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UPAYA AMNESTI INTERNASIONAL DALAM
PENYELESAIAN PELANGGARAN HAM TERHADAP
IMIGRAN HAITI BESERTA KETURUNANNYA DI
REPUBLIK DOMINIKA
Disusun dan diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar
Sarjana Ilmu Politik (S. IP) Strata-1
Oleh
NUR IRVAN
AFANDI
201410360311122
PROGRAM STUDI HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMADIYAH MALANG
2019
vii
KATA PENGANTAR
حيم حمن الر بســــــــــــــــــم هللا الر
Segala puja dan puji syukur penulis haturkan kehadirat Allah SWT yang
telah melimpahkan rahmat serta hidayahnya kepada penulis untuk menyelesaikan
tugas akhir skripsi dengan judul Upaya Amnesti Internasional Dalam
Penyelesaian Pelanggaran HAM Terhadap Imigran Haiti Beserta
Keturunannya Di Republik Dominika. Shalawat serta salam juga tidak lupa
terucap untuk junjungan besar Nabi Muhammad SAW yang telah membawa kita
dari zaman gelap gulita menuju zaman terang benderang Dinul Islam.
Penghargaan dan Ucapan terima kasih setulus-tulusnya kepada ayah dan ibu
penulis yang tak henti-hentinya mendukung penuh penulis, baik dalam segi moril
maupun materiil, demi kelancaran penulis dalam menyelesaikan skripsi. Tak lepas
juga ucapan terima kasih sebesar-besaranya kepada pihak-pihak yang tiada jenuh
memberikan motivasi serta semangatnya kepada penulis tatkala semangat terasa
redup dan mulai memudar, sehingga skripsi ini dapat terselesaikan dengan baik.
Penyelesaian skripsi ini digunakan untuk meraih gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik
(S.IP) strata-1, Prodi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu
Politik (FISIP), Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang (UMM). Dalam penulisan
skripsi ini penulis menyadari banyak kekurangan dan jauh dari kesempurnaan.
Untuk itu, kritik serta saran yang sifatnya membangun sangat diharapkan oleh
penulis demi kesempurnaan agar bisa bermanfaat bagi para akademisi khususnya
mahasiswa jurusan Hubungan Internasional.
Malang, 1 September 2019
Nur Irvan Afandi
ix
LEMBAR PERSEMBAHAN
Atas berkat rahmat Allah SWT dan didorongkan oleh keinginan tinggi,
supaya bisa menjadi pribadi yang bermanfaat bagi nusa dan bangsa kelak,
penelitian ini dapat terselesaikan dengan cukup baik dan lancar. Skripsi ini saya
persembahkan untuk :
1. Ayah dan Ibu yang telah sabar mendampingi dan rela mengorbankan segala
hal demi kebahagiaan masa depan anaknya. Terima kasih dan mohon maaf
yang sebesar-besarnya atas kekhilafan anakmu selama ini.
2. Sahabat terbaik yang tak pernah luput untuk menemani, menghibur,
menghina, dan selalu ada dalam setiap ranah suka dan duka penulis,
diantaranya : laka dzimar, abdul somat, risky m.s, alfian, suluh, tiara,
badrus, putra, ilmi, ozi, jitol, ulil, affan, dan sahabat lainnya yang tak sempat
terlintas dibenak penulis saat menulis lembar persembahan ini.
3. Seluruh kalangan Lab HI UMM yang senantiasa menebarkan benih receh
dalam kehidupan penulis, diantaranya : aya, iqo, nugi, erik, haidar, nawawi,
mbak fitri, dan mereka yang tak terlintas pula dalam benak penulis saat
menulis lembar persembahan ini.
4. Bapak dosen yang senantiasa mengarahkan saya dalam penulisan skripsi ini,
diantaranya : pak dedi, pak naja, pak ruli, pak adim dan pak azmi
5. Seluruh dosen HI UMM yang telah mendidik penulis, serta teman-teman HI
UMM yang penulis temui selama ini.
6. Dan tak luput tulisan ini penulis persembahkan untuk seseorang yang telah
merenggut dunia, cita-cita serta harapan penulis untuk beberapa tahun dan
meninggalkan tanpa kepastian yakni seseorang yang entah ada dimana kini.
7. Kepada para kharem yang pernah ada dalam hidup penulis selama
menempuh perkuliahan, diantaranya : ismi yustisi, belqis, cahyaning, mala,
wahyu purnamasari, bila, weegy, naya.
8. Kepada keluarga besar asrama calon ibu kota Penajam Paser Utara, terutama
untuk : bang Amat, Andywir, Adi Sebastian, bang Iman, bang Can, fian, jon
yutuber, dani pongkeng dan nama-nama lain yang tak sempat terlintas
x
dalam benak penulis. Tempat penulis bercengkrama, menjalin ikatan
persahabatan, dan yang paling utama, sebagai tempat penulis numpang
mandi tatkala air PDAM bermasalah.
9. Kepada keluarga Hashtag Café yang senantiasa menemani penulis dalam
kesendirian akhir-akhir tahun 2019 ini, diantaranya : andy kolay, aan, rian,
mutiara dan nama lain yang tak sempat terlintas dalam benak penulis.
