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8/6/2019 Yoshida 02 Presentation
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DISCLAIMER The views expressed in this presentation are theviews of the speaker and do not necessarily reflectthe views or policies of the Asian DevelopmentBank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or thegovernments they represent. ADB does notguarantee the accuracy of the data included in thispaper and accepts no responsibility for any
consequence of their use. Terminology used maynot necessarily be consistent with ADB officialterms.
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Lessons from IWRM Experiences in Japan
NARBO IWRM Workshop at Hoi An Vietnam23 February 2009
T. Yoshida, Professor, University of Tokyo
Topics
① Post-war Recovery and Infrastructure② Performance of Water Policies for 3 Key Problems③ How Japan Incorporates IWRM Concept into Practice④ Summary: Implications for NARBO Members
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Preamble: Rivers in Vietnam and Other Asian Countries: Runoff Coefficient
Similarities: Geology, Climate, Land Use and Culture
Coefficient of River Regime in Asia
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
B e i - j i a n g
J i n - j i a n g
K a l i b r
a n t a s
B e n g a w
a n s o l
o
Y o s h i n o
g a w a
A r a k a w a
S o n g b a
R a j a n g b a
t a n g
G e u m
h o - g a n g
I l o g m a g a t
I l o g p a m p
a n g a
M a e n
a m p i n g
coefficient of river regim
JAPAN
REPUBLICOF
KOREA
INDONESIA
CHINA
MALAYSIA
VIETNAM
PHILIPPINES
THAILAND
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Topic ① Post-war Recovery and Infrastructure
Reconstruction started from ashes.
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Hiroshima city after the bomb attack
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Tokyo after the war in 1945
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Osaka after the war in 1945
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Reconstruction from the Ruins
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War Damages on Industrial Productive Capacity→ How to mobilize capital, technology and institutions
Loss of Industrial Productive Capacity by War
010
20
30
40
50
60
70
Power Iron andSteel
Non-Ferrous
Machine Chemical Fiber OilRefinary
Industry
C
a
tyLo
Ra
o
%
Ratio = (Capacity Loss)/(Assumed Capacity without Loss)
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War Damages on Infrastructure→ Less damages → A Secret of the Rapid Recovery
War Damage Ratios of Infrastructure
05
101520
25303540
Ports
Canals
Bridges
Railways
Electr
ic Fa
cilities
Gas Fa
cilities
Commun
ication
s
Water S
upply
Road
Weight
ed A
verage
Ratio = (War Damage)/(Assumed Value wi thout WarDamage)
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Less Damages on Infrastructure : Quick Recovery of Services
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960
In
1
Annual Water SupplyTotal Power Generation
Railways Passengers (person-km)Cargo Transportation (ton-km)Postal ServiceGDP
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Postwar Recovery of Japanese Economy→ Manufacturing Sector Led the Recovery
Postwar Recove ry of Japanese Econom y
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 19
Year
Index
1934-36=100)
Manufacturing
Agriculture
Export
Import
Consumption(Urban)
GD P
Investment in industrial modernization
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Structural Transformation in Japan
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14
Annual Growth Rates of Infrastructure Demand and GDPin Japan
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15
Development Phases in Postwar Japan
Source: Nihon Chouki Toukei Souran, Nihon Toukei Koukai
Loans from WB (1953-66)
31 Projects with $862
million
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16
Pictures of WB Financed Projects
Sinkansen Hydropower Shipbuilding Industry
Steel Plant Highways Truck Industry
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18
GDP and Dam Development in Japan
D am s C on struc ted in J apan
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
1602 1867 1899 1925 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2001
Y ear/
0
100
200
300
400
500
N u m be r o f D a m s/
R ese rvoir A rea (K m 2)/
S to ratge (1 0 m il m 3 )/
