twilight over burma မႈံရီဆိုင္း တိုင္းျမန္မာ
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8/21/2019 Twilight Over Burma
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r Ief&Dq kdi f; wkdi f;jr efr
ebook is created by www.ShanYoma.Org
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e b o o k i s c r e a t e d b y w w w . S
h a n Y o m a . O r g
e b o o k i s c r e a t e d b y w w w . S
h a n Y o m a . O r g
rIef&Dqk dif ; wk dif ;jref rmodk Y r[ k wfae0if qnf ;qmjynf jref rm
1
odaptyfygonf uRefr\cspfpG maom rdom;pk\tm;ay;ulnDrIom r&S dcJ hygvQif uRefr\cifyGef;onf wuf'fu odrfarG Yjiifomaom wk dufwGef;rI? tm;ay;rI rjyKcJhvQif? uRefr\orD;rsm;jzpfMuaom rm,m&DESifhudEé&D? uRefr\om;ruf tif'&l;wk d Yuom uRefr\qk H;jzwfcsufud k wGef;tm;ay;? ulnD0dkif;0ef;rI rjyKcJ hMuygvQif? olwk d Y\zcif? uRefr\cifyGef;p0fMumqk difESifh ol\jynfolrsm;taMumif;ud k uRefr a&;om;&ef jzpfEk difzG ,f r&S dyg/
olwkd Ytm; uRefr vIdufvI dufvSJvS J aus;Zl;wif&ygonf/ uRefr\rdcifjzpfol t,fvfz&D;'g tJAm;[wfud kvnf; aus;Zl;wif&ygonf/ oD aygrSpmrsm;udk araru odrf;qnf;ay;xm;cJ hygonf/ xk dpmrsm;aMumif h uRefr\twdwfjzpf&yfrsm;ud k yd krkdjyufxifjywfom;apcJ hygonf/ uRefr\pma&;azmftkyfpk0ifrsm;jzpfMu
onfhuAD? au;ESif ha&mAwfwk d Yonf uRefrtm; tjyKoabma0zefrIrsm; tpOfwpdkufjyKcJ h Muojzif h txl;aus;Zl;wifpum; qkdcsifvSygonf/ uRefra&;om;pOf apmapmykdif;rSmyifudwfuvefcsDu wnf;jzwfrItjrifjzif h a0zefrIrsm;ay;í ulnDcJ h&m olrud kvnf; aus;Zl;wifvSygonf/ þpmtkyf ykHES dyfxkwfa0&mü abmhAfy&pfZfumESif hcsm;vfpf*G'frif; yg0ifjcif;r&S dcJ h vQifvnf; jzpfajrmufEk difrnf r[kwfygí uRefr\tay:wGif olwk dY\aus;Zl; BuD;rm;vSyg
onf/ [m0k dif,Dwuúok dvfrS bDvf[,frDvfweftm;vnf; uRefr\pmtkyfuk d xkwfa0&efpdwf0ifpm;aomaMumifh aus;Zl;wifvSygonf/ tenf;qk H;r[kwfbJ aemufqk H;taejzifh jrefrmjynfü uRefrwkd Ytwd'ku©a&mufaeMupOf aemufqkH;tcsdefrsm;txd apwem? arwå m? u&kPmtjynf hESifh&d kif;yif;ulnDMuaom?&J&if hMuaom? jrefrmjynft&yf&yfrS rdwfaqGjynfolrsm;tm; txl;aus;Zl;wifvSygonf/þae&mü ¤if;wk d Y\trnfrSefrsm;ud k azmfjy&ef txl;owdxm;&ygonf/ od k Yaomf xd kol
wkd Yu rnfolonf rnf0g jzpfaMumif; odMuygonf/ olwk d Ytm; uRefr b,faomtcgrS arh aysmufoG m;Ekdifawmhrnf r[kwfyg/
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e b o o k i s c r e a t e d b y w w w . S
h a n Y o m a . O r g
e b o o k i s c r e a t e d b y w w w . S
h a n Y o m a . O r g
rIef&Dqk dif ; wk dif ;jref rmodk Y r[ k wfae0if qnf ;qmjynf jref rm
2
þpmtkyfü yg0ifaomt"duyk*¾Kdvfrsm; ,aeYwk dif ouf&S dxif&S m;&S daeMuaom yk*¾KdvftcsKd Uudk
umuG ,f&ef emrnftcsKd Uud k vTJajymif;xm;ygonf/
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okpE´ D p0fMumqkdif\Muif ,mawmf? MopBwD;,m;ol? oDayge,f\r[ma'0D/ MopBwD;,m;emrnf tif*g[lívnf;aumif;/ p0frJh? r,fawmf[lí¤if; &Hzef&Hcg az:nTef;xm;onf/
rm,m&DESif hudEé&D p0fESif hokpE´ Dwk d Y\orD;awmfrsm;/
arG okpE´ D\vl ,k Hawmf? &Srf;ud k ,fvkyfawmf? tysKdawmf/
Ekdif;Ek dif;ESif hyghapm &Srf;cav;xdef;rsm;/
aumvdef &Srf;pm;awmfuJ/
