UNVRTTFultt

LURR D LN

nl ttt ntr frt rr turt n Dlt Dunr n pr 2000-2013

Prfr ntrNum PrnumlntNum Prnum

2015

uprnntrur41ptlul 1. tmul ntr ttt tt turm61.1Prtulrtl lrr ntrlr murr lur tt turt71.2ntr mrnm rtrr turmulu101.3ntr rr turt131.4ntr frt turt201.5ntr rlt rr frt222ptlul 2. Prntr nl ttt ptntlulu turt l Dlt Dunr262.1Prntr n262.2Ftr nturl272.3lmnt l nm312.4Rur turt342.5Prnpll t turt342.5.1Pur mnumnt l ntur342.5.2Rr nturl352.5.3Tr turt 353ptlul 3. nl ttt rr turt l nlul Dlt Dunr n pr 2000-2013373.1Nt mtl373.2nl frt turt393.2.1rtrr ttt pt r n funun393.3nl rr turt433.3.1Nlul nm rlr453.3.2Nlul nm nptrlr463.3.3nl mprt nm rlr nnptrlr483.4rl ntr rr frt turt483.4.1ntr fn nm turmulu503.4.2ntr upr fr mun503.4.3ntr lt tt turt51nlu53Blrf55

1

ntrur

Turmul t nmlul rl fnmn r rult n plr jurul prnlr n fr mlulu lr, tt tmp t jurul plr nu unt mtt prntr- tlr prmnnt ttt lurt rr. nttn fnl prut, prn turm nln nmlul tt prn r mul ptr tmpul lr ltrn n lt lltt u r, pntru t mn lur, mnumnt mu, pntru - m untnl nrl, pntru tr f prt, pntru hn u trtmnt. Dmn tt prn turm fnm nutr rt pntru tfr tuturr unurlr rlr ltt turt l lul tn, l un nlt nl ltt n nl prt nrr rurlr turt, n pl, mulu nnjurtr, n nrl. Turmul rprnt un mnu r lt u un rtm t rp pntru n pul u nl frt flt p p, nl tru tt flul n thn trt pntru - f unut frm rl frt. n - f u un pul-nt rn n urr, r xplr tur pl p r l pr, nl tru pun l p tu frt t fl t m mult rtf ntnt: l pht r t m trt pn l frt prmnl xtrm prnlt. Tnn tul nt ntr- mfr pulurlr, r pl p frt n pntru r turtul r n nfrtrutur r - un turr. Pntru - flt numtrulu lrl, tru - fr rn unu jur u, r pntru t l n t m mult nfrm: rur, tl, plnt, frt nln, nrtrr , lum. D mult r, pntru tr turt ntr- numt n, lur l rr unu rnn rnl r un un rnt, r nl pl n frt p t tr, fnu- unut ntnl prn prtpr l trur turm u frt prmnl n fun n. n ultm pr thnl ltrn tn pr n nnutul thn.u prut fult n untr lur u rurtt fnmnulu turt, -u mnut nl pltl rlr unr mpr ntrnnl rlnt. mpun, n t n, ptr unu tm ttt untr l turmulu ltr un trmnl mun. t t -u t ltr n rmnrl nfrn ntrnnl upr ttt jlr turmulu n ttw, um m n 20 n. lrfrl prpu ptt u t m lr pt, r put f rupt p m mult plnur prntr r nnutul nun turm frml turmulu, nptul ttr rpuntr, lul, urt mtul ltr, nutr turt, nnutul lfr lmntlr mpnnt lfr ttlr turt, prnn l frt, n nxun u truturl funmntl l prulr rlr. Lurr t truturt p tr ptl. n prmul ptl m prntt tmul ntr ttt turt, utn pr prtulrttl lrr nlr murr lur ttt turt, pr ntr mrnm rtrr tmulu, pr ntr rr frt t ppr ntr rlt rr frt.n l l ptl m prntt nlt ptntlul turt l Dlt Dunr, fn nt prntr n, m numrt r ftr nturl, m prntt numt lmnt l nm, rurl turt prum prnpll t turt.n l tr ptl m fut nl ttt rr turt l nlul Dlt Dunr n pr 2010 2013. n prm prt m prntt mtl rtr, urmt nl frt turt, nl rr prum rlt ntr rr frt turt Dlt Dunr.

