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KARYA TULIS AKHIR
Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Propolis Terhadap Perubahan
Luas Luka Bakar Derajat II B - III Pada Tikus Putih Strain Wistar (Rattus
Norvegicus)
Oleh:
WILDAN FIRMANSYAH
201010330311060
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2014
ii
KATA PENGANTAR
Assalamu’alaikum, Wr. Wb.
Syukur Alhamdulillah penulis panjatkan kepada Allah SWT atas rahmat dan hidayah-Nya
sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir yang berjudul “Pengaruh Pemberian
Ekstrak Propolis Terhadap Perubahan Luas Luka Bakar Derajat II B - III Pada Tikus Putih
Strain Wistar (Rattus Norvegicus)” sebagai persyaratan untuk menyelesaikan studi
Pendidikan Sarjana Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
Peneliti menyadari bahwa penulisan tugas akhir ini terselesaikan karena
adanya bantuan dari berbagai pihak, oleh karena itulah pada kesempatan ini
peneliti ingin menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih yang tak terhingga dan
penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu
dalam penulisan tugas akhir ini:
1. Allah SWT, Berkat rahmat dan petunjuk-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan
tugas akhir ini.
2. dr. Ruby Riana Asparini, Sp.BP, selaku dosen pembimbing I yang telah meluangkan
waktu dan penuh kesabaran berkenan membimbing serta mengarahkan penulis
dalam menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.
3. dr. Bambang Mulyawan, Sp.A, selaku dosen pembimbing II yang penuh kesabaran
berkenan meluangkan waktu untuk membimbing, mengarahkan dan memberi
masukan dalam menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.
iii
4. dr. Diah Hermayanti, Sp.PK, selaku dosen penguji yang telah membantu dan
memberi masukan yang sangat membantu dalam penyelesaian tugas akhir ini.
5. Kunto Hadi dan Sunarti selaku orang tua penulis yang telah bekerja keras untuk
memberikan semua yang terbaik, dan selalu memberikan doa serta semangat
sehingga bisa menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.
6. Rengga Yoga Prima selaku kakak penulis, terima kasih atas do’a, saran, dan idenya
dalam membantu kelancaran tugas akhir ini.
7. Afrida Hadiyanti Salsabilla selaku adik penulis, terima kasih atas do’a, dan support
dalam membantu kelancaran tugas akhir ini.
8. Reny Faristin Putri Arifin, yang telah berkontribusi dalam berbagai hal yang tidak
bisa disebutkan semuanya dalam proses pengerjaan tugas akhir ini.
9. Imron Rosyadi Putra, saling bekerjasama dengan penulis dalam menyelesaikan
seluruh proses penelitian di laboratorium biomedik FK UMM.
10. Genio Rahmadana (Haji Cimeng supplier kodok), yang membantu, mengejek,
menjadi rival dalam proses pengerjaan tugas akhir ini.
11. Agung Rudiardi (Brengos), Indro Catur Raharjo (Om. Tuwek), Choirin Nur (Cak), Riski
Kukuh Widadi (Alay), Abdul Malik Fajri (Oyik), Sigit Dwi Mulyo, Iqbal Margi Syafa’at
(Semok), Harjuna Duta Nuswantara (Pangeran Kodok), Demas Dwi Janitra, Takbir
Riski Prayogi, Wulan Dewi Faricah (Tiwul), selaku sahabat, orang terdekat dan teman
bimbingan yang setia menemani dan membantu memperbaiki kekurangan dalam
setiap proses pengerjaan tugas akhir ini.
12. Mbak Fat, Pak Kus, Mas Miftah, Mas Nyono, Mas Joko laboran FK UMM yang telah
membantu dan membimbing melakukan penelitian ini dengan hasil yang maksimal
dengan penuh kesabaran.
iv
13. Mas Didit, Mas Faisal, Mbak Citra, Mbak Nuke Pak Yono, dan Bu Endah selaku
pegawai TU FK UMM yang telah membantu dalam setiap proses demi kelancaran
pengerjaan tugas akhir ini.
14. Serta semua kontributor dan teman teman lain yang tidak bisa penulis sebutkan satu
per satu disini
Peneliti menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa masih banyak kekurangan pada
penyusunan tugas akhir ini. sehingga peneliti sangat mengharapkan masukan dari
berbagai pihak. Semoga tugas akhir ini dapat memberikan manfaat bagi penulis dan
pembaca, menjadi sumbangan yang berguna bagi perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan
serta dapat bermanfaat bagi semua pihak. Amin.
