wooliams presentation
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Jessica Woolliams, Coordinator
Longwood Green Campus InitiativeHarvard Universityemail: jwoollia@hsph.harvard.edu
The Case ForSustainable Laboratories:
First Steps at Harvard University
www.greencampus.harvard.edu/
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Sustainable Laboratories:First Steps at Harvard University
z ONE: The Case forSustainable Laboratories
z TWO: Initial Efforts at Harvardz THREE: Lab21 Questionnaire
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ONE: Case For Sustainable Labs
First: Climate change is here
There is no doubt the composition of the atmosphere ischanging because of human activities, and today greenhousegases are the largest human influence on global climate.(NSF 2003)
Second: Our labs are big contributors:
fume hoods are a major factor in making a typical laboratory
four- to five-times more energy intensive than typicalcommercial buildings. A typical hood consumes 3.5-timesmore energy than an average house. (Bell, G., D. Sartor, andE. Mills 2003)
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ONE: Case For Sustainable Labs
z Third: The benefits of this transitionare enormous
z Recent studies show that minimal
increases in upfront costs (2%)result in savings of 20% of totalconstruction costs
z Example: an initial investment of
$100,000 to incorporate greenfeatures into a $5 million projectwould result in savings of $1 millionin todays dollars over the life of the
building
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TWO: Initial Efforts at Harvard
Why are Universities Critical?
z 4,096 U.S. Colleges and Universities1
z 14.8 million students1
z $277 billion annual expenditures; 2.8% of the GDP1
z Higher education expenditures greater than the GDP of all but 25
countries in the world2
1 From: 2001 Digest of Education Statistics, US Dept. of Education.2 From: 2001 CIA World Factbook and Dowling, Mike., "Interactive Table of World Nations," available from
http://www.mrdowling.com/800nations.html; Internet; updated Friday, June 29, 2001
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TWO: Initial Efforts at Harvard
2,886 Capital Projects Completed,
2000
944
374
1568
New Buildings Additions Modernization
Source: American School and Universitys Official Education Construction Report, 2000.
Why are Universities Critical?
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TWO: Initial Efforts at Harvard
$14.7 B Spent on Construction, 2000
52%
6%
42%
New Buildings Additions Modernization
Source: American School and Universitys Official Education Construction Report, 2000.
Why are Universities Critical?
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TWO: Initial Efforts at Harvard
Technical Background on University Labs
Laboratory Types at Harvard
z Chemistry
z Biochemistry
z Biological
z Biomedicalz Physics
z Geology
z Behavioral research
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TWO: Initial Efforts at Harvard
Laboratory Environments May ContainzHundreds or thousands ofchemicals
zFlammable GaseszCompressed Gases
zToxic Gases
zFlammable LiquidszBiological Agents
zRadioactive materials
zFume HoodszBiosafety Cabinets
zCentrifuges
zAutoclaves
zVacuum SystemszResearch Animals
zLasers
zSophisticated ElectricalEquipment
zHazardous waste
zInfected animalsz???
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TWO: Initial Efforts at Harvard
Types of Fume Hoods
z Constant Volume Fume Hoods
Conventional Constant Volume Fume Hood
Constant Volume Bypass Fume Hood
Auxiliary Air or Make-Up Fume Hoods
Low Flow Fume Hood
z Variable Volume Fume Hoods
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TWO: Initial Efforts at Harvard
Energy Use Totals FY 2001 in MMBtus
Longwood Medical
Campus
29%
Cambridge / Allston
71%
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TWO: Initial Efforts at Harvard
Square Footage
Cambridge / Allston85%
Longwood Medical
Campus
15%
lab-intensivecampus: 2.4 timesthe energy use per
square foot
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TWO: Initial Efforts at Harvard
Feasibility Study with Labs 21z 68,000 sq ft: 52% Lab
z 6 floors + basementz 26 fume hoods
z Built in 1969
$-
$50,000
$100,000
$150,000
$200,000
$250,000
Chlld H2O Elec Steam water
Utility Use FY 2002: $479,570
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Upgrade and Reduce Energy
z Constant Volume with Heat Recovery: $20,000/yr savings, 4.8 year payback
z Constant Volume with Usage Based Control:$18,500 /yr, 2.9 yr payback
z Constant Volume with Usage Based Controland Heat Recovery: $32,000 /yr, 4.7 yr pb
z
Variable Air Volume: $33,500/yr, 3.3 yr pbz Variable Air Volume with Heat Recovery:
$48,000/yr, 4.25 yr pb
z Constant Volume with Low Flow Fume Hoods:$28,072, 7.85 yr pb
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Upgrade and Reduce Energy
z Constant Volume with Heat Recovery: $20,000/yr savings, 4.8 year payback
z Constant Volume with Usage Based Control:$18,500 /yr, 2.9 yr payback
z Constant Volume with Usage Based Controland Heat Recovery: $32,000 /yr, 4.7 yr pb
z
Variable Air Volume: $33,500/yr, 3.3 yr pbz Variable Air Volume with Heat Recovery:
$48,000/yr, 4.25 yr pb: 10% reduction in energy use
z Constant Volume with Low Flow Fume Hoods:$28,072, 7.85 yr pb
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Important Discoveries
z Range of cost-effective opps identified: Heat recovery, greater controls, VAV, low flow
hoods, night set-backs.