ylacgif? ar"g ta&S Ua[mfrS trIawmfxrf;rsm;/pdPÖ? tkdufqk difESifhbat;
eE´ m p0fMumqkdif\0rf;uGJtpfud kawmf(,cifapmfbGm;)\r[ma'0D/
OD;xef oDayge,f\trwfcsKyf/
p0fcGefvk H p0fMumqkdif\tpfuk dawmf/
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e b o o k i s c r e a t e d b y w w w . S
h a n Y o m a . O r g
e b o o k i s c r e a t e d b y w w w . S
h a n Y o m a . O r g
rIef&Dqk dif ; wk dif ;jref rmodk Y r[ k wfae0if qnf ;qmjynf jref rm
3
MopBwD;,m; u&mcsDü &k H;xk difonf/oHtrwfrpöemukd YvfbfESifhZeD;
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Ak dvfpMum jrefrmEkdifiHa&;orm;vkyfief;&Sif &Jabmfok H;usdyf0if/
OD;Ek jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEk difiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf/ 1962 ckESpfü ae0if;u&mxl; rS jzKwfNyD; axmifcsxm;cJhonf/
arb,fvf p0fcGefcsKd\Muif,mawmf? NAdwdefol? rkd;rdwfe,f\r[ma'0D/ESif hbufwef
ae0if; jrefrmppfwyfAk dvfcsKyfBuD;/ 1962 ckESpf ppfwyfu tmPmodrf;rIud kacgif; aqmifolESifhxk ddtcsdefrSpNyD; tmPm&Sifjzpfvmol/
armifa&T ta&SUyd kif;wk dif;(&Srf;jynfe,f )ud k tkyfcsKyf&aom jrefrmppfwyfAk dvfrSL; BuD;/
xGef;atmif oDayge,fud k tkyfcsKyf&aom jrefrmppfwyfAk dvfrSL;BuD;/
Ak dvfrSL;BuD; ppfpkHprf;axmufvSrf;a&; XmerSL;csKyf/armifvGif tifrftk diftufpf
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e b o o k i s c r e a t e d b y w w w . S
h a n Y o m a . O r g
e b o o k i s c r e a t e d b y w w w . S
h a n Y o m a . O r g
rIef&Dqk dif ; wk dif ;jref rmodk Y r[ k wfae0if qnf ;qmjynf jref rm
4
rmwdumodaptyfygonfþpmtkyfü yg0ifaomt"duyk*¾Kdvfrsm;
trS mpm
tcef; 1tcef; 2tcef; 3tcef; 4
tcef; 5tcef; 6tcef; 7tcef; 8tcef; 9tcef; 10
tcef; 11tcef; 12tcef; 13tcef; 14tcef; 15tcef; 16
tcef; 17tcef; 18tcef; 19tcef; 20
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e b o o k i s c r e a t e d b y w w w . S
h a n Y o m a . O r g
e b o o k i s c r e a t e d b y w w w . S
h a n Y o m a . O r g
rIef&Dqk dif ; wk dif ;jref rmodk Y r[ k wfae0if qnf ;qmjynf jref rm
5
trS mpm 1966 ck ZGefv aEG&moD aeomaomaeYvnfwaeYvnf? MopBwD;,m;EkdifiHNrdKYawmf AD ,ifem\abZufuf 15 odk Yr[kwf 'dpBwdwfAma&mhcf&Jwk dufwckud k yk*¾vduyk difZdrf cHa[mfw,ftjzpf ajymif;vJxm;aom &Savmhpfavmf'ef&Sd&mod k Y abmufpf0uf*Gef yk d;[wfum;i,fuav;wpD; a&SU&IcsOf;uyfoG m;vsuf&Sdonf/ oHxnf*dwfwHcg;0 ud k MopBwD;,m;&Jrsm;u apmif ha&S mufxm;onf/ csOf;uyfvmaom um;uav; rS m AD ,ifemqk dif&m awmf0ifxk dif;oH&k H;\oHwref0efxrf; pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;jyo Ek difonf htwGuf &Jwk d Yu 0ifcGif hay;vkdufonf/ yk d;[wfum;uav;onf pufoH wzkH;zkH; jrnfvsuf &Jwkduf ywfywfvnfwGif oyf ,yfpGm &dyfodrf;jzwfawmufxm;aom jrufcif;ud k jzwfazmufxm;onf hausmufp
&pfvrf; twk dif; 0ifa&mufoG m;um taqmuftOD;BuD;\ tjyifü &yfwefYvk duf onf/ ta&S Uawmiftm&Swk dufolwk d YuJ hod kY qHyifuk d aemufü pkíxk H;xm;aomOa&m ywkdufoltrsKd;orD;i,f wa,mufonf um;wGif;rSxGufvmum ausmufjzLavS um;xpfrsm;twkdif; A[k dwHcg;rBuD;&S d&modk Y wufoGm;onf/ q,fESpfESifhckepfESpft &G ,f toD;oD;&Sd tm&S Oa&myaoG; ygaom orD;uav; ESpfa,mufonf olr\ vufud k qkyfukdifvsuf vk dufygoG m;Muonf/ olwk dYonf a&mufukdud kacwfrStqifh
