicallyactiveagegrouphavetocarefor39people,32ofthoseundertheageof15and7olderthan65years.TheCitysdependencyratioiscomparabletothatoftheProvince,whichmarginallyincreasedfrom38.7in2001to39.0in201146.
Black AfricanBlack African ColouredColoured AsianAsian WhiteWhite
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female
Region 1 377908 391560 1569 1613 973 501 16988 17894
Region 2 136973 143077 866 911 983 555 26254 27928
Region 3 184425 188223 5191 5782 5996 5 670 87185 93929
Region 4 97100 90615 3492 3833 16362 16348 72226 76039
Region 5 34277 29032 3616 3811 245 196 9638 9527
Region 6 219745 208303 13012 14242 2661 2654 66836 72989
Region 7 48995 49616 436 413 393 199 4524 4541
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Language profi le
Intermsoflanguages,SepediisthemostwidelyspokenlanguageathomewithintheCityfollowedbyAfrikaans,SetswanaandEnglish(seeFigure2.7)47.
Figure 2.7 City of Tshwane language profi le, 2011
ARegionalcomparativeanalysisrevealsthatSepediisthemainlanguagespokenathomeinRegions1and6comparedtoAfrikaans.AfrikaansisthemainlanguagespokenathomeinRegions3and4comparedtoSepedi.About89074peoplelivingintheCityspeakotherlanguagespossiblyreflectingthesignificantforeignpresenceintheCity.
Poverty and inequality
Whilethereareseveralapproachestomeasuringpoverty,theGinicoefficientisacommonindicatorused.Thecoefficientmeasurestheextenttowhichthedistributionofincomeorconsumptionexpenditureamongindividualsorhouseholdswithinaneconomydeviatesfromaperfectlyequaldistribution48.Thus,0representsperfectequality(wherethereisequalincomeforeveryone)while1representsperfectinequality(whereonepersonhasalltheincome).
AccordingtotheGautengProvincialGovernmentSocio-EconomicReviewandOutlookReportof2012GautengsGiniCoefficientwas0.60in2000and0.64in201049.Furthermore,thereportindicatedthatcomparedtoothermunicipalitiesintheprovince,CityofTshwanehadthelowestlevelsofpovertyin2010witharateof22%50andalsohadthehighesthumandevelopmentindex(togetherwiththeCityofJohannesburg)at0.6951.Incomeisacommonlyusedindicatoroflevelofpoverty.Figure2.82052showsindividualmonthlyincomeintheCityofTshwanebyRegion.
19%
9%
6%
2%
8%
20%
5%
15%
0% 2%2%
9%3%
Afrikaans
English
IsiNdebele
IsiXhosa
IsiZulu
Sepedi
Sesotho
Setswana
Sign language
SiSwati
Tshivenda
Xitsonga
Other
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Figure 2.8 City of Tshwane individual monthly income by Region, 2011
ThehighestnumbersofpeoplewithnoincomearefoundinRegions1(369286),6(227984)and3(200653).TheCityhasveryfewindividualswithamonthlyincomegreaterthanR204801.ThehighestnumberoftheseindividualsresidesinRegion3(1584)followedbyRegions4(1455)and5(1439).Interestinglythough,Region1despitehavingthehighestnumberofpeoplewithincomehasthefourthhighestnumberofindividuals615earningmorethanR204801amonth.
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ThereareasignificantnumberofCityofTshwanehouseholdswithnoincomeorlowincomelevels.PovertyintheCityofTshwaneisconcentratedincertainareas(seeFigure2.9aand2.9b53)thatgenerallyhavehadunequaldevelopmentoraccesstoservicesinthepast.
Figure 2.9a City of Tshwane average annual household income by Region, 2011
Figure 2.9b City of Tshwane average annual household income by Ward, 2011
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TheRegionalanalysis(seeFigure2.9a)revealsthatRegion1hasthelowestregionalaverageannualincomeoflessthanR10225followedbyRegion7withanaverageannualincomeofR83172.Regions5and2haveaverageannualhouseholdincomesofR120507andR124763respectively.Ontheotherendofthespectrum,Region4hasthehighestregionalaverageannualhouseholdincomeofR296014followedbyRegion6(R194063)and3(R188354).
AtWard-level(seeFigure2.9b),itisevidentthattheconcentrationofWardswithlowaverageannualhouseholdincomesarelocatedinRegions1and2.Ward24whichispartofRegion1hasthelowestaverageannualhouseholdincomeofR27989.
Itisimportanttonotethattheuseofincomelevelasapovertyindicatorwhileuseful,doesnotofferadeepunderstandingoftheissue.Rather,amultidimensionalviewofpovertywillprovidethisunderstanding.Underthemultidimensional54view,povertyismadeupofseveralfactorsthatconstituteapersonsexperienceofdeprivation.Thefactorsthatcontributetowardsthedeprivationmightincludeacombinationofthefollowing:theextenttowhichonecanadequatelyaccesshealth,waterandsanitation,education,housing,decentworkopportunities,income,isempoweredorfeelssafeandsecure,forexample.Thus,giventhecompetenciesthatlocalgovernmentisresponsiblefor,itisexpectedthattheCityofTshwanehasadirectimpactonwhetheroneexperiencesdeprivationinvaryinglevels.
Education profile
ThehumancapacitydevelopmentintheCityofTshwanedependsoninpart,accesstoandcompletionofeducation(seeFigure2.10)55aswellashowtheeducationsystemisabletodevelopknowledgeandskillsforitsneeds.
Figure 2.10 City of Tshwane education profile, 201
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Overall,intheCityofTshwanetherehasbeenamarginalincreaseinthenumberofpeoplebetweentheagesof5and24yearsattendingschoolfrom71.4%in2001to72.4%in201156.Figure10showstheoveralleducationattainmentlevelsfortheCity.
Migration
TheGautengProvinceisthemostpopulousprovinceinSouthAfricaasitisperceivedbymanySouthAfricansandindividualsfromneighbouringcountriestobeaprovinceofopportunity.Forthisreason,largenumbersofpeoplemigratingfromotherSouthAfricanprovinces57andneighbouringAfricancountriesarerecorded58.WhiletheGautengProvinceinter-provincialnetmigrationwasagain,althoughatlowerfigureof566760peoplein2011comparedto901622peoplein2001,itstillhadhighernetmigrationgainscomparedtoalltheotherprovincesinthecountry59.IntheCityofTshwane,Census2011datarevealsthatoftheCitys2,9millionpopulation,110000peoplewerebornintheSADC,58120intherestofAfrica,7200intheUnitedKingdomandEuropeanUnion,6500inAsia,170inNorthAmericaandafurther690inLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.About160500residentsdidnotspecifytheirplaceofbirth.About25000movedfromtheCityofTshwaneaccordingtoCensus2011data.
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HOUSEHOLD AND HOUSING PROFILENumber of households and household size
TheCityhasabout911536householdswiththemajorityofthehouseholdsfoundinRegion1followedbyRegion6(seeFigure2.11)60.
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Figure 2.11 City of Tshwane total number of households by Region, 2011
Theaveragehouseholdsize(seeFigure2.12aandb)61is3.2peoplefortheCity.However,whiletheaveragehouseholdsizefortheCityis3.2,about41800householdshaveahouseholdsizeof6peoplemainlyinRegion1withabout3600householdsinRegion1with10ormorepeopleinahousehold.
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Figure 2.12a City of Tshwane average household size by Region, 2011
Figure 2.12b City of Tshwane average household size by Ward, 2011
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Female and child headed households
Atotalof326113ofthe911536householdsareheadedbywomen,representing35.8%ofhouseholdsintheCityofTshwane.ThisfigureismarginallyabovetheGautengProvinceaverageof34.3%62.Region1hasthehighestnumberofwomenheadedhouseholdswith87361followedbyRegions3and4respectively.Regions5hasthelowestnumberofwomenheadedhouseholdswith8328.
