water treatment and reuse in mÉxico. jorge alberto mendoza pÉrez escuela nacional de ciencias...
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WATER TREATMENT AND REUSE IN MÉXICO.
JORGE ALBERTO MENDOZA PÉREZ
ESCUELA NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEL INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL.
Index
1. General Information
2. Overview of Water supply in
México and collected wastewater.
3. Wastewater treatment in México
and reuse.
4. Mexican regulatory framework.
5. Case of study: Wastewater
treatment plant from El Colegio
de México A.C.: a successful but
realistic story
Puente de Dios, San Luis Potosí. Image taken from Mexican National Water Program 2014.-2018
1. General Information.
• In 2013 México had a population near 118 million people
(117,053,750) Source: CONAPO 2010-2030 .
• For 2015, at least a 94% of the population in Mexico will have
potable water.*
• In the same year (2015) we hope that 91% of our population
will have access to sewer service and more than 72% of rural
dwellers will have water service.*
• But, if México still following the current trend of consumption
and population growth, in 15 years (2030) the country will
face a critical situation of water shortage.*• * Source: FEA and CEMDA, 2006. www.agua.org.mx and CONAGUA , Water statistics in México, 2013.
Average natural water availability per capita in some countries (m3 /capita ·
year)
Source: FAO 2013 : Aquastat data base
Mexican XIII Administrative-Hydrologic Regions (AHR). Source: CONAGUA.Water Atlas in México, 2013.
Demographic, socioeconomic and renewable water data in AHR, 2013.
Source: CONAGUA , Water statistics in México, 2013.
Water availability in México by type of source.
Water in México
Continental surface of AHR (km2)
Renewablewater
(Hm3/year)
Surface water : Rivers,
Lakes and Ponds.
(Hm3/year)
Ground- water
(Hm3/year)
Available resource
2012-2013
1, 959, 248.00
471,498.00 378,873.00 92,625.00
Source: FEA and CEMDA, 2006. www.agua.org.mx; CONAGUA, Water statistics in México, 2013; Mexican National Water Program 2014.-2018.
In the world rankings, México is considered a country with low water availability. Across the country it rains approximately 1,488,819 Hm3 of water each year, with a normal rainfall annual average of 760 mm.
México holds approximately 0.1% of total freshwater available globally, which determines that a significant percentage of the territory is classified as semi-desert area. It is the reason why water is considered a strategic factor for the overall development of the country.
• In México our Federal Constitution recognize and protect
the human right for water so the Mexican government is
required to guarantee this right and through the laws define
just and fair ways for access, provision and proper use.
• México has faced in recent years unprecedented problems of
water security related to water supply, lack of technology
development, shortage in several zones of the country and
even privatization policies that have generated a high cost in
social and human terms.
2. Overview of Water supply in México and collected wastewater.
Cascada Apatlaco, Puebla. Image taken from Mexican National Water Program 2014.-2018
Improvement of Water supply and Sewer service in México
Source: Mexican National Water Program, 2014.-2018
potable water coverage Sewer service coverage
%
year
Water use in México.Water use Surface
water(Hm3/year)
Ground-water
(Hm3/year)
Total volume
(Hm3/year)
ExtractionPercentag
e (%)
Irrigation 41,200.00 22,200.00 63,400.00 76.6
Public water supply
4,700.00 7,300.00 12,000.00 14.5
Self-supplying industry
1,400.00 1,900.00 3,300.00 4.0
Electric energy
excluding hydroelectr
ic power
3,600.00 400.00 4,000.00 4.9
Total 50,900.00 31,800.00 82,700.00 100Source: CONAGUA , Water statistics in México, 2013.
Water Stress Index = 100 x
Renewable water volume
Consumptive water volume
Without stress
Highest stress
Source: IADB, Wastewater treatment in México, 2013.
Collected Wastewater. Source: CONAGUA.Water Atlas in México, 2013.