Numbers
/Area(km2)/Volume(10mil m3)
/
/
G
(G D P in trillio n ye n at 19 9 0 c o n stan t pric e )/ 1 9 9 0
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19
GDP and Dams by Purpose in Japan
Numbers of Dams by Purpose in Japan
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1602 1867 1899 1925 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2001Year/
0
100
200
300
400
500Water Supply
Flood Control
Multipurposes
Hydro Power
Agriculture
Nm
soDm
(GDP in trillion yen at 1990 constant price)/ 1990
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Flood Control: Mitigation of Flood Disasters in Japan
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
T
a Numb
o
Dams
0
Fo
Co
o Ca
tymio
m3
An
De
hT
b
Fo
p
so
umb er of Dams in Jap anCap acity of Flood C ontrol Dam s
Death T oll by Floods
Da ta source: (1999); Gr aphed by Imamura & Yoshida
Old R iverLaw mai nly for
flo od control
RiverLaw f or m ulti-purpose
objectives
Ne w River Lawin clusive of
environmmentand e cology
20
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Water Supply in Post-War Japan
Institutional, HRD, Investment, O&M
21
1962
Prepared by Yoshida
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Impact of Water Supply
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1 8 7 5
1 8 8 0
1 8 8 5
1 8 9 0
1 8 9 5
1 9 0 0
1 9 0 5
1 9 1 0
1 9 1 5
1 9 2 0
1 9 2 5
1 9 3 0
1 9 3 5
1 9 4 0
1 9 4 5
1 9 5 0
1 9 5 5
1 9 6 0
1 9 6 5
1 9 7 0
1 9 7 5
1 9 8 0
1 9 8 5
1 9 9 0
1 9 9 5
2 0 0 0
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
Note: ” Rate of waterworks installation ” refers to all water
supply systems, including large public water supplies, smallpublic water supplies, private water supply systems, etc.
Coverage of Water Supply System and Death Toll by Waterborne Epidemics
1887 1890
Water supply control measures were implemented atharbors to prevent the spread of waterborne
epidemics such as cholera
1999
1945 1957
1980
1960 More than 50%
WaterworksWaterworks LawLaw
End of The pacific warEnd of The pacific war
The Beginning of modern waterworksThe Beginning of modern waterworksYokohama-CityYokohama-City
Waterworks OrdinanceWaterworks Ordinance
96.4%
P e r c e n
t a g e o f p o p u
l a t i o n s e r v e d
b y w a
t e r s u p p
l y
D e a t h
t o l l b y w a
t e r b o r n e e p
i d e m
i c sPercentage of population served by water supplyDeath toll by waterborne epidemics
More than 90%
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Water Quality: Laws, Investment and Performance
1020
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Pe
oma
%
In
me
Local Governments
Central GovernmentPr ivate SectorRate of Sewage CoverageRiver Quality PerformanceLake Quality Performance
Note: River water quality by BOD 1mg/l 10mg/l depending on 6 categories with about 2500 sites. Lake water quality by COD 1mg/l 8g/lfor 4 categories with about 200 sites. Data Source: [
Po llution Countermeasures
Bas ic Law 1967
Wa ter Pollution
Pr evention Law 1970
Na ture ConservationLa w on Special
Mea sures for
Pr eservation of Lake
Wa ter Quality 1984
BasicEnvironmental
Law 1993
Environmental Agency 1971 Ministry of t he Environment 2001
23
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③ How Japan Incorporates IWRM Concept into Practice
Key Areas for IWRM
Institutional roles
Creating an organizational framework – forms and functionsInstitutional capacity building – developing human resources
The enabling environment: Planning and Finaqncing
Legislative framework – rules to follow to achieve policies and goals
Policies – setting goals for water use, protection and conservation
Financing and incentive structures – allocating financial resources to meet goals
Management instruments: Implementing, Operation and Maintenance
Water resources assessment – understanding resources and needs
Plans for IWRM – broader focus involving multiple sectors and stakeholders
Regulatory instruments – allocation rules and water use limitsEconomic instruments – using value and prices for efficiency and equity
Conflicting resolution – managing disputes, ensuring sharing of water
Information management and exchange – improving knowledge
Social change instruments – encouraging a water oriented civil society24
A 1 i i l l f d f i
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Key Area 1 Institutional Roles - forms and functionsJurisdiction of Ministries for IWRM
