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anti,ue society and his connections with the em&erorand the imagery of -ictory.

$his !oo is &rimari"y archaeo"ogica".

Asia Minor and reece

/n reece and Asia Minor the &icture is rather differentfrom that seen farther east where se-era" monumenta"

hi&&odromes c"ear"y mode""ed to a considera!"e degreeon Roman circuses were !ui"t &articu"ar"y during thesecond and third centuries A0.

/n the C"assica" and 1e""enistic &eriods many towns ofreece and Asia Minor witnessed chariot racing as &artof traditiona" ree2sty"e games+ !ut the fie"ds used for

such races seem rare"y to ha-e !een u&graded intofu""y!ui"t circuses during the Roman &eriod and we maysus&ect tahet e,uestrian e-ents !ecame a "ess and "essim&ortant &art of those games+ des&ite the fact that thegames did continue through much of the Roman &eriod.$his hy&othesis is suggested !y a genera" dearth ofinscri&tions referring to !e confirmed !y what ha&&enedat O"ym&ia (and &resuma!"y at other Crown ames)

where chariot races were actua""y discontinued on-arious occasions during the first century A0.

As Cameron has &ointed out+ the few Roman &eriod areeither Romans &erha&s no "onger a!"e to enter at Romeor rees from the host city or the immediateneigh!ourhood. $his statement is &articu"ar"y we""

i""ustrated !y an agonistic cata"ogue of -ictors at the


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Romaia games at 3anthos in 4ycia recent"y discussed !y4ouis Ro!ert.

$hese games to the goddes Roma were founded in theear"y second century C. and the inscri&tion in ,uestion!e"ongs to the "ate second century C. or a "itt"e "ater.$he e,uestrian e-ents were for ridden horse+ !igae and,uadrigae+ in each ty&e of race there !eing co"t and adu"thorse categories.

$he fi-e recorded -ictors were a"" 4ycians+ a"though onewas a Roman citien "i-ing at $e"messos and another a"ady of 5&hesus who "i-ed at A&o""onia in 4ycia.

$hus wea"thy 4ycians wou"d send their teams anddrei-ers to the "oca" games at the federa" sanctuary of4ycia !u wou"d !e un"ie"y to tra-e" around Asia Minorand reece to the ma#or festi-a"s taing their sta!"e on

the road. At the ma#or games in reece e,uestrian-ictors from Asia Minor are noticea!"y a!sent+ des&itethe wea"th of agonistic inscri&tions from Asia Minor.

$here are other e%am&"es of e,uestrian e-ents forming&art of new festi-a"s introduced in the Roman &eriod+festi-a"s which often had a &articu"ar connection with an

em&eror or the im&eria" cu"t.

$hus chariot races were he"d at Anara+ ca&ita" of the&ro-ince of a"atia+ from the time of $i!erius+ &ut on !ythe &riest of the im&eria" cu"t.

$he inscri&tion in ,uestion+ &"aced on the anta of the

$em&"e of Augustus+ a"so mentions s&ecifica""y thehi&&odorme+ which may &erha&s ha-e !een u&graded at


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that time. 'rom 4a&ethus on Cy&rus comes a referenceto horse races as &art of 5&iniia ce"e!rated tocommemorate the anni-ersary of the !att"e of actium

won !y the god Augustus.Simi"ar"y+ the games instituted !y Augustus at Nio&o"isin 5&irus to commemorate the same !att"e inc"udedchariot races+ and we may assume that some inde ofhi&&odrome was !ui"t then.

ut in a"" of these cases we may sus&ect that most of thecom&etitors were "oca" rsidents or wea"thy Romans.Many of the hi&&odromes which c"ear"y ecisted duringthe ree and 1e""enistic &eriods &ro!a!"y fe"" intodisuse in the "ate 1e""enistic or ear"y Roman &eriod. $hisis &ro!a!"y true for the one at Sardis+ which ismentioned in &assind in 678 C in connection with thedrawing u& of troo&s in !att"e order.

$he Sardis hi&&odrome was &ro!a!"y ne-ermonumenta"ied and thus has not !een "ocated+ des&iteintensi-e sur-ey of the city and its en-irons.

$he smae is &ro!a!"y+ true of a hi&&odrome at Se"eucia*ieria+ the &ort of Antioch and the ca&ita" of Se"eucus / in

the ear"y third century C 9 mentioned !y *o"y!ius in hisaccount of the fourth Syrian war under the year 67 C.