Thereareabout29100householdsheadedbychildrenbetweentheagesof10and14inSouthAfricaofwhichabout3700areinGauteng63.Adistressingstatisticisthatofthe29100childheadedhouseholds,about11600ofthosehouseholdsareheadedbychildrenaged10.TheCityofTshwanehasabout1000childheadedhouseholds.AsimilartrendisobservedwithintheCityofTshwane,where424householdsareheadedbychildrenaged10followedby180householdsheadedbychildrenaged14.
Tenure status
Figure2.1364presentsthetenurestatusofdwellingsintheCityofTshwane.Intermsoftenurestatus,about307000housesareownedandfullypaidforbytheowner(s).ThemaintenurestatusforRegion1isthatabout116000housesownedarefullypaidoffwhileinRegions3,4and6themaintenurestatusisthatrental.Afurther166840areowned,butnotyetpaidoff.Asignificantnumberofhouses291590arerentedwithaninterestingfindingthatabout121700housesareoccupiedrent-free.
Figure 2.13 City of Tshwane tenure status by Region, 2011
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ThemajorityofdwellingsbytypeintheCityofTshwaneareformalstructuresbuiltwithbrickorconcretematerial(seeFigure2.14)65Figure 2.14 City of Tshwane main dwelling type by Region, 2011
WhileitisencouragingtoseethattheCityhasmainlyformalstructures,theCityofTshwane,howeverhasanunacceptablenumberofinformaldwellingsinbackyardsorinformal/squattersettlements.About51850informaldwellingsarefoundinbackyardsofwhichthehighestnumbersarefoundinRegions1(11571),4(13001)and7(14005).Ininformal/squattersettlementsoronfarms,about112170informaldwellingsarefoundacrossallRegionswiththehighestinRegions1(26716),2(14627),3(18519),4(10431),and6(30374).
StatisticsshowastrongcorrelationbetweenthenumberofinformalhouseholdsunitsandalsothehouseholdsunitsthatdonothaveincomeintheCity.ItismostlikelythatthemajorityofthepeoplewholiveininformaldwellingunitsdonothaveaccesstoregularincomeandthuspossiblyconstitutethemajorityofpeoplewhomovedintotheCityfromotherareasinsearchofemploymentopportunities.
Household goods66
ThepercentageofhouseholdsintheCityofTshwanewitharadioreducedfrom79.5%in2001to70.6%in2011,whichcouldbeexplainedbythesignificantincreaseinthepercentagehouseholdswithtelevisionsfrom69.5%in2001to81.8%in2011.Furthermore,thepercentageofhouseholdswithInternetaccessin2011was51.4%-thehighestinGautengwithaccesstoacomputerinahouseholdincreasingfrom18.4%in2001to37.6%in2011.Thepercentageofhouseholdswithalandlinedecreasedsharplyto18.9%in2011from35.4%in2001withacorrespondingsignificantincreaseincellphoneaccessto95%in2011from50.4%in2001thehighestinGauteng.
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OUR ECONOMYGautengisSouthAfricasengineforgrowth.In2012,Gautengcontributed35.7%toSouthAfricasGDP.67IntermsofcontributiontoGautengseconomy,theCityofTshwaneaccountedfor27.72%ofGDPin2012,aslightdecreasefrom28.13%in201068largelyattributedtotheresidualeffectsofthe2008-2009globaleconomicdownturn.TheCityofTshwaneaccountedfor9%ofSouthAfricastotalgrossvalueadd(GVA).IntermsoftheCitystradeposition,theCityhadatradesurplusofR101.3billionin201269.Inaddition,theCityofTshwanecontributesapproximately16%toSouthAfricastotalnationaltrade.
Sector analysis
Furthereconomicperformanceanalysis(seeFigure2.15)revealsthatthegovernment,socialandpersonalservicessub-sectoraccountedforthelargestsingleshareoftheGVAfollowedbythefinanceandbusinessservicesub-sector70.TheCityofTshwanesproximitytoanumberofairportsandimportantrailandroadlinksmakesitidealforbusinessandforimportandexport.
TheCitysmaineconomicsectoristhecommunityservicessectorwhichhasseenasteadyincreasebetween2006and2011.Thefinance,transport,tradeandmanufacturingsectorsareothermajorcontributors.Aworryingtrendisthesteadyslow-downoftheCitysmanufacturingsectorovertheperiodandwhichisreflectiveofglobaltrends,butremainsanimportantsectorfortheCity.TheothersectorsintheCityelectricity,miningandagriculturehaveremainedrelativelyconstantwithrespecttotheircontribution.
Unemployment
UnemploymentfiguresinTshwaneinthepast10yearsrevealthatunemploymentpeakedin2002,reaching321478unemployedpeople,andeventuallydroppeddowntothelowestfiguresin2008.Foranumberof
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reasonsincludingthe2008/2009recession,thenumberofunemployedpeopleincreasedfrom212671in2008to272450in2010,representinga28.1%increaseoverthatperiod.However,theCityrecordedthelowestunemploymentrateof14%in2010whencomparedtoothermunicipalitiesintheProvince71.Census2011data72puttheunemploymentrateintheCityofTshwaneat24%.YouthunemploymentintheCitywasat32.6%adecreasefrom40.5%in2001.Intermsofsectordistribution,Census2011revealedthatabout830815peopleareemployedintheformalsectorwithabout107490employedintheinformalsectorandjustunder139000employedinprivatehouseholds.
ACCESS TO SERVICES In2012,theCityofTshwaneannouncedplanstoraiseR10billiononthecapitalmarketoverthenextfiveyearstofundbulkinfrastructuredevelopmenttounlockmajoreconomicactivityintheCity.TheCityhasmadeprogressinprovidingaccesstoservices.Thisisexplainedinthefollowingsections.
Access to energy In2004,SouthAfricasetitselfatargetofprovidingaccesstoelectricityto14.5millionhouseholdsby2012.Datafromthe2011Censusshowsthatasignificantnumberof12.3millionhouseholdsnowhaveaccesstoelectricityforlighting,cookingandheating(seeFigure2.15and2.16).
Figure 2.15 City of Tshwane households with access to electricity for lighting, cooking and energy by Region, 2011
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Figure 2.16 City of Tshwane households with access to electricity for lighting, cooking and energy for select energy sources by Region, 2011
WithintheCityofTshwane,about807180ofthe911536householdshaveaccesstoelectricityforlightingwhileabout84370householdsusecandlesforlighting.Itissignificanttonotethatintermsofalternativeenergysources,about2020householdsmakeuseofsolarenergyforlightingandafurther1770makeuseofgas.
Forcookingpurposes,themajorityofhouseholdsuseelectricityforcooking(767810)followedbyparaffin(98620),gas(27610),wood(9630)respectively,andwithabout1370householdsmakinguseofsolar.
About670240householdsuseelectricityforheatingpurposesfollowedbyparaffin(42390),wood(39000),andgas(33510).Importantly,about3640usesolarenergyforheatingpurposeswithabout114640householdsnotusinganyenergysourceforheatingneeds.
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Water and Sanitation
Atleast71%oftheCityofTshwanespotablewatersupplyisfromtheVaalRiverSystemand29%issuppliedfromitsownsources.Intermsofaccesstowater,Figure2.1773showstheCityshouseholdswithaccesstotappedwaterinsidetheirdwellings/yards,7.4%havingtappedwateroncommunitystandsandonly3.4%havingnoaccesstopipedwater.
Figure 2.17 City of Tshwane access to piped water inside dwellings by Ward, 2011
TheDepartmentofWaterAffairshasissuedadirectivetoreducewaterlossesandimproveurbanwaterdemandbyatleast15%by2014.Inrespondingtothedirective,theCityofTshwanehasapprovedaprogrammeofaugmentingitusofwatersupplyfromitsownsources.Thisinvolvesbothdirectandin-directreuseofreturnflowfromwastewatertreatmentworks(WWTW).Itisestimatedthatbyusingthereturnflowasasourceofwater,theCitycanreduceitscurrentdemandontheVaalRiversystemfrom71%to54%inthenearfuture.AtpresenttheCityofTshwanehasthreewatertreatmentplants:TembawatertreatmentplantattheLeeukraalDam,RoodeplaatwatertreatmentplantattheRoodeplaatDam,andRietvleiwatertreatmentplantattheRietvleiDam.
