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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
МУНИЦИПАЛЬНОЕ АВТОНОМНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ
ГИМНАЗИЯ С УГЛУБЛЕННЫМ ИЗУЧЕНИЕМ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ №21
Кафедра иностранных языков
Реферат
по английскому языку на тему:
«The most influential presidents of USA»
Выполнил: Карташев Матвей
Игоревич
ученик МАОУ гимназии №21
8 «Б» класса
Проверила: Емельянова Мария
Валерьевна
учитель английского языка
МАОУ гимназии №21
Тюмень 2019
Contents
Introduction………….....................................................................................................................3
Chapter 1. Theoretical part
1.1 George Washington………………………………..………………………………….……....4
1.2 Thomas Jefferson……………..……………………………………………...……….…….…5
1.3 Abraham Lincoln…………………………………………………………………….…….….7
1.4 Franklin Delano Roosevelt…………………………………………………………….……...8
1.5 John Fitzgerald Kennedy……………….…………………………..…………....
…………...11
1.6 Barack Obama……………………………………………………………………….……….13
Chapter 2. Practical Part
2.1 Research…………………………………………………………………………...…………14
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….15
References…………………………………………………………………………………….….16
Appendix……………………………………………………………………………....…………17
2
Introduction
This report is devoted to the topic «The most influential presidents of USA». The president is a
common title for the head of state in most republics. The President of the United States is
the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs
the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United
States Armed Forces. In contemporary times, the president is looked upon as one of the world's
most powerful political figures as the leader of the only remaining global superpower.
The significance of the research is determined by the fact, that politics is so important today,
but, in my opinion, president is a main representative of politics.
The aim of this research is to define the most influential president of USA by creating a table,
which will show us contribution to the county in different kinds of spheres by presidents, about
which I will tell. And who will be engaged in lots of spheres, to me mind, will be the most
influential president of USA
The objectives of the research are:
• to study presidents of USA;
• to define the most influential president of USA;
The object of the research is president’s contribution to the country.
The subject of the research is the most influential president of USA
The hypothesis is that president helps country to avoid all problems.
3
1.1 George Washington:
George Washington (1732-1799) was commander in chief
of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) and served
two terms as the first U.S. president, from 1789 to 1797. The son of a prosperous planter,
Washington was raised in colonial Virginia. As a young man, he worked as a surveyor
then fought in the French and Indian War (1754-63). During the American Revolution, he
led the colonial forces to victory over the British and became a national hero. In 1787, he
was elected president of the convention that wrote the U.S. Constitution. Two years later,
Washington became America’s first president. Realizing that the way he handled the job
would impact how future presidents approached the position, he handed down a legacy of
strength, integrity and national purpose. Less than three years after leaving office, he died
at his Virginia plantation, Mount Vernon, at age 67.
George Washington is depicted on 1 dollar bill. In 1783, with a peace treaty signed
between Great Britain and the U.S., Washington, believing he had done his duty, gave up
his command of the army and returned to Mount Vernon, intent on resuming his life as a
gentleman farmer and family man. However, in 1787, he was asked to attend the
Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia and head the committee to draft the new
constitution. His impressive leadership there convinced the delegates that he was by far
the most qualified man to become the nation’s first president.
4
1.2 Thomas Jefferson:
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), author of the
Declaration of Independence and the third U.S. president, was a leading figure in
America’s early development. During the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783),
Jefferson served in the Virginia legislature and the Continental Congress and was
governor of Virginia. He later served as U.S. minister to France and U.S. secretary of
state, and was vice president under John Adams (1735-1826). Jefferson, who thought the
national government should have a limited role in citizens’ lives, was elected president in
1800. During his two terms in office (1801-1809), the U.S. purchased the Louisiana
Territory and Lewis and Clark explored the vast new acquisition. Although Jefferson
promoted individual liberty, he was also a slaveowner. After leaving office, he retired to
his Virginia plantation, Monticello, and helped found the University of Virginia.
