an update of international co2 capture & storage (ccs ...€¦ · • 2 ccs projects have been...

2006 年石炭技術会議

特-I-1

【特別講演 Ⅰ 】 An Update of International CO2 Capture and Storage Initiatives

Dr. Kelly Thambimuthu

Chairman, IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme and Chief Executive Officer, Center for Low Emission Technology

www.ieagreen.org.uk

Overview of the PresentationOverview of the Presentation

• The options in a carbon constrained world• What are CO2 capture and storage (CCS) technologies• Maturity of CCS technologies and power generation• Existing commercial-scale activity• Near-term opportunities• Proposed demonstrations• International clean coal roadmaps• Conclusions

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An Update of International An Update of International COCO22 Capture & Storage (CCS) InitiativesCapture & Storage (CCS) Initiatives

Presented at: J Coal Clean Coal Conference27th November, 2006, Tokyo, Japan

byDr. Kelly Thambimuthu,

ChairmanIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme

andChief Executive Officer,

Centre for Low Emission Technology (cLET), Australia


特-I-2

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Fuels

Processes

Storage options

What is COWhat is CO22 capture & storage (CCS)capture & storage (CCS)

Source IPCC 2005

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Carbon Neutral Energy

Fossil Fuels

H2 Economy (?),De-carbonised electricity (?)

CO2 capture& storage

Nuclear fission& Fusion ?

Conservation, efficiencyand lower carbon fuels

Renewables

2004 to 2030 >53% increase; ~82% fossil fuel, ~12% renewables, ~6% nuclear

The options in a carbon constrained worldThe options in a carbon constrained world

Source cLET, Brisbane


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• Research phase means that the basic science is understood, but the technology is currently in the stage of conceptual design or testing at the laboratory or bench scale, and has not been demonstrated in a pilot plant.

• Demonstration phase means that the technology has been built and operated at the scale of a pilot plant, but further development is required before the technology is ready for the design and construction of a full-scale system.

• Economically feasible under specific conditions means that the technology is well understood and used in selected commercial applications, such as in case of a favourable tax regime or a niche market, processing at least 0.1 MtCO2/yr , with few (less than 5) replications of the technology.

• Mature market means that the technology is now in operation with multiple replications of the commercial-scale technology worldwide.

Source IPCC 2005

Maturity of CCS technologyMaturity of CCS technology

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The pathway for COThe pathway for CO22 capture & storage (CCS)capture & storage (CCS)

Fossil fuelsCO2 capture

UtilisationStorage

•Spent oil/gas fields•Saline reservoirs•Ocean

“Greener”Fossil Fuels(Enhanced oil andcoal seam methane recovery) SINK

SOURCE

Energy, Electricity or H2(with zeroing emissions)

•Chemicals•Fuel synthesis

Non fossilenergy



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Coal post combustion captureCoal post combustion capture

StorageCO2Separation

N2, H2O to atmosphere

CO2

Coalcombustion

Flue gases

PowerGeneration

Compression

• Conventional power plant

Other pollutants captured

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Technology maturity of CCS componentsTechnology maturity of CCS components

Research phase

Demonstrationphase

Economicallyfeasible under

specificconditions

Maturemarket

Ocean storage

Mineralcarbonation

Industrialutilization

Enhanced CoalBed Methane

Saline formations

Gas and oilfields

Enhanced OilRecovery

Transport

Post-combustion

Pre-combustion

Oxyfuelcombustion

Industrialseparation

Source IPCC 2005


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Coal Coal –– precombustionprecombustion capturecapture•Coal-fired power plant (IGCC)

CO2Separation

H2

CO2GasifierCoal

Shift Reactor

Compress/Storage

GTCC

Air SeparationUnit

O2 N2

Other pollutants captured

N2, H2O to atmosphere

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CoalCoal--oxyfueloxyfuel combustion combustion • Modified conventional plant

CO2 / H2O

Compress/Storage

CO2

Air SeparationUnit

O2

SeparationFossil fuelcombustion

PowerGeneration

Other pollutants removed


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Cost of CCS for electricity and hydrogen production Cost of CCS for electricity and hydrogen production

(-14)-49(-7)-319-4419-68Cost of CO2 avoided with EOR US$/t

5.2-12.940-7549-8137-70Cost of electricity or hydrogen with capture and EOR US$/MWhor US$/GJ

3-7514-5330-7138-91Cost of CO2 avoided with geosequestration, US$/t

7.6-14.455-9163-9943-77Cost of electricity or H2 with capture and geosequestrationUS$/MWh or US$/GJ

Hydrogen Plant

IGCCPulverisedcoal

Natural gas CC

Costs with geosequestration with and without enhanced oil recoverySource IPCC 2005

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Technology maturity Technology maturity -- capture in coal plantscapture in coal plants• Power generation with post combustion capture

• SC/USC pulverised coal power plants are reliable and proven• Scale up of solvent capture units/integration with power cycle is unproven.