ptlul 1. tmul ntr ttt tt turm

Dtrt rt mr rlr turt, rtrulu nr l turmulu, frtlr frm turm prtt, prum trlr prur trf frnt p pru nfrt, frm turm n nm, ttt n t rmur nu tru rtrt n punt r ttt prntr-un nur ntr, prntr-un tm ntr. lrr tmulu ntr tt turt t nflunt r ftr, ntr r m mnft unt trmn rr frt turt. Ftr nflun rr unt nturl ppul trutur tr, rul urnr, trutur tmpulu, lu tmpulu lr, n rl nr u tmpul mun nm ppul. Ftr trmnr frt unt rtt ltt rlr, tul prtlr, nlul prtr l fr mun, lu ntlr n turm.Turmul t nlt urmrt n nm prntr-un tm ntr pf, t p mtl lul unfrmt p pln mnl. ntr turt furn nfrm nr unlr mnmnt turt mrnm, prmn lur ftlr lr mrnm unr fnmnulu turt. rtrl rprtl ttt l ntrrlr turt l frntr;

rprtl prmnnt l ptlr r;

rtrl frt turt p tr n, lrt utrtt Nnl Turm;

rulttl nhtlr ftut n rnul turtlr trn ll l lul tn turt;

rulttl nhtlr prn hltull turt l fr tr numtr;

rnmntul ppul;

Bln Pl xtrn.

F. 1.1. url nfrm nr lululu ntrlr tt turtntr mrnm turmulu tru fn p nnlr ntrnnl fl, r fn untt ttt rr fn turtul: prn r urt jurulu mnm 24 r, pntru r lt mt t l xrt ttt rmunrt. n pun DX, turtul t prn r prt tt turm. ttl turm unt tt u rtr rrt u prt, ntn n prurr p j u u frt mjl trnprt unr run ptrt u ntrnt ntr-un numt punt r. M urr fnmnulu turt r l un tm ntr lul p nfrmlr u prr l: rl/plrl l frntr, furnt Mntrul ntrn, umntl prmr ttt ntl prn mltl ur turtlr, furnt n turm, tttl upr mjllr trnprt prpr u nhrt upr ltr hpmnt tt, nht/nj p ntn pr prn. lt ur npf, unr, t pr turm unt Bln Pl xtrn, tmul nturlr Nnl, l nl nnl lnurl fnnr-ntl l prtrlr turm, l nl mrnm. ur tlr pntru lrr tmulu ntr l nl mrnm nttu rtrl ttt pntru urmrr rulttlr n ttt turm, rnt N, utrtt Nnl Turm, Mntrul ntrn rprtl ttt prmr l n turm. n nfrmtt u pull fl l N, ntr lf tfl: ntr lur pt r turt, ntr lur rul turt, ntr fnnr.

Prtulrtl lrr ntrlr murr lur tt turt

xt r fult n murr rul turt, r mtl murr unt mprft. n nrl ntrumntl pf utlt n murr rul turt unt rnmntul njl. n nrl nfrml r unt nr l turt, f rfrr l prflul -prfnl, nlulu tfr turtlr trutur hltullr.[footnoteRef:1] [1: Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001, p. 68]