z Unknown performance faculty change-over, systemic lack of
communication between faculty/researchers and
facility managers, lack of ongoing buildingventilation performance reviews
z Current codes and standards labyrinthine
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Design Dilemma: Whos Stds to Follow?
Organizations with Recommendations for AirChanges per Hour (ACH):
z ASHRAE Applications Handbook
z NFPA 45, National Fire Protection Association
z OSHA 29 CFR-1910, Occupational Safety &Health Administration, US Dept of Labor
z Prudent Practices, National Research Council
z Industrial Ventilation, American Conference ofGovernmental Industrial Hygienists
z ANSI / AIHA Z9.5-2003, American National
Standards Institute, American Industrial HygieneAssn
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Design Standards: ACH
ANSI / AIHA Z9.5-2003, AmericanNational Standards Institute, American
Industrial Hygiene Assn:air changes per hour is not the
appropriate concept for designingcontaminant control systems.Contaminants should be controlled atthe source.
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Design Standards: ACH
ANSI / AIHA Z9.5-2003, AmericanNational Standards Institute, American
Industrial Hygiene Assn:air changes per hour is not the
appropriate concept for designingcontaminant control systems.Contaminants should be controlled atthe source.
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Design Standards: Face Velocity
Organization Citation FaceVelocity
ACGIH Industrial Ventilation, 19th ed. p.5.24 60-100 fpmASHRAE 1999 ASHRAE Handbook
13.560-1751
ANSI/AIHA ANSI/AIHA Z9.5Sect 5.7
80-120 fpm
CALOSHA CCR Title VIIISubchapter 7.5454.1
100 fpm2
NRC Prudent Practicesp.187
80-100 fpm
NFPA NFPA 456-4.5 & A6-4.5
80-120 fpm3
NIOSH Recommended IndustrialVentilation Guidelines p.166 100-150 fpm
NRC NRC Guide 6.3 100 fpm4OSHA 29 CFR 1910
Appendix A Sec. A.C.4.g60-100 fpm
SEFA SEFA 1.2:5.2 75-100 fpm
[1] 20%-50% of exterior disturbance velocities. 60-175 fpm if 300 fpm walk-by used to calculate.[2] Minimum[3] "Sufficient to prevent escape from hood; 80-120 fpm; 40 cfm/lin foot min"[4] For hospital radioactives
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Fume Hood Containment Test Standards
we can ask, does it make any differencewhich of the several standard protocols isfollowed? My answer is no, inasmuch as none
can define what the operational risks will be inservice.
Dr. Melvin First, Harvard School of Public Health
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Fume Hood Containment Test Standards
we can ask, does it make any differencewhich of the several standard protocols isfollowed? My answer is no, inasmuch as none
can define what the operational risks will be inservice.
Dr. Melvin First, Harvard School of Public Health
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Best Practices: LEED
Labs 21 develop Environmental Performance Criteria,and among the strategies:
z Use high performance low-flow fume hoods.
z Minimize outside air to 1 cubic foot per minute persquare foot (cfm/sf) or less.
z Reduce unoccupied outside airflow during
unoccupied periods.
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Best Practices: LEED
Labs 21 develop Environmental Performance Criteria,and among the strategies:
z Use high performance low-flow fume hoods.
z Minimize outside air to 1 cubic foot per minute persquare foot (cfm/sf) or less.
z Reduce unoccupied outside airflow during
unoccupied periods.