jrifhpm;yGJukvm;xk difrsm;? opfeuf pm;yG J&Snfrsm;jzifh cef Ynm;pG m wefqm qifxm; aom &Jwk duft0if cef;rBuD;xJod kY &Jwif;pGm 0ifa&mufoG m;Muonf/ &kwfw&uf usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufvmMuolrsm;tm; [dkw,frS tm&Swkdufom;{nfhonfolpdrf;rsm;u rsufvk H;jyL; rsufqefjyL;ESif h 0d kif;0ef;Munfh&IMuonf/ orD;ESpfa,mufud kNrJNrJpG Judkifvsuf [d kw,fwGif;&S d{nf honfrsm;tm; cyfoGufoGufa0hMunf h &SmazGvkdufNyD; olrawG Yvk dolud k awG Y&S doG m;um ¤if;tkyfpktwGif;rS trsKd;orD;wOD;xHodk Y csOf;uyfoG m;vsuf yD
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Oa&mywk dufoluvnf; jrefrmtrsKd;orD;Munf h&mod k Y Munf hvk dufonf/ 0&efwmay:wGif t&yftarmif;aumif;aom tm&Swk dufom;wa,mufud k awG Yvkduf&onf/ 0&ef wmvuf&ef;aemufod kYvSnf hNyD; wHcg;aygufwcktwGif;odk Y 0ifa&mufaysmufuG,foG m;onf/wHcg;ud kvnf; aoaocsmcsm ydwfoGm;onf/ ]]xk difygtk H;&Sif? vÇuf&nf aomufygtk H;}}
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e b o o k i s c r e a t e d b y w w w . S
h a n Y o m a . O r g
e b o o k i s c r e a t e d b y w w w . S
h a n Y o m a . O r g
rIef&Dqk dif ; wk dif ;jref rmodk Y r[ k wfae0if qnf ;qmjynf jref rm
6
jrefrmtrsKd;orD;u uref;uwef; ajymvk dufonf/ ]]awmfygNyD&Sif? aus;Zl;wifygw,f? uRefr Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;eJ Yud k,fa&;ud k ,fwmudpöaqG;aEG;zk dY vmcJhwmyg}} wzuftrsKd;orD;u ar;ud k cyfarmharmh xm;vsuf ajymvk dufonf/ orD;uav;ESpfa,mufu &SufaMumufaomtrlt&mjzif h rdcif\vufarmif;ud kzuf wG,fxm;vsufyif &S dMuonf/ ]]'Dvk dyg? ol tem;,laeygw,f? olvJ odyfaeraumif;bl;av}} jrefrmtrsKd;orD;u cyfqkdif;qk dif; jyefajzonf/ ]]aeraumif;bl; [kwfvm;/ ol ckeu tcef;xJud k cyfokwfokwf0ifoGm;vkdufwmuRefrjrifvkdufwmuawmh aumif;aumif;usef;rmom;bJ}}Oa&mywkdufolu jyefvnfxkd;ESufonf/
apmapmutcef;wGif;od k Y0ifa&mufaysmufuG,foG m;aomt&yftarmif;aumif;aumif;ESif hvlrS m pifppftm;jzif h vGefcJhaomav;ESpfu ppfwyfjzif htmPmodrf;,lcJhaom jrefrmppftmPm&Sif ae0if;yif jzpfayonf/ tm&Swk dufolrS m ol\ZeD; cifaroef; jzpf\/upfwDboef;[kvnf;ac:Muonf/ Ak dvfcsKyfBuD;cHpm;ae&aom pdwfa0'emtwGuf aq;ukorIcH,l&ef AD,ifemod kY a&muf&S daeMujcif; jzpfonf/ olESifhtwl ppfwyft&m&S dBuD;rsm;?ppfpk Hprf;axmufvSrf;a&;rS tBuD;tuJrsm;(50)ausmf yg0ifvk dufygvmcJ hMuonf/
&Savmhpfavmf'ef[d kw,fwckvkH;ud k iS m;&rf;xm;NyD; ae0if;ud k,fwk difrS m AD,ifemwGif vltrsm;av;pm;wefbk d;xm;Mu&aom emrnfBuD;pdwfa0'emukyg&*l a'gufwm[ef;pfa[mhzfESif haeYpOfawGYqk H tppfaq;cH ,lvsuf &S donf/ jrefrmEk difiH\xdyfwef;tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmyd kifrsm;udk &J&if hpGm &ifqkdifvsuf&S daomMuH hcd kifawmif hwif;onf hOa&mywk dufolonf tif*gtJvfAm;[wf jzpfonf/ olrud k jrefrmjynfajrmufyd kif;&S d rEÅ av; vm;&I d;rD;&xm;vrf;a[mif; jzwfoef;azmufvkyfxm;aom oD
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e b o o k i s c r e a t e d b y w w w . S
h a n Y o m a . O r g
e b o o k i s c r e a t e d b y w w w . S
h a n Y o m a . O r g