n fun mltt njr numulu turt, rul turt pt f nrnt u p nt prpru, rnt u mrnt. Dn punt r l rulu mltt l numtrulu, rul turt pt f tnrnt prn turmul rut-rul, u r urt u turmul rr, jur, n turtul ptr un jur ntr- tun, rnl u jur lun, lmntt turt r u u rn ntr- lt r, r r t m mr 30 l. Dn puntul r l prt, xt turm nr, lt nl nturl lmtr u xtn numtr nmnt ulturl prt u turm ntnuu, um r f l n tun lnlmtrlu turmulu t nflunt r ftr ntr r trmnnt unt nflun l u ltur rlt l p ftr rr turt ftr frt turt. nl turmulu urmrr lu l rl u jutrul unu tm ntr pf, t p mtl lul unfrmt p pln mnl.[footnoteRef:2] u jutrul tr ntr pf turmulu pt furn untf nfrml nr unlr plt turt, prmn tfl murr ftlr tr un. ntr turmulu pt f rup n u mr tr num ntr l nl mrnm ntr l nl mrnm. ntr l nl mrnm u ur tlr rtrl ttt pntru urmrr rulttlr n ttt turm um r f rprtl ttt prmt l n nm r u n prprtt u mntr unt r turt pntru ttt turm ntrn url mntrt. [footnoteRef:3] [2: Nu, Vl, Mnmntul turt l rlr turt, Buurt, tur yl, 2002,p 45] [3: nk, r, Brn, Ptr Nu, Nl, nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur xprt, 2001, p88]

n ul turmulu ntrnnl ntr mprt n flul urmtr:

F. 1.2. lsfr ntrlr turmulu ntrnnlPrm mt murr rul turt t r lt nrtrr n pl r. r prn r , tru nrtrt n untt r numt t mnm ltr: num, prnum, nul ntr, tn, mlu, t nttt, u r, ltl. t mt prmt lur numrulu nnptr., numrul np ptrut n rul unt r. Dntjul t mt t fptul turt n rut unt nrtr fr t n hm htlul. n l l rn, n untl m, t nrtrr lp. Un lt ntj t fptul prnl flt n ur l ru prtn nu nrtr l prn t mt. lt mt n lul t tr turt t prn nrtrr l frntr[footnoteRef:4]. nrtr tt prnl r tr frntr, nfrnt mjlul trnprt flt. Mt t t r pt lur turtlr trn. Dntjul prnpl t fptul unt nrtrt prnl r prt mul trf frntr r n rltt unt ttr m pun . Mt nhtlr njlr n rnul turtlr t flt pntru rtr p unr ntn ptlr lt prfrl turt, ltt rlr, uprnn t ntfr turtlr. [footnoteRef:5] [4: tnu, Dn, trt ltr n turm, Plt, tur Prmr, 2006, p76] [5: tnu, Dn, trt ltr n turm, Plt, tur Prmr, 2006, p. 81]

Nu n ultmul rn mt utlr fml t mt r fr nfrm u prr l hltull pntru turm, pnr tr n numul nturl ttl, prtt ltrlr, frn lr tnl turt l. Murr fnmnulu turt prtulrtlr lu rl u jutrul unr ntr uprn ntr rr turt ll, xtrn ntrn. p u n lul ntr frt turt prn htlur, lt unt r, n j, lt ntrprnr n trul turt ntr rl ntr rr frt turm. Murr ttt rul turt r rpt p trmn mnunl t fr nfrm utl pntru ltr n prpt nutr rlr.ntr ttt utl n mnurr rtrr fluxurlr turt unt: numrul ttl turt, numrul ttl l-turt, numrul mu ln turt, urt m jurulu, ntt rul turt, prfrn rlt turtlr. Numrul ttl turt t un ntr lut rprnt numrul prnlr r ltr n fr lltlr n r u mlul tl, pntru pr m m 12 lun tu l ptn npt ntr- untt r turt[footnoteRef:6]. Mtul prnpl l ltr t ltul t l fur ttt rmunrt n lurl tt. Numrul turtlr t un ntr nttt untfr prnlr r rl tt turt. Numrul mu ln l turtlr t un ntr xprm ntnt t tur n numt pr. [6: Bn lmp, nm turmulu ntrnnl, . Unrt n r, 2006, p 49-50]