We need to define the operational risks
Need for research
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Research on Codes, Standards, &
Energy Efficiency in Laboratories
z Labs 21: internship position
z Student intern research:
national survey of architects, engineers and facilitymanagers
Labs 21 group identified a national need:
understanding how codes and standards impactenergy efficiency
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Advisory Group
Chris BenjaminEnvironmental Analyst
Eastern Research GroupLabs21 Media Outlet
Itzhak Maor, Ph.D., P.E.Director of Engineering
PWI Energy
Paul Mathew, Ph.DEnergy Engineer
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Geoffrey C. Bell
Energy EngineerLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Labs 21Phil Wirdzek
Environmental Protection Agency
Matt Lloyd, InternHGCI
Jessica WoolliamsMedical Area Coordinator
HGCI
Leith Sharp, DirectorHGCI
Danny Beaudoin
Manager of OperationsHarvard School of Public Health
Harvard Green Campus InitiativeDr. John Spengler, Co-Chair
University of Massachusetts AmherstGreening Campus Rep
Northeastern UniversityEH&S Director
Tufts UniversityEH&S, Facilities
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
EH&S DirectorFacilities and Engineering
University Steering GroupDr. John SpenglerHarvard UniversityFaculty, Facilities
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The Questionnaire: Intent
Three questions:
1) In what ways do current codes and standards
either hinder or help energy efficient laboratory
design?
2) Do current codes and standards fail to provide
enough guidance on the issues of health and
safety, energy efficiency, and the relationship
between the two?
3) What is the scope and magnitude of the problem?
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Matt Lloyd, AEALongwood Green Campus
InitiativeHarvard School of Public HealthBoston, MA 02215email: mlloyd@hsph.harvard.edu
Understanding the RelationshipBetween Codes, Standards, and
Energy Efficiency in Laboratories
www.epa.gov/labs21century www.greencampus.harvard.edu/
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The Questionnaire
z Identifying the Target Audience:
1) Labs21 case study design team members (n=6)
2) A pool of A&E participants with laboratory designexperience (n=19)
3) Facilities Managers (n=6)
Nearly 4 centuries of experience with energyefficiency!!!
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The Questionnaire: Intent
z An exploratory effort to identify contradictionsand/or issues within the framework of thecurrent codes and standards for laboratory
ventilation and energy efficiency.
z Over a 90% response rate to questionnaire
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Applicability of Energy Codes/Standards
C o d e s / S t a n d a r d s
do no t o f fe rade quate gu idanc e
5 6 %
C o d e s / S t a n d a r d so f fe r ade quate
guidance
4 4 %
z Do you feel that these codes and standards offer
adequate guidance for designing energy efficientlabs?
Total (all groups):
n=25
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Applicability of Energy Codes/Standards
z For those that answered No, what are the issues:
Codes not designed to address labs Inadequate methodology for determining air flow /
safety requirements
Inconsistent standards for lab ventilation Different lab types deserve consideration
Fan energy limits/ restrictive heat recovery
in ASHRAE 90.1 Codes do not address lab design holistically Safety and use of chemical fume hoods
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Applicability of Energy Standards:
ASHRAE 90.1
z Using the ECB method for lab compliance:
Case Studies group: 83% used ECB
A&E group: 21% used ECB
zExperience with ECB:
Labor intensive calculations Better suited for commercial buildings
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L21 Environmental Performance Criteria
Technologies and Strategies:
z Use of low-flow fume hoods
z Use of VAV fume hoods
z Energy (latent or sensible)
recoveryz Use of computer simulations to
ID effective efficiency measures
z Quantification of energy
performance as compared to abaseline bldg.
z Expansion of unoccupiedtemperature dead band byresetting zone temperature
based on occupancy
z Incorporating diversity intodesign
z Cooling system with at least 2
cooling loops (different temps.)z Design for high part-load heating
and cooling efficiency
z Reduction of outside airflowduring unoccupied periods
z In mixed lab settings, usededicated HVAC for admin.
Areas
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L21 Environmental Performance Criteria
Technologies and strategies Labs21 case
study design team members employed:
Less often:z Use of low flow fume hoods
z Expansion of temperature deadbands based on occupancy
z Cooling system with at least 2cooling loops (different temps.)
