x-ray diffraction (xrd)cfs8.blog.daum.net/.../2008/08/28/16/15/48b650911688c… · ·...
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X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
Written by Sung Yong An
1. X-
X- 1985 Roentgen() . X- () , -ray . X- X-
10-1 cm (resolution) 'Radiography'
(10-10 m) "X-ray diffraction(XRD)" Laue X- X- . Laue X- Bragg Laue
Bragg's Law( ) X- .
2. X-
. 1 X -
1 / 14XRD
2001-03-05http://phys.kookmin.ac.kr/~xray/xrd/xrd.html
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X- . filament . eV .
(1)
(2)
(e : , m : , v : , V : ) 1 % X- . Target Material() Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, W . coulomb . X-. X- X- X-(bremsstrahlung) . . X- , X- . , X-ray X- . coulomb E x X- .
(3)
(4)
(5)
. Duane-Hunt . X- X- . 2 . X- , X- .
2. X- X-.
X- K, L, M . X-
2 / 14XRD
2001-03-05http://phys.kookmin.ac.kr/~xray/xrd/xrd.html
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3 .
. 3 X- .
, , . , X- . K X- K . , L, M , . K L X- K, M X- K . K K . , L L, L, L, M M, M, M, M, M . K K1, K2 , K1 L , K2 L . 2:1 K1, K2 . X- (6) .
(6)
I , V , Vk . n2.
3. X-
1. , . , , , , , , , , , , , thin film .
2. .
3 / 14XRD
2001-03-05http://phys.kookmin.ac.kr/~xray/xrd/xrd.html
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. , (JCPDS card) .
3. . d () .
4. . 50-200 .
5. . .
6. . 7. . 8. .
. , BaCo3 TiO2 BaTiO3 , .
9. . , .
10. . , . .
11. . .
12. .
4. X-
1) X- (GENERATOR)
(1) X-
l X- (Sealed type) : 1KW-3KW.
l X- (Rotating anode) : . 12KW . tube .
(2) , , , . X- 35
4 / 14XRD
2001-03-05http://phys.kookmin.ac.kr/~xray/xrd/xrd.html
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.
2) (GONIOMETER) :
(1) X- . . 4 X- X , . X- X- (line focus) , X- .(. 5) (sollar slit) (divergence slit) X- , (receiving slit) (scattering slit) . 1/6 , 1/4 , 1/2 , 1 , 2 , 4 1 . 0.15 mm 0.3, 0.6 mm .
. 4 Layout of X -ray diffractometer
F: X- A : P : R :
D : RP : S : SS :
5 / 14XRD
2001-03-05http://phys.kookmin.ac.kr/~xray/xrd/xrd.html
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. 5
(2) (Filter) X- target X-. Cu X- 6 3 peak, Ka1(1.54056 ), Ka2(1.5443 ), Kb(1.392 ) . 100 : 50 : 20 , X- Kb peak .( . 7) K target Ka Kb . target 1-2 Cu target Ni , Mo Zr, Fe Mn, Cr V .
. 6 Cu X-
6 / 14XRD
2001-03-05http://phys.kookmin.ac.kr/~xray/xrd/xrd.html
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. 7 Primary spectrum and absorption by a b-filter.
(3) (Monochromator) (. 8) monochromator Ka Kb , background X- X-, X- . , Cu X- Fe K X- . monochromator CuKa FeKa, FeKb background 0 .
7 / 14XRD
2001-03-05http://phys.kookmin.ac.kr/~xray/xrd/xrd.html
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. 8 The diffraction beam monochromator.
3) (Electronic circuit panel) (1) : Xe, Kr, Ar (proportional counter) . (2) X- (PHA) .
5. X-
1) (1) (2) , , (3) X- (4) : Cu X- , X- (Ka1=1.5406 ) . X- X- X- background . X- . CuKa Fe Co Cu Fe Co . Fe Co . , Fe Co , X- Cu .
8 / 14XRD
2001-03-05http://phys.kookmin.ac.kr/~xray/xrd/xrd.html
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2) (1) , 10 - 30 mm . . . .
(2) . polishing .
(3) 55 mm . 40 mm X--- plate 2 . : data . X--- . , data .
3)
(1) (Scan axis) /2 : X- , 2 2 : () 2 ( 0.5-3 ) X- X- . : Rocking-curve , 2 ( )
(2) (Scan type) (Continuous scan) : . . (Step scan) :
9 / 14XRD
2001-03-05http://phys.kookmin.ac.kr/~xray/xrd/xrd.html
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. , .
(3) (Scan range) , . JCPDS Card (2=5-140 ) , peak peak (2-3 ) . Wide angle goniometer 2=3-145 .
(4) (Scan speed) , 4-5/min . 0.25-5/min , (8/min) . background .
(5) (Sampling interval) (Step width) . 0.05 . 0.05 1 20 data .
(6) (Power) X- , 4-5 . . Cu 30-50 kV , background . X-ray 40 kV, 40 mA , . peak background , .
4) X- X- X- . X- . X- , , , . X- . X- . X- (window) , . X- , . , X- . 1 , 2 . , . X- X- , . 1 2 , 1 . X- , X- power X- . X- X- . X- , X- ,
10 / 14XRD
2001-03-05http://phys.kookmin.ac.kr/~xray/xrd/xrd.html
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.
6. X-
1) - 2
. 9 - 2
, . 9 X- , X- 2 . 2 2 1/2 . 2=20- 60 , 10 1 11 , 2 20 2 22 , 30
2 60 . Bragg's law( ) .
. 10
(1) . 10
11 / 14XRD
2001-03-05http://phys.kookmin.ac.kr/~xray/xrd/xrd.html
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. (2) Si wafer . 11 .
. 11
(3) , , . . . 12 (100) .
. 12 (100)
2) 2 (Fixed - scan)
12 / 14XRD
2001-03-05http://phys.kookmin.ac.kr/~xray/xrd/xrd.html
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. 13 2
. 13 X- X- , 2 . =2, 2=20- 60 , 2 20 60 . . 14 X- , . peak .
. 14 2
3) (Fixed -2 scan, Rocking-curve) . 15 X- 2 . . 16 Rocking curve . Crystal M(. 15) X- , X-ray M X- . epitaxial , Pole-figure .
13 / 14XRD
2001-03-05http://phys.kookmin.ac.kr/~xray/xrd/xrd.html
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. 15
. 16
4) - - 2 . , . 17 X- - . , .
. 17 -
14 / 14XRD
2001-03-05http://phys.kookmin.ac.kr/~xray/xrd/xrd.html
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