• Power generation with pre-combustion capture• IGCC for coal (1 GWe) is near commercial and proving reliability, better

experience with 3 GWe of IGCC capacity on oil and petcoke. • Solvent capture units for CO2 available at scale, integration and power block

hydrogen utilisation issues

• Power generation with oxyfuel combustion• No proven experience of operation of pulverised coal power plants in an

oxyfuel combustion mode – the issue is “confidence building”• Large scale ASU’s for O2 production proven and reliable.• Some development issues with tail end CO2 purification

In need of demonstrations to support ‘learning by doing’ which can reduce costs by at least 20- 30% or more over the next decade


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Path to improved pulverised coal2015 on

S/C PCC~45%

Hg activities:characterisation

monitoringremoval methods

First commercial PCC-ZETsretrofits and new~36 - 37 %LHV

Advanced PCC based ZETs~44- 47 %LHV

Beyond 2020;USC >700C and 30MPa With higher efficiency?

Now 2005-10 2010-15Increasing efficiency, lower emissions, lower costs

SO2 activities:deeper removal

new systems

NOx activities:deeper removal

without SCR

Particulates removalmove to <10 mg/m3

CO2 capture activities:chemical scrubbing demo

CO2 capture activities:oxy-coal demo

Advanced USC PCC demonon-CO2 capture

Advanced USC PCC commercialnon-CO2 capture

New oxygen productionplants commercial

oxy-coal demo

Post combustion membrane

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The options for coal power plants with CCSThe options for coal power plants with CCSCentralised power and

industrial plantsDistributed energy & products

Heating or cooling

Coal Gasification

Distributed heat & power

Transport vehicles

Power Generation

Hydrogen

Electricity

CO2 to storage

CO2capture

Liquid Fuels

Chemicals

Chemical products

Industrial products

Combustion

Biomass for carbon offset



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Existing CCS CommercialExisting CCS Commercial--scale Projectsscale Projects

• There are 3 CCS projects operating at a commercial scale:• Sleipner, Norway• Weyburn, Canada• In Salah, Algeria

• Each project captures and stores approximately 1 million tonnes CO2/year

• This total of 3 million tonnes CO2/year is roughly equivalent to emissions from one 500MWe coal-fired power plant.

*‘Commercial’ as opposed to non-commercial demonstrations

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Path to improved coal-fired, IGCC2015 on

IGCCcommercial

scaledemos

~38-44 %LHV

Now 2005-10 2010-15Increasing efficiency, lower emissions, lower costs

Early full scale IGCC with CO2 capture

~32-35 %LHV

Advanced IGCClow emission plantsvarious technologies

multi-products~42 - 44 %LHV

Beyond 2020;stationary fuel cells

(IGFC)50 – 58 %LHV?

NOx activities:reduce emissions

CO2 capture activities:physical scrubbing demo

CO2 capture activities:Gas separation & reactor

membranesNew Oxygen production

plants commercial

Dry cleaning options:Particulates, Sulphur,

Nitrogen, trace elements

Commercial non-CO2Capture IGCC plants

HydrogenTurbines


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SnøhvitSleipner

Weyburn

In-Salah

CommercialCommercial--scale CCS Projectsscale CCS Projects

Images Courtesy of BP, Statoil, and PTRC THESE ARE NOT POWER GENERATION PROJECTS

START-UP 2007

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MonitoredMonitored COCO22 Stored UndergroundStored Underground

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Year

Mill

ions

of t

onne

s of

CO

2

Sleipner (1996)

Weyburn (2000)

In Salah (2005)One 500MW coal-fired power station


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LowLow--cost COcost CO22 sourcessources

• Where it is removed from raw natural gas to meet pipeline specifications or for LNG production

• Synthesis gas clean-up e.g. in hydrogen production.