Type of discharge
Discharge flow = Q
(m3/s)
Municipal Non-municipal (including industrial
discharges)
Volume for Irrigation
use
Total Collected as raw* Wastewater (Hm3/year)
229.7 7,240.00 6,610.00 3,435.58
Treated volume(Hm3/year)
99.8 3,150.00 1,910.00 279.65**
BOD5 generated(millions of tonnes per year)
--- 1.96 9.92 ---
BOD5 removal by wastewater treatment plants (millions of tonnes per year)
--- 0.7 1.30 ---
*without any kind of partial treatment.. **Only primary treatment
In México almost a 40% of the collected wastewater is treated but no more than a 15% reach the expected quality for reuse or returning to water resources.
Sistema Cutzamala. Image taken from the Mexican National Water Program, 2014-2018.
The pollution caused by discharges of wastewater and poor quality treated wastewater in our aquifer resources, has damaged at least the 24% of our water bodies of immediate use.
3. Wastewater treatment in México and reuse.
Source: Wastewater treatment plant San Francisco de los Romo Aguascalientes, México, 2008
Higher than 60% Above the 40% Lower than 40%
Source: IADB, Wastewater treatment in México, 2013.
Wastewater treatment coverage in México
Reported as 100%
Type of Discharge
Total plants in operation
Installed capacity ( m3/s)
Treated flow (Q = m3/s)
Treatment Efficiency
(%)
Municipal 2,342 140.14 99.80 15 - 16
Non-municipal (including industry)
2,500 91.2 60.5 30-60
Source: CONAGUA. General Division of Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation. 2013.
Statistics of wastewater treatment plants operating in México
Wastewater Treatment level (Data from non municipal systems mainly industries)
Level Aim Plants in operation
(m3/s)
Operation flow
(m3/s)
Percentage(%)
Primary Adjust pH and remove
particles
796 21.7 31.46
Secundary Remove organic material (BOD)
1518 34.7 60.00
Tertiary Remove gases, ions
and bacterias
74 1.18 2.92
Not specific --- 142 2.93 5.91
Total --- 2,530 60.51 100
Source: IADB, Wastewater treatment in México, 2013 and CONAGUA , Water statistics in México, 2013.
Municipal wastewater treatment technology
Treatment process
Treated flow (m3/s)
TreatmentPercentage
(%)
Available Plants in México
Activated sludge
40.6 46.2 550
Stabilization lagoons and ponds
15.6 17.5 700
Advanced primary
9.1 10.2 25
Source: Lahera Ramón, V. 2010
Water (wastewater) reuse in México• 40-45% of wastewater treated or not
is used for irrigation.
• 30-35% is available for returning up
to water resources and since 2010 at
least 5-10% is used to recharge
groundwater aquifers.
• 10-15% is diluted with storm tank
water for different uses mainly as
primary service water.
• Also is used for co-mingled effluent in
rivers and in natural runoff.
• No more than 10% is treated with the
required quality for industrial and
domestic reuse, without human
contact as primary service water.
Source: Bunge, V. 2012; Lahera Ramón, V. 2010 and CONAGUA. General Division of Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation. 2013.
Causes
• LACK OF MONEY
• LACK OF TECHNOLOGY and TRANSDISCIPLINARITY
• BAD COORDINATION and ORGANIZATION BETWEEN
SOCIETY COMPONENTS (GOVERNMENT, INDUSTRIES,
RESEARCH CENTERS, NGOs and CITIZENS)
• ABSENCE OF REGULATIONS and LAWS
• POOR SUSTAINABILITY IN THE PROCESSES
• LACK OF EDUCATION and TRAINING
• CORRUPTION
4. Mexican regulatory framework.The National Water Commission (CONAGUA) is the responsible for integrating and developing the National Water Program under the terms thereof and of the Planning Act, as well as updating and monitor its implementation, proposing criteria and guidelines that allow for unit and coherence to the actions of the Mexican government in reference to water as a national resource and their inherent public assets.