Wassalamu’alaikum,Wr. Wb
Malang, juni 2014
(Penulis)
v
ABSTRAK
Firmansyah, Wildan, 2014. Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Propolis Terhadap
Perubahan Luas Luka Bakar Derajat II B-III Tikus PutihStrain
Wistar (Rattus novergicus).Tugas Akhir, Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Pembimbing: Ruby Riana
Asparini*, Bambang Mulyawan**.
Latar Belakang: Luka bakar merupakan salah satu trauma dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari,di indonesia ditemukan lebih dari 40% kasus luka bakar derajat II dan
III. Propolis banyak digunakan untuk pengobatan, salah satunya untuk
penyembuhan luka.
Tujuan: Mengetahui adanya pengaruh pemberian ekstrak propolis terhadap
penurunan luas luka bakar derajat II B-III pada tikus putih strain wistar (rattus
norvegicus).
Metode: Penelitian eksperimental, The Post Test Only Control Group Design.
Sampel dibagi 4 kelompok yang diberi luka bakar dengan, 1: kontrol (hidrogel), 2:
ekstrak propolistiap 24 jam 3: ekstrak propolis tiap 12 jam4:ekstrak propolis tiap
8 jam.Dioleskan tiap hari tanpa dressing pada tikus putih yang diberi luka bakar
selama 14hari. Analisis data menggunakan uji Oneway ANOVA dan uji LSD.
Hasil: Hasil uji Oneway ANOVA menunjukkan pengaruh yang bermakna
terhadap penurunan luas lukabakar dengan nilai sig = 0,000 (p<0,05). Hasil uji
LSD pada kelompok perlakuan 2 menunjukkan nilai sig yang lebih kecil dari 0,05,
ini menunjukkan bahwa kelompok 2(tiap 24 jam) memiliki perbedaan yang
bermakna secara statistik.
Kesimpulan:Pemberian ekstrak propolis berpengaruh pada penurunan luas luka
luka bakar derajat II B-III.
Kata kunci: Ekstrak propolis, penurunan luas luka bakar derajat IIB-III.
* : dr., Sp.BP. Staff pengajar ilmu bedah FK UMM
** : dr., Sp.A. Stafr pengajar ilmu anak FK UMM
vi
ABSTRACT
Firmansyah, Wildan. 2014. The Effect of Propolis Extracts on Burn Wounds
grade II B - III On White Rats Strain Wistar (Rattus Norvegicus).
Faculty of Medicine. Muhammadiyah University of Malang.
Advisor: (1) Ruby Riana Asparini* (2) Bambang Mulyawan**.
Background : Burn wound is one of some trauma in daily life, more than 40%
burn injury in indonesia run into second and third degree. Propolis is widley used
for medication
Objective : Knowing the effect of propolis extracts on healing II B-III degree of
burn injury on white rats strain wistar (rattus norvegicus).
Methods: An experimental study. The Post Test Only Control Group Design.
Samples was divided into 4 groups which were given burn wound with, 1: control
(hydrogel), 2: propolis extract every 24 hours, 3: propolis extract every 12 hours,
4: propolis extract every 8 hours. Applied every day without dressing in white rats
whit burns for 14 day. Data were analized using One Way ANOVA test and LSD
test.
Results and Discussion: One Way ANOVA test showed a significant effect on
decrease in burn wounds area with sig = 0.000 (p <0.05). LSD test results in
group 2 (every 24 hours) showed sig were less than 0,05, this indicated that group
2 had a statistically significant diference.
Conclusions: Propolis extract has effect on lowering the burns area degree
wounds II B-III.
Keywords: Propolis extract, lowering the burns area degree wounds II B-III..