rIef&Dqk dif ; wk dif ;jref rmodk Y r[ k wfae0if qnf ;qmjynf jref rm
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a,muftjzpfxuf bmrQyk dí owdrxm;rdcJ h/ olwkd Ycsif; oabmwl pkHrufjrwfEk d;wefbk d;xm;cJhMuojzifh 1953 ckESpf rwfvwGif vufxyfcJ hMuonf/ 1947 ckESpf? ZEé0g&Dvuwnf;u p0fMumqkdifonf p0fzvk H(aumif;uifud k pk d;rk d;ol [kt"dyÜ g,f&onf )[laombG J Yud k cH ,l&&S dNyD;rS jynfaxmifpktar&duefjynfod k Y ynmoif&ef oG m;a&mufcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ 1957 ckESpf? Ekd0ifbmv 2 &ufaeYwGif tif*gtm; oDayge,f \r[ma'0DbG JY(awmf0ifrsKd;EG ,fbG J Y)ud k &kd;&mrif;crf;rif;em;rsm;ESif htyfESif;cJ honf/ jynf axmifpkjrefrmEk difiH\uef Yowfud k,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; &&Sdaom &Srf;jynfe,fBuD;twGif;e,f aygif; ok H;q,fausmfwGif tvGefausmfMum;NyD; vlcspfvlcif aygrsm;onf hEkysKdaomapmfbG m;ZeD;armifES H jzpfcJ hMuonf/ a&Tom;apwDykxd k;wk d Y &k d;&me,fajr[k t"dyÜ g,fxGufaom jrefrmjynftaMumif;ud k
a&;om;cJhonf h'def;epf&Sf pma&;q&m tm*gc&m&yfeD;vfqifu 1950 ck aemufydkif;rsm;ü oDayge,fbufod k Y a&muf&S dcJhNyD; a&;om;azmfjycsufwGif yxryk dif;ü a'ocHvlxku Oa&mywk dufolwa,muftm; ¤if;wk dY\xD;rsKd;eef;EG,ftjzpf todtrSwfjyK&ef pdwfrouf rom jzpfaeMuonf/ trsm;jynfolwk d YrSm pdwfESvkH; romr,mjzpfMu&onf/ od kYaomf tcsdeftenf;i,f twGif;rSmyif olwkd Y\twk duftcHrsm; t&nfaysmfoG m;Muum ,cktcgwGif r[ma'0Dudk
vufcHcspfcifvmMuonf/ av;pm;,k HMunfvmMuonf/ oDayge,fole,fom;rsm;u olrtm; olwk d Y\aoG;&if;om;&if;uJ hod kYyif cH,loG m;Muawmhonf[lí azmfjyxm;onf/ p0fMumqk difonf taemufwk dif; tar&duefrS ynmukd avhvmoif ,lNyD; oDaygok dY jyefvnfa&muf&Sdí rMumciftwGif;üyif tkda[mif;aeNyDjzpfaom uHauR;cspepftm; tMuHopfÓPfopfrsm;uk d pwiftok H;jyKonf/ txl;jcm;qk H; tMuHtpnfwckrS m tpOftvmtm;jzif h ol(apmfbG m;yk dif )v,fajrrsm;udk wu,fvkyfudkifaeaom awmifolv,form;
rsm;tm; yd kifqk difcGifh ay;vk dufjcif;jzpfonf/ xkd Ytjyif v,fxGefpufrsm;? v,f ,mok H;ypönf;rsm;rS m,lwifoGif;NyD; awmifolv,form;rsm;tm; tcrJ hokH;pGJcGif hay;jcif;? ajropfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;azmfxkwfNyD; prf;oyfpk dufysKd;cif;rsm; xlaxmifjcif;? obm0ajratmufo,HZmwayg
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e b o o k i s c r e a t e d b y w w w . S
h a n Y o m a . O r g
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h a n Y o m a . O r g
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8
a&;tqufquf pm;0wfaea&;tqifhxuf rsm;pG m jrif hrm;cJ hayonf/ avmavmq,f xkdif;EkdifiHü a&muf&S daeaom oDayge,fom; vlBuD;olrwpfOD;u ]]tJ'Dwkef;u oDaygapmfbG m;uav;[m ck ,k d;',m;bk&ifvkdygyJAsm}} [kjyefajymif;atmufarhNyD; ajymjy&S monf/ ]]apmfbG m;uav;[m odyftvkyfBudK;pm;w,fAs? odyfvJ &k d;om;w,f? tusifhpm&dwåvJ vkH;0r,drf;,k difbl;? tJ'Dwkef;u usKyfwk d Y qefaumif;aumif;udk pm;Mu&w,f? ckvkd r[kwfzl;As? ckaemufyd kif;rS mawmh usKyfwk dYoDaygom;awGu qefnHhawGud k pm;Mu&w,f/usKyfwkd Yu jrefrmjynftv,fyd kif;rS mpk dufwJhqefnH hawGud k pm;Mu&NyD; usKyfwkd Ypk dufwJhqef awGud kawmh tpk d;&u olwk d Ypm;bk dY ,lw,fav/ 1960 ckESpfydkif;awGuaygh? usKyfrdef;r cyfi,fi,fuqk d,if apmfbG m;uav;eJ YolY