Source: Mexican National Water Program 2014.-2018
National Water Program 2014-2018
The National Water Program (NWP) from 2014 to 2018 shows the essential value of water as a strategic element for attendance the basic needs of mexican population and promote the development of economic activities of the country in a framework that puts the care and preservation of the environment for future generations. This program is directly related with the National Development Plan 2013-2018.
SEMARNATThe Mexican Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) is responsible for reviewing the maximum permissible limits of pollutants currently included in the schedule for particular conditions of discharge into water bodies in the permits issued for that purpose.
Source: Mexican National Water Program 2014.-2018
Current regulations
México has established a regulatory framework that regulates wastewater discharges to receiving bodies through the following rules:
NOM 001.- Establishes the maximum permissible limits of pollutants in wastewater discharges into national waters or assets.
NOM 002.-Establishes the maximum permissible limits of pollutants in the wastewater discharge into the urban or municipal sewer systems .
NOM 003.- Establishes the maximum permissible limits for contaminants in treated wastewater reused in public services.
NOM 004.-Establishes specifications and maximum permissible limits of pollutants in sludge and biosolids for its use and disposal.Source: SEMARNAT, Envioronmental regulatory framework, 2013.
Reuse program for treated wastewater.
Basic points:
I.- Reuse treated wastewater for irrigation.
II.- Reuse of treated wastewater in industries promoting exchanging water for primary services with treated water.
III.- Construction and expansion of networks of treated wastewater to incorporate effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants in order to reuse water in industrial parks and for recharging groundwater aquifers. This action will be encouraged, once they comply with the relevant environmental quality provisions
Source: Mexican National Water Program 2014.-2018
Current and Future Strategies.
• Wastewater Collectors and treatment plants will be built with a holistic
approach to watershed and aquifer.
• It will be given a strong impulse to the reuse of treated wastewater,
particularly for agricultural irrigation and industrial processes.
• It has to be promoted with the states and municipalities, the proper
functioning of the existing wastewater treatment plants, which means
operating them efficiently and continuously.
• Also It must be promoted that the industries treat their wastewater and
improve the effectiveness of systems.
To better the current situation of our infrastructure for wastewater treatment and to achieve future plans on the reuse of treated wastewater, a series of strategies shall be followed:
Source: Mexican National Water Program 2014.-2018
Immediate actions.
• Improve current systems
• Build new systems with better technology
• Search for new clean energy sources
• Reach the 100% reuse of treated wastewater.
• Design and apply new regulations to improve and better the
management of water resources
• Include more pollutants to be monitored and decrease the
maximum permissible limits of them in those discharges which
go directly to water resources
• Increase the sustainability of our water management proceedingsSource: Mexican National Water Program 2014.-2018
Requirements.
• MONEY
• TECHNOLOGY and TRANSDISCIPLINARITY
• PERMANENT ASSOCIATION and BACKFEED BETWEEN SOCIETY
COMPONENTS (GOVERNMENT, INDUSTRIES, RESEARCH CENTERS,
NGOs and CITIZENS)
• REGULATIONS and LAWS
• DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABILITY IN THE PROCESSES
• EDUCATION and TRAINING
• ETHICS (VANISHING OF CORRUPTION)
5. Case of study: Wastewater treatment plant from El Colegio de México A.C.: a successful but realistic story.
• El Colegio de México,
A.C. (commonly known as Colmex,
English: The College of Mexico) is a
prestigious Mexican institute of
higher education, specializing in
teaching and research in social
sciences and humanities. he college
was founded in 1940 by the Mexican
Federal Government, the Bank of
México (Banco de México),
the National Autonomous University
of México (UNAM), and the Fondo de
Cultura Económica.
Environmental certification.
• In 2011 El Colegio de México as part of its planning to
obtain the environmental certification from the
government of the Federal District (D.F.) started a project
for the construction, operation and control of its own
wastewater plant.