nnptr, rprnt fr npt pntru r prn t nrtrt ntr- untt turt. Numrul ttl l-turt t un ntr n pru ntr numrul turt urt tt turt xprmt n l, pr mxm lut n lul fn un n. Numrul mu turt xprm rul turt m ntr- numt pr.Durt m jurulu t un ntr ltt u prr l mplr t turt pnltt tur rmn numt pr ntr- numt n u r. Dntt rul turt t un rprt ntr numrul turtlr numrul ppul rnt r ntr numrul l turt numrul ppul rnt ntrut un ntr r xprm ltur ntr fluxul turtlr ppul rnt un n. Prfrn rlt turtlr t un ntr fr nfrm u prr l rntr rf fluxurlr turt nfrmr plt turt n rprt u rr.[footnoteRef:7] [7: Nu, Vl, Mnmntul turt l rlr turt, Buurt, tur yl, 2002]

Untt r turt furn turtlr n m prmnnt u nl prt r. n untl r turt unt uprn untl xtnt l frtul nulu rpt, xlu l r -u ntrrupt ttt pntru pr tmp. f tn ntr ptt r xtnt rprntn numrul lur r fln turt nr n ultmul t rp, mlr, lfr unt r turt. ptt r n funun rprntn numrul lur r r pt nf turt, nn nt numrul l t unt h untl ntr- numt pr.

ntr mrnm rtrr turmulu

ntr ftlr nm rt ntr mr ftl nm lut rlt trt tt turt n nrl (turm ntrn ntrnnl) prum nm lr; n t p unt lul ntr hltullr turt, ntr prurlr, ntrul nn upr ln pl, prum ntr rfrtr l num, nt lr ut.[footnoteRef:8] [8: Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001, p. 67]

hltul turt pt f nlt n rprt u tr rr r nr, p pln truturl, u n rprt u trtrul n r r l, p pln rnl. D mn, prnt numt mprtn trutur ntrn hltullr turt, rpt tru tr p trl unur r hnt (r, lmnt, trnprt, umprtur, rmnt, r) t fpt nlu n nun num turt. hltul turt rprnt un rpr t mprtnt pntru ftr n mnul plt turt, r prmt nlu prn fl nm l xtn ltr frt turt. Prlm p r r n lulul ntrlr n rup rpt rfr l urt nfrmlr ttt r tu l ntrur lr.

un:R - hltul turt rr ntrn;R - hltul turt rr xtrn;Rt - hltul turt ttl nrtrt p un trtru.

nl lu n tmp hltullr turt:

- nl r hltul turt ttl n pr 0 pt lul p pntru fr tr rr: ntrn xtrn. hltull turt l rr xtrn pt lul pntru fr p xtrn prnn rr turt.[footnoteRef:9] [9: Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001]

nl r n tru hltullr turt ttl:

t ntr pt lul truturt p nl turt n r nrtr hltull turt rpt.ntrul tru hltullr turt p tr unur r n nrl hltull turt mtrl n hnr unur r, um m rtt m u. nt:

un: RH - hltul pntru r htlr; RT - hltul pntru trnprt.lulul tru mpltt prn truturr fru lmnt l hltul turt p l 2 tr l rr turt: ntrn xtm, pntru tn frnl prtpr; n ntnur, nl tru p lmnt num pt mplt prn lur lu n tmp, lulnu- ntr m u n 2 mmnt frt l pr tmp 0 - .ntrul hltul m p turt

- numrul ttl turt n rul unu trtru.hltul m turt (R pt prn turtlr (T) p un trtru (r) u (Rp) turtlr r pl (Tp) p trtrul (r) rpt. D:

R - hltul ttl nrtrt n ntrrul trtrulu turt;

un:Rp - hltul ttl ftut rn trtrulu r j n xtrr;R pt f lult n mmnt frt pntru fr n rl n r prn turt. D mn Rp pt f lult n mmnt frt pntru fr n rl pr r j turt nnl.[footnoteRef:10] [10: Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001]

ntr rr turt

nl mfr rr turt ll

un: G- rr turt ll n nul ; G- rr turt ll n nul 0.