TheCityofTshwanehas10waste-watertreatmentplants-Babelegi,Temba,Rietgat,Klipgat,Sandspruit,Rooiwal,Zeekoegat,Baviaanspoort,DaspoortandSunderlandRidgewhereallthewastewateristreatedbeforeitisdischargedintotheriversysteminaccordancetospecifiedstandardsandlicenserequirements.
Census2011revealsthatintermsofsanitation(seeFigure2.18)74,698106householdshaveaccesstoaflushtoiletthatisconnectedtoasewer.TheCityhasarelativelylownumberofhouseholdsthatarestillusingthebucketsystem,buttheCityiscommittedtoeradicatingthissituationcompletely.
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Figure 2.18 City of Tshwane household access to toilet facilities, 2011
AccesstoqualitywaterandsanitationareimportantcontributingfactorsfortheCityshealthandhumandevelopmentprogress.AssuchitisimperativethattheCitycontinuestoensurethatallhouseholdshaveaccesstothesebasicservices.
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Waste management
WastemanagementisimportantformanagingtheCitysbroaderenvironmentalaspirations.ThewastemanagementstatisticsgenerallyindicatethatinalltheRegions,refuseismainlycollectedbythelocalauthorityoraprivatecompany,butofconcernistheexistenceofownrefusedumpsintheRegions(seeFigure2.19)75.
Figure 2.19 City of Tshwane refuse collection by Region, 2011
Transport and mobility
TheCityofTshwaneresidentsandvisitorsdependuponaneffectivetransportsystemtofulfilltheirdailymobilityneeds.AnintegratedurbantransportinfrastructureandservicesarethebackboneofanefficientCity.Furthermore,economiesthatpossessgreatermobilityareoftenthosewithbetteropportunitiestodevelop.TheCityisfacedwitharangeoftransportchallenges.Morethanhalfofthetransportchallengesarefundamentallytheresultsofthepoorlanddevelopmentpatternthatoccurredinthepast.Otherchallengesincludethe:
Reliability,convenienceandsafetyissueswithrespecttothepublictransportservices; Trafficcongestioncausingdelays,increasedusercosts,fuelconsumption,accidentsandsubsequent deterrenceofinvestment,especiallyintheCBDbecauseofover-relianceonprivatetransport; Overcrowdedpublictransportfacilities; Lackofcoordinatedandintegratedpublictransportmodes;and Inadequatepedestrianandbicyclefacilitiestosupportothermobilitymodes.
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SomeofthecurrentpracticesintheCitypromoteandsupportprivatecarusethatcontributestotheCityscongestion,butmaybejustifiedbyalackofaqualitypublictransportsystemandlackofnon-motorisedtransportfacilities.Currentlythefollowingaresynonymouswithhighprivatemotorvehicleusage:
Developersallowedtoprovideexcessiveparking,withnomaximumlimit; Lackofpromotingtraveldemandmanagementmeasures; Untilrecentlynon-motorisedtransport(NMT)focusedoncapturedusers,withnoactivepromotionofNMT asaviableandsustainablealternativemode; LackofNMTfacilitiesandnetworks,inasafeandsecureenvironment; Poorfundingofinfrastructuremaintenanceandoperationalcosts; TshwanedevelopedRoadSafetyPlanfordisadvantagedareas;and LimitedinteractionandintegrationbetweenMetroPoliceandTrafficEngineeringonroadsafetyissues.
TheslownessindevelopingtheTshwaneWesternBypass(TWB/PWV9),aprovincialfreeway,toimproveaccesstothewestoftheCityneedstobeaddressedsincetheindustrialnodeofRosslyncannotreachitsfullpotential.CurrentlyitformspartoftheGautengFreewayImprovementProject(GFIP),whichhasbeendoggedbypoorpublicparticipationontheconcepttheuser-payprinciple.PWV9urgentlyneedstoberemovedfromGFIPandbegivenpriorityinsupportoftheTshwaneVision2022byallthreespheresofgovernment.
AspartoftheCityofTshwaneseffortstoovercomethepresentchallengesandlaythefoundationforamoreeffectiveintegratedpublictransportsystem,theCityhasdevelopedastrategicpublictransportnetworkplan76toprovidereliableandfrequentpublictransportwithacceptablewalkingdistancesforcommuters.TheplanwillalsoprovideTshwanewithapermanentandrecognisablepublictransportframeworkconsistingofradialandcircularroutes.Torespondtoimprovingmobility,theCityofTshwanehasbegunthefirstphaseofitsbusrapidtransitsystemAReYengwhichmeansLetsgo.TshwanesbusrapidtransitsystemwasidentifiedastheappropriatemodeoftransporttoleadthetransformationofpublictransportintheCity.Itisahigh-quality,bus-basedtransitsystemthatdeliversfast,comfortableandcost-effectiveurbanmobilitythroughtheprovisionofsegregatedright-of-wayinfrastructure,rapidandfrequentoperations.
Health facilities
TheTshwanehealthdistrictisoneofthreemetropolitanareaswithinGautengandissituatedwithinthenorthern-mostpartoftheprovince(TshwaneDistrictHealthPlan,2012/13).Therearecurrently26communityhealthcentresandclinicsmanagedbytheCityofTshwane,35Provincialclinics,12CommunityHealthCenters,8satelliteclinicsand8mobilesintheTshwanedistrict.About96%ofallcitizensinTshwanearewithina5kmradiusofaclinic.Inaddition,24-hourhealthservicesarealsoprovidedbythedistricthospitals(MamelodiWestHospital,PretoriaWestHospitalandtheTshwaneDistrictHospital).
ThemainchallengeswefaceintheCityaretheimpactofmigration;highburdenofdiseasewithinthemostatriskpopulation;fragmentedhealthsystembetweenthepublic,privateandcivilsocietycompoundedbypoorqualityhealthinfrastructureandinformationsystemsandhealthworkforceshortages;andclimatechange,forexample.TheCityhasseenadownwardtrendinthenumberofpeoplelivingwithHIVanditisfurtherexpectedthatby2016,about7.5%ofitspopulationwillbelivingwithHIV.
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OUR ENVIRONMENTAL AND HERITAGE RESOURCESTheCityofTshwanesgeographicallocationandlandscapemakeforafavourablenaturalenvironmenttosupportadiversityoftrees,plantsandsmallwildlife.TheCityisparticularlyproudofitsnaturalheritage.TheCityofTshwaneishometothePretoriaNationalZoologicalGardens;thelargestzoointhecountry;whileourNationalBotanicalGardensarespreadover76hectares.OtherparksincludeBurgersPark,JanCilliersPark,SpringbokPark,andVenningPark/RosePark.
TheCitybecametheonlycityintheworldwithabig-fivegamereservewithincityboundaries-the90000hectaresDinokengBig5GameReserve.ItisalsohometothefirstproclaimedgamesanctuaryinAfrica,the500haGroenkloofNatureReservethatwasproclaimedin1895.TheCityalsoboastsoneoftheworldslargesturbannaturereserves,theRietvleiNatureReserve.Thisisauniqueretreatwheremanybirdandanimalspeciescanbeviewedonthe3800hectaresofopengrassland.
OthernaturereservesincludeAustinRobertsBirdSanctuary,BishopBirdNatureArea,BoardwalkBirdSanctuary,BronkhorstspruitNatureReserve,ChamberlainBirdSanctuary,ColbynNatureArea,FaerieGlenNatureReserve,KallerkopNatureReserve,KwaggaspruitNatureArea,LutonValleyBirdSanctuary,MoreletaKloofNatureArea,StrubenDamBirdSanctuary,WonderboomNatureReserveandthePierrevanRynevekdNatureArea.
