unit one: colonization to reconstruction. columbus’ journeys
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Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin TOBACCO
Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple
Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
SLAVES COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
“The Columbian Exchange”
Colonization to Constitution
• Essential Questions:– What is the difference in motivations to settle
between Jamestown and Plymouth?– Why did the United States of America win
independence?– What were the weaknesses of the Articles of
Confederation?– Describe the structure of the US Constitution
Early Settlements
• Jamestown Settlement- 1606– Joint-Stock Company– 500 arrive; within a year, only 60 are left– Reason?
• President John Smith- 1608– Studies natives – 1609 forces colonists into countryside to farm crops– Forms the foundation of plantations along James River
Tobacco
• John Rolfe -1610– North America’s first
tobacco crop– Nets $ 1 million in
today’s revenue
• By 1624, Virginia is the world’s largest producer of Tobacco
• Nathaniel Bacon– First push west into
Indian territory– Bacon’s Rebellion
• Fought against Indian’s and government corruption
• Burnt Jamestown to the ground in 1676
• Declaration of the People of Virginia (1676)
Plymouth, MA
• Plymouth Settlement- 1620– Called pilgrims; 19 families– Religious sect from England– Today, 10% of all Americans can trace their
ancestry to the Plymouth settlement• Establishes Native American treaties• Forms foundation of Puritan society.
Mayflower Compact-1620
• The first written document in North America– Democratic, giving equal rights to all men – Freedom and liberty, as long as you were puritan
• Social Contract for the “new world”– Later inspires the Constitution
Puritan Society
• Protestant sect with 4 main convictions:1. Personal Salvation comes entirely from God2. Bible is the sole guide to life3. Church should express the teachings of the Bible4. Society is one unified whole
• In the new world, they constructed Plymouth and then New England in this way
Mid-Atlantic
• More diversity, focus on trading• Pennsylvania– William Penn wanted it as a colony for religious
freedom• Philadelphia--- city of Brotherly Love• Religious groups flock to PA• Becomes wealthiest colony
John Locke• Two Treatises of Government– People are naturally good– Law of Nature- there are certain rights that every
person is entitled to.• (Life, Liberty, Property)• Property is a mix of labor and natural materials
• People form government to protect their rights.– But, government should be limited as much as possible.– If a government fails, it is the right for people to rebel
against that government.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• “Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains”
• Like Locke, people started in a state of nature– (perfect and innocent)
• As population grew, people formed villages and worked together– (frees people to divide labor)
• Invention of Private Property was the root of evil– (with property comes greed and selfishness)
Rousseau
• Therefore, government was created by contract to protect all people, while still helping the richest and most powerful to stay in power!
Rousseau
• “The Social Contract”– Felt society placed too many limitations on human
behavior.– Government should control the people as little as
possible.• Put his faith in the best conscious of the
people… or the “General will”– Democratic nature
Adam Smith
• Wrote Wealth of Nations• Invisible hand (Butcher, Baker, and the Brewer)• Most important thinker on Capitalism (our economy
stems from his thoughts)
Main pts of Capitalism
1. Goods and services are produced for profitable exchange.2. Human labor power is a commodity for
sale LABOR IS THE SOURCE OF VALUE.3. Individuals want success and are driven by self-interest4. Law of Supply and Demand5. Law of Competition6. Government should interfere minimally with the free
and efficient workings of the market– Laissez faire [“Leave things alone.”]
Jonathan Edward’s Sinners in the hands of an angry God
• Brimstone and Fire-– Influential style of sermons which focuses on hell
and eternal damnation• Protestant work ethic-– Puritans work hard to escape damnation and help
the community
http://www.cs.indiana.edu/~port/teach/relg/sinners.short.htm
Model of Christian Charity
• Jonathan Winthrop– “City upon a hill”– There will always be rich and poor; rich need to take
care of poor through charity– Role of gov’t is to ensure fair practices in business.
• Ex. Can’t take advantage in time of need… price setting
• John Cotton (and John Locke)– All men are equal; first universal male suffrage– It takes a village to raise a child; tight-knit community
Wars
• British dominance in the world asserted– King William’s War– Queen Anne’s War– King George’s War
• 7 Year’s War (French and Indian War) 1754-1763– Spills over to Europe due to border disputes– British/colonists vs. French, Indians on both sides– Proclamation of 1763
What caused the Revolutionary War?
• Economics- taxes (Tea, Sugar, Stamps)– Britain operating under mercantilism, while not letting
American colonists retain money for themselves• Political and Social differences
– British monarchy gave no representation(“no taxation without representation”)--Freedoms (religious and political)
• Boston Massacre• Continental Congress• Signing of Declaration of Independence
– (July 4th, 1776)
Taxes• Sugar Act• Stamp Act• Navigation Act• Wool Act• Hat Act• Molasses Act• Iron Act• Proclamation of 1763• Quartering Act• Townsend Act• Tea Act• Currency Act• Intolerable Acts
Start of War
• British objectives--- put down insurrection quickly while avoiding larger scale war with France or Spain
• American objective--- create an army, system of finance, government to include all colonies, outlast the British
Washington’s Headaches
• Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral].