nl rprt rr turt ll, ntr rr ntrn rr xtrn

un: - rr turt ntrn; - rr turt xtrn.

lu mpnntlr rr ll rflt r prtulu lr u mpnnt l frmr rr turt ll.

nl r n tmp rr (ntrn xtrn):

un: - - nl r rr xtrn; - - nl r rr ntrn.ntr prnn rr turt unt lul n l m pntru ml tr rr Frmulr ttt tr ntr uprn - pntru rr turt ntrn, n prnn -rul u run, r pntru rr turt xtrn - r u ntnntul.[footnoteRef:11] [11: Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001]

Rprt p n prnn rr turt pntru numt r, l un mmnt t:

un: Z1 - rr turt xtrn prnn n r Z; Zn - rr turt xtrn prnn n r Zn; - rr turt xtrn ttl;

- rutt pf, n (%), r Z1 n rr turt xtrn ttl, n nul t.

nl r rr xtrn p r prnn n ntrlul 0-:[footnoteRef:12] [12: tnu, Dn, trt D Dltr n Turm, Plt, tur Prmr, 2006]

un: Z - nl r rr prnn n p Z.

ntr mfr truturl rr xtrn p r prnn:

nfrml nut, r u r, r rflt rl n trutur rr r mnl rl m nm n pr p r x nl t.fntul nntrr rf fluxurlr turt pt f lult tt pntru rr turt ntrn r nrpt pr lt r, rr utun (), t pntru rr turt prnn n xtrr (): su

lul pnr fr r (Z) n xprtul, rpt mprtul turm xtr rn n um pnrlr l ptrt pntru fr n l u tu: rr utn ( mprt) rr nmn ( xprt). u t lr fntulu t m mr, u tt nmn pnn un numr m r t m mr. u t fntul t m m, u tt t mnf pr rr, pnn m m f un numt prtnr.ntr trutur rr p mjl trnprt rutt pf fru n rprt u rr turt ttl:[footnoteRef:13] [13: Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001, p. 97]

un: - rr turt pntru trnprt rn; ut - rr turt pntru trnprt u utrul; lt - rr turt pntru lt mjl trnprt; T - rr turt ttl.

nl r n tmp rr pntru fr mjl trnprt.

nl r n tmp trutur rr turt p mjl trnprt

Prn mprr tulr n mmntul 0 pt nlun upr mjllr trnprt pntru r mnft rr m nm.

ntr trutur rr p prnpll mjl r, fr nfrm ttt, u prr l un mmnt trmnt l prfrnlr rr turt, pntru fr mjl r:

un: H - rr turt pntru r htlr n mmntul 0; p - rr turt pntru r n prtmnt rnl; lt - rr turt pntru lt mjl trnprt; T - rr turt ttl.

- nl mr mprtn rr htlr n ttlul rr turt.

nl r n tmp rr pntru fr mjl r:[footnoteRef:14] [14: Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001]

- n r rr r utl htlul n pr l 0 l .nl r n tmp trutur rr turt p unt r:

pt prn tnnl rr prn l m ltt mjl r n pr xmnt.ntrul urt jurunt rup t ntr rfr l numrul l prn turt, tt l nlul rr turt ll, t l rr xtrn ntrn. D mn, unt pl truturr l nl rf, rlt u trutur l rr trtft p mjl r u ltr rtr truturr , xmplu, -nm.[footnoteRef:15] [15: Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001]

L nl ll, urt m jur t rulttul rprtulu ntr numrul l prn turt l numt tn numrul ttl turt prn p trtru.

lu n tmp jurulu mu (urt m jur) lul nfrm frmul:

un: - urt m jur ntr-un numt ntrl (lun, trmtru, n) n mmntul ; - urt m jur n mmntul 0 (lun, trmtru, n).

D urmrt lulr jurulu mu p fr mjl r, utl, n lul numrulu l turt, numrul nnptr nrtrt n umntl untlr r:

un: NH - numr nnptr htlr nrtrt; - numr turt ; h - jurul mu n htl.