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TheTswaingmeteoritecraterisGautengsbest-keptastronomicalsecret.TheTswaingMeteoriteCraterMuseuminSoshanguve,40kmtothenorthofthecitycentre,istheonlytourismdestinationofitskindinAfrica.TheCityofTshwaneissteepedinarichculturalheritageintertwinedwiththeSouthAfricanhistory.TheCityisawashwithmanyfineheritagesites,museumsandartgalleries.TheseincludetheUnionBuildingsanditsspectaculargardens,aswellastheDiamondHillBattlefield,VoortrekkerMonumentandFreedomParkamongothers.TheCityofTshwaneishomeoftheNanHuaBuddhistTemple,thelargestBuddhisttempleintheSouthernhemisphereandtheonlyoneinAfrica.
Inconclusion,thecurrentspatialstructureofTshwaneissuchthatlessaffluentareastendtobefoundontheperipheralareasoftheCity.Thus,whileCityofTshwanehasmadestridesinimprovingthequalityoflivesfortheresidents,certaincommunitiescurrentlydonotenjoyaccesstoafullrangeofservices,socialamenitiesandfacilities.Theanalysispresentedinthischapterlaysthefoundationfortherestofthevisiondocument.
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SECTION C TSHWANE VISION 2055:
A BROAD LOGIC TO GUIDE
THE CITYS GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
This chapter articulates the Tshwane Vision 2055 whichprovides broad development logic and serves as a point of reference for the City interventions over the next 40 years. An outcome of the year-long consultation process with various stakeholders was the agreement on the six Outcomes to frame development priorities and programmes that will lead to the attainment of Tshwane Vision 2055.
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CHAPTER 3 TSHWANE VISION 2055 FOUR
DECADES OF REMAKING
SOUTH AFRICAS CAPITAL CITY
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A municipality must strive, within its financial and administrative capacity, to achieve the objects set out in subsection. The objects of local government are: to provide democratic and accountable government for local communities; to ensure the provision of services to communities in a sustainable manner; to promote social and economic development; to promote a safe and healthy environment; and to encourage the involvement of communities and community organisations in the matters of local government.
South Africa Constitution 199678
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It is difficult to predict what cities and in particular, capital cities will look like in 2055. However,
South Africa, Tshwane in particular is poised to take its place among the worlds successful,
modern and sustainable cities. It is critical to deliberately use South Africas local government
policy and legislative framework to influence a sustainable urban transition and to support the
Citys social, economic and environmental development aspirations.
Further, it is also important for Tshwane together with various sectors of society to work together
towards the achievement of the Tshwane Vision 2055 which will also contribute towards the
NDP 2030 aspirations. Therefore, when trying to imagine 2055, it is necessary to step back 20
years to consider how much things have changed not only in the City of Tshwane, but in South
Africa and globally.
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Key messages:
ThecoreobjectiveoftheremakingofSouthAfricascapitalcityisbasicallyabouthowtheCityforgesanewidentity.
ThelegitimacyofthatidentityisdependentonhowtheCitysleadershipandresidentsreconcilevarioushistorical
experienceswithacollectivevisionoftheCitysreformagenda.
ItisnotunimaginablethattheCityofTshwanewillbetheonlycapitalinSouthAfricaby2055.Thejourneytorealise
thisobjectiverequiresmobilisationofotherspheresofgovernment,residents,civilsociety,andprivatesectorinorder
toconcretisetheprocessthatwillleadtoasharedunderstandingofSouthAfricascapitalcity.
TshwaneVision2055whicharisesfromtheFreedomCharterprinciplesisacalltoallresidentsandSouthAfrican
citizenstocontributeinthecreationofacapitalcitythatwillbenon-racial,anon-sexist,prosperous,andcohesive
society.
TshwaneVision2055providesallstakeholderswithaplatformtoimagine,transform,remake,andbuildacohesive
andadaptablesocietyandtointervenedecisivelyinbreakingthecycleofgenerationalpoverty,inequalityand
underdevelopment.
TshwaneVision2055Outcomessupportedbythefourdecadesofgamechangingactionsthathavebeen
developedwillenabletheCitytoaddressthechallengesofpoverty,inequality,unemploymentandsocialexclusionto
createabetterlifefortheresidentsoftheCity.
ThesixOutcomesaretheresultsofthechangethatwilldirectlyimpactthepeoplelivingintheCityby2055based
ontheprioritiesandstrategicactions.Thischangewilleitherbeintermsoflearning(knowledge,skills,attitude,and
awareness),action(behaviour,practice,decision-making,policy,socialaction)orconditions(social,economic,civic,
andenvironmental).
TshwaneVision2055isaboutmakingconsciousdevelopmentdecisionsthatmeetthebasicneedsofthepresent
generation,especiallythepoor,aswellasforthefuturegenerationtomeettheirownneeds.
TheCityofTshwaneasthecapitalcityhasaresponsibilitytoprovideefficientandeffectiveleadershiptoallSouth
Africansinmanagingtensionsandconstraintsthatmayarisewhileensuringthatsetdevelopmentalprioritiesaremet
toachieveitsvision.
TshwaneVision2055positionstheCityasaplacewhereallresidentsabilitytoaccess,occupy,useurbanspaces
andproducegoods,andtradewithotherswillinturnmakeitpossibletocultivatesocietalvaluesthatpromotesocial
cohesion,inclusionandparticipationindecisionmaking.
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INTRODUCTION Buildingontheprinciplesofthe1994ReconstructionandDevelopmentProgrammethatwaspremisedonthetraditionsoftheFreedomCharter,theCityofTshwanebyactivelyinvolvingthecommunityindeterminingthesocio-economicfuturewillhaveovercomethelegacyofapartheid.WethereforeneedtobrieflyoutlinethehistoryofthecapitalcityandwhatmightinformitsremakingastheCityprogressestowards2055.
THE INCOMPLETE MAKING OF A SOUTH AFRICAN CAPITAL CITYAcapitalcityistheprimarysitewherethecountryscollectiveself-image,translatedintorealitythroughpublicarchitecture,culturalartifacts,andperformanceofnationalrituals,isputonpublicdisplay.Capitalcitiescontainwithinthemvarioustypesofcapital.Onesuchtypeistheirreasonforbeingapoliticalandadministrativecapitalforacountry.However,thepoliticalandadministrativefunctionisofadualnature.Eventhoughthecapitalcityrepresentsthenation,itsleadershipisultimatelyaccountabletotheresidentswhoelectit.Whiletheformsofcapitalarepresentedinthischapteraretobefoundinothercities,itisonlythecapitalcitythatassumesthequalityofmonumentality.Thisqualityhaseverythingtodowiththepoliticalroleofthecapitalcityasareflectionofthenationwherethegreatnessofthepastcanonlybeequalledbytheprojectionofthecityintothefuture.
Likeothercapitalcities,Tshwanehasitsownmonumentalityalthoughnottothesamescaleassomeothercapitalcities.ThismonumentalitycanbeseeninthedesignoftheUnionBuildings,oftheVoortrekkerMonument,oftheUniversitiesofSouthAfrica(UNISA)andPretoria,andmorerecently,themodestFreedomParktohonourthememoryoftheliberationstruggle,andTshwaneHousewhichwillbethenewofficialheadquartersoftheCityofTshwane.
However,therearehistoricalreasonstheCityofTshwanedidnotcompletelytakeonthemonumentalqualitiesfoundinmostothercapitalcities.ThecompromisereachedwhenestablishingtheUnionofSouthAfricain1910ledtothecreationofthreecapitals,namelyPretoriaastheseatofexecutiveauthority,CapeTownastheseatofthelegislativebranch,andMangaungasthejudicialcapital.ThephysicaldispersalofauthorityordecisionmakingpointsmeantthattheCityofTshwanewasnotanexclusivelypoliticaloradministrativecentre.Eventoday,Governmentdepartmentsarenotinonegovernmentcomplexthatisinaccessibletothepublic.TheysitsidebysidewithshopsintheCitysdowntownplacingthenationaldecisionmakersonparwiththecitizenrytotheextentthattheyarevisibleandaccessible.