* : dr., Sp.BP. (Lecturer of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medical in Muhammadiyah
University of Malang)
** : dr., Sp.A. (Lecturer of Pediatric, Faculty of Medical in Muhammadiyah
University of Malang)
vii
DAFTAR ISI
Sampul ....................................................................................................................... i
Kata Pengantar ........................................................................................................... ii
Abstrak ...................................................................................................................... v
Daftar Isi..................................................................................................................... vii
Daftar Tabel ............................................................................................................... x
Daftar Gambar ............................................................................................................ xi
Daftar Singkatan ........................................................................................................ xii
BAB 1 Pendahuluan ................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ..................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ................................................................................................ 3
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ................................................................................................. 3
1.3.1 Tujuan umum .......................................................................................... 3
1.3.2 Tujuan khusus ......................................................................................... 3
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................................... 3
BAB 2 Tinjauan Pustaka ............................................................................................ 4
2.1 Propolis ................................................................................................................ 5
2.1.1 Karakteristik propolis ................................................................................ 6
2.1.2 Kandungan propolis ................................................................................... 6
2.1.2.1 Cafefeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) .......................................... 7
2.1.2.2 Quercertin ...................................................................................... 9
viii
2.1.2.3 Kaempferol ................................................................................... 10
2.1.2.4 Myricetin ................................................................................... 10
2.2 Luka Bakar ..................................................................................................... 10
2.2.1 Definisi ............................................................................................... 10
2.2.2 Etiologi luka bakar ............................................................................. 11
2.2.3 Klasifikasi luka bakar ......................................................................... 12
2.2.4 Tingkat keparahan luka ...................................................................... 15
2.2.5 Berat dan ringannya luka.................................................................... 15
2.3 Proses penutupan luka ..................................................................................... 16
2.3.1 Penutupan luka primer .......................................................................... 16
2.3.2 Penutupan luka sekunder ...................................................................... 17
2.3.3 penutupan luka primer tertunda ............................................................ 17
2.4 Penatalaksanaan .............................................................................................. 17
BAB 3 Kerangka Konseptual dan Hipotesis Penelitian ........................................ 27
3.1 Hipotesis Penelitian ......................................................................................... 28
BAB 4 Metode Penelitian ..................................................................................... 29
4.1 Jenis Penelitian ................................................................................................ 29
4.2 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian .......................................................................... 29
4.3 Populasi dan Sampel ....................................................................................... 29
4.3.1 Populasi ................................................................................................. 29
4.3.2 Sampel ................................................................................................... 29
4.3.3 Karakteristik sampel penelitian ............................................................. 30
4.4 Jenis Variabel .................................................................................................. 30
ix
4.4.1 Variabel bebas ....................................................................................... 30
4.4.2 Variabel tergantung ............................................................................... 30
4.5 Definisi Operasional........................................................................................ 31
4.6 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian ............................................................................... 32
4.7 Alur Penelitian ................................................................................................ 34
4.8 Skema alur pebelitian ...................................................................................... 38
4.9 Analisis data .................................................................................................... 39
BAB 5 Hasil Penelitian dan Analisis Data ............................................................ 40
5.1 Hasil Penelitian ........................................................................................ 40
5.2 Analisis Data ............................................................................................ 42
5.3 Keterbatasan Penelitian ............................................................................ 44
BAB 6 Pembahasan .............................................................................................. 45
BAB 7 Kesimpulan dan Saran .............................................................................. 49
7.1 Kesimpulan .............................................................................................. 49
7.2 Saran ........................................................................................................ 49
Daftar Pustaka ....................................................................................................... 50
Lampiran ............................................................................................................... 54
x
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel Halaman
2.1 Pembagian luka berdasarkan Rule of nine ...................................................... 15
2.2 Rumus cairan rumatan..................................................................................... 20
4.1 Hasil penelitian pendahuluan .......................................................................... 35
xi
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar Halaman
2.1 Propolis Apis Mellifera ................................................................................... 6
2.2 Struktur bahan kimia yang terdapat dalam propolis ....................................... 7
2.3 Struktur kimia Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) ..................................... 9
2.4 Rumus parkland .............................................................................................. 20
2.5 Rumus bexter .................................................................................................. 21
3.1 Kerangka Konsep Penelitian ........................................................................... 27
4.8 Skema Alur Penelitian..................................................................................... 27
xii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
ANOVA : Analisis of variance
AINS ; Anti Inflamasi Non Steroid
ATP : Adenosine Triphosphatase
CAPE : Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester
CDC : Centre for Disease Control
DNA :Deoxyribonucleic Acid
INOS : Inducible Nitric Oxide
IL : Interleukin
IFN : Interfenon
LPS : Lipopolisakarida
LSD : Least Significant Different
NO : Nitric Oxide
SIRS : Systemic Inflamatory Respon Syndrome
SPSS : Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
SSD : Silver Sulfadiazine
TLPT : Total Luas Permukaan Tubuh
TNF : Tumor Necrosis Factor
RNA : Ribonucleic Acid
xiii
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