In 1775, with the American Revolutionary War recently under way, Jefferson was
selected as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress. Although not known as a great
public speaker, he was a gifted writer and at age 33, was asked to draft the Declaration of
Independence (before he began writing, Jefferson discussed the document’s contents with
a five-member drafting committee that included John Adams and Benjamin Franklin).
The Declaration of Independence, which explained why the 13 colonies wanted to be free
of British rule and also detailed the importance of individual rights and freedoms, was
adopted on July 4, 1776. In the fall of 1776, Jefferson resigned from the Continental
Congress and was re-elected to the Virginia House of Delegates (formerly the House of
Burgesses). He considered the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, which he authored
5
in the late 1770s and which Virginia lawmakers eventually passed in 1786, to be one of
the significant achievements of his career. It was a forerunner to the First Amendment to
the U.S. Constitution, which protects people’s right to worship as they choose. From
1779 to 1781, Jefferson served as governor of Virginia, and from 1783 to 1784, did a
second stint in Congress (then officially known, since 1781, as the Congress of the
Confederation). In 1785, he succeeded Benjamin Franklin (1706-90) as U.S. minister to
France. Jefferson’s duties in Europe meant he could not attend the Constitutional
Convention in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787; however, he was kept informed of the
proceedings to draft a new national constitution and later advocated for including a bill of
rights and presidential term limits.
Jefferson was sworn into office on March 4, 1801; his was the first presidential
inauguration held in Washington, D.C. (George Washington was inaugurated in New
York in 1789; in 1793, he was sworn into office in Philadelphia, as was his successor,
John Adams, in 1797.) Instead of riding in a horse-drawn carriage, Jefferson broke with
tradition and walked to and from the ceremony. One of the most significant achievements
of Jefferson’s first administration was the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from
France for $15 million in 1803. In 1804, Jefferson ran for re-election and defeated
Federalist candidate Charles Pinckney (1746-1825) of South Carolina with more than 70
percent of the popular vote and an electoral count of 162-14. During his second term,
Jefferson focused on trying to keep America out of Europe’s Napoleonic Wars (1803-15).
However, after Great Britain and France, who were at war, both began harassing
American merchant ships, Jefferson implemented the Embargo of 1807. The act, which
closed U.S. ports to foreign trade, proved unpopular with Americans and hurt the U.S.
economy. It was repealed in 1809 and, despite the president’s attempts to maintain
neutrality, the U.S. ended up going to war against Britain in 1812. Jefferson chose not to
run for a third term in 1808 and was succeeded in office by James Madison (1751-1836),
a fellow Virginian and former U.S. secretary of state.
6
1.3 Abraham Lincoln:
Abraham Lincoln (1809 –1865) was an American lawyer and politician
who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861
until his assassination in April 1865.
Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, in a one-room log cabin in
Hardin County, Kentucky; his family moved to southern Indiana in
1816. Lincoln’s formal schooling was limited to three brief periods in
local schools, as he had to work constantly to support his family.
Abraham Lincoln is remembered for his vital role as the leader in
preserving the Union during the Civil War and beginning the process
(Emancipation Proclamation) that led to the end of slavery in the United States. He is also
remembered for his character and leadership, his speeches and letters, and as a man of humble
origins whose determination and perseverance led him to the nation's highest office.
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, was assassinated by well-known stage
actor John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, while attending the play Our American
Cousin at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. Shot in the head as he watched the play, Lincoln
died the following day at 7:22 a.m., in the Petersen House opposite the theater. He was the first
American president to be assassinated, and Lincoln's funeral and burial marked an extended
period of national mourning.
Booth was not busy in the play, which was going on that day, and in General previously played
in the Ford theater only twice, but often there visited his friends-actors and knew both the
building and the repertoire of the theater. During the funniest scene of the Comedy, he entered
the President's box and shot him after one of the replicas, so that the sound of the shot was
muffled by an explosion of laughter. In the confusion Booth managed to escape. On April 26,
1865, Booth was overtaken by police in the state of Virginia in a barn. The barn was set on fire,
Booth came out armed with a revolver, at which point he was fatally wounded in the neck by
Boston Corbett. The last words that John Booth said, “Tell my mother that I died fighting for my
country”.