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Dajo Associates/Roy Friedman
Dajo Associates/Roy Friedman
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90 TSHWANE VISION 2055 Dajo Associates/Lucinda du Toit
Dajo Associates/Lucinda du Toit
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WhiletheCityofTshwaneishometoanumberofgovernmentdepartments,embassies,tertiaryandresearchinstitutions,andseveralheritagesites,theCityshistoricalspatialdevelopmentapproachhasresultedinthe:
Apartheid-boundexperienceofsocialandeconomicexclusionofthelargerpartofresidentsfrom thecityspace; Persistenceofapartheid-boundsettlementpatternsofresidentsintheCitywhichcontinuestodefinethe cityspace;and Cityshistoricalidentityasanunreachablesocialspace.
TheremakingoftheCityofTshwanewillbeanchoredinchangingtherationalethatledtotheformationofthreecapitalsaswellasestablishingadefinitivemonumentalitysymbolisedbythepresenceofnationalgovernmentdepartmentsandtherelocationofParliament.Theremakingofthecapitalcityisalsoaboutinterveningdecisivelyinthetransformationofhumansettlements,spaceeconomyaswellasthecreationoffunctioningnodes.InreferencetothecallmadeintheRDPfortheeradicationofapartheidgeography,theremakingofTshwanewillbepremisedonachievingtheprinciplesofspatialjustice,spatialsustainability,spatialresilience,spatialquality,andspatialefficiency(seeBox3.1forexplanationofterms).
Itisthereforeunimaginablethatthisspatialurbandivideshouldcontinue.Therefore,TshwaneVision2055isacallforallofustoensurethatallofusareaffordedequalrightsandthebenefitsthatourbeautifulcapitalcitycouldpotentiallyprovide.Thiscallsforspatialreform.
Box 3.1 Spatial transformation principles
Spatial justice is about reversing the historic policy of conning particular groups to limited space, as in ghettoisation and segregation, and the unfair allocation of public resources between areas, to ensure that the needs of the poor are addressed rst rather than last.
Spatial sustainability is about promoting living environments whose patterns of consumption and production do not damage the natural environment.
Spatial resilience is about building the capacity to withstand vulnerability to environmental degradation, resource scarcity and climatic shocks.
Spatial quality is about improving the aesthetic and functional features of housing and the built environment to create liveable, vibrant and valued places that allow for access and inclusion of people with disabilities.
Spatial eciency is about supporting productive activity and jobs and reducing burdens on business. Efcient commuting patterns and circulation of goods and services should be encouraged and ensure that regulatory procedures do not impose unnecessary costs on development.
Source: National Development Plan- Vision 2030: Our future make it work, p. 277
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THE REMAKING OF A SOUTH AFRICAN CAPITAL CITYTheCityofTshwane,asSouthAfricascapitalcity,assumesgreatimportanceasanadministrativecentreofthenationasitisthisfunctionthatdrawsnotonlytheemployees,butalsomanybusinessestolocatethemselvesinandaroundacapitalcity.Inaddition,theStateoftheCitiesReportbytheSouthAfricanCitiesNetwork(2011)79highlightstheimportanceofcitiesasdriversofdevelopment.
Thus,fortheCityofTshwanetobecomeacompletecapitalcityasisdefinedandrepresentedinmanyothercountries,itwillproactivelyreconfigurethehard(physical)andsoftattributes(culture)oftheCity.MilestonessuchastheopeningofaReconciliationRoadlinkingtwoofourheritagesitestheFreedomParkandtheVoortrekkerMonument,onDecember162011,demonstratesourcapacityasaCitytobridgeourculturalandpoliticaldivides.ItisyetanotherremarkableaspectofSouthAfricaseclecticapproachtoculturalpreservation.Thesymbolsofthehatedpasthavenotbeenbroughtdowntobeputawayinthebasement,butstandonpublicsquaresasremindersofthepast.Asthenationscapitalcity,theCityofTshwanestandsbetterpoisedthananyothercityinthecountrytocontinuerepresentingthecountryspatrimonytoincludeeventhosevoicesandfacesthatarenotrepresentedyet.
However,itwillbeimportantforspatialreconfigurationtotakeplaceintheCityofTshwaneinordertoensurefunctionalefficiency,socialinclusionandenvironmentalsustainability80.Therefore,thetransformationofTshwanewillhavetobebalancedagainstthecompetingneeds(1)ofbecomingacapitalcitywithglobalstatuswiththat(2)ofbeinganationalsymbolthatis(3)responsivetolocaldevelopmentalneedsofitspopulation.WhatgivestheCityofTshwaneanadvantageisalsothefactthatcapitalcitiesarealwaysinastateofre-invention.
Thephysicalconstructionofmonuments,therelatedinvestmentsininfrastructureandthespin-offintermsoftourismwillbeofeconomicvaluethatgoesbeyondthedecorative.BillionsofRandswillbeinvestedintheconstructionofstreetsandboulevards,governmentdepartments,diplomaticquarters,educationalinstitutionsandotherpublicamenities.VisitorswillcomefromfarandwidetolearnaboutSouthAfricasculturalhistory;whileparentsandchildrenundertakejourneysofdiscoveryasAfricans,sharingstoriesofthecountryslongwalktofreedom.Afterall,freedomwasborninthecitywiththeinaugurationofNelsonMandelaasthecountrysfirstdemocraticpresident.Itwasherethatmanybattlesforfreedomwerewaged,includingthewomensmarchonthecityin1956.Thus,astheCityofTshwaneremakesitself,itwillbecomehometonewermonumentsasSouthAfricansandothernationsre-visitandre-telltheirstoriesoftheremadeCityofTshwane.
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Source: http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/human-kindness-7.jpg
TshwaneVision2055hasidentifiedfourkeyleverstoprovidethesustainedimpetusonourjourneytoremaketheCityofTshwane.Theselevers(seeFigure3.1)broadlyarticulateourrolewithinthebroadercontinentcontextastheleadingdevelopmentpartnerforSouthAfricasforeignandnationalinterest;ourrolewithinGautengProvince;andfinally,ourroleatthelocallevelasadevelopmentallocalgovernment.Wediscusseachleverinthefollowingsections.
Figure 3.1 Levers for remaking the City of Tshwane
Embracing a new age of Pan-Africanism
Leading the development of a collaborative
Gauteng City Region
Creating a better life for the people of Tshwane
Consolidating our intellectual and
innovation capacity
City of Tshwane
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Lever 1: Consolidating our intellectual and innovation capacity
AspartofTshwaneVision2055,theCityofTshwaneshouldaimtodevelopintoalocalandcontinentalcentreofexcellencebyanchoringitselfwithinitsknowledgeinstitutions,especiallyitsinstitutionsofhigherlearning.Tshwaneishometonationallyandinternationallyrespecteduniversities.TshwaneUniversityofTechnologyisthelargestresidentialuniversityinthecountryandtheUniversityofPretoriaisrankedamongthetopfiveSouthAfricanuniversities.TheUniversityofSouthAfricaisthelargestlongdistancelearninginstitutioninAfricaandintheworld.ThisinstitutionalandintellectualdensitygivesTshwanecomparativeadvantageovereveryothercountryintheareaofAfricaninternationalrelationsformainlytworeasons.
Whilethereareanumberofimponderablesaboutwhatpoliticaldecisionsmightbemadebyfuturepoliticians,Tshwane/Midrand/JohannesburgwilldominatetheSouthAfricaspoliticaleconomy.Withthateconomicdominancetheregionislikelytohavemorepoliticalcloutwhenitcomestomovingtheotherbranchesofgovernmenttoonelocation.SuchamovewouldfurtherenhancenotonlyTshwanebutalsoSouthAfricasinternationalrelations.Thereasonthatcompanies,intellectuals,andartistswouldwanttomovetopoliticalandeconomicmegalopolisistheproximitytopoliticaldecisionmakersaswellasthemarketthatsuchacityprovides.Theaccessisnotjusttothecitybutalsotothecountry.OncelocatedinthecountrycompaniescaninturnengageintradewithotherAfricancountries,orwiththerestoftheworld.SouthAfricawouldnotonlybeagatewayforcompaniesseekingaccesstoAfrica,butforAfricancompaniesseekingaccesstoSouthAfricaandtheworld.
Thus,theCityofTshwanecouldeasilybecometheintellectualhubforAfrica-relatedstudiesinboththeartsandthesciencesandasthemulticulturalhomeoftheAfricanRenaissance.