10. Kepada tempat-tempat yang menjadi saksi hidup penulis selama menempuh
kuliah di UMM Malang. Diantaranya: kos dau gang limo, perumahan
embong anyar, perumahan villa bukit sengkaling, warkop warning, kedai
siboy, J 25, kontrakan pak budi, kos villa bukit tidar, kontrakan perumahan
pendem inside, hashtag café, kos jl. Kanjuruhan asri, print it belakang
kampus, champions print copy, sanggar teater sinden, pak jenggot, ibuk tahu
telor sengkaling, dan ibuk gorengan sore disebelahnya, desa pait, dan tempat
lain yang tak sempat terfikirkan oleh penulis saat menulis lembar
persembahan ini.
11. Tulisan kecil ini juga penulis persembahkan untuk seseorang yang akan
mendampingi hidup penulis (kelak).
Demikian lembar persembahan ini penulis buat dalam tempo waktu
sesingkat-singkatnya, tanpa pengaruh atau dorongan dari pihak manapun. Tanpa
kalian mungkin masa kuliah saya akan formal-formal saja. Terimakasih atas segala
support yang luar biasa diberikan kepada saya hingga saat ini. Ucapan maaf yang
tak terucapkan juga turut penulis haturkan dalam lembar persembahan ini. Saya
menyadari bahwa saya tak lebih dari manusia tempat berbagai macam salah, luput
dan dosa. Sekian.
Malang, 22 September 2019
Nur Irvan Afandi
xi
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN SKRIPSI ...........................................................i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .............................................................................ii
BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI ...................................................iii
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ...............................................iv
ABSTRAKSI .....................................................................................................v
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................vi
KATA PENGANTAR ......................................................................................vii
LEMBAR MOTTO ..........................................................................................viii
LEMBAR PERSEMBAHAN ..........................................................................ix
DAFTAR ISI ..................................................................................................... xi
DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................xiv
DAFTAR GRAFIK ...........................................................................................xvi
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ..................................................................................xvii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .....................................................................................xix
BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................1
1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah ...............................................................1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah .........................................................................10
1.3 Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian .....................................................10
1.3.1 Tujuan Penelitian ..............................................................10
1.3.2 Manfaat Penelitian ...........................................................11
1.4 Penelitian Terdahulu .....................................................................12
1.5 Kerangka Teori dan Konsep .........................................................28
1.5.1 Teori Global Civil Society .................................................28
1.5.2 Konsep Hak Asasi Manusia ..............................................34
1.6 Metodologi Penelitian ...................................................................40
1.6.1 Metode / Tipe Penelitian ...................................................40
1.6.2 Teknik Analisa Data ..........................................................40
1.6.3 Teknik Pengumpulan Data ................................................41
xii
1.6.4 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian .................................................41
1.7 Argumen Pokok ............................................................................42
1.8 Sistematika Penulisan ....................................................................44
BAB II IMIGRAN HAITI ...............................................................................46
2.1 Kondisi Masyarakat Haiti ..............................................................46
2.2 Faktor Pendorong Migrasi Masyarakat Haiti .................................48
2.2.1 Krisis Politik ......................................................................48
2.2.2 Kondisi Sosial dan Ekonomi ..............................................52
2.3 Imigran Haiti di Republik Dominika .............................................57
BAB III. PELANGGARAN HAM TERHADAP IMIGRAN HAITI ...........60
3.1 Dinamika Pelanggaran HAM .........................................................60
3.2 Pelanggaran HAM Oleh Pemerintah (by commission) ..................66
3.3 Pelanggaran HAM Oleh Masyarakat (by omission).......................84
3.4 Masuknya Amnesti Internasional di Republik Dominika ..............93
3.4.1 Amnesti Internasional Sebagai Global Civil Society .........93
3.4.2 Amnesti Internasional Sebagai Gerakan Reformis ...........110
BAB IV. UPAYA AMNESTI INTERNASIONAL .........................................124
4.1 Visibility .......................................................................................124
4.2 Audibility ........................................................................................132
4.3 Lobbying .........................................................................................143
4.4 Networking ....................................................................................147
BAB V PENUTUP ............................................................................................158
5.1 Kesimpulan ...................................................................................158
5.2 Saran ..............................................................................................165
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .......................................................................................166
LAMPIRAN ......................................................................................................177
xiii
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1 Tabel Penelitian Terdahulu .................................................................21
