HORIZON 2020 EUROPEAN UNION FUNDING FOR RESEARCH & INNOVATION

HORIZON 2020 EUROPEAN UNION FUNDING FOR RESEARCH & INNOVATION

An Overview of Nanomaterials for Energy Applications

Dr Peter Bishop

Technology Manager

Johnson Matthey Technology Centre

Reading U.K

bishopt@Matthey.com

Todays Presentation

Introduction

Low Emission Vehicles JM Activities

Nanomaterials Opportunities

Nanomaterial Synthesis

Examples in Functional Coatings, Batteries, Fuel cells

Divisional Structure

Emission Control Technologies

Process Technologies

Precious Metal Products

Fine Chemicals

New Businesses

Chemicals

Chemical Technologies (DPT)

Syngas

Chemical Catalysts (inc. Formox)

Oil and Gas

Refineries

Purification

Tracerco

Services

Platinum Marketing and Distribution

Refining

Manufacturing

Noble Metals

Colour Technologies

Chemical Products

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Manufacturing

Catalysis and Chiral Technologies

Research Chemicals

New Business Development

Water

Battery Technologies

Fuel Cells

Light Duty Catalysts

Heavy Duty Catalysts

Stationary Emissions Control

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JM Activities in Low Emission Vehicles

JM has a broad set of products, technology and research linked to the automotive sector

Light duty gasoline and diesel

Gasoline: Research and Development of fundamentals of

emission control by catalysts

Application engineering to customise solutions for most OEMs

Diesel: Research, development and manufacture of a range of

catalyst and filter configurations

- Flow through catalysts

- Diesel particulate filters (CRT technology)

- Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)

Fuel Cells

Automotive and niche stationary power sectors

Research and development of catalysts and catalysed

components

Fuel cell stack catalysts

Membrane electrode assemblies

Reforming and gas processing catalysts

Heavy Duty and Non-Road applications

Global Truck Industry

Research, development and manufacture of HDD

emission control systems

DOC, DPF (CRT), SCR, Combined (SCRT)

systems

Battery Technologies

Battery Electric, Plug-in Hybrid, mild and micro

hybrid vehicles

Developer and assembly of advanced automotive

battery systems

Lithium ion batteries

Advanced battery materials

Glass Coatings

Design & supply of glass obscuration enamels

Supply of conductive Inks (heated windscreens)

Additional businesses / products in automotive

Supply of piezo-electric actuators for seats

PGM tips for spark plugs

Development projects in automotive

CO2 removal in cabin

Partial reforming of fuel using exhaust heat

Diesel / Gasoline reforming

Additional Capabilities

On-board Syngas formation for aftertreatment

Engine calibration

Gas purification techniques

Chemical process design

Nitinol and other metals (MIM)

Thermoelectrics

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Challenges Opportunities for Nanomaterials Johnson Matthey is investigating the

challenges and opportunities arising from

the automotive sectors need to reduce

carbon and increase efficiency in vehicles

Thermal Interface

Materials

Sensors / OBD

Thermoelectrics On-board H2

Generation

Emissive Coatings

Smart Windows

Aim to understand challenges from the market

Cabin Air

Advanced air

management

concept

Battery Technologies

Battery Systems

Battery Materials

2011

Electrification

2012

Purification

2014

Low Carbon

Vehicles

Piezoelectric Friction

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JM has used its materials expertise to approach problems in new ways

On-board H2 Generation Three year project funded by Technology Strategy

Board to reduce CO2 and improve fuel economy

Project aim: To improve and re-optimise the engine and after-treatment as a complete system Strategies to improve fuel economy and reduce CO2: 1.On-board H2 generation 2.Catalyst development 3.Total powertrain optimisation

What JM did: Used its materials competencies to study the effects of temperature, Fuel addition, Type of fuel ,Monolith length (GHSV), PGM loading and Washcoat loading and found improved catalyst development could improve H2 yield.

Partners involved: Ford Motor Co., Land Rover, ITM Power, Revolve Technologies, Cambustion Ltd, University of Bradford, University of Liverpool, University of Birmingham Next phase: Ongoing work with OEMs to address challenges

Case study

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Nanoparticles have different properties to atomic or bulk materials:

Why are we interested?

Advantages of nanoparticles over conventional materials and catalysts.

Catalytic properties.

Functional materials.