Lever 2: Creating a better life for the people of Tshwane
TheCityofTshwaneiscommittedtocreatingaspaceforcitizenstofindvalueintheideaofremakingtheCityofTshwane,SouthAfricascapitalcity.Theideaofacapitalcityisanintangiblebenefitthatwouldfindresonance
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mostlyamongresidentswhoseethecityasaspaceforexpressionofsocioeconomicprosperityandprogress.TheideaofthecapitalcitythereforewouldbeaspaceofdialoguebetweentheCityandcitizenswherecitizensconstantlynegotiatewhatitmeanstobeacapitalcitywhileatthesametimeadaptingtotheidealsproposedbytheCitywhenitcomestothevisionofitsremakingofthecapitalcity.
Importantly,theCitywillnotseeitsresidentsaspassivelyrecipientofwhatitmeanstoliveinthecapitalCity;rather,thecallwillbeforcreatingenduringpartnershipsthatwillleadtoatangiblebetterlifeforthepeoplethatliveinthecapitalcity.Thismeansmovingbeyondservicedeliverytoapassivecitizenryandtheregulationofthephysicalenvironmenttothecreationofconditionsinwhichallcitizenscandeveloptotheirfullpotentialbyleadingproductiveandfulfillinglives81.Thus,toeffectivelydothis,aconcertedeffortisrequiredfromnationalgovernmentandpoliticalparties,aswellasfromlocalmunicipalitiestorestorepopulartrustandcredibilityinlocalgovernment82.
Lever 3: Leading the development of a collaborative Gauteng City Region
Itiscrucialtounderstandhowindividualcitiesandtownsfunctionwithinalargerpolycentricurbanwhole,andfurtherhowoptimalfunctioningofthiswholecanbeadvancedthroughimprovementsinintergovernmentalrelationsbetweentheseparateadministrationsresponsibleforpiecesofthelargerregion.Inanutshell,thisisanargumenttoacknowledgethatnopartoftheurbanregionisanisland,andbecausethepartsformacompositewholeasanindisputablegeographicfact,itisimportanttocollectivelyworktogethertoaddresscross-boundarychallenges,andoptimiseregion-wideopportunities.
Whilecompetitivenessmaycertainlybeenhancedbythisworking-together,justasimportantarethepolicygoalsofintegration,socialandeconomicinclusivity,accessibilitytoopportunityandurbanamenity,andenvironmentalsustainability.Allofthesearemorerelevanttotheimmediate,localisedneedsandaspirationsofresidentsthanistheissueofthestandingonthehierarchyofworldcities.
Citiesandcityregionsformpartofaworld-widenetworkofplacesthat,morethanthenationalterritoriesofwhichtheyareapart,articulatetheglobaleconomyofproduction,exchange,consumptionandinnovation.Thisnotionhasunderpinnedthefurtherideathatcitiesoughttoaspiretobemoreimportantnodeswithintheweboftheworldeconomy.Asapolicy-good,thisthinkinggoesthat,urbancentresshouldstrivetobecomeworld-citiesorglobalcity-regions.
ThecityregionisanewwayoflookingaturbanGauteng,notjustasacollectionoftowns,cities,localgovernmentsandboundaries,butasasinglemetropoliswithpotentialatthegloballevel(seeFigure3.2).Thischangeoffocusisimportantforestablishinginstitutionalrelationshipsthatwillleadthegrowthanddevelopmentofthecity/region83.TheTshwaneofthefutureisalsolikelytobemoredemographicallydiversethanitisnowwithmoreandmorepeopleattractedtotheopportunitiesofferedbythenewmegalopolis.
Figure 3.2 Urban land cover of the Gauteng City Region, 2009
Midrand
Pretoria
Vereeniging
Johannesburg
10m provincial urban land cover ( GeoTerraImage (GTI) -2009)
2009 GTI Urban Land Cover
Source: GCRO: http://www.gcro.ac.za/sites/default/files/maps/pdfs/gcro_urban_land_cover_gti_2009.pdf 84
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TheGautengCityRegion(GCR)iscomprisedoftheofTshwane-Johannesburg-Ekurhulenimetropolitans(seeFigure3.3)85.TheGautengCityRegion(G2055)discussiondocumentprovidesalong-termplanforthedevelopmentoftheGautengCityRegion(GCR).TheGautengProvincialGovernmentsVision2055offersthefollowingasanoverarchingstatementoftheglobalcity-region86:
Anchored by an urban core, city-regions span larger functional areas, whose geographic borders are drawn by a number of concentrations, flows and linkages. These typically include large populations and dense labour markets, commuting flows from places of residence to places of work, transport logistics corridors that move goods and services, firm networks, spatial agglomeration economies, and even water catchments and other biophysical variables, such as rainfall and biosphere reserves.
Figure 3.3 Schematic footprint of the Gauteng City Region
Source: GCRO: Gauteng Provincial Government, 2012. G2055 Discussion Document
TheG2055furtherindicatesthattheGCRisalsoahighlyinter-connectedgeographicalareawithafootprintthatextendsbeyondGautengsbordersduetoconnectivity,interdependenciesandsynergies.Thismetropolisisgrowingintooneofthemajorurbanregionsintheworld.TheGCRisnotedashavingthelargesturbaneconomyonthecontinentandplaysasignificantroleasthelogisticshuboftheSADCregion.
Our contribution to the Gauteng City Region
TheCityofTshwanewillleadthesupportefforttodevelopaGautengCityRegionbeingledbytheGautengProvincialGovernment.WehaveidentifiedanumberofinterventionsthatwewillpursuewithinourownboundariesandacrossmunicipalboundarieswithintheProvincetopromotethedevelopmentoftheGautengCityRegionoverthenextfewdecades.Theseincludebutarenotlimitedtothepromotionof:
Co-ordinatedlandpublictransportserviceprovision; Co-ordinateddevelopmentoflandfreighttransportfacilitiesandintegratedmanagement; Co-ordinateddevelopmentofroadnetworksespeciallywhereeconomiccorridorshavebeenidentified; Co-ordinatedinvestmentinindustrialrenewal/refurbishmentespeciallywhereindustrialzones/corridors crossmunicipalborders;
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Co-ordinateddevelopmentofnewurbannodeswheretheseareontheedgeofmunicipalboundariesor wherethesearebasedonjointprovincialandlocalinfrastructureinvestments; Improvedco-ordinationaroundmanagementofdevelopmentapplicationsandlicenses wherefullcompliancerequiresthatbusinessesdealwithbothlocalandprovince; Co-ordinatedpolicyapproachestohiddenbulk-coststructuresthataffecttheexpansionofthe Gautengregion; Co-ordinatedlargescaletourisminfrastructureinvestments,especiallywheretheremaybelocational overlapsorsymbolicsynergies; Collaborationwithothermunicipalitiestofacilitateinvestmentattraction; Jointeffortstomanagedowntherisingcostsofkeyresourceinputssourcedexternally;and Co-ordinationofstrategicinformationgatheringexercisesandinformationmanagementfacilitiestobenefit theGautengCityRegion.
Lever 4: Embracing a new age of Pan-Africanism
TheTshwaneofthefutureisalsolikelytobemoredemographicallydiversethanitisnowwithmoreandmorepeopleattractedtotheopportunitiesofferedthroughtheremakingoftheCity.ItisinthisregardtheCityofTshwanewillpositionitselfasthehomeoftheAfricanrenaissance,bringingtogetherculturalandintellectualperspectivesfromwithinSouthAfricaandthecontinentasawhole.However,itwillnotbeaboutdominationoftheAfricanrenaissanceagenda;ratheritwillbeabouttheCityofTshwanesupportingSouthAfricascommitmenttoPanAfricanismasaguidetoactionandthefoundationsforAfricasRenaissance87.OurcommitmenttosupportourcountrysforeignandnationalinterestismagnifiedbecauseofthesignificantconcentrationofthediplomaticcommunitywithinourCity.