Vr n tmp lu ntr lul nfrm frmul:

n nlt rr turtrr turt, mnmnt nr, mprm fluxurlr turt lu nl n tmp, u ft t mprtnt upr nm, mulu t. nltt pt trmnn r prn pfulu frt tun n t t pnnt ftr nturl, r pt f nrt xlu rr, rpt trmnn mulu n r frm rr turm. nltt rul turt pt mpltun frt l un n l ltul, f fl ntpt nt u tt m mult untfr .[footnoteRef:16] [16: Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001]

ntr rprt rr p mlt rnr ltr uprn tt trl rr turt rfr l utlr nlr j pntru rnr ltr.ntr trutur rr n fun mul njr ltr:

un: T - rr turt ttl; V - rr turt utl nl j; Nr - rr turt nu utl nl j.

nl r n tmp mulu njr ltr: - rflt lu rr n utlr nlr j n pr 0-

nl r n tmp trutur rr p mlt njr ltr:

mprn tu n mmntul 0 u n mmntul , pt lu tnn rr - rn u nu ltr prn nl j.ntr rprt rr p mt ltr prnt tru rr p mt ltr, prum rutt pf u mprtn fr mt n nmlul rr r t n tmp. t ntr pt pl l tt trl rr turt pt lul n l tmp pntru frt n rf.[footnoteRef:17] [17: Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001]

ntr trutur rr turt p mt ltr

ntrul r n tmp trutur rr p mt ltr n urul pr 0-:

un: T - rr ttl.ntr rprt p rtr l rr turt prmt rr rprt lu n tmp trutur rr turt n fun rt, x, tr l, tr prfnl nlul ntur. Tt t rtr truturr rr unt ntt u mlur numr l 1 l n. lul tfl tr tr ntr:[footnoteRef:18] [18: Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001]

ntr trutur rr turt p rtr l (n fun rt/tr l/x t.):

un: -j - rr turt rprtt p rtrul l l 1 l n.

nl r n tmp trutur rr turt p rtr l:

pt nl tfl mfrl n tmp l rprntr ruplr turt truturt p rtr l.ntrul fltt rr turtnfrm upr numrulu turt r rpt jul pr numt tn turt. p untr numrulu turt r u rnt pr numt tn (R) u r u ntn rn n tr (). F =

ntr frt turt

lul pntru frt ntrprnrlr rflt rprt r ntmp n trutur frt tr n m nul, pntru fr ntrprnr frtnt.frt ll r uprn untl htlr, untl nhtlr, nl, mpnurl t. Untt mur t numrul lur u numrul mr rrr numrul unt r.ntr trutur pt r p tr unt:

-pnr pt htlr n ttl ptt run: LH - numrul lur n htlur; L - ptt r ttl;

L - numrul lur tt unt xtrhtlr.

ntrul lu pt ttl r n pr 0

ntrul r n tmp trutur frt r

tfl urmr mfrl n trutur frt r. ntr frt htlrtrutur pt htlr p tr ltt (l, numr tl,t)

un: LH - numr lur n htl tr ; LH- numr lur n tt trl htlr.

ntrul Vr trutur pt htlr p tr ltt - n r numrulu lur n htl tr n ntrlul tmp 0-.

ntr mlr pt f ntru pntru lt tpur tr pt r: prtmnt, unlw, mpn, l t.

ntr rl rr frt

n t tr ntr ntr r nfrm upr tt nm nlr nm n turm, rpt frml turt. t ntr unt t utl n prt r rflt rul utlr fr ntrprnr turt, prum lturl ntr ntrprnr. Tru prt n nl utlr ptlr frt n lul num prt rr turt r - mtrlt prn num. D, pntru ntr n rup , mnf nun rr rfr l lntl prpru- nu l rr ptnl, n ul ntrlr n rup . xmplfr mtlr lul f pntru htlur, n frmul putn f pl l tt lllt tr ntrprnr turt.[footnoteRef:19] [19: Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001]

nl lu lntl htlr n pr 0 . ntrul pt lul pntru fr tr htlr n prt.