Applications in the Automotive sector

Physical Optical Electronic

Nanoparticle Formation

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Key Competence

Controlling Materials on a Nanometre Scale

A typical heterogeneous catalyst Pd/C

Control of particle size Control of particle shape

Small anchored particles,

highly dispersed, very

active, best use of

expensive metals Control of particle size,

tunes activity and

selectivity New shapes can take us

into new applications

2 nm Pd particles 2 nm

50 nm

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Aucore-Pdshell AuPd nanoalloy Pdcore-Aushell

2-chloronitrobenzene hydrogenation Au@Pd

Pd@Au PdAu

Core-Shells and Alloys

Pd:Au 5:1

2:1

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Precursor(s)

Coagulation and agglomeration

Nucleation

Precursor dispersion, evaporation, and combustion

Flame Spray Pyrolysis

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Increase in transmittance due to in decrease in crystallite size

FSP Nanomaterials

Pt on Alumina

ZnO

CeO2

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Materials Development Nanoparticle

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Manufacturing Capability

R&D

Scale Up

Manufacturing

Materials Expertise

Synthetic expertise Solid State, Solvo/Hydro-thermal,

Precipitation,

Novel nanotechnology

Microwave assisted technology, etc

Particle Design

Size, Shape, Composition (e.g. multimetallic) structure (e.g. alloys, core-shells) at nano-dimensions

Fundamental relationship between structure and activity

Application to battery materials

Using a mass filter allows precise size selected clusters to

be observed

Vacuum Deposition Metal to Metal Synthesis

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University of Birmingham

From Clusters to Catalysts

Precise clusters (e.g. Au923) can be deposited onto substrate and the

rich top layer diced to provide an active powder

Scale currently limited

STEM images

of Au923 particles

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University of Birmingham

Johnson Matthey is investigating the challenges and opportunities arising from the automotive

sectors need to reduce carbon and increase efficiency in vehicles

Aim to understand

challenges from

the market

Challenges and Opportunities Nanomaterials

Thermal

Materials

On-board

Sensors

Thermoelectrics Emissive

Coatings

Smart

Windows

Piezoelectric Lightweighting

On-board H2

Generation

Early investigations

Commercial

products Time

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Solar Control Glazing

Static

Low Emissivity Spectrally-selective bulk glass,

coatings or films

Absorbs NIR whilst maximising

transmission of visible light

Dynamic (Smart Glass)

Passive Responds to non-

electrical stimuli (heat /

UV). Cannot be

controlled manually

Active Responds to

electrical stimuli.

Controllable manually

or automatically

Spectrally Selective,

Electronically

Switchable

Non-Spectrally Selective

Commercially

Available

Electronically switchable, near-Infrared selective,

smart glass

- the ability to control the transmission of heat and light

independently -

has been described as the Holy Grail for the

advanced glazing industry

Smart Windows: Existing technologies

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NEAT Material to TEG Process

Nanocomposite

Preparation

Fast Sintering Cutting

SiGe

Ag Cu

AlN

Module Assembly Module Testing Environmental Testing

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Nano Embedded Composite: (CoSi2)0.015:n-Si80Ge20

Selected area diffraction confirms CoSi2 along

[00-1] within less than 1%

CoSi2 Nanoparticle

FSP 6nm Co3O4 + n-Si80Ge20

(CoSi2)0.015:n-Si80Ge20

(CoSi2)0.015:n-Si80Ge20

mix and mill 3bar Ar

reduce H2 500C

2011-2014, eight-partner , EU project to develop

advanced nano-embedded alloy materials for

high-temperature thermoelectric applications.

A host-guest approach was followed with two

principal host alloys: (i) SiGe and (ii) Mg2SiSn.

A range of nano-embedded guest materials

were investigated with a central theme of host-

guest lattice-matching

Synthetic methods based on controlled

atmosphere,

high-energy ball-milling.