/t "ay a!out fi-e stades from the town and was se"ected!y Antiochus for this encam&ment. *ro!a!"y it wassim&"y a "e-e" fie"d. Races at the site are ne-er mentionedin ancient sources+ and one may sus&ect that interest

soon shifted to 0a&hne and "ater to Antioch;smonumenta" circus.


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$he situation at A&hrodisias is "ess c"ear+ since there issu&&osed"y some e-idence for chariot racing in the third

century A0. !ut any hi&&odrome there remains to !efound and &erha&s it too was not a monumenta"!ui"ding.

$he entertainment !ui"ding which is &resent in "argenum!ers among the Roman cities of Asia Minor is notthe hi&&odrome !u the stadium. $hose which are&articu"ar"y we"" &reser-ed inc"ude didyma+ e&hesus+Magnesia+ *erge+ As&endos+ Aianoi+A&hrodisias+ as we""as ? m in "enght and c8> m inwidth+ a"though dimensions of the !ui"din inc"uding the


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seating tiers. $he width of the trac of a stadium usua""yranges from 7?2@@ m whi"e the "enght of the trac isusua""y no more than c 67? m. A fina" -erdict on whether

this !ui"ding housed chariot races must !e sus&ended+!ut the e%traordinary Romaniation of *ergamon mayfa-our the hy&othesis. Am&hitheatres too are e%treme"yrare in this region.

Among the &ro-inces of Asia Minor+ Ci"icia andCa&&adocia in the southeast are the !est candidates for&ossessing !ui"t hi&&odromes. $he cities of Ci"icia had&articu"ar"y c"ose "ins with Rome and were within rangeof Antioch where a circus was !ui"t as ear"y as = C. A

wides&read interest in horse races at the cities of Ci"iciaand *am&hy"ia is confirmed !y *hi"ostratus riting in thethird !ut &or!a!"y referring to the the first century.

Ci"icia !ecame a Roman &ro-ince in A0 B with its

metro&o"is at $arsus+ and $arsus itse"f must !e a goodcandidate for a !ui"t hi&&odrome+ a"though none has yet

!een re&orted. At Anaar!us (or Caesarea !y Anaar!us)howe-er+ a een ri-a" of $arsus in the third century andthe chief town of Ci"icia Secunda+ yhe hi&&odrome is

-isi!"e today a"though remaining une%ca-ated. /t "ayoutside the city wa"" in the &"ian to the south near some

cemeteries and was not far from the theatre to thenortheast and the am&hitheatre to the south+ a"" threemaing ectensi-e use of the hi"" s"o&e. $hat s"o&e was cut

!ac considera!"y to &ro-ide a straight south side for thehi&&odrome.

the !ui"ding was oriented rough"y northeast2southeast

and measured c. B7? !y =B m. /ts use for chariot races isindicated !oth !y its "enght and !y the disco-ery of a


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Another circus in Ci"icia is attested !y a "iterary source athe town of Aegeae (Ayash) on the coast sour2theast of

Adana. /t was "ocated near the tem&"e of 1adrian outsidethe town+ and may a"so !e due to 1adrian+ who &ro!a!"y-isited the town four times+ or a"ternati-e"y may !e"ongto the mid2third century when im&ortant games of

Asc"e&ius were created !y a"erian at the site of thefamous cu"t of that god.

/n Rough Ci"icia+ not far a"ong the coast to the west+Se"eucia ad Ca"ycadnum (Si"ife) &ro!a!"y &ossessed ahi&&odrome+ according to the ear"y nineteenth centurytra-e""er *ierre $remau%+ who estimated its "enght atB?? m.

/n Ca&&odocia+ and &articu"ar"y at its ca&ita" Caesarea(


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!efore they were e%&orted.

y the third century A0 if not !efore+ the !est studs were

im&eria" &ro&erty+ and "aws were enacted to contro"tight"y the sa"e of horses+ e-en horses not fit for racing.*articu"ar"y famous were the e,ui *a"mati (*ammatiD)and e,ui 1ermogeniani and horses which &astured inmeadows on the "ower s"o&es of Mount Argaeus nearCaesarea.