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vGwfvyfa&;ud k ay;vkdufNyD; &Srf;jynfe,ftm;vk H;ud k jynfe,fESpfckrSty jrefrmjynf\vufatmufcHjyKvk dufonf/ usKdif;wk HESif hrkdif;(rdef;)yefe,fwk d Yud k ol\&kyfao;xkdif;tpd k;&tm; vT Jajymif;ay;vkdufonf/ 1944 ckESpfü ta&SUawmiftm&S vli,ftzG JYcG Jrsm;udk &Srf;jynfe,frsm;twGif; xlaxmifzGJ Ypnf;onf/ jynfArmjynfESif he,fjcm;a'o qufqHa&;\tajccHtajymif;tvJ aMumif h Ek difiHa&;tajymif;tvJrsm;vnf; jzpfay:cJhonf/ xk dtcsdef xk dumvrSpí &Srf;
jynfe,frS jynfoltrsm; x
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nDvmcHü &mZ0ifwGifrnfhyifvkHpmcsKyfudk oabmwlvufrSwf a&;xkd;EkdifcJ hMuonf/ (xk dnD vmcHwGif u&ifESif hu&ifeDrsm; ryg0ifcJhbJ aemifü olwk d Yu vufeufud kifawmfvSefwk dufckduf cJ hMuonf/)þpmcsKyfonf ppfNyD;acwf e,fjcm;a'orS vlrsKd;pkwk dYESif h&efukefrStv,fyd kif;jrefrmtmPmykdifrsm;tMum; qufqHa&;\aomhcsufjzpfaom pm&Gufpmwrf; rSwfwrf;rSwf&m w&yfjzpfayonf/ xkdpmcsKyfud k vufrSwfa&;xk d;Muonf hazaz:0g&Dv 12 &ufaeY ud k xk dtcsdefrSpí jynfaxmifpkaeYtjzpf trsKd;om;&kH;ydwf&uf owfrSwfum *kPfjyKtcrf;tem; yGJvrf;obifrsm; tpOfwpk duf usif;ycJhMuonf/ &Srf;apmfbG m;rsm;u jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmfwGif twlyl;wG Jyg0ifMurnf jzpfaomfvnf; aemif 10 ESpfMumjrifhí auseyfrI r&SdcJ hvQif cGJxGufyd kifcGifh&S d&ef awmif;qkdcJ hMuonf/ uGefz&if hü oabmwlnDrIud k &&S dcJh Muonf/ xk dod k YjyKvkyfEkdifcGif h&S daomESpfrS m 1958 ckESpfjzpfonf/ xk dtcGif hta&;udk jrefrm
Ek difiH\yxrzG J Ypnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'ü xnf hoGif;a&;qG JcJhonf/ pm&Gufay:ü 1948 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv av;&ufaeYwGif jrefrmjynftm; vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef aMujimcsufudk jyifqifcJ hMuonf/ xk dpOfrS myif tvGefaMuuG JbG,f&maumif;aom jzpf&yfqkd;wpfckESifhMuHKMu&onf/ 1947 ckESpf Zlvk difv 19 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmwrsKd;om;vkH; BuD;pG mwkefvIyfajcmufcsm;rIjzpfMu&aom owif;wpf&yf xGufay:vmonf/ Ak dvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; vkyfMuHowfjzwfjcif;cHvkdufMu&aom owif;yifjzpfonf/ olESifht
wl tjcm;Ek difiHa&;acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;vnf; vkyfMuHjcif; cHMu&NyD; rk dif;yGefapmfbG m;p0fpH xGef;wk d Yvnf; tygt0if jzpfayonf/ vGwfvyfa&;&&S daom 1948 ckESpfrSm jrefrmjynf\tajctaeonf tqk d;&G m;qk H;jzpfcJ honf/ 'kwd ,urÇmppftwGif;u AkH;BuJcH&rIudk wpfjynfvkH; jyif;xefpG m cHpm;cJhMu&onf/aus;vufawm&G mwkd YrS m pkwfjywfaeNyD; Ek difiHa&;tajctaersm;rS mvnf; ysufpD;,k d ,Gif;