• Natural occurrences e.g. in Texas

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NearNear--term CCS Opportunities:term CCS Opportunities:• Are integrated with an existing infrastructure/project

• Have a convenient store for CO2

• The cost of CO2 is considerably less than the cost of capturing it at a power station

• Have some near term revenue benefit e.g. EOR


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Gorgon LNG plant with COGorgon LNG plant with CO22 capturecapture

Courtesy of Chevron

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Some proposed commercialSome proposed commercial--scale CCS projectsscale CCS projects

• Snøhvit (start-up 2007), Norway• Gorgon (operation start 2008-2010), Australia• Miller-Peterhead –DF1 (operation start 2009), UK• Carson - DF2 (operation start 2009), USA• Halten (operation start 2010), Norway

Total CO2 to be stored by the above: 12.5 million tonnes CO2 / year


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Key considerations for nearKey considerations for near--term CCS projectsterm CCS projects

• Applicable state/national/international incentives• Carbon taxes / emissions trading• 2 CCS projects have been submitted under the

Kyoto CDM (Clean Development Mechanism)• Revenues applicable to incremental oil/gas• Risk sharing• Finance sourcing/cost• Long-term liability issues

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Schematic of the Shell/Statoil Schematic of the Shell/Statoil –– HaltenHalten projectproject

Courtesy Shell-Statoil


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COCO22 Injection and Storage ActivitiesInjection and Storage Activities

Nagaoka

HokkaidoQinshui Basin

Snohvit

Sleipner

In Salah

KeyECBM projects

EOR projects

Gas production Fields

Saline aquifier

SibillaRECOPOLCO2 SINK

K-12B

Cerro Fortunoso

Frio

West Pearl QueenMountaineer

WeyburnPenn West

Alberta ECBM

Teapot DomeRangely

Burlington

4 New CO2-EOR Pilots in Canada

50 Acid Gas injection sites in North America

70 CO2-EOR projects in U.S.A.

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Power plant capture scalePower plant capture scale--up route & activitiesup route & activities

• Bench scale (simulated flue gas)• Post combustion pilots (on flue gas slip-stream)

• EU Castor – 25 tCO2/d, Denmark• MHI -10 tCO2/d, Nagasaki, Japan• ITC – 8 tCO2/d, Boundary Dam, 8 tpd

• Oxyfuel• Vatenfal, 30 MWth, lignite, Germany,

• Large demonstration – with integrated operation


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COCO22 capture facilitiescapture facilities

Mitsubishi Plant, Nagasaki

Sumitomo Chemicals

Indo Gulf Fertilizer Co.

Luzhou Natural Gas

Vattenfall

CASTOR

Snohvit

Sleipner

In Salah

Shady Point

Bellingham CogenDakota Gasification PlantBoundary Dam

IMC Global Inc.

Key

Warrior Run

Gasification synfuels plant

Major Pilot Plants

CO2 Separation from Natural Gas for CCS

Food-grade CO2/carbonation of brine/Urea (Post Combustion)

Mitsubishi, Malaysia

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Examples of Examples of proposedproposed CCS projects CCS projects withwith power generation: power generation: CoalCoal• RWE project, Germany

• 450 MW coal IGCC, pre-combustion capture• Saline reservoir storage of CO2, Start-up 2014

• Future Gen project, USA• 275 MW coal IGCC, pre-combustion capture• Saline reservoir storage of CO2, Start-up 2014

• HypoGen / Dynamis project, EU• Coal IGCC, pre-combustion capture, Proposed 2012

• Stanwell Zerogen, Australia• 100 MW Coal, IGCC, precombustion, Proposed 2010

• Sask Power project, Canada• 450 MW Lignite, EOR, oxyfuel, Start-up 2012

• RWE project, UK (Tilbury) – oxyfuel or post-combustion• International Power, Victoria, Australia

• Brown coal, 200MW (1.6 GW station) – post-combustion


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Proposed integrated CCS power projectsProposed integrated CCS power projects

Key

Pre-Combustion Capture

IGCC

Oxy-Fuel

Post-Combustion

DF1

DF2

HALTEN

RWERWESaskPower

FutureGen HypoGen

CentricaB.oN

Mongstrad

Gorgon Stanwell

Hazelwood

CallideLNG

CHNG

E.ON

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USA coal roadmap development principleUSA coal roadmap development principle• Short-term: keep existing fleet in service;

prepare for transition to near-zero-emission future

• SO2, NOx, Hg• Plant optimization and control• Reduced carbon intensity

• Long-term: add near-zero emission energy plants

• IGCCs to market • Advanced materials• Ultra-high efficiency hybrid systems• CO2 capture and storage

