why this session ? context and background basic pronunciation rules mechanics of articulation...
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• Why this session ?
• Context and background
• Basic Pronunciation Rules
• Mechanics of articulation
• Alphabet groups and pronunciation
• Pronunciation exceptions
• Examples and vernacular influence
• Chanting if time permits
• Devotion vs pronunciation vs meaning 1sribharati.org
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• अमं�त्रमंक्षरं� नास्ति�� नास्ति�� मं लमंना�षधमं� । अयो�ग्यो� पु�रुष� नास्ति�� यो�जक��त्र दुल�भः� ॥
• Pronunciation / Sound – Life Breath• Grammar – Mouth• Meter ( Chandas ) – Feet• Meaning – Ears
• Sadba and Artha – 2 wings
• Body is called Daivi Veena – the unique gift of speech must be put to good use for the well-being of the world.
Sanskrit Phonetics - Context
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Sanskrit Phonetics - Context• Veda is the root of all knowledge
• Vedic language is called chandas
• Rishis authored the 6 vedangas to unlock the Veda
• Shiksha is the first vedanga which deals with Vedic phonetics
• PrAtishAkhya rules govern the pronunciation in each of the 1131 branches of the Veda
• Chandas gave rise to Classical sanskrit
• 50 Sanskrit letters have been derived from Vedic Sounds3sribharati.org
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Sanskrit Phonetics• What guides the right pronunciation ?
• Each of the 1131 branches of Veda has its own “right” pronunciation, guided by the prAtishAkhya texts
• Depending on which branch of the Veda is popular in a certain region, that region picked up that pronunciation
• e.g agnimeeLe vs agnimeezhe vs agnimeeDhe
• Yat puruSheNa haviShA
• Since 1 classical sanskrit has been derived from many vedic branches, many “right” pronunciations are in vogue for it
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Shiksha rules
• VarNa – Enunciation of letters in isolation and in groups
• Svara – Tonal Accuracy ( High, Medium , Low )
• MAtrA – Duration ( 1/8 – 3 )
• Balam – Pitch / effort ( 7 notes )
• SAma – Evenness, melody , free of errors
• SantAna – Compounding of independent letters ( Sandhis )
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Production of Sound
•Air Stream Mechanism
•Organs of Speech
•Points of articulation• Immobile Mobile
•Manners of articulation• Internal External
•Position of Glottis• Open Closed• Semi-Closed Whisper
•Position of Velum• Open Closed• Semi-Closed
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Swara
Vyanjana
-V-A -V+A +V-A +V+AAnunaa
asikaAntastha Ushman
Alphabet Groups and Pronunciation
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• AnusvAra – Pure nasal
• Visarga• Visarjaneeya - Visarga• UpadhmAneeya – Visarga + p or ph• JihvAmUlIya – Visarga + k or kh• Visarga + ksha
• Avagraha – e.g : क�ऽपिपु
• La , Ksha , Tra , J~na
व्याघ्री% योथा हरं(�� पु�त्रना� दं�ष्ट्राभ्यो� ना च पु%डयो(�� ।भः%� पु�नाभः(दंभ्यो� �द्वदं� वर्णा�ना� प्रयो�जयो(�� ॥
Delicate + Firm
Pronunciation rules – contd….
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• UpadhmAnIya - f
• Brahma, Vahni, madhyAhnam, Ahnikam
• Svara bhakti• e.g : indra vs. ind’ra
• la vs. La• Nalini , kala , kalika, pralaya
• anusvAra + Consonant = Corresponding AnunAsika• शङ्� करं - श�करं• अञ्जना - अ�जना• ब्रह्माण्ड - ब्रह्मा�ड• अन्�क - अ��क• पुरंम्परं - पुरं�पुरं
Pronunciation exceptions
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TamilVernacular influence
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Accurate Inaccuratealpa prANa, mahA prANa
kara, khara , cala,chala , paTa,paTha , dAma, dhAma
ph Phalam Falam
th,dh Ratha, Katham, dAsarathi
Radha, Kadham, dAsaradhi
r karma kaRma No rolling / Hypercorrection
R Amrta Amrita,hridaya, Amruta,hrudaya
Between I and u
ai Saraswatyai ( NI ) Saraswatyai ( SI )
sha Like cha Shiva,shankara ,Tapaschame, Rashana,rasana
Sha Like Ta dhanuShTankara, uShas
sa Like ta manastApam, salilam
visarga Kavihi v kavihi’
halanta Rama Ram
Jna Yajna, jnanam Yegna, gnanam, gyan
dy Vidya Vijya
ty Atyanta Achyanta
Na , na sarvANi bhUtAni sarvAni bhUtAni
Common mistakes
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