More often:z Incorporating diversity into design
z Use of VAV fume hoodsz Energy recovery (latent or sensible)
z Reduction of outside airflow
z Design for high part-load heating
and cooling efficiencyz Dedicated HVAC for admin. areas
in mixed lab settings
z Quantification of energyperformance as compared to a
baseline bldg.z Use of computer simulations to ID
effective efficiency measures
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L21 Environmental Performance Criteria
Technologies and strategies general A&E
group employed:Less often:z Use of low flow fume hoods
z Expansion of temperature dead
bands based on occupancyz Cooling system with at least 2
cooling loops (different temps.)
z Energy recovery (latent or sensible)
z Design for high part-load heatingand cooling efficiency
z Quantification of energyperformance as compared to abaseline bldg.
z Use of computer simulations to IDeffective efficiency measures
More often:z Incorporating diversity into design
z
Use of VAV fume hoodsz Reduction of outside airflow
z Dedicated HVAC for admin. areasin mixed lab settings
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General Lab Ventilation
z If your firm use ACH to calculate ventilation rates, what
code(s) / standard(s) do you reference in setting airchange rate?
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
Handbo
ok
NFPA
OSHA
NR
C
CR
C
Local/
statecod
es
AIA
Other
Codes / Standards
Percentage
Facility Mgrs. (n=5)
Case Studies (n=6)
A&E (n=14)
Total
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Facilities Managers (n=6) Cas e Studies (n=6) A&E (n=18) To tal (n=30)
S urve y Gro up
Facilities Managers (n=6)
Cas e S tudies (n=6)
A&E (n=18)
To tal (n=30)
z In your opinion, are the standards from part b
adequate to ensure the long-term safety of laboratoryoccupants?
General Lab Ventilation
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1 2 3 4 5
Median Interest Level (Scale of 1-5)
All groups (n=30)
A&E (n=18)
Case Studies (n=6)
Facilities Managers
(n=6)Facilities Managers (n=6)
Case Studies (n=6)
A&E (n=18)
All groups (n=30)
z On scale of one to five, indicate your interest in additional
research quantifying the correlation between laboratoryventilation and human health risks.
General Lab Ventilation
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Laboratory Air Distribution and Diffusion
All groups (n=30)
A&E (n=18)
Case Studies (n=6)
Facilities Managers (n=6)
z Do you believe the location of the fume hoods in relation to air supply
diffusers and pedestrian traffic is for human health andsafety than the number of air changes per hour in a laboratory?
Lessimportan
t
Equallyimpo
rtant
Moreimportan
t
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Laboratory Air Distribution and Diffusion
z Do you utilize CFD as a
computational tool forpredicting lab airdistribution?
40%General A&Eaudience
60%Case Studies
Use CFD as a
computational
tool:Survey
group:
z On scale of one to five (1=lowest,5=highest), rate the usefulness ofCFD for the design of safe andenergy efficient laboratories.
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Median Value of Usefulness (Scale of 1-5)
Case Studies
(n=6)
A&E (n=18)
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Fume Hoodsz What specific codes and standards do you reference to select face
velocitythat you use as your criteria for fume hoods?
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Z 9.5 CALOSHA SEFA OSHA NFPA 45 NRC Other
Codes / Standards Referenced
Percentage
Facility Mgrs. (n=6)
Case Studies (n=6)
A&E (n=17)
Total
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Testingz Estimate the percentage of clients that your firm provides
building commissioning for beyond traditional TAB protocol?
0-24%(Infrequently) 25-49%
(Lessthanhalf
thetime)
50-74%
(Majorityofthe
time)
75-100%
(Almostalways
)
Case Studies
A&E0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Perce
ntageofSurveyGro
ups
Percentage Range of Clients Commissioned
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Operationz What are one or two common problems you have
seen emerge over the operating lifetime of labs thatlead to reduced performance?
1. Poor preventative maintenance
2. System upgrades
3. Fume hood misuse
4. Inappropriate user modifications
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Summary of Issues Raised
z There is concern that codes and standards may not
offer adequate guidance for energy efficiencyz Many energy efficient technologies and practices are
not at saturation point
z Maintenance issues play a role beyond design intothe long term bldg. operation
z There is concern that current codes and standards may
not be adequate to ensure safety of lab occupantsz There is interest in additional research quantifying the
correlation between lab ventilation and health risks
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z If a research center existed, what
deficiencies/clarifications to current codes andstandards would you like to see addressed?
Identifying energy consumption reduction options withoutsacrificing occupant safety
Safety of low flow fume hoods
Common ventilation standards that address laboratories
Improved techniques for estimating energy options Clarification of hazardous exhaust system options
Discussion
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