vsuf &Sdonf/ jrefrmjynf\t&nftaoG;jynf h0aom twGif;pnf; Ek difiHa&;acgif;aqmiftcsKd Uonfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;r&rDrS myif vkyfMuHcHvkdufMu&onf/ jrefrmEkdifiH\yxrqk H;0efBuD;csKyfjzpfol Ek difiHa&;acgif;aqmifopf OD;Ekonf yg&rD&S daom ynmwwfEkdifiHa&;orm;wpf a,mufjzpfaomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;&p ,ckvkdcufcJonf hc&D;Murf;rsm;ud k jzwfoef;Mu&rnf htcsdef? MuH hckdifjywfom;aomacgif;aqmifrsKd;vk dtyfaecsdefwGif aysmhnH hvGef;onf[k jyif;xefpG m a0zefjcif;cHae&onf/ A[k dtpkd;&ud k aysmhnHhonf[kjrifvmMuNyD; wyfrawmf rStcsKdUtpdwftyk dif;ud k ykefuefjcm;em;ukefMuonf/ u&if? u&ifeDESif hrGefwk dYuvnf; vuf eufud kif ykefuefMuonf/ tiftm; BuD;rm;aom Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; ajr
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15
atmufodk Y 0ifa&mufawmckdoG m;um aysmufMum;wyfrsm; pwifpnf;&k H;onf/ trsKd;om;nDnTwfa&;ud k xdef;odrf;Ek dif&ef yxrqk H; jrefrmEk difiH\*kPfxl;aqmif or®wae&mwGif &Srf;jynfe,facgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol apmfbG m;BuD;p0fa&Tod kuftm; wif ajr§ mufcJhMuonf/ twk duftcH vkyfolrsm;ud k BudK;pm;azsmif;zsae&csdefwGif &Srf;jynfe,f&S dw&kwfe,fpyfa'owavQmufü jzpf&yftcsKd U ay:aygufvmonfhtwGuf OD;aES mufajcmufp&mrsm; yd krkdrsm;jym;vmonf/ 1949 ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif awmifydkif;,leefjynfe,frSulrifwefwyfrsm;onf qufwk dufatmifyG JcHaeonf huGefjrLepfwyfrsm;\vkdufvHwk dufck k dufrIrsm;udk rckcHEkdifawmhí EkdifiHwume,fpyfa'oud k ausmfjzwfum &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif;odk Y 0ifa&mufcJ hMuonf/ ppfBuD;twGif;u ol&Jaumif;wOD;jzpfcJ haom AkdvfcsKyfBuD;vDrDacgif;aqmifí ul
rifwefwyfrsm;u usKdif;wk He,fxJodk Y usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmMuum &Srf;awmifwef;rsm;ü ck datmif;aeMuonf/ autifrfwDppfom;rsm;tjyif olwk dYpkaqmif;odrf;oGif;aom ppfom;tiftm;onf 1950 ckapmapmyk dif;ü 1700 cefY&S dae&mrS 1951 ckESpf {NyDvü tiftm; 4000 xd BuD;xGm;vmonf/ &Srf;jynfe,fod k Y jrefrmppfwyfrsm;ud k yd kYvTwfNyD; rzdwfac:bJ 0ifa&mufvmonfhusL;ausmfolrsm;tm; ESifxkwfapaomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJhyg/ xk dYaMumif h OD;Eku
ukvor*¾od kY þjyóemudk wifjycJ honf/ 1953 ck? {NyDv 22 &ufaeYü usif;yaomukvor*¾taxGaxGnDvmcHrS autifrfwDrsm;tm; vufeufrsm;udk pGefYypfNyD; wk dif;jynfrSxGuf cGmoG m;Mu&ef qk H;jzwfawmif;qkdvk dufonf/ odk Yaomf autifrfwDwkd Yu ukvor*¾qkH;jzwf csufud k vspfvsL&INyD; 1953 ckESpf? ESpfukefyk dif;ü autifrfwDtiftm; 12ç000 txd wk d;csJ UvmcJhonf/ &Srf;jynfe,frsm;ü jynfwGif;ppf awmufavmifaeawmhonf/ acwfopfjrefrmo
rkdif;ü xk duJ hod k Y tMuyftwnf; jzpfcsdef\ta&;tBuD;qk H; umvwGifrS tif*gESifholr\&Srf;trsKd;om;cifyGef;onfwk d Y jrefrmjynfod kYjyefvnfa&muf&SdvmcJ hMujcif; jzpfonf/ oDayge,fonf autifrfwDusL;ausmfrI\qk d;usKd;ud k wkduf&k dufxdckdufcHpm;&aome,fajrr[kwfay/ odk Yaomf &Srf;jynfe,f\tjcm;tpdwftyk dif;wk d Yürl tajctaersm;rS m wif;rmvsuf&S d Muonf/ tpOftvmtm;jzif h at;at;csrf;csrf; aexkdifwwfMuaom &Srf;awmifMum;a'orsm;ESif ha0;vHaom,leefe,fpyfa'owavQmufrS rNidrfroufjzpfrIrsm;aMumif h tajymif;tvJrsm; jzpfvmae&onf/
autifrfwDwk dYonf &Srf;awmifwef;rsm;ay:wGif ajcukyf ,lxm;MuNyD; tMurf;zuf&ufpufrIrsm;ESif htkyfcsKyfvIyf&S m;vsuf &S dMuonf/ wzufrS mvnf; 1955 ckESpftxd
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16