7
1.4 Franklin Delano Roosevelt:
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882 –1945) was the 32nd American
president. FDR, as he was often called, led the United States through the Great Depression
and World War II, and greatly expanding the powers of the federal government through a series
of programs and reforms known as the New Deal. Stricken with polio in 1921, Roosevelt spent
much of his adult life in a wheelchair. A whole generation of Americans grew up knowing no
other president, as FDR served an unprecedented four terms in office. Roosevelt’s social
programs reinvented the role of government in Americans' lives, while his presidency during
World War II established the United States' leadership on the world stage.
The New Deal was a series of programs and projects instituted during the Great
Depression by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that aimed to restore prosperity to
Americans. When Roosevelt took office in 1933, he acted swiftly to stabilize the
economy and provide jobs and relief to those who were suffering. Over the next eight
years, the government instituted a series of experimental New Deal projects and
programs, such as the CCC, the WPA, the TVA, the SEC and others, that aimed to restore
some measure of dignity and prosperity to many Americans. Roosevelt’s New Deal
fundamentally and permanently changed the federal government’s relationship to U.S.
citizens. On March 4, 1933, during the bleakest days of the Great Depression, newly elected
President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered his first inaugural address before 100,000 people on
Washington’s Capitol Plaza.
8
“First of all,” he said, “let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear
itself.” He promised that he would act swiftly to face the “dark realities of the moment” and
assured Americans that he would “wage a war against the emergency” just as though “we were
in fact invaded by a foreign foe.” His speech gave many people confidence that they’d elected a
man who was not afraid to take bold steps to solve the nation’s problems.
Despite the best efforts of President Roosevelt and his cabinet, however, the Great
Depression continued – the nation’s economy continued to wheeze; unemployment
persisted; and people grew angrier and more desperate. So, in the spring of 1935,
Roosevelt launched a second, more aggressive series of federal programs, sometimes
called the Second New Deal. In April, he created the Works Progress Administration
(WPA) to provide jobs for unemployed people. WPA projects weren’t allowed to compete
with private industry, so they focused on building things like post offices, bridges,
schools, highways and parks. The WPA also gave work to artists, writers, theater
directors and musicians. In July 1935, the National Labor Relations Act, also known as
the Wagner Act, created the National Labor Relations Board to supervise union elections
and prevent businesses from treating their workers unfairly. In August, FDR signed
the Social Security Act of 1935, which guaranteed pensions to millions of Americans, set
up a system of unemployment insurance and stipulated that the federal government would
help care for dependent children and the disabled. In 1936, while campaigning for a
second term, FDR told a roaring crowd at Madison Square Garden that “The forces of
‘organized money’ are unanimous in their hate for me – and I welcome their hatred. ”He
went on: “I should like to have it said of my first Administration that in it the forces of
selfishness and of lust for power met their match, I should like to have it said of my
second Administration that in it these forces have met their master. ––This FDR had
come a long way from his earlier repudiation of class-based politics and was promising a
much more aggressive fight against the people who were profiting from the Depression-
era troubles of ordinary Americans. He won the election by a landslide. Despite the best
efforts of President Roosevelt and his cabinet, however, the Great Depression continued –
the nation’s economy continued to wheeze; unemployment persisted; and people grew
angrier and more desperate. So, in the spring of 1935, Roosevelt launched a second, more
aggressive series of federal programs, sometimes called the Second New Deal. In April,
he created the Works Progress Administration (WPA) to provide jobs for unemployed
people. WPA projects weren’t allowed to compete with private industry, so they focused
on building things like post offices, bridges, schools, highways and parks. The WPA also 9
gave work to artists, writers, theater directors and musicians. In July 1935, the National
Labor Relations Act, also known as the Wagner Act, created the National Labor Relations
Board to supervise union elections and prevent businesses from treating their workers
unfairly. In August, FDR signed the Social Security Act of 1935, which guaranteed
pensions to millions of Americans, set up a system of unemployment insurance and
stipulated that the federal government would help care for dependent children and the
disabled. In 1936, while campaigning for a second term, FDR told a roaring crowd at
Madison Square Garden that “The forces of ‘organized money’ are unanimous in their
hate for me – and I welcome their hatred.” He went on: “I should like to have it said of
my first Administration that in it the forces of selfishness and of lust for power met their
match, I should like to have it said of my second Administration that in it these forces
have met their master.” This FDR had come a long way from his earlier repudiation of
class-based politics and was promising a much more aggressive fight against the people
who were profiting from the Depression-era troubles of ordinary Americans. He won the
election by a landslide.