Tabel 2.1 populasi imigran Haiti .........................................................................59
Tabel 3.1 Pencapaian Amnesti Internasional ......................................................107
Tabel 3.2 Upaya Amnesti Internasional Dalam Penyelesaian Pelanggaran
HAM Republik Dominika 1991-2014 ................................................113
xiv
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1. Parsley Massacre ...............................................................................62
Gambar 2. Protes Pembatasan Pendidikan oleh Anak Keturunan Imigran
Haiti ...................................................................................................67
Gambar 3. Protes Penuntutan Keadilan oleh Imigran Haiti ................................69
Gambar 4. Bateyes; Tempat Tinggal Imigran Haiti ...........................................73
Gambar 5. Juliana Deguisse Pierre; Korban Deportasi Berdokumen Lengkap ..77
Gambar 6. Proses Deportasi Identifikasi Warna Kulit oleh Aparat Republik
Dominika ...........................................................................................80
Gambar 7. Pembakaran Bendera Haiti oleh Antihaitianismo .............................85
Gambar 8. Pembunuhan Anak Keturunan Haiti oleh Kelompok
Antihaitianismo ................................................................................87
Gambar 9. Ritual Vodoo Imigran Haiti di Bateyes .............................................88
Gambar 10. Tenaga Manual Imigran Haiti di Industri Gula ...............................91
Gambar 11. Kampanye Pertama Amnesti Internasional .....................................97
Gambar 12. Kampanye Write for Rights Amnesti Internasional ........................105
Gambar 13. Kampanye Amnesti Internasional di Republik Dominika ..............112
Gambar 14. Kampanye Amnesti Internasional Melalui Youtube .......................126
Gambar 15. Kampanye Melalui Media Sosial: Facebook, Instagram dan
Tweeter .............................................................................................128
Gambar 16. Poster Kampanye Amnesti Internasional di Republik Dominika ...129
Gambar 17. Kampanye di Depan Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Dominika ...130
Gambar 18. Buku Amnesti Internasonal tentang Hak Imigran, 2007 .................131
Gambar 19. Siaran Radio Amnesti Internasional di Chanel Radio Haiti ............135
xv
Gambar 20. Siaran Radio Amnesti Internasional di Chanel Radio Oasis ...........136
Gambar 21. Siaran Televisi Amnesti Internasional di Chanel Noticias Sin .......138
Gambar 22. Border Light March Amnesti Internasional bersama Masyarakat
Republik Dominika..........................................................................139
Gambar 23. Sekretaris Umum Amnesty Internasional Menyampaikan UPR
HAM ................................................................................................140
Gambar 24. WADD Melakukan Kampanye di New York .................................141
Gambar 25. ASCME Melakukan Kampanye di Amerika Serikat ......................142
Gambar 26. Pertemuan Delegeasi Amnesti Internasional dengan Presiden Danilo
Medina .............................................................................................143
Gambar 27. Amnesti Internasional Mengajak Masyarakat untuk Mengirimkan
Aspirasinya ke Otoritas Republik Dominika ...................................151
Gambar 28. Petisi Online Amnesti Internasional untuk Masyarakat Internasional
Gambar 29. Kampanye Amnesti Internasional bersama Reconoci.do ................152
Gambar 30. Aktivis HAM Republik Dominika Memberi Dukungan Terkait Upaya
Amnesti Internasional dalam Menegakkan HAM ...........................154
xvi
DAFTAR GRAFIK
Grafik 2.1 Perlindungan HAM Haiti ...................................................................49
Grafik 3.1 Kampanye Amnesti Internasional di Republik Dominika .................120
Grafik 4.1 Strategi Amnesti Internasional dalam Penyelesaian Pelanggaran
HAM .................................................................................................155
xvii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
AS : Amerika Serikat
ASCME : American Federation of State, Country and Municipal
Employees
ASOMILIN : Asociaciones Solidarias de Trabajadores Migrantes de la Línea
Noroeste
ATT : Arms Trade Treaty
CARICOM : Caribbean Community
CFR : Council on Foreign Relations
ECOSOC : Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
ENI : Encuesta Nacional de Immigracion
ESKA : Eksploitasi Seksual Komersial Anak
GDP : Gross Domestic Product
IACHR : Inter-American Court of Human Right
ICC : International Criminal Court
ICCPR : International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ICRC : International Committee of The Red Cross
IGO : International Governmental Organization
INGO : International Non-Govermental Organization
HAM : Hak Asasi Manusia
HCPI : HIV Cooperation Program For Indonesia
LSM : Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat
MINUJUSTH : United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti
MINUSTAH : The United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
MUDHA : Movimiento de Mujeres Dominico Haitianas
OECD : The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OHCHR : Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human
xviii
Rights
PBB : Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa
TBC : Tuberculosis
UDHR : Universal Declaration of Human Rights
UNCHR : United Nations Commission on Human Rights
UN DESA : United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
UNESCO : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNFPA : United Nations Population Fund
UNHCR : United Nation High Comission for Refugees
UNICEF : United Nations Children's Fund
UPR : Universal Periodic Review
UU : Undang-Undang
WAAD : We Are All Dominican
WALHI : Warga Lingkungan Hidup
WHO : World Health Organization
WWF : World Wide Fund For Nature
xix
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1. Konstitusi Dasar Republik Dominika, Pasal 21-22 UU Migrasi 2004
Lampiran 2. Konstitusi Dasar Republik Dominika, Pasal 21-22 UU Migrasi 2004
Lampiran 3. Peraturan No.168/13 Tahun 2013 Republik Dominika, Pasal
Kebangsaan
Lampiran 4. Penggalangan Dukungan Amnesti Internasional
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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Border. https://www.csis.org/analysis/report-roll-out-illicit-trade-and-haiti-
dominican-republic-border
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