&Srf;jynfe,fodk Y rzdwfbJ a&muf&S dvmMuaom usL;ausmfolrsm;tm; wGef;vSefESifxkwf&ef jrefrmppfwyftajrmuftrsm;u &Srf;jynfe,fod kY tvk H;t&if;ESif h0ifa&mufvmMuonf/1952 ckESpfwGif autifrfwDwk d Y\vIyf&S m;rIrsm;ud k xdef;csKyfEk dif&ef awmifykdif;&Srf;jynfud kppfwyftkyfcsKyfrIatmufod kY xnf hoGif;cJ honf/ od k Yaomf &Srf;rsm;url olwk dY\ud k,fydkiftkyf csKyfa&;udk ao;odrfaponf[kcHpm;Mu&onf/ &Srf;awmifolv,form;tajrmuftrsm;tzk dY orkdif;wavQmufü yxrqk H;tBudrf Armrsm;ESif hawG Yqk HMuHBudKufMu&jcif; jzpfonf/ olwk d YtawG YtMuHKtm;jzif h jrefrmppf wyfonf aMumufp&maumif;NyD; &Hzef&Hcg touftEÅ&m,frsm;yif &Sdvmwwfonf/ autifrfwDusL;ausmfrIrsm;udk tpd k;&wyfrsm;uvnf; xdxda&mufa&mufwGef;vSefESifxkwfrI rjyKEkdifMuonf htwGuf &Srf;jynfolwkd YrS m tiftm;BuD;ESpfcktMum; n§yfydwf
jcif;om cHaeMu&onf/ ESpftkyfpkpvk H;rS mvnf; &Srf;rsm;twGuf olpdrf;rsm;csnf;om jzpfaeMuonf/ xd kY aMumif h jyif;xefaom&Srf;trsKd;om;a&;vIyf&S m;rIrsm;ay:aygufvmonf/ þod k Yjzpfay:vmrIaMumif h A[k dtpkd;&tzk d Y tvGefpdwfroufrom jzpf&onf/ tb,faMumif hqkdaomf zG JY pnf;tkyfcsKyfyk H tajccHOya'wGif 1958 ckESpfü jynfaxmifpkrScG JxGufEkdifonfqk daomtcsufyg0ifaeaomaMumif h jzpfonf/ tmPmyd kifrsm;u &Srf;trsKd;om;a&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk
ppfwyftiftm;rsm;ok H;í¤if;? ppfpk Hprf;axmufvSrf;a&;ud k ok H;í¤if;? zdES dyfNzdKzsufwm;qD;&ef BudK;pm;aomfvnf; tajctaeom yd kqk d;ukefonf/ ratmifjrifcJ hacs/ vli,ftkyfpkrsm; awmck dukefMuNyD; jcHKck dwk dufck duf&ef wyfpkrsm; pnf;&k H;avhusif hukefMuonf/ 1959 ckESpfavmufodk Y a&mufaomtcg &Srf;aysmufusm;rsm;u jrefrmppfwyfudk jcHKck dwkdufck dufjcif;? vlaea0;aom t&yfa'orS wyfpcef;rsm;ud k 0ifa&mufpD;eif;jcif;ponfrsm;ud k jyKvkyfMuNyD; vufeuftiftm; jznf hwif;Muonf/ aysmufusm;rsm;u ppf
wyftajcpk dufNrdKUjzpfaom wef Y,ef;uk dyif wkdufck dufodrf;yd kufNyD; &uftenf;i,fcefY xdef;csKyfxm;cJ hMuonf/ þuJ hod kY a0;vHaome,fjcm;a'owk dYü tMurf;enf;rsm;jzif h vIyf&S m;aeMucsdef wGif &Srf;jynfe,faumifpDtzG J Y0ifrsm;u &efukefNrdKUü z,f'&,fvfrlud k yd krk dckdifrmpG m usif hok H;ud kifwG,faomjynfaxmifpktpd k;&jzpfvmap&ef wifjyaqG;aEG;zdtm;ay;BudK;yrf;vsuf&S d Muonf/ 1959 ckESpf? {NyDv 24 &ufaeYwGif &Srf;apmfbG m;ok H;q,f hav;a,mufpvk H;?olwk dY\tBuD;tuJapmfbG m;rsm;tjzpfrS pepfwus &kyfodrf;MuaMumif; awmifBuD;NrdKUwGif tcrf;tem;jzif h aMujimcJ hMuonf/ jynfe,fi,ftm;vk H; &Srf;jynfe,fBuD;wckwnf;tjzpf od k Y a&muf&SdoG m;NyD; jynfolu a&G;aumufwifajr§ mufaomtpk d;&tzGJ Yjzif h tkyfcsKyfMu&ef
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17
jzpfonf/ xd ktcsdefwGif &efukefNrdKUü ppfwyftdrfapmif htpk d;&u tkyfcsKyfvsuf&SdNyD; &Srf;apmfbG m;wk d Y\tmPmpGef YvTwfyG Jud k olwkd YtwGuf atmifyG Jwpf&yf[kjrifMuonf/ &Srf;apmf bG m;rsm;url olwk d Yud k ,fwk dif BudKwifjyifqifxm;Muaom qk H;jzwfcsufudk ykHrSefvkyfaqmif Mujcif;om jzpfNyD; olwk dYonf olwkd Y\tmPmudk &efukeftpk d;&xHod k Y tyfES HMujcif;r[kwfbJ jynfolu a&G;cs,fwifajr§ mufonfh&Srf;jynfe,ftpk d;&tzG J Yodk Yom tyfES HMujcif;jzpfonf[k cH ,lMuonf/ yd kíacwfrDaom apmfbG m;rsm;(p0fMumqk diftygt0if )wkd Yonf Ek difiHa&;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifMuonf/ wkdif;&if;om;vTwfawmfwGif¤if;? txufvTwfawmfwGif¤if;?xk dpOfu vTwfawmfESpf&yfjzif h zG J Ypnf;xm;aom jrefrmygvDrefwGif qufvufwm0ef,lMuonf/ autifrfwD usL;ausmfrIonf¤if;? jrefrmtpk d;&ppfwyfrsm;tvkH;t&if;ESif h0if