/n reece &ro&er e,uestrian e-ents continued to !e he"dat -arious games !ut there is no e-idence that any ofthese hi&&odromes were remode""ed in the Roman Sty"e.

At /sthmia chariot races continued to the "ate secondcentury A0 whi"e at Am!ryssus in *hocis they continuedinto the third. $hey e%isted a"so in $hessa"y. *ausanias+

writing in the second century+ mentions hi&&odromes atMount 4yaios+ Maena"us and Mantineia in Arcadia and

at $he!es+ !ut on"y that at Mantineia may sti"" ha-e !eenin use in his day since games in the near!y stadium wereesta!"ished !y 1adrian in honour of Antinous. 1adriana"so !ui"t there a sanctuary to *oseidon 1i&&ios+ the&atron of Mantineia. /t may !e that most of the games inhonour of Antonous inc"uded e,uestrian e-ents.

&age 868286>

Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing!y Eohn 1. 1um&hrey

on"ine read:the other !oos:

A"an Cameron : *or&hyrius the Charioteer+ 7@A"an Cameron : Circus 'actions+ "ues and reens at Rome and yantium+ 7=+

Chariot Race at the 1i&&odrome
http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=couetXBQO9AC&pg=PA525&dq=asia+minor&hl=tr&sa=X&ei=gFOiUNDXBsSShgfc0YGABw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwATg8#v=onepage&q=asia%20minor&f=falsehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTXzIPgR_zwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTXzIPgR_zwhttp://books.google.com.tr/books?id=couetXBQO9AC&pg=PA525&dq=asia+minor&hl=tr&sa=X&ei=gFOiUNDXBsSShgfc0YGABw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwATg8#v=onepage&q=asia%20minor&f=false


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FFF

0oGu Roma;nHn efsane yarHIJHsH KLeni"me *or&hyriosK+ LeIi""erMa-i"er + stan!u"

Anti JaGHn en esi -e en !y circusu RomadaiCircus Ma%imusturF. 5trs $ar,uinius *riscus (.P. =7=Q8>)+

A-entinus -e *a"atinus te&e"eri arasHndai -adide inIaettirmiItir. La&HmHndan sonra !aH onarHm"ar geJirmiI+

Caesar+ Nero -e $raianus tarafHndan da RomanHn enIeffaf ya&HsH ha"ine getiri"miItir. Roma"H"ar+ !ir !ahJe-eya I yanHnda !u"unan -e !inici"i ta"im"eri ya&H"anmeydan"ara hi&odrom9 5""en"erin ara!a"H at"HarIH"aIma"ar ya&tH"arH hi&odrom"ara da circus adH

-ermiI"erdir.

1i&odrom yarHI"arHnda u""anH"an ren"er i" !aI"arda Btaneydi: LeIi"+ ma-i+ HrmHH+ !eya. m&arator"uGun en
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PwoRueLYCr0/VKfdkz4Ma2I/AAAAAAAALHw/dRrqCfx-gAY/s1600/Porphyrios%2BYe%C5%9Filler%2BMaviler%2B%C4%B0stanbul.png


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&ar"a yH""arHnda dahi Ma-i"er -e LeIi""er &arti"erinindaha nem"i o"duGu !i"inmetedir. Ren"erinu""anH"masHndai a-anta# ua mesafede !u"unan

seyirci"erin yarHI"arH+ dans"arH+ ayH d-I"eriniseyrederen o"ay"arHn tai!inde o"ay"H saG"amasH idi.unun sonucu o"ara seyirci ren"ere arIH !ir sadaatge"iItirdi -e yyH""ar iJinde !u rea!et gittiJegJ"enmiItir. .S. 8. yyH"a ge"indiGinde taraftar"artuttu"arH &artinin rengini giyer o"du. Sonundataraftar"ar organiasyonun ismiy"e anH"Hr o"du"ar. LeIi""er

-e Ma-i"er.