Fromaneconomicdevelopmentperspective,theCityofTshwanehasaroletoplayinsupportingthecountrysBRICSagenda.TheBRICS(Brazil,Russia,India,ChinaandSouthAfrica)configurationisanassociationoftheleadingemergingeconomies.ThegroupinghadbeencalledBRICbeforetheaccessionofSouthAfricainDecember201088.ProjectionsoffutureeconomicgrowthbysizeofeconomyrankBrazil(7)Russia(15),India(3),China(1)andSouthAfrica(36)willbeinthetop40by205089.AsSouthAfricascapital,theCityofTshwanewillsupportallgovernmentprogrammesofensuringthattheAfricanagendaisconsolidated,remainsatthecoreofBRICScapitalcitiesandincreasingstrategiccooperationwithotheremergingeconomies.
Tothisendtheinterrelatedrelationshipbetweeninternationalrelations,diplomacyandtradeisclearlyevidentintheCityofTshwane.Thisisbecause,withtheincreaseinthesizeofcitiestherehasbeenaconcomitantriseinthedevelopmentofwhatsomescholarscallparadiplomacyorconstituentunitdiplomacy,whichreferstothedevelopmentofinternationalrelationsamongcities.
Paradiplomacyispartofanewtrendinthesphereofinternationalrelationsitself.Thisistheshiftfrom19thand20thcenturyconceptionsofinternationalrelationsthatwerealmostexclusivelyfocusedonbalanceofpowerandthemaintenanceofpowerblocstoaconstructionofinternationaldiplomacybasedontrade.Paradiplomacybecomescrucialpreciselybecausethefateofnationsincreasinglydependsonthecapacityoftheirbiggestcitiestodeveloptraderelationshipswithothercitiesintheworld.Thiscallsforthedevelopmentofnewinternational/inter-cityinternationalrelationsskillswithinlocalgovernments.
Ourapproachtoparadiplomacywillnotbedrivenbyanarrowinterestofpromotingourowninterests.Rather,ourparadiplomacyfocuswillfirstlybeatthenationalandprovinciallevelswherewewillaimtoplayasignificantsupportandleadershiproletosupportthenationalandprovincialgovernmentsnationalandforeigninterestagenda.Inordertoplayaleadershiproleinsuchacontextoutlinedabove,theCityofTshwanewillactivelycontinuetodevelopitsowninternationalrelationscapacity,particularlygivenourroleasSouthAfricascapitalcity.Secondly,atthelocalgovernmentlevel,theCityofTshwaneasthecapitalcity,willleadcollaborativeparadiplomacyinterventionstosupportothercitiesandco-operatewiththemonthebasisofpromotinglocalgovernmentinterestsinternallyandexternally.
Paradiplomacy can broadly be understood as diplomacy activities conducted by other entities such as provincial governments or local governments as other than the state with a view of promoting their own interests.
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WHAT THE CITY OF TSHWANE COULD BE IN 2055Duringourengagementandoutreachprocess,stakeholderssharedtheirvisionfortheCityofTshwane.
The people of Tshwane should undertsand and respect people
with disabilities.
The City must employ local community
members for maintaining and clearing parks
I do wish thered be more debate about a green city, and the place of the arts. Cities of the future have to build these elements in; it cant all be about
governance and transport. Cities need a heart, too.
Urban design would transform the value of the City and encourage people to love walking itthis will reduce carbon emissions
The Hennops river needs a huge clean up.
Hiking adds to a balanced life. But not a pleasure
walking there with all the rubbish around...
We can construct a fast subway train that passes through the
CBD connecting to the important nodes.
How is the City positioning itself particularly when it comes to
global competitiveness?
Together with this we could create a pedestrian oriented
cityby making more attractive walkways and good building
interfaces... redesigning buildings to interact with people on the
street.
I think library facilities that offer a vibrant environment for people to read and learn especially young people is
crucial, perhaps positioning libraries in busy areas such as multi-purpose centres
would be a great example.
The municipality must create dedicated Taxi stops
to reduce bad driving in order to improve road safety
on the township streets.
I wish the City could have flexible routes to drive
around the CBD, create a well-managed area for
vendors, its difficult to walk around
A dilemma - the longer the provision of housing takes,
the more people will be forced to live in settlements, but they also need a certain standard of living so if basic
services and so on are provided, the chances are
that the settlements will remain.
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The current and future city of Tshwane as envisioned by a young person
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citiesandothercitiesleadtoavisioningofwhattheCityofTshwanecouldlooklikein2055.Thesecityperspectivesnotcastinstoneareusefultohelpusimagineandarticulatewhatphysicalandintangibleattributespeoplewanttoseeinacapitalcity.Andwhilethesemaychangeinformedbythepresentrealities,theyareausefulcompassfortheremakingofthecapitalcitywhereourmonumentalitywillnotjustbeaboutphysicalbuildings,itwillbeaboutaremadeCityofTshwanethathasthefollowingcharacteristics90:
Addressestheneedsofthepooranddeliberatelydealswithpovertyinanurbanisedsettingwhichholds obviousadvantagesforthepooringettingaccesstoservicesandopportunitiesandtothestateas custodianofpublicserviceprovision; Achievessustainedeconomicgrowthwhichisthereforeapreconditionforsustainedimprovementsinthe livesofpeople; Provideshighqualitylivingexperiencesinwhichpeoplewanttosettleandinvest. Ahighquality environmentisareflectionoftherangeofeconomicopportunities,culturalexperiences, senseofsafetyandaqualityphysicalenvironment.Theavailabilityofarangeofeffectiveandefficiently providedpublicservices,transportandamenitiesareimportantfactorsincreatingahighqualityliving experience; Providesconnectivityintermsofavailabilityofqualitycommunicationsinfrastructure,masstransit systemsandexcellentregionalandinternationaltransportconnections.Thisisaprerequisitein establishingafootholdintradeandfinancialflowswithinaregionandglobalcontext. Publicinvestmentsintransportandcommunicationsinfrastructurearekeyfactorsinfluencing competitiveness;and Increasesthesizewhichgeneratesagglomerationadvantagessinceitstimulatesagrowingrangeof economicactivity.Competitiveagglomerationbenefitsareinfluencedbydispensableincome,thecostof publicservices,transport,labourandotherinputcosts,aswellastheappropriatenessofthelabourskills toeconomicrequirements.
Figure3.4representsaperspectiveontheCityofTshwanesaspirations. Figure 3.4 An artists impression of quality of living in Tshwane in 2055
City of Tshwane
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OUR SPATIAL REFORM AGENDAInlinewiththeFreedomChartercommitmentofredressingtheissueofaccesstolandandshelter,thegovernmentofSouthAfricabetween1994and2011builtinexcessof3millionhousesforover13millioncitizensofwhichsomewerebuiltintheCityofTshwane91.However,thefirst20yearsofourdemocracyhasalsobeenmarkedbyunprecedentedurbanisationandmigrationintocities.Asitisthecaseforothercities,intheCityofTshwanethemajorityofthepeoplewhohavemigratedintotheCityfindthemselveseitherresidinginthepreviousdormitorytownshipsorintheinformalsettlements.ThesetownshipsandinformalsettlementsareusuallylocatedontheperipheryoftheCityseconomicactivityzones,arepoorlyservicedareas,anddonothavesecurityoftenure.ThisfurtheralienatestheseresidentsfromaccessingCitysocio-economicservices,opportunities,andtheyusuallyincurgreatercostsoftransportation.
ItisthereforeagainstthisbackgroundthatcentraltoTshwaneVision2055istherecognitionthatourcapitalcityisnotonlyaplaceforthemoreaffluentmembersofsociety,butforallwhocalltheCityofTshwanehome.
TheCityofTshwanesspatialreformagendaispremisedontheappreciationandunderstandingthatthecompleteremakingofthecapitalcityrequiresstrongspatialgovernance.StrongspatialgovernanceisabouttheCityscapacitytolead,direct,andengagewithallstakeholdersaroundtheCityslong-termspatialvisionthatisanchoredinthepublicinterest.Ourlong-termspatialvisionwillnotonlybeaboutputtingaplanforward;itisaboutchangingthespatialdistortionthatcurrentlyexists.Forthischangetohappen,boldleadership,innovation,andbeingreceptivetonewwaysofknowinganddoingareprerequisites.