Local Government (As of April1, 2008)
Prefecture Governments 1 To, 1 Dou, 2 Fu, 43 Ken = 47
Wards + Cities + Towns + Villages = 1788 (as of April 2008) reduced from 3234 in 1995
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26
General Theory for National Plan, Sector Plan and Project Plan
Consistency between Plans and Projects
Planning Levels and Activities Information Exchange
Objectives Setting :Policy FormulationNational ObjectivesPolicies and StrategiesValues Ju dgements (Implicit) Indicative Nature National Plan
National PlanningGoals → Sector Resources Allocations
National Priority are given throughDiscount Rates or Subsidies/Taxes Investment/Consumption Ranges of Values Sector PlanForeign ExchangeEmployment CreationEnvironment
Sector PlanningSector Opportunities and Constraints
Project Planning/Selection Criteria
Multi Criteria Project Proposals
Project Planning: Formulation and Design(Executing Agency)
Policy Makers: Political Leadership
Central Planners (Central Planning Office)National Plan
Sector Ministries (Sector Coordination)Sector Plan/Regional Plan
Project Planners (Specialists)Project Plans
Local Governments
(Prepared by Yoshida based on UNIDO Guidelines)
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Key Area 2 Enabling Environment:Policies – setting goals for water use, protection and conservation
27
Prime Minister
Minister of Land, Infrastructure & Transport• National Land Council• Infrastructure Improvement Council• Transport Policies Council
National Land Council• Water Resources Development Sub-Council• Land Policies Sub-Council• Sub-Councils for Specially Designated Areas
Water Resources Development Sub-Council
National Land Council Members:6 MPs (House of Representatives)
+4 MPs (House of Councilors)+ 20 Academicians, Businessmen &
NGOs
Sub-Council Members: 11 specialiststo evaluate and comment on “basic
plans” for 6 river basins.
River Basin Committees:To participate in preparing “basic
plans” with the members consistingof Local Governments,
Academicians, andCivil Societies
Setting
goals
Chapters for 6 River BasinsEach chapter is responsible for preparing basicpolicy and development plan, executing waterdevelopment projects, and their operation andmaintenance.
NationalLevel
Basin Level
Implementing Arm for IWRM: River Basin Organization
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National Plans and Their Changing Priority
National Plan1956-60 1961-70 1976-80 1979-85 1988-92 1992-965-Year EconomicIndependencePlan
NationalIncomeDoubling Plan
Economic Plan New 7-YearSocioeconomicPlan
Co-ProsperityPlan with theWorld
5-Year EconomicSuperpower Plan
Economicindependence
Fullemployment
Maximumeconomicgrowth
Improved
LifeStandard
Stableeconomicgrowth
Enriched
citizens life
Sustainablegrowth
Contributionto
internationalsociety
Affluentlives forcitizens
Correction
of excessivereserves
Improvedquality of life
Harmoniouscoexistence
with globalsociety
Priority of Water Resources Management
Flood controlDomestic Water Supply
Industrial Water SupplyWaste Water Treatment
Improved Water EnvironmentPublic Participation
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Impact of Policies: Mitigation of Flood Disasters
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
T
a Numb
o
Dams
0
Fo
Co
o Ca
tymio
m3
An
De
hT
b
Fo
p
so
umb er of Dams in Jap anCap acity of Flood C ontrol Dam s
Death T oll by Floods
Da ta source: (1999); Gr aphed by Imamura & Yoshida
Old R iverLaw mai nly for
flo od control
RiverLaw f or m ulti-purpose
objectives
Ne w River Lawin clusive of
environmmentand e cology
29
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Impact of Policies: Water Supply
Institutional, HRD, Investment, O&M
30
1962
Prepared by Yoshida
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Impact of Water Supply
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1 8 7 5
1 8 8 0
1 8 8 5
1 8 9 0
1 8 9 5
1 9 0 0
1 9 0 5
1 9 1 0
1 9 1 5
1 9 2 0
1 9 2 5
1 9 3 0
1 9 3 5
1 9 4 0
1 9 4 5
1 9 5 0
1 9 5 5
1 9 6 0
1 9 6 5
1 9 7 0
1 9 7 5
1 9 8 0
1 9 8 5
1 9 9 0
1 9 9 5
2 0 0 0
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
Note: ” Rate of waterworks installation ” refers to all watersupply systems, including large public water supplies, smallpublic water supplies, private water supply systems, etc.