On December 7, 1941, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor and the United States
entered World War II. The war effort stimulated American industry and, as a result,
effectively ended the Great Depression.
10
1.5 John Fitzgerald Kennedy:
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963) is
the 35th president of the United States, 43-year-old John F. Kennedy became the
youngest man and the first Roman Catholic to hold that office. He was born into one of
America’s wealthiest families and parlayed an elite education and a reputation as a
military hero into a successful run for Congress in 1946 and for the Senate in 1952. As
president, Kennedy confronted mounting Cold War tensions in Cuba, Vietnam and
elsewhere. He also led a renewed drive for public service and eventually provided federal
support for the growing civil rights movement.
Born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts, John F. Kennedy was the second of
nine children. His parents, Joseph and Rose Kennedy, were members of two of Boston’s
most prominent Irish Catholic political families. He graduated from Harvard University in
1940 and joined the U.S. Naval Reserve the following year. During World War II, he
commanded a series of PT boats in the Pacific theater and earned the Navy and Marine Corps
Medal for his service. After the war, Kennedy represented the 11th congressional district of
Massachusetts in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953. He was subsequently
11
elected to the U.S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 to
1960. In the 1960 presidential election, Kennedy narrowly defeated Republican
opponent Richard Nixon, who was the incumbent vice president. At age 43, he became the
second-youngest man to serve as president (after Theodore Roosevelt), the youngest man to be
elected as U.S. president, as well as the only Roman Catholic to occupy that office. He was also
the first president to have served in the U.S. Navy.
John F. Kennedy had promised much but never had the opportunity to see his program through.
It was, in the words of one notable biographer, “an unfinished life.” For that reason, assessments
of the Kennedy presidency remain mixed.
Kennedy played a role in revolutionizing American politics. Television began to have a real
impact on voters and long, drawn-out election campaigns became the norm. Style became an
essential complement to substance. By the summer of 1962, the administration was in trouble. A
particularly difficult Cold War climate abroad, an antagonistic Congress at home, increasingly
bold activist groups agitating for change, and a discouraging economic outlook all contributed to
an increasingly negative view of the Kennedy White House. That impression began to change in
the fall of 1962. Skillful statesmanship—and some luck—led to notable success in the
showdown over Cuba. The economic situation improved. Long-running, difficult negotiations
finally resulted in a partial nuclear test ban treaty. And the work of civil rights activists and the
occasional limited intervention of the federal government were slowly, but nevertheless steadily,
wearing down the power of Southern segregationists. But serious issues remained. Throughout
the summer and fall of 1963, the situation in South Vietnam deteriorated; by the end of
Kennedy's presidency, 16,000 US military “advisers” had been dispatched to the country. More
importantly, the administration apparently had no realistic plan to resolve the conflict. In the area
of civil rights, some progress had been achieved, but these successes had come mostly in spite of
—not because of—the White House. Bloody conflict was becoming more prevalent on
America's streets, and racial injustice remained rampant. Assessments of Kennedy's presidency
have spanned a wide spectrum. Early studies, the most influential of which were written by New
Frontiersmen close to Kennedy, were openly admiring. They built upon on the collective grief
from Kennedy's public slaying—the quintessential national trauma. Later, many historians
focused on the seedier side of Kennedy family dealings and John Kennedy's questionable
personal morals. More recent works have tried to find a middle ground. In nation's popular
memory, Kennedy still commands fascination as a compelling, charismatic leader during a
period of immense challenge to the American body politic.12
John Fitzgerald Kennedy is famous for his assassination. He was assassinated on November 22,
1963, while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza. Kennedy was riding with
his wife Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally's wife Nellie when he was
fatally shot by former U.S. Marine Lee Harvey Oswald firing in ambush from a nearby building.