LarHI"arda o"uIan taHm"arHn !ir!ir"erine arHImamasHiJin B ana gru& o"an Ma-i"er (eneto")+ LeIi""er(*rasino")+


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yarHI"ar sre"i LeIi""er -e Ma-i"er arasHnda o"muItur.LarHI"ar aman i"er"ediJe daha da nem"i ha"e ge"miItir-e taraf"ar arasHnda da sre"i JatHIma"ar yaIanmHItHr. u

!ir ne-i gnmde de sHJa yaIanan ho"iganimi ifadeetmetedir. u JatHIma"arHn !aH"arH soa"ara !i"etaImHItHr.

rI ayrH"H"arH -e dini a"HIan"H"arHn da etisiy"e !udurum siyasi gru&"aImaya dnImItr. LarHI"arHnConstantino&o"ise ge"mesinden nce !ugn

Antayada LeIi""er i"e Ma-i"er arasHndai JatHIma"ars&or -e rea!etin tesine geJere re"er i"e

Lahudi"erin a-gasHna dnImItr. "er"eyenaman"arda da Antaya+ senderiye -e 5festegn" hayat iJerisinde de Ma-i"er -e LeIi""er arIHt"HGH

yaIanmHItHr.

LarHIJH"ar nce"eri ha"Hn iJinden JHan insan"ardH. Anca

daha sonra"arH aristorati ai"e"erden ge"en"er de yarHIJHo"a!i"iyordu.LarHI"arH tm ha" i"eye!i"iyordu.nmdei gi!i yarHI"ara ge"en"er !i"eta"H& deste"edi"eri taHm tri!n"erinde oturmaorundaydH. AyrHca saray ernH+ aseri "ider"er+ i"isetemsi"ci"eri -e Iehrin i"eri ge"en"eri !ugn Iereftri!n deni"en yerde yarHI"arH i"er"erdi.

Constantino&o"is 1i&odromunda da !u durum aynHydH.

ugn Su"tanahmet Camisinin hi&odroma !aana-"usu Constantino&o"is 1i&odromunun


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eya"ardan sonra da


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sahi& deGi""erdi. m&arator"ar yarHI"ardan nce tutu"arHtaHmH !aen aJH"ar"ardH.

PrneGin Romada Nero LeIi""eri+ C"audius+ MarcusAure"ius -e Caraca""a Ma-i"eri+ Anastasios


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ediyor"ardH.

PrneGin Constantino&o"iste .S. 8@6de yaIanana Nia

Aya"anmasH.1i&odromdemos yani ha" i"e im&aratorunarasHnda JHan &e Jo JatHIma"ara sahne o"muItur.uJHan argaIa"ar siyasi yaIamHn deGiIme !ir unsuruha"ine ge"miItir. Nia Aya"anmasHm&arator ustinianosun Ma-i"eri ayHrmasH i"eteti"enmiItir. u isyan taHm"arHn !ir"eIi&im&aratora arIH to&"uca !ir !aIa"dHrHsHdHr. e @?+???i"e 8?+??? arasHndai isyancH "dr"r. syanHn an"H !ir

!iJimde son"anmasHndan sonra anHsH anHta aH"mHItHr.*atriaya gre ""er gm"memiI+ B6de ona"amadan (tas-ir

yasaGH)sonra ha"Hn g nnde ya&H"aninfa"ar"a amuya aJH !ir cea"andHrma a"anHna

dnImetedir.

1i&odrom oyun"arH iJerisinde .S. B. yyH"dan iti!arenat yarHI"arH esastHr. unun yanHnda -ahIi hay-and-I"eri .S. =. yyH"Hn !aI"arHna adar srmItr.

LarHIma ,uadriga o"ara ad"andHrH"an drt at"H ara!a"ar"aya&H"mHItHr. ayram gn"erinde ya&H"an yarHI

sayHsH aman"a nem"i "Jde aa"mHItHr. .S. 8. yyH"dagnde @? 8? arasH yarHI ya&H"Hren+ .S. 7?. yyH"da


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sa!ah B aIam B o"ma ere > yarHI den"enirdi.$heodosius stununun aidesinde gr"dG gi!i oyunara"arH hay-an+ mim -e dans gsteri"erine sahne

o"muItur.

Nahit LH"dHrHmConstantino&o"is 1i&odromu+6?7@

FFF

MuG"a;nHn LataGan i"Jesindei Stratonieia Anti


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s&ortif faa"iyet"eri haHnda !i"gi sahi!i o"uyoru.u"unan ara!a yarHIH sahnesi figr sayesinde ya"aIH 6

!in yH" nce u""anH"an yarHI ara!a"arHnHn e""i"eri+

oIum taHm"arH gi!i detay"ar haHnda !i"gi sahi!io"acaGH.K

0oJ. 0r. i"a" SGtStratonieia Anti

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