Coverage of Water Supply System and Death Toll by Waterborne Epidemics
1887 1890
Water supply control measures were implemented atharbors to prevent the spread of waterborne
epidemics such as cholera
1999
1945 1957
1980
1960 More than 50%
WaterworksWaterworks LawLaw
End of The pacific warEnd of The pacific war
The Beginning of modern waterworksThe Beginning of modern waterworksYokohama-CityYokohama-City
Waterworks OrdinanceWaterworks Ordinance
96.4%
P e r c e n
t a g e o f p o p u
l a t i o n s e r v e d
b y w a
t e r s u p p
l y
D e a t h
t o l l b y w a t e r b o r n e e p
i d e m
i c sPercentage of population served by water supplyDeath toll by waterborne epidemics
More than 90%
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Impact of Policies: Water Quality Improvement
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Pe
oma
%
In
me
Local Governments
Central GovernmentPr ivate SectorRate of Sewage CoverageRiver Quality PerformanceLake Quality Performance
Note: River water quality by BOD 1mg/l 10mg/l depending on 6 categories with about 2500 sites. Lake water quality by COD 1mg/l 8g/lfor 4 categories with about 200 sites. Data Source: [
Po llution Countermeasures
Bas ic Law 1967
Wa ter Pollution
Pr evention Law 1970
Na ture ConservationLa w on Special
Mea sures for
Pr eservation of Lake
Wa ter Quality 1984
BasicEnvironmental
Law 1993
Environmental Agency 1971 Ministry of t he Environment 2001
32
Key Area 2 Legislative framework rules to follow to achieve goals:
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Special Measures Act on Concerning UpstreamArea Development 1973
Water Resources Development Promotion Law 1961
Industrial Water Supply Business Law
1958Law on Specially Designated Multipurpose Dam1957
Waterworks Ordinance1890
Electric Power Development Promotion Law1952
Readjustment of Arable Land Act
1899Old River Law1896
Waterworks Law1957
Land Improvement Law
1949
New River Law1964 Revisions of New River Law
1997
Water Resources Development Public Corporation Law 1961 Japan Water Agency
1890 1945
Flood control
+Water utilization+Environment
Agricultural Water
Power Generation
Domestic Water
Industrial Water
1945 1995 1995
Key Area 2 Legislative framework – rules to follow to achieve goals:An Evolution of Water Related Laws (1890-2000)
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Japan Water Agency (JWA) as an executing agency of IWRM
River Basin Approach originated from “Aichi Canal Project”
1.Water Resources Development Promotion Law (1961)
Water Resources Development Basic Plan (“Full Plan”) for each river system
2.Water Resources Development Public Corporation Law (1961)
New construction and reconstruction of Water Resources Development Facilities andoperation of facilities
JWA’s Activities
Water utilization•Domestic Water•Industrial Water•Irrigation Water
Flood control
Under the guidance
of Ministers whoSupervises JWA’s
activities
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Criticism Against Water Plans: Over Demand Projections
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400450
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
Fig 2.11 Projected and Actual Demand for Domestic and Industrial Water Supply
WaeS
y1
mi m3
G
1
293
222
208
GDP(Real)
Year
215
IndustrialWater: Actual Projection
Domestic Water: Actual
Long-termPlan
1978-1990)
Water Plan
2000(1987-2000)
Prepared by Yoshida
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JWA as a Manager for IWRM for Major River Basins in Japan
Jurisdiction over
of total population
of gross industrial production
A Wholesaler for Domestic and Industrial WatersA Caretaker for flood control measures
(93%)
(EXAMPLE)Water ResourcesDevelopment Volume
and JWA share
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Construction and Management of Water ResourcesDevelopment Facilities (JWA)
Yagisawa Dam Arch ConcreteDam
Tone Barrage
Tone Chuo Canal SaitamaCanal)
Lake Biwa Development
③
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Key Area ③ Management JWA’s Role as a Coordinator forComplicated Water Sharing (ex. Tone Canal Project)
If no JWA what happens?
payer managementpayment andarrangement
M A F F
S a i t a m a P r f .
T o k y o M . P
I A ( 1 )
I A ( 4 )
MLIT
MAFF
Saitama Prf.
Tokyo M.P
Gunma Prf.
IA(1)
IA(2)
IA(3)
IA(4)
Number ofConnections:
25
By WAR DEC/JWA (cu rrent sys tem)
MLIT
payer managementayment andarrangement
MAFF
Saitama Prf.
Tokyo M.P
Gunma Prf.
IA(1)
IA(2)
IA(3)
IA(4)
( J W A )
Tone CanalFacility
Nunmer ofConnections:
13
7 MLIT:Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport MAFF:Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.
