week 3 noun phrase (p2)

Homework checkingHomework checking

4.2. Count & Noncount nouns1. C - N2. C - N3. N - C4. C - N5. N - N - C

6. C - C7. N - N8. N 9. C

10. C - N

4.5. Specific and Generic reference1. G - G2. S - S3. S - G - G4. S - G5. G - G

11. Progressive aspect

6. S - S7. G - G8. S - G9. S - G

10. S - S

4.6. Use of the articles1. The - X2. X - X3. The - the - the - X4. X - X5. X - X6. a - the - X - the - a/the7. The - a - X8. the - a - a9. X - a/the - X10. a

11. the - the12. the/X - X13. A14. The15. X16. a17. The18. an19. the20. the

4.12. Uses of the genitive1. The departure of the plane2. The capture of the lion3. The man's cake4. The men's store5. The city of Chicago6. The team's coach

7. The one week's vacation8. The hand of the clock9. The man's dog10. that of Jim's11. a student of Plato's12. The doctor's office

Homework checkingHomework checkingExercise 69

2. It 3. their 4. them 5. it 6. one7. which 8. we 9. The 10. this/the11. an 12. their 13. their/the 14. they15. the 16. a 17. what 18. which19. us 20. its 21. It 22. their23. we/one 24. their 25. It 26. they27. them 28. the 29. this/the30. their

E_English Grammar Course E_English Grammar Course

Unit 3NOUN PHRASE (cont.)

IssuesIssues

NOUN PHRASE

– Basic NP• Determiners

– Predeterminers

– Central determiners

– Postdeterminers

– Complex NP• Modification

– Premodification

– Postmodification

– Multiple modification

= typically constructed by either a noun or a pronoun as the head & other constituents as modifiers

Eg. A nice girl leaning against the wall

Noun Phrase

Basic NP

Complex NP

Noun phrases

Noun Phrase

Basic NP

Complex NP

Basic Noun phrases

E.g.: All these 10 pupils

Basic NP

(Determiners) Head noun+

Determiners

Determiners = words of close-system used before a N to

“determine” the precise meaning of the N

Pre-determiners

Central determiners

Post-determiners

Pre-determiners

Determiners

Pre-determiners all, both, half

multipliers

fractions

such, what

• mutually exclusive

E.g.: all girls, both girls

BUT NOT:

all both girls

See more in 4.7 - 4.9

Pre-determinersDeterminers

+ before: articles (a, an, the, zero article) E.g.: all the time possessive determiners (my, his, her, etc.) E.g.: both his sisters demonstrative determiners (this, that, etc.) E.g.: half those days + not before: quantitative determiners (no, each, any, some, enough, (n)either, every)

+ take partitive “of-phrases” optional with nouns E.g.: all (of) the time obligatory with pronouns E.g.: all of them, both of us, half of it

+ “all, both”: occur after the head, either immediately or after the operator E.g.: They (all) were (all) accepted.

Pre-determiners multipliers

+ used to denote the quantity of the nounsE.g.: twice her age, double their salaries

+ occur with the determiners “a, every, each and per” to indicate frequency E.g.: once a week, twice every day, three times each year

Once, twice, three times, double, etc.

Pre-determiners fraction

+ the fractions have the alternative of- construction. E.g.: He took only two-thirds (of) the books on the table.

+ the indefinite article can replace ‘one’. E.g.: He did it in one-third / a third (of) the time it took me.

(one-third, two-fifths, three-quarters, etc.)

Pre-determiners Such/ what

+ occur before the head noun

+ “such”: combined with “all/no, quantifiers, cardinal numbers”

E.g.: What/ Such a surprise! no/many/41 such incidents

Central Determiners Determiners

Central determiners

6 classes based on their co-occurrence with the noun classes (singular count, plural count, and non-count)

(1) the,

possessive, wh-words, Some, any (stressed),

zero article some, any (unstressed)

enough

this that

thesethose

a(n) everyeach

Eitherneither

See more in 4.5

Central Determiners

Central Determiners in respect to their co-occurrence with the noun classes

COUNT NON-COUNT

SINGULAR

PLURAL

bottlefurniture

bottles

Central determiners

(1) the,

possessive, wh-words, some, any (stressed),

E.g.: - Do you want me to turn off the light? - I love my family. - What colour do you like? - I have some friends in London. - I won’t give this pen to any student. - She has no idea at all.

Central determiners

zero article, some, any (unstressed)

enough

E.g.: - Love is not everything. - I want some beer, please.

- Have we got any wine for tonight? - I did not have enough time to do this.

Central determiners

a(n) everyeacheither

neither

E.g.: - My friend gave me a flower / an apple. - I want to ask each/every person individually. - You can put it on either table. - Neither party accepted such a proposal.

Central determiners

this that

E.g.: This chair is mine and that table is yours. I can’t stand this silence.

Central determiners

thesethose

E.g.: - Did you read these stories yesterday? - Have you seen those girls?

Central determiners

much E.g.: He wants much sugar in his coffee.

Post Determiners Determiners

Post determiners

Ordinal numerals/general ordinals

Cardinal numerals

Close-system quantifiers

Open-class quantifiers

See more in 4.10 - 4.15

Post DeterminersDeterminers

Post determiners

Cardinal numerals

• include: one, two, three, etc.