• State/colony loyalties.
• Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army.
• Poor training [until the arrival of Baron von Steuben.]
Military Strategies
1. Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line].
2. Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down]
3. Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.
The Americans The British
1. Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.
2. Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.
3. “Divide and Conquer” use the Loyalists.
Bunker Hill (June, 1775)
The British suffered over 40% casualties.
“Don’t Fire until you see the white’s of their eyes.” -William Prescott
Britain’s “Southern Strategy”
• Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.
• Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.
• The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside
• Good US General:Nathanial Greene
• Understood logistics and British
needs to win
Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds at the End of the
War• Federalists favor a
strong federal gov’t• Antifederalists favor
strong state gov’ts
Weaknesses of theArticles of
Confederation• A unicameral Congress
[9 of 13 votes to pass a law].
• 13 out of 13 to amend.
• Representatives were frequently absent.
• Could not tax or raise armies.
• No executive or judicial branches.
State Constitutions• Republicanism.
• Most had strong governors with veto power.
• Most had bicameral legislatures.
• Property required for voting.
• Some had universal white male suffrage. (PA)
• Most had bills of rights.
• Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
• One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress!
• Statehood achieved in three stages:
1. Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory.
2. When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners elect territorial legislature.
3. When population reached 60,000 elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.
Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-1787
• Daniel Shays
• Western MA
• 1,200 small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.
• Attack Springfield Armory with plans of leading a rebellion
Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7
There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.
-- George Washington
Annapolis Convention (1786)
• 12 representatives from 5 states[NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]
• GOAL address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.
• Not enough states were represented to make any real progress.
• Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.
Constitutional Convention
• May 25-September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia
• Goal: Address or change the weaknesses with the Articles of Confederation
Virginia Plan
• Led by James Madison to create a new gov’t.• Called for a…
1. bicameral legislature elected proportionally by state population
2. Executive branch elected by the legislature3. Judicial branch with veto power
New Jersey Plan (small state plan)
• A revision of the Articles of Confederation• Called for a…
1. Unicameral legislature with one vote per state2. Executive branch that is elected for one year
Great Compromise
• Aka the Connecticut Compromise• Took ideas from both the Virginia Plan and the
New Jersey plan• Created a new gov’t under the Constitution– Bicameral legislature • Senate– 2 elected per state• House of Representatives– elected proportionally
– Executive Branch (President elected popularly)– Judicial Branch– creates the Supreme Court
Ratification
• Required 9 states to support the Constitution• Supporters called themselves Federalists
– “It is a matter both of wonder and regret, that those who raise so many objections against the new Constitution should never call to mind the defects of that which is to be exchanged for it. It is not necessary that the former should be perfect; it is sufficient that the latter is more imperfect.” -The Federalist, No. 38, 1788
Ratification
• Opponents became Antifederalists– Argued that the
Constitution did not guarantee protection of the rights of states or the people
– Requested a Bill of Rights to assure protection
Bill of Rights
• First ten Amendments of the US Constitution– 1st through 8th Amendments detail personal
liberties– 9th and 10th impose limits on the powers of the
Federal government• Adopted by 1791
Early USA: 1800-1864
• Points to contemplate:1. The World’s first modern democracy will be
challenged constantly for clout and limitations2. Economic differences will divide the USA
between the North and South
National Bank debate
• Alexander Hamilton, as secretary of the Treasury, job was to start American capitalism
• Called for a National Bank with a unified currency
• Loose interpreters vs. strict constructionist
PBS source: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/hamilton/sfeature/scenes_02_qt_hi.html Or try : http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/hamilton/sfeature/scenes.html#bank
XYZ Affair of 1798
• Led to a Quasi-War with France– Alien and Seditions Acts by Federalists• Republicans say it aimed to penalize those expressing
“false, scandalous, and malicious statements” against the government. • (repealed in 1802 by Naturalization Act)
Election of 1800 and uniqueness
• Thomas Jefferson versus John Adams– Jefferson and vice pres. Candidate Aaron Burr tie– Who becomes president?– Congress passes the 12th Amendment
• Jeffersonian Republicanism– Have gov’t provide basic support for the needs of
the people (Q: what are some basic needs)– Favored Decentralized federal gov’t and low taxes
Marbury vs. Madison
• Story of Marbury vs. Madison
• Important outcome: Judicial review- – The Supreme court has the ability to declare a law
unconstitutional
Louisiana Purchase & Lewis and Clark
• Pres. Jefferson made $15 million purchase from the French (Napoleon) in 1803
• Doubled the size of the USA at $.03 per acre• Ordered the exploration of Merriwether Lewis
and William Clark– Lasted for 2 years; blazed paths to the west
“O Grab Me”
• Jeffersonian embargo against the British,– Idea is that it would punish the British, ends up
hurting US more– 70,000 merchants unemployed, farmers can’t sell
excess crops, leads to stagnation• Positive: – Sparks Industrial Revolution in the North
War Hawks
• Wanted war with Britain… why?– Britain was arming Native Americans to fight
against settlers moving west– Impressment of Americans in British navy– British Ships in US waters– Many Americans want Canada as part of US
War of 1812
• Mid-June 1812 President Madison and Congress declare War
• August 1814- British burn D.C.• January 8, 1815, Battle of New Orleans– Andrew Jackson becomes the hero