Rev. 071404


特-I-16

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2050

2020

2015

Pote

ntial

of U

tilisa

tion

on T

ime S

cale

2010

2005

Risk of R&Dhighlow medium

Vision

Steam PP η=50%Gas PP η>60%

Steam PP η=55%Gas pp η=65%

Hybrid-Power Plant

Zero-Emission

Power Plant

Capture with

Membranes

Oxyfuel-Demo

IGCCDemo

CO2-Wash

CO2-Reservoirs

CO2/H2-TurbineMaterials

Materials 700°C

Procedures ProtectionSystems

Materials800°C

Min. Leaks

Strategielinie: Effizienz Strategielinie:CO2-Capture/ Storage

2050

2020

2015

Pote

ntial

of U

tilisa

tion

on T

ime S

cale

2010

2005

Risk of R&Dhighlow medium

Vision

Steam PP η=50%Gas PP η>60%

Steam PP η=55%Gas pp η=65%

Hybrid-Power Plant

Zero-Emission

Power Plant

Capture with

Membranes

Oxyfuel-Demo

IGCCDemo

CO2-Wash

CO2-Reservoirs

CO2/H2-TurbineMaterials

Materials 700°C

Procedures ProtectionSystems

Materials800°C

Min. Leaks

Strategielinie: Effizienz Strategielinie:CO2-Capture/ Storage

German: COORETEC programmeGerman: COORETEC programme

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Australia Australia –– Coal 21 action planCoal 21 action plan

Pilot Implement

Demo Commercial

Pilot Demo

PilotEval Demo Commercial

Pilot Demo Commercial

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Lignite Drying

Black & Brown Coal IGCC with

CO2 Capture

Geological Storage of CO2

OxyfuelCombustion

Ultra-Clean Coal

Demo Commercial

Pilot Implement

Demo Commercial

Pilot Demo

PilotEval Demo Commercial

Pilot Demo Commercial

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Lignite Drying

Black & Brown Coal IGCC with

CO2 Capture

Geological Storage of CO2

OxyfuelCombustion

Ultra-Clean Coal

Demo Commercial


特-I-17

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ConclusionsConclusions

• CCS firmly on worldwide policy agenda• Demonstrations needed but costly• Significant CCS activity:

• Oil & Gas industry – driven by ‘near-term opportunities’

• Coal industry – driven by ‘clean coal’ visions• In need of incentives for deployment in the

electricity generation sector

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CarbonReduction

Time

`IncreasedEfficiency`Trajectory

`Zero Emissions`Trajectory

Near-term Mid-term Long-term

Zero emissions will need the most efficient plant

Key issue will be value of CO2

UK: CAT* roadmapUK: CAT* roadmap

*Carbon Abatement Technologies


特-I-18

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IEA GHG thanks you for your attentionIEA GHG thanks you for your attention


特-I-19

氏名：Kelly Thambimuthu Chairman, IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme 兼 Chief Executive Officer, Centre for Low Emission Technology 職歴 1995- 化石燃料を起源とする温室効果ガス排出の大幅な削減を達成す

るための様々なオプションを評価しているIEA/OECDの主要グループ／

IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme の議長 2004- 豪州ブリスベンCSIRO先進技術クイーンズランドセンター

（QCAT）に本拠を持つCenter for Low Emission Technologyのセンター

長。本センターはクイーンズランド州政府、CSIRO、ACARP、Stanwell、Tarong Energy及びクイーンズランド大学のジョイントベンチャー。

1982-2004 カナダCANMET Energy Technology Centerにおける研究者及び科学技

術管理者 2002-2005 気候変動緩和策として二酸化炭素回収・貯留に関するIPCC特別報告書に

おいて気候変動に関する政府間パネル（IPCC）委員会の編集委員及び主

執筆者 2004年英国王立研究所で「Coal Science Lecture」を実施 2006年持続的な石炭開発に関する賞である IEA Coal Industry

Advisory Board’s awardを受賞学歴英国バーミンガム大学学士号（化学工学）カナダマックギル大学修士号（化学工学）英国ケンブリッジ大学博士号（化学工学）

an update of international co2 capture & storage (ccs ...€¦ · • 2 ccs projects have been...

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