E.g.: my three son

his two books

Post determiners

Cardinal numerals

• ordinal numerals: first,second, third, etc. • general ordinals: next, last, past, (an)other, additional, further E.g.: the first time another candidate

Post determiners

Cardinal numerals

• before count Ns: many, (a) few, several• before non-count Ns: much, (a) little E.g.: a few words much stress

Post determiners

Cardinal numerals

• include: a lot of, a great deal of, lots of, a good number of, etc.• verbs has number concord with the second nouns, not the quantity nouns (lot, deal, lots, plenty, etc.) E.g.: Lots of food was on the table. There was a lot of food on the table.

Noun phrases

Noun Phrase

Basic NP

Complex NP

E.g.: All the 11 pupils playing football

Complex NP

Pre-modification Head noun+

Post-modification+

Complex noun phrase

Modification

function status

Restrictive Permanent

Non-restrictive Temporary

See more in 13.3 - 13.4

Modification

function status

• helps identify the head & indicate a limitation on the possible reference of the head• tends to come after the head • tends to be given more prosodic emphasis than the head E.g.: The flowers in your garden are nice. He visited his aunt who often lent him money.

Modification

function status

• gives additional information to the head but is not essential for identifying the head • the reference: unique or as member of a class that has been independently identified• tends to come before the head• tends to be unstressed in pre-head position E.g.: The book, which I gave you yesterday, is quite readable. (member of a class) She is his poor, old mother. (unique)

Modification

function status

Non-restrictive Permanent

Restrictive Temporary

• Have reference to characteristic features • Mainly the items which are placed in premodification position E.g.: an ugly man the easy-going lady

Modification

function status

Non-restrictive Permanent

Restrictive Temporary

• Have reference only to a specific time• Mainly those adjectives which have to be predicate E.g.: A man who is timid = A timid man A man who is afraid # An afraid man

PremodificationPremodification

‘s-genitive

-ing/-ed participles

sentence

adverbials

adjectives

multiple premodification

See more in 13.27 - 13.41

‘s-genitive

-ing/-edparticiples

sentence

adverbial

adjective

E.g.: Mary's brother is very naughty.

‘s-genitive

-ing/-ed participles

sentence

adverbial

adjective

E.g.: He has rented a crumbling cottage. The wanted man was last seen in Paris.

Note: the participles denote the permanent.

E.g. She is an interesting girl vs. She interests me.

The man who is married = the married man

‘s-genitive

-ing/-edparticiples

sentence

adverbial

adjective

E.g.: I got angry with his I-don't-care attitude.She waved the boy away with a you-stink kind of look on her face.

‘s-genitive

-ing/-edparticiples

sentence

adverbial

adjective

E.g.: I visited his far-away hometown.

‘s-genitive

-ing/-edparticiples

sentence

adverbial

adjective

multiple prmodification

E.g.: He has fixed the cupboard door.

‘s-genitive

-ing/-edparticiples

sentence

adverbial

adjective

E.g.: She is a lovely girl.

Let's checkLet's check

Do exercise 13.11 (handout)

Let's checkLet's checkAnswers

1. long - Aj 2. singing - P3. girl's - G4. gravel - N5. up - Av6. "I've got your number" - C7. ringing - P8. long-ago - Av9. consumers' - G

Let's checkLet's checkAnswers

10. get-up-and-go - C11. dismissal - N12. funny - Aj13. blue - A; peasant's - G14. once - Av; bridge - N15. involved - P; do-it-yourself - C16. long - A; lingering - P17. bird's - G; nest - N

PostmodificationPostmodification

relative clauses

prepositional phrase

non-finite clause

appositive clause

adverb

Clause of time, place, manner, reason

adjective

multiple postmodification

See more in 13.5 - 13.24

relative clauses

non-finite clause

appositive clause

adverb

adjective

E.g.: The girl who is playing in the ground is my daughter .

relative clauses

non-finite clause

appositive clause

adverb

adjective

E.g.: She loves the monitor in your class.

relative clauses

non-finite clause

appositive clause

adverb

adjective

E.g.: The girl playing in the ground is my daughter.

relative clauses

non-finite clause

appositive clause

adverb

adjective

E.g.: The fact that he is rich is not the reason she loves him.

relative clauses

non-finite clause

appositive clause

adverb

adjective

E.g.: I work in the university where I studied English. 12th Sep, 1983 is the date when he was born. That’s the reason why he spoke ill of me. She shows me the way how I can cook beef.

relative clauses

non-finite clause

appositive clause

adverb

adjective

E.g.: The girl over there is my sister. The road back is dense with traffic.

relative clauses

non-finite clause

appositive clause

adverb

adjective

E.g.: Something strange happened last night.

Multiple modification

Multiple premodification

Multiple postmodification

• with single head: E.g.: his last brilliant book• with multiple head: E.g.: the new chair and table the new but ugly table and chair

• Sequence of premodifiers:Determiner general age color participle provenance noun de-nominal head E.g.: a crumbling church towel the extravagant London social life some intricate old inter-locking Chinese designs

• with single head: E.g.: the girl in the corner talking to John• with multiple head: E.g.: the boy and the girl in the corner talking to John

Let's checkLet's check

Do exercise 13.13 (handout)

HomeworkHomework

Exercise 46, 47, 61-66 Workbook

Handout tutorial

week 3 noun phrase (p2)

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