Governor Connally was seriously wounded in the attack. The motorcade rushed to Parkland
Memorial Hospital where President Kennedy was pronounced dead about thirty minutes after the
shooting; Connally recovered from his injuries.
1.6 Barack Obama:
Barack Hussein Obama II is an American attorney and politician
who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of
the Democratic Party, he was the first African American to be elected to the presidency. He
previously served as a U.S. senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008. Obama was the first
African-American president and in addiction he was also the first to be born outside the
continental United States. Barack Obama made a huge contribution to national
development:
President Barack Obama entered office in 2009 to fight the 2008 financial crisis. He immediately
launched the ambitious Affordable Care Act, despite the backlash. In February 2009, Congress
approved Obama's $787 billion economic stimulus package. It cut taxes, extended
unemployment benefits, and funded public works projects. The recession ended in July 2009
when Gross domestic product growth turned positive. In just seven months, the American
Recovery and Reinvestment Act pumped $241.9 billion into the economy. That increased growth
to a robust 3.9 percent rate by early 2010. By March 30, 2011, almost all ($633.5 billion) of the
funds were spent.
On October 9, 2009, Obama won the Nobel Peace Prize. The Committee lauded "his
extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between
13
peoples." He withdrew troops from Iraq in 2011. He reduced the U.S. nuclear warhead stockpile
by 10 percent. On March 23, 2010, the Affordable Care Act revolutionized healthcare. By 2014,
the economy benefited from having 95 percent of the population on health insurance. The greater
number of people receiving preventive care reduced the number of expensive visits to emergency
rooms-all of this happened only due to Barack Obama.
2.1 Research
My research consists of table, which shows us contribution to the county in different kinds of
spheres by presidents, about which I have told.
President’s name politics culture education religion economics
George Washington the American
War of
Independence
Based city
“Washington” (The
capital of USA)
Thomas Jefferson The
constitutor of
Virginia
university
Jefferson
Bible
Abraham Lincoln The American
Civil War
Franklin Delano Roosevelt World War II Because of the
Great Depression
the genre of films
«noir» appeared
The New Deal
Bailout from the
Great
Depression
John Fitzgerald Kennedy «Peace Corps» Stimulated
economic
growth
Barack Obama Obamacare
14
Due to the table, I concluded, that Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the most influential president
of USA.
Conclusion:
In my report I have studied topic «The most influential presidents of USA». I have learned the
most influential presidents of USA and told more about them to audience, consequently, reached
the object of my report.
I recognized, that George Washington was the first president of USA. I discovered, that
Abraham Lincoln and John Fitzgerald Kennedy were associated, Barack Obama was the first
African-American president and in addiction he was also the first to be born outside the
continental United States and he won the Nobel Peace Prize. I learned, that George
Washington is depicted on one dollar bill.
In our report we have learnt a lot of information about the most influential presidents of USA
We have defined that Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the most influential president of USA.
Our hypothesis was that president helps country to avoid all problems. All in all, we have proved
that, because during the rule of good leader country rises up.
References:
https://www.history.com15
https://en.wikipedia.org
https://www.biography.com
https://www.britannica.com
Ron Chernow. Washington: A Life, 2011
Annette Gordon-Reed. Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy, 1998
David Herbert Donald. Lincoln, 1996
Appendix
Vocabulary
An assassination-убийство политического или общественного деятеля
An attorney-адвокат, юрист
A bailout-вывод из кризиса, спасение
The bible-Библия
A hatred-ненависть
An injure-травма, увечье
A legislature- законодательный орган штата США
Robust-надежный
A statesmanship-государственная мудрость
A surveyor-геодезист
To wheeze-хрипеть
Survey
1. Who was the first African American president?
2. Who led the United States through the Great Depression?
3. Who was assassinated in theatre?
4. Who wrote his own Bible?
5. Who is depicted on one dollar bill?
16
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