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Key Area ③ Plans: Process of River Basin Plans
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River Basin Plans
k l
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River Works Planning Process
d
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JWA
Loan
Loan Capital
Repayment from usersAfter Completion
Flood Control Water Utilization
Repayment
Beneficiary Shares
Government Grants
ProjectExecution
Key Area 2 Financing and incentive structures
– allocating financial resources to meet goals (JWA)
Subsidies
Ho to Fi the Tariff for Re en e Generating Water Ser ices
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How to Fix the Tariff for Revenue Generating Water Services
Principles:
• Revenue = reasonable cost = cost for efficient operations + fair profit reward
• Beneficiary pays principle: beneficiaries should pay in accordance with thebenefits they receive.
• Self-financing principle: sustainable service delivery without external subsidies.
43
Tariff Decision Mechanism in General
Cabinet Meeting on Tariff
CabinetOffice
AdvisoryCouncil
PriceStabilizationPolicies
Conference
MinistriesConcerned
Service Delivery Agency: Private SectorWater/Sewerage Agency, Electricity/Gas Companies,Transportation Companies, Communications Companies,
Request ApprovalPublicHearing
Consultation
DeliberationInquiry
Verdict
RecommendationRegulatoryAuthorities
PrivateSectorOperations
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44
Water Tariff System in Japan (Jurisdiction of Local Government)
Basic water use quantity systemadopted due to the need
for public sanitation
Existing fee system
Basic fee
Basic waterquantity portion
Small supply pipe diameter (13 - 25 mm)
Use quantity
Small
Great
A progressive fee systemis adopted to restraincommercial-scale demand
Metered fee
130 yen / m 3 - 415 yen / m 3
Basic fee
920 yen / month 798,000 yen / month
Small supply pipe Diameter Large supply pipe
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45
Demand Control Practiced in Japan
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
1 9 7 3
1 9 7 5
1 9 7 7
1 9 7 9
1 9 8 1
1 9 8 3
1 9 8 5
1 9 8 7
1 9 8 9
1 9 9 1
1 9 9 3
1 9 9 5
1 9 9 7
1 9 9 9
2 0 0 1
W
a t e r d i s t r i b u t i o n q u a n
t i t y ( 1 , 0 0 0 m
3 )
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
U n i t c o s t o f w a t e r s u p p
l y ( y e n / m 3 )
Maximum daily water distribution quantity (1000 m3)
Average daily water distribution quantity (1000 m3)
Unit cost of water supply (yen / m3)
6.1xincreas
Period of maximum progressive increase factor(December 1978 - October 1981)
Decrease
Decrease
Increase
IWRM S d N i l C h i D l Pl
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IWRM Strategy and National Comprehensive Development Plan
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Summary: Implications to NARBO Members (1)
• From the institutional evolution and experiences of JWA, “IWRMcould be best implemented by RBO”.
• IWRM could be best started with a multi-purpose water project . Incase of Japan, IWRM is originated from a WB financed Aichi CanalProject in 1959. Post evaluation of the project revealed thatcommunity-based infrastructure projects such as irrigation, floodmanagement, domestic water supply or drainage or environmentalproject can be recognized as “instrument” to enhance community’scapability (creation of trust- based functional networks) or “socialcapital. Public projects are instrument to strengthen communitypower.
• RBO in charge of IWRM has to coordinate with many stakeholdersand to tackle complicated water allocation and cost sharing issus.This gives an opportunity to demonstrate “democracy in practice”,which becomes a foundation for “good water governance”
f
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Implications for NARBO Members (2)IWRM and Policy Mix Approach
Along with the changing values of the society, a policy (regulations,investment, and pricing/subsidy) mix approach needs to be timelyimplemented.
Policy Mix consists mainly of:1. Introduction of laws and regulations with proper allocation of
responsibilities among central, local, service delivery agencies,private sector, and civil societies.
2. Adequate water pricing and subsidies need to be introducedreflecting appropriate regional and personal income distributioneffect.
3. Choice of priority investment and financing modality : budgetallocation, subsidies, self-funding, public-private-partnership, etc.depending on value judgment and managerial capability.
4. Technology innovation through public-private partnership5. Human Resources Development by in-house training.
8/6/2019 Yoshida 02 Presentation
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Thank you for your kind attention
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