analisa kebijakan pivot to asia u.s pasca china …eprints.umm.ac.id/39196/1/pendahuluan.pdf · i...
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ANALISA KEBIJAKAN PIVOT TO ASIA U.S PASCA CHINA
MENERAPKAN STRATEGI MILITER ANTI ACSESS AND AREA
DENIAL 2011-2016
SKRIPSI
Disusun dan diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar
Sarjana Ilmu Politik (S.IP) Strata-1
ENDRA KURNIAWAN
201410360311028
PROGRAM STUDI ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2018
ii
ii
viii
KATA PENGANTAR
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,
Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahhi wa barakatuh.
Pada dasarnya Asia-Pasifik merupakan tempat yang menarik untuk dikaji.
U.S telah hadir diwilayah ini sejak perang dunia kedua. Kehadirannya sangat
dominan diwilayah ini. Hubungan U.S dengan negara-negara di wilayah ini sangat
kompleks, terutama terkait dengan munculnya China sebagai rising power. China
melalui strategi A2/AD sangat berpotensi untuk menjadi great power di wilayah
Asia-Pasifik. U.S sendiri telah menempatkan wilayah ini sebagai prioritas utama
dikarenakan U.S menganggap politik dunia akan berpusat diwilayah ini. Oleh
karena itu U.S mengeluarkan kebijakan pivot to Asia. Hal tersebut dilakukan
untuk menghadapi munculnya A2/AD China.
Dengan terselesaikannya skripsi ini penulis wajib untuk bersyukur atas
kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rahmat, dan karunianya sehingga
peneliti dapat menyelesaikan karya skripsi dengan judul Analisa Kebijakan Pivot
to Asia U.S Pasca China Menerapkan Strategi Militer Anti Acsess and Area
Denial 2011-2016. Tujuan penulisan skripsi ini adalah untuk memenuhi salah satu
persyaratan memperoleh gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik (S.IP) Strata-1, Fakultas Ilmu
Sosial dan Ilmu Politik. Penulis berharap skripsi ini dapat bermanfaat untuk
memberikan bantuan intelektual kepada para peneliti selanjutnya. Namun dalam
pengerjaan skripsi ini peneliti sadar masih banyak kekurangan. Oleh karena itu
penulis menerima segala macam kritik dan saran yang bertujuan untuk
membangun.
Wassalamu’alaikum warahmatullahhi wa barakatuh.
Malang, 1 Juli 2018
Endra Kurniawan
x
DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN UJIAN SKRIPSI ................................................... ii
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................................................................. iii
BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI ....................................................... iv
SURAT PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS .........................................................v
ABSTRAKSI......................................................................................................... vi
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... vii
KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................ viii
LEMBAR PERSEMBAHAN .............................................................................. ix
DAFTAR ISI ...........................................................................................................x
DAFTAR TABEL .............................................................................................. xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR .......................................................................................... xiv
DAFTAR GRAFIK ..............................................................................................xv
BAB I .......................................................................................................................1
PENDAHULUAN...................................................................................................1
1.1 Latar Belakang .............................................................................................. 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ......................................................................................... 6
1.3 Manfaat dan Tujuan Penelitian ...................................................................... 7
1.3.1 Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................................... 7
a. Manfaat Akademis ................................................................................... 7
b. Manfaat Praktis ........................................................................................ 7
1.4 Penelitian Terdahulu ...................................................................................... 8
1.5 Landasan Teori ............................................................................................ 20
1.5.1 Balance Of Power ................................................................................. 20
1.6 Metode Penelitian ........................................................................................ 28
1.6.1 Jenis Penelitian ..................................................................................... 28
1.6.2 Metode Analisa ..................................................................................... 28
1.6.3 Tingkat Analisa ..................................................................................... 28
1.6.4 Variabel Penelitian ................................................................................ 29
xi
1.6.5 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian .................................................................... 29
a. Batasan Waktu ........................................................................................ 29
1.6.6 Teknik dan Alat Pengumpulan Data ..................................................... 30
1.7 Hipotesis ...................................................................................................... 30
1.8 Sistematika Penulisan .................................................................................. 31
BAB II ...................................................................................................................33
STRATEGI MILITER A2/AD CHINA .............................................................33
2.1 Potensi Status Great Power China di Asia-Pasifik Melalui Modernisasi
People’s Liberation Army (PLA) ...................................................................... 33
2.2 Peningkatan Kapabilitas Militer China Dalam Penerapan Strategi A2/AD 38
BAB III ..................................................................................................................46
KEBIJAKAN PIVOT TO ASIA U.S ...................................................................46
3.1 Alasan U.S mengeluarkan kebijakan pivot to Asia sebagai Balancing
terhadap strategi A2/AD China ......................................................................... 46
3.1.1 Ancaman Ballistics and Cruise Missiles dalam Sistem Pertahanan
A2/AD ............................................................................................................ 50
3.1.2 Peningkatan Sistem Command, Control, Communications, Computers,
Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) Sebagai Pendukung Strategi
A2/AD ............................................................................................................ 59
3.1.3 Ancaman Pengembangan Teknologi Anti-Satellite Weapons Test
(ASAT) .......................................................................................................... 61
3.2 Pivot to Asia Sebagai Kebijakan Balance of Power U.S Terhadap Strategi
Anti Acces and Area Denial ............................................................................... 66
3.2.1 Capstone Concept for Joint Operations: Joint Force 2020 (CCJO)
Sebagai Doktrin Umum Kebijakan Pivot to Asia U.S ................................... 68
3.2.1.1 Strategi Air Sea Battle (ASB) Sebagai Elemen Pivot to Asia U.S
Untuk Mengkounter Strategi A2/AD China .............................................. 71
3.2.1.2 Penerapan Doktrin Joint Concept for Entry Operations (JCEO) U.S
Untuk Freedom Operation Dalam Lingkungan A2/AD ............................. 73
3.3 Penguatan Hubungan Aliansi dan Partnership Kebijakan Pivot to Asia .... 75
3.4 Peningkatan Kababilitas Militer U.S di Asia-Pasifik Sebagai Implementasi
Piviot To Asia .................................................................................................... 79
BAB IV ..................................................................................................................84
KESIMPULAN.....................................................................................................84
xii
4.1 Kesimpulan .................................................................................................. 84
4.2 Saran ............................................................................................................ 85
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...........................................................................................87
xiii
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1 Posisi Penelitian
Tabel 2.1. Military Expenditure 2007-2016
Tabel 2.2. Chinese Military Personnel
Tabel 2.3. Timeline Perubahan Jumlah Personil PLA
Tabel 3.1. Kategori Ballistic Dan Cruise Missile
Tabel 3.2. Jenis Close-Range Ballistic Missiles
Tabel 3.3. Short-Range Ballistic Missiles (SRBM)
Tabel 3.4. Medium-Range (MRBM) dan Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missiles
(IRBM)
Tabel 3.5. Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM)
Tabel 3.6. China Satelit Capabilities
Tabel 3.7. Timeline Peluncuran ASAT
Tabel 3.8. Latihan Bersama U.S Dengan Aliansi dan Partner
Tabel 3.9. Operasi Pacific Pathway
Tabel 3.10 Pemindahan Kapabilitas Militer U.S ke Asia-Pasifik
xiv
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1. Map of China’s Theater Commands and Surrounding Area
Gambar 3.1. Lingkungan Operasi A2/AD
Gambar 3.2. Sistem Pertahanan Anti-Acsess China
Gambar 3.2: Bagan Hubungan CCJO, JOAC, ASB, dan JCEO
Gambar 3.3. Konsep NIA/D3
87
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