Colegio de México WWTP Line Diagram
System parameters
Process(Dual)
EA /MBR-NF
Treatment Flow
(m3/day)
Installed Capacity(m3/day)
Water reuse
volume(m3)
Settling solids(%)
Mean BOD influent
(mg O2/L)
Mean BOD effluent
(mg O2/L)
Extended Aeration (activated sludge)
50 75 40 95 - 98 1,650.00 60-90
MBR-NF 50 75 40 95- 98 2, 500.00 20-30
Costs
Plant cost (USD) 493,600.50
Elimination efficiency (%)as MBR-NF
98.80-99.00
Specific Regulation NOM 003
Annual Maintenance cost (USD)
35,000
$/m3 (pesos/cents of dollar) 3.6 /0.28
Operators (six days per week)
2
Water (wastewater) reuse
Water reuse Volume (m3 per day)
Garden Irrigation
8
Groundwater recharge
11
Sanitary services
18
Almost 40% of maintenance is used for membranes, irrigation system and sanitary water supply (bombs)
Conclusions
• An efficiently wastewater treatment plant will have at the
beginning a large inversion recovery cost and it will be
necessary invest in training the personal in charge.
• Water reuse of course will bring saving money but the initial inversion recovery and the annual maintenance cost will avoid for a time period get benefits.
• New technology is expensive but it is necessary in order to keep, take care and recover our water resources
THANKS A LOT !!!!
ANY QUESTION ?????
REFERENCES.
• Cantor, J.; Sutton, P.M.; Steinheber, R.; Novachis, L. (2000) Industrial Biotreatment Plant
• Capacity Expansion and Upgrading Through Application of Membrane Biomass-Effluent
• Separation. Proceedings of the WEF 73rd Annual Conference & Exposition, Anaheim, CA.
• Hall, E.R.; Bérubé, P.R.; Sutton, P.M. (2006) Membrane Bioreactors for Anaerobic Treatment of
• Wastewaters. Project 02-CTS-4, Water Environment Research Foundation.
• Knoblock, M.D.; Sutton, P.M.; Mishra, P.N.; Gupta, K.; Janson, A. (1994) Membrane Biological
• Reactor System for Treatment of Oily Wastewaters. Water Environment Research, 66 (2),
• pp.133-139.
• Le-Clech, P.; Fane, A.; Leslie, G. (2005) MBR Focus: The Operators Perspective. Filtration &
• Separation, June pp. 20-23.
• Lei, E.; Bérubé, P.R. (2004) Impact of Membrane Configuration and Hydrodynamic Conditions
• on the Permeate Flux in Submerged Membrane Systems for Drinking Water Treatment.
• Proceedings AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference, San Antonio, TX.
• Conagua (2012a), “Situación del Subsector de Agua Potable, Alcantarillado y Saneamiento”, Edición 2012.
• Conagua (2012b), “Agenda del Agua 2030”, 2011. • Conagua, “Asociación Público-Privada. Agua Potable y Saneamiento”, Reunión
Nacional de Infraestructura Hidráulica 2012. • Conagua, “Situación del Subsector de Agua Potable, Alcantarillado y Saneamiento”,
Edición 2013. • Conagua, “Proyectos Estratégicos de Agua Potable, Drenaje y Saneamiento”,
Programa Nacional de Infraestructura 2007-2012, 20 de septiembre 2012. • Conagua, “Planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales Atotonilco”, 2012. • Conagua, “Experiencias en la Instrumentación de Acciones de Saneamiento.
Situación actual y principales proyectos de infraestructura en México”, Octubre 2010.
• Conagua, Aneas, CMIC, “IV Reunión Nacional de Infraestructura Hidráulica 2012”, Agosto 2012.
• IMTA, “El reúso del agua residual tratada en México”, Seminario Internacional sobre Métodos Naturales para el Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales. 2008.
• Conagua, “Programa Nacional Hídrico 2007-2012. Principales logros”. Julio 2012. • Conagua, “Programa Nacional Hidráulico 2001-2006”. 2006. • Conagua, “Situación del Subsector Agua Potable, Alcantarillado y Saneamiento”,
Edición 2006. • Gobierno de la República, “Programa Sectorial de Medio Ambiente y Recursos
Naturales 2013-2018”, 2013.
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