WeknowthattheCityofTshwaneisapolycentricCitythatismadeupofRegionsandnodes(seeFigure3.5)thatpossessanumberofopportunities.Drawingfromexperiencesofothercities,thecombinationoftheseopportunitiesandtheprinciplesofspatialtransformationdictatethatwe,throughourRegions:
Dajo Associates/Ryan Thomas
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Drivespatialtransformationthroughdensificationandcompactdevelopment; Addressmanyoftheillscurrentlycausedbyurbansprawl; Achieveabalancedsustainablegrowthtooptimisethepotentialandinfrastructurecapacity; Revitaliseanddevelopneweconomicnodesthatsupporttransit-orienteddevelopmentandpublic transportsystems; Strategicallyinvestininfrastructuretargetingvariousnodes,corridors,activityspines,andstrategicland parcelsthatsupporthigherintensityofmixedusedevelopment; Achieveabalancedsustainableurbangrowthbyimplementingacertaindensitytypologybasedonthe characteristicsofthelocality; Conserveandprotectnaturalresourcesthroughtheintentionalorderingofurbandevelopmentwithinthe boundariesofspecificdelineations;and GiveequalaccesstotheCityssocialandeconomicinfrastructure.
Moreover,fortheCityofTshwanetobealiveable,resilient,andinclusiveCity,ourspatialtransformationagendawillbe:
Reliantontheextenttowhichourlegislativeframeworkincentivisescommunityandprivatesector-led initiatives; Supportedbyourabilityandwillingnesstoproactivelymanageinformalandformalgrowth;and Premisedontheimplementationofcompactionanddensificationpolicies.
Itisimportanttonotethatasefficientasnewgrowthareasandnodesmaybewithinthemselves,thesewillnotbesustainableifresidentscannotaccessthem.Thus,connectivitythroughthemobilitynetworkswillensureaccessforresidents,providingaccesstoresidentialthatbetterintegratesthemtoemploymentopportunities.TheTshwaneVision2055alsoemphasisestheprinciplethatthecatchmentareaofeachnodeintheCityofTshwaneshouldbefullycoveredintermsoffeederroutesystemsthatsupportthemaintransportationroutes,andthatnopersonshouldhavetowalkmorethan800mwithinanodetofindaformofqualitypublictransport.
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Figure 3.5 Selected City of Tshwane nodes
Developed by Andr Wright, Boogertman + Partners Architects
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Forthenextfourdecadesofgamechanging,theCityofTshwanesspatialreformwillbeledbytheCitythroughdeliberateinfrastructureinvestmentonstrategiclandparcelsintheRegionssoastocrowdininvestorsandotherspheresofgovernment(seeFigure3.6).TheCitywillalsomakeaconcertedefforttosupportcommunity-ledinitiativesaspartofbroadeningaccesstosocio-economicopportunities.
Figure 3.6 Tshwane Vision 2055 spatial reform agenda
Developed Andr Wright, Boogertman + Partners Architects
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FortheCityofTshwanetomeaningfullycontributeatthesocial,economicandpoliticallevelsthatsupporttherealisationofafunctionalGautengCityRegion(discussedearlierinthechapter),ithastoreconfigureitsspatialform.Theconceptofacityregionisbuiltaroundtheexistenceoffunctional,interrelatedgeographicnetworkofurbancentreseachcontributingtoitsgrowth.
Tobuildanintegrated,competitiveAfricancapitalcitywithadiverseeconomicbaserequiresafunctionalcapitalcore.ThespatialreformstrategyoftheCityofTshwaneisaboutintegratingdifferentpartsandRegionsoftheCityandalsoaboutdevelopingsustainableandfunctioningnodes.Theroleofthecapitalcoreisamplifiedinthatitformsthenucleusfromwhichnodesemerge,develop,andgrow.InmostoftheRegionalnodes,theCitywilldirectitsinfrastructureinvestmentinvariousnodessoastostimulatevariouseconomicactivities.
InorderfortheCityofTshwanetoaccommodateprojectedpopulationgrowth,diversificationofitseconomicbase,andbecomesustainable,futuredevelopmentwillbebasedonstrategiccatchmentareaslocatedalongmajorpublictransportroutes.Thefollowingaresomeinterventions(interventionsnamedherearenotexhaustive)identifiedforeachRegionthatwillsupporttheCitysspatialreformagenda.
Region 1
TheZoneofChoiceisastrategicinvestmentfocusareaandacatalystonthedevelopmentwithinthenorthernareasoftheCityofTshwane.TheidentificationoftheZoneofChoiceisrelatedtoitsproximitytothecapitalcore,existinginfrastructure(suchastheN4),andthemomentumofexistingdevelopmentssuchastheindustrialareaofRosslynwhichprovidesemploymentopportunitiesforthemajorityoftheCitysresidents.TheinvestmentininfrastructureintheZoneofChoice,Mabopane,andGa-Rankuwawillsupportfuturedevelopmentandgrowthoftheautomotiveindustry.TheRainbowJunctionisthemixeduseeconomicnodealsolocatedwithintheZoneofChoice.
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Region 2
Currently,Region2doesnothaveastrongeconomicbase,buthaslimitedeconomicactivitiesnamelyinformaltrade,communitystokvelsandtheexistenceofasmallindustrialparkBabelegi,andarecentlydevelopedshoppingcentre.Assuch,Region2isconsideredtobeanareaofconsolidationwhichmeanstheCityofTshwanewillleadintheinvestmentofsocio-economicinfrastructureintheHammanskraalCBDsoastocrowdinanddirectpublicandprivatesectorinvestment.
Region 3
Region3includestheinnercapitalcore,whichisthehomeofnationalgovernment,institutionsofhigherlearning,andknowledgecentresandprovidestheinterchangeforvariouspublictransportmodes.Themodernisationandtheregenerationoftheinnercapitalcoreformsanintegralpartoftheremakingofthecapitalcity.CatalyticprojectssuchastheMandelaDevelopmentCorridor,TshwaneHouse,theWestCapitalwhichisaCityandnationalgovernment-ledinitiativeinpartnershipwiththeprivatesector,thepedestrianisationofPaulKruger,andSalvakopaswellasdevelopmentaroundthePretoriaGautrainstatonwillplayamajorroleinmodernisingthecapitalcore(seeFigure3.7-Figure3.9).
City of Tshwane/ Andr Wright, Boogertman + Partners Architects
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Region 4
Region4actsasanimportantcorridorlinkingMidrandandCenturionCBDanditisknownasthehigh-techbeltduetotheexistenceofAerosatandtheCenturionAviationVillage(CAV).TheRegionalsofallswithintheeconomiccoreoftheProvince.TheCenturionCBDandtheAfricanGatewayprojectrepresentasignificantlandmarkmixedusedevelopmentintheCityofTshwane.Further,theN1,N14andM1interchangealsoprovidesafutureprominentfocalpointforeconomicdevelopmentandwillenhancetheidentityofthisregion.
City of Tshwane
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Region 5
TherevitalisationanddevelopmentofthisRegionwillbeanchoredaroundthethreeareasofCullinan,Refilwe,andRayton.Aspartofthisrevival,theCityofTshwanewillleadtheinfillhighdensityandmixedusedevelopmentinandaroundtheRaytonCBDaswellinvestintheupgradeofinfrastructuretosupportfutureeconomicactivity.Region 6
KnownastheknowledgebeltintheCityofTshwaneduetothehighconcentrationofresearchanddevelopmentinstitutions.ThepresenceofsomeofthebiggestfinancialservicesentitiesaswellasthedevelopmentaroundMenlynmakesthisnodeoneofthecriticalnodesforfuturedevelopment.TheCitywilldeliberatelydrivethedevelopmentofMamelodiCBDandpromotetownshiptourismthroughthepreservationofheritage.
Region 7
TheCityofTshwanewillcontinuetoinvestinthefurtherdevelopmentoflightindustriesintheareasofEkandustriaandBronkhorstspruitinordertosupportthemanufacturi
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