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Johnson Matthey Battery Technologies

Battery Technologies group formed in 2012

Focus on advanced materials and applications engineering for high performance battery systems

Building the business in batteries through internal R&D and acquisition

Acquisition of the Axeon Group in Oct 2012

Expanded internal R&D programme

Second acquisition announced in June 2014, manufacturing assets of A123 materials business

Acquisition of Clariant Energy Systems battery materials business-completed March 2015

Plans for expanded product development in 2015/16

Johnson Matthey spans the battery value chain

Applications knowledge helps drive basic technology materials R&D

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JMBM A leading supplier of LiFePO4

Powder

Life Power P2 very high rate capability, especially

at low temperature, due to small

primary particles

Life Power P2E reduced BET surface area and

increased D50 versus P2 for easier

dispersion, coating, and

compression

Spherical agglomerates

Life Power P2S spherical agglomerates for easier

product handling and electrode coating

Pilot Scale

Group of materials

Physical

characteristics

Grades

P2 & P2E P2S

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Advantages

1. The reduced dimensions increases significantly the rate of lithium insertion/removal,

because of the short distances for lithium-ion transport within the particles..

2. A high surface area permits a high contact area with the electrolyte and hence a high

lithium-ion flux across the interface.

3. The range of composition over which solid solutions exist is often more extensive for

nanoparticles, and the strain associated with intercalation is often better accommodated.

Disadvantages

1. High electrolyte/electrode surface area may lead to more significant side reactions with the

electrolyte, and more difficulty maintaining inter-particle contact.

2. The density of a nano-powder is generally less than the same material formed from micro-

meter-sized particles. The volume of the electrode increases for the same mass of material

thus reducing the volumetric energy density.

Going Nano for Lithium Ion Batteries

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Ordered Inorganic-Organic Hybrids using

Ionic Liquids for Emerging Applications

Ionic

Liquids

Inorganic

Materials

Light

Sensitizers

New Ordered

Inorganic-Organic

Hybrid Materials

Generation 1

Generation 2

Batteries Solar

cells

http://www.cidetec.es/ORION/index.html

Fundacion Cidetec

Consiglio Nationalle Delle

Ricerche

CEA-Liten

WWU Muenster

IMEC VZW

Ustav Fyzikalni Chemie

JHIPC

EPFL Lausanne

Universitat de Valencia

CNRS

Universitat Jaume I de

Castellon

Universite de Mons-

Hainaut

Solvionic S.A.

Centro Ricerche Fiat

SCPA

Cegasa

Solaronix S.A.

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20-30nm Li4Ti5O12 prepared by FSP shows higher rate capability vs.

micron sized particles from conventional synthesis

Ordered Inorganic-Organic Hybrids using Ionic

Liquids for Emerging Applications

Conversion Materials for Li-ion batteries:

MOx + 2x Li+ + 2x e- M0 + x Li2O

(M= transition metal, e.g. Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, )

Effect of Precursor concentration

in Flame Spray Pyrolysis

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Lithium Sulfur battery Exploiting

Nanotechnology nanostructured electrodes & electrolyte materials

practical implementation of high energy Li-S battery

lithium metal-free battery configuration

lithiated silicon as anode and a nanostructured sulfur-carbon

composite as the cathode

http://www.lissen.eu

Li2S

Cegasa

Volkswagen

Chalmers Univerity

Consorsio Sapienza

Innovazione

Stena Recycling

International AB

WWU Muenster

DLR

Hanyang Univeristy

Unichieti

Uniroma 1

ZSW

Ctheo = 1672 mAh g-1

S8 Highest practical capacity

reported so far 800 mAh g-1

(but: high fading)

Dissolution in electrolyte,

followed by reduction on

Anode!

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FC Cars for 2015

Next-generation fuel-cell concept "FCV-R = Mirai

This concept model is a highly practical fuel-cell vehicle (FCV) that

was launched in 2015.

With the fuel-cell unit located beneath the specially designed body,

the vehicle can accommodate up to four passengers and boasts

impressive luggage space. The fuel cell stack, consisting of a

70MPa high-pressure hydrogen tank, has been improved to

provide a cruising distance of approximately 700 km (440 miles) or

more (under the JC08 test cycle; according to TMC).

Hyundai ix35

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Automotive Research: New Materials for New Challenges

The main challenges for MEAs remain for Automotive:

Low Pt loadings driven by metal cost.

DOE target of 0.125 gPtkW-1

5000 hours durability.

New challenges arise as more real-life operational experience gained:

Start-stop degradation mechanisms lead to damaging high potentials on the cathode.

Hydrogen may contain small amounts of CO (1-2 ppm).

Anodes may be starved of hydrogen leading to damaging high potentials on the anode (cell reversal).

New materials are under development to meet the needs of all these situations.

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The Catalyst

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Dr Peter Bishop

Johnson Matthey Technology

Center

Reading U.K

bishopt@matthey.com

Thank You

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