• Treaty of Ghent– signed December 24, 1814
Important outcomes from War of 1812
1. Led to the end of the Federalist Party, which had opposed the war.
2. Encouraged the expansion of US industry to support the war.
3. Affirmed the US as a free and independent nation
4. Canada stays a part of Britain
Monroe Doctrine
“Our policy in regard to Europe… is not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers… But in regard to those continents (of the Western Hemisphere), circumstances are imminently and conspicuously different. It is impossible that the allied (European) powers should extend their political system to any portion of either continent without endangering our peace and happiness.”
--Annual message to Congress Dec. 2, 1823
Manifest Destiny
• Idea that the US should stretch from “Sea to Shining Sea.”
• Used “divine inspiration” as a justification for expansion and
conquest
Supreme Court Cases
• McCullough vs. Maryland 1818– Ruling: Fed gov can tax
and regulate state banks, not the opposite.
• Gibbons vs. Ogden 1824– Ruling: Interstate
commerce should be regulated by Congress, not states
Missouri Compromise
• Maine and Missouri both had met the requirements to become states.
• Outcomes: – Maine becomes free state– Missouri becomes slave state– Dividing line at 36*30’
Andrew Jackson
• Jacksonian Democracy– Expanded the US– Indian Removal Act of
1830 and Trail of Tears
• Elected into office in 1828.
• First Democrat party president
Spoils System
• Elected his own friends and supporters into office.– Brought popular support from the common man;
their first time in office positions– Leads to increasing corruption– Pork Barrel politics
Nullification
• John C. Calhoun – Jackson’s V.P. from South Carolina– Outraged over Tariff of 1816, and increasing tariff
in 1824 and 1828.– Called for Southern states to nullify the tariff,
threaten secession
Indian Removal Act of 1830
• Roots in Locke– From “of Property”• Cannot own/maintain land if not using it• Indians were more hunter/gatherers, not farmers
• Americans want to move west
• Trail of Tears
Market Economy
• By the 1830’s, industry was growing.– Erie Canal, Cotton Gin, Telegraph, Steam Engine,
railroad lines all facilitated non-agricultural growth.– Most industrial growth took place in the North,
from New York City and Philly to Chicago– New markets emerge, start of consumerism– Development of free enterprise– Commonwealth v. Hunt
• Right to strike for worker rights
Texas Independence
• Americans move into the Texas territory of Mexico--- more Americans than Mexicans by 1830
• Push for independence rises from cultural differences with Mexico, especially taxes, language and slavery
• Battle of the Alamo 1836• Treaty of Velasco
Mexican-American War
• Texas seeked annexation by USA• President Polk urged war with Mexico, allowing
the annexation of several other territories, including California
• 1845-1848 • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo– $15 million for CA, AZ, NM, UT, NV and CO, WY– Set boundary at Rio Grande
• Gasden Purchase– 1853 US buys southern AZ , CA and NM for $10 Mil– Allows RR lines to connect US South with Cali
Abolition movement
• William Lloyd Garrison– The Liberator– White Abolitionist
• Frederick Douglass– The North Star– Freed slave– Becomes the central abolitionist writer from the
North• Nat Turner’s Rebellion– Virginia slave leads 50 slaves, kill 68 slave owners
Political laws regarding slavery
• Compromise of 1850– CA enters as free state– Increase in Fugitive slave laws– Popular sovereignty for NM and Utah
• Kansas-Nebraska Act– Repealed Missouri Compromise– “Bleeding Kansas”
Dred Scott Decision
• Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri, but lived in IL, WS and MN
• Supreme court ruled on March 6, 1857 that Scott was not free, because as property, the slave owner could take him anywhere, including free states and territories.
Lincoln elected president
• Lincoln, a Republican, was elected in the 1860 election– Competed against Stephen Douglas (D) Jonathan
Breckenridge (D) and John Bell (Constitutional Union Party)
– Received less than a majority of the popular vote and didn’t win any Southern states
– South fears Lincoln will get rid of slavery, decide to secede• South Carolina is first in December 20, 1860
Battles
• Bull Run July 1st 1861 Confederate Victory
• Antietam Sept. 18th 1862 Draw• Gettysburg July 1st-3rd, 1863Union Victory• Vicksburg ends July 4th, 1863 Union
Victory• Atlanta April-July 1864 Union
Victory• Appomattox Courthouse– April 9th, 1865
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