a&muftajccsvmMuonfudk¤if;? wkdufyG Jrsm;onf¤if;? &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif;ü 'Drk dua&pD pepf wnfaqmufzGH YNzdK;vmEk difapa&;twGuf wkduf&k dufxdck dufwm;qD;vsuf &Sdonf/ &Srf;olykefrsm;onf tiftm;ao;i,fNyD; xda&mufrI r&S dao;aomfvnf; jyóemw&yftjzpf pOf;pm;p&m jzpfvmonfrSmum; xif&Sm;vmonf/ vufatmufcH&Srf;jynfolwk d Yu &efukefA[k dtpd k;&tm; vufeufuk dif awmfvSefwk dufck dufrIrsm; jyKvmMuaomtcg &Srf;acgif;aqmiftajrmuftrsm;rS m pdwfESpfcG jzpfMu&NyD; tBuD;tus,f OD;aES mufajcmufMu&onf/
oDayge,frS &Srf;olykeftzG J Ytpnf;tqifhqifhod kY wk dufyGJ0ifEk difolrsm;ESif hpnf;&k H;a&;rSL;tajrmuftrsm; axmufyH hEk difcJ honf/ xkdolwk d Yteuf trsm;pkonf cG JxGufa&;orm;rsm;jzpf Muonf/ apmpD;pG m ykefuefcJ hol &Srf;acgif;aqmifaqxJefonf oDayge,f ZmwdyifjzpfNyD;1961 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKUod k Y vQKdU0SufpG m 0ifa&mufvmcJ hNyD; p0fMumqk difESifhawGYqk HcJ honf[kajymMuonf/ NrdKUawmfü Mum;cHvltjzpf aqmif&Guf&ol &Srf;ausmif;om;u p0fMum
qk diftm; olykefrsm;\ukd ,fpm;vS,fESif hawG YvkdrI &S d r&S d ar;jref;cJhonf/ p0fMumqk difu zG JY pnf;tkyfcsKyfyk HtajccHOya'udk xkwfjyNyD; olonf wkdif;&if;om;rsm;vTwfawmftrwf wpfOD;jzpfonfESif htnD zG JYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ud k opö m&S dygrnf[k uwdopömusdefqkdxm;ygaMumif; ajymjyvk dufonf/ p0fa&Todkuf? p0fMumqkdifESif htjcm;&Srf;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf wjznf;jznf;us,f jyef Yvmaeaom &Srf;vufeufud kifykefuefrIrsm;udk Ek difiHa&;enf;jzif h ajz&Sif;&ef BudKwifnd§ EI dif;jyifqifrIrsm; pnf;&k H;jyifqifvsuf &S dcJ hMuonf/ olwkd Yu z,f'&,fvfpepfud k jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;tm;jzif h jynfaxmifpkBuD;qufvuf&SifoefapNyD; aomif;usef;ykefuefrIrsm;ud kvnf; oufomoG m;apEkdifonf[k qifjcifpOf;pm; ,k HMunfMuonf/
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18
1960 ckESpfwGif 'Drkdua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyG JBuD; jyefvnfusif;yvsuf OD;Ekacgif;aqmifaom tzGJ Yuyif ta&G;cs,fcH&um OD;Ekyif &efukefü tmPmjyefvnf&&SdcJ h jyefonf/ 0efBuD;csKyfonf p0fa&Tod kufESif hp0fMumqk difwkd Y\wifjycsufrsm;udk tm;ay;vk dol jzpfonf/ 1961 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynfajrmufyd kif;ü aemufxyfykefuefx
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19
odk YoG m;rnf hav,mOfuGif;od k Y qif;cJhonf/ odk Yaomf av,mOfuGif;&S d&m [J[k d;od kYtoG m;awmifBuD;*dwfrS myif ppfwyfu vrf;udkydwfNyD; p0fMumqk diftm; &yfwefYppfaq;onf/ ol Y tm; ppfwyfu zrf;qD;oG m;onf[k aemufqk H;awG Yjrifvk dufMu&onf/ tif*gonf oDaygü wpfa,mufwnf; usef&pfcJhNyD; &IyfaxG;vSaom jrefrmjynfEk dif
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