un: TH - turt n htlur n nul ; TH - turt n htlur n nul 0.

nl lu nnptrlr:

-nnptr.t ntr pt f lult mpu, p tr htlur u / p tr lntl turt.lu ntrulu urt m jur l r lul urt m jur prntt m u. Pntru lul nl r urt m jur n pr tmp 0 - , pl frmul:

ntrul upr l htlurlr (rul upr)Rflt utlr frt ntr- pr trmnt, nlul tt n htlur n fun ptt ntlt:

un:G - rul upr n prnt; NH - numr nnptr;LH - numr lur n htlur; - numrul l l frt htlr;NT - numrul turt; - urt m jur,

Grul upr pt lul n mmnt frt l untt htlr u n l mmnt pntru u u m mult unt htlr tut n run frt, r prn mpr prn nlu prn frnl n ttt htlr.[footnoteRef:20] [20: Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001]

ntrul ttt mrl nlr j t ntr pt lul n urmtrl rnt n rprt u rr turt ft - nl prtpr nlr j l ptr rr:

- rr ft ptt nl j n pr 0, rpt n pr .mprn u pr frt n nm tt nlr j. D mn, pt f mprt u u m mult p turt pntru prn mprtn nlr j n nlr rr, frnt l p l lt.n rprt u utlr frt, xmplu: nl pt htlr mrlt prn n j. t ntr rl ntrpnn ntr untl r nl j. t lult tfl:[footnoteRef:21] [21: Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 2001]

un: LH - numrul lur mrlt prn n j.ntrul pt f lult, l prnt, prntul, n u pr tmp frt, pntru pr r n tmp, pntru m mult tr unt r, pntru m mult p. n nmlu, t un ntr r rflt pnn tt htlr ttt mrl nlr j.

ptlul 2. Prntr nl ttt ptntlulu turt l Dlt Dunr

Prntr n

Dlt Dunr tr pl n mul Pur Nr, u rful Knl n Grmn, prn l u pr, Brh, l 920 m Br l 1000 m lttun un ln lltt Dnuhnn- Dunr r un n rp 817 m km2, r t 3,4 r m mr t uprf Rmn, rprntn m 12- prt n uprf urp (10 050 m km2). l m tnr pmnt l r, Dlt Dunr ptrt mnlr tn r rnl n urm u prxmt 13 000 n. n frmr Dlt ntur frt lr m mult f tnt. Dlt Dunr fl l un Dunr, prpnu- lul rr n Mr Nr, rmf u pl p lr mp, l r lmt nprt l pt 100 km.n uprnul ll rlr fluulu, nt - prt lt lur, n mrl, rl nl. ntr l pn l rmul mr r pnt ru, f pl nnt nt. Tt rl lt u lm nrl. ntr lt prnt un nmlu mfu, ntnr p n r r rnur ru nlm uprf. L nr, Dlt mrnt u mp Buulu, l t u mun n nr-tul Dr, l u u pul Dr, r l t u Mr Nr. Zn rr Dunr prlunt n mr pn l tn 10-15 km l rm , unr, hr ulul t tn.[footnoteRef:22] [22: Gln V., Grf turmulu, tur Fun Rmn Mn, Buurt, 2005, p. 132]

uln rprnt rul r rt prn xln l nt. ntr ur prnpl rulu n nrul Dlt, hl, ur rulu n uul lt, fntul Ghrh, tn p mr t 80 km. P n rul uln ur pr rr prn mjlul lt, rl hl, l nr, fntul Ghrh, l u, nh uprf lt prpru-. Dlt Dunr mn r u un trunh n rful nrptt tr t, pr ntrrul r, r tr t, pr mr; nlm trunhulu mr fr t 80 km. mprun u lt prpru- t uprfl nnt, um unt l upt lurl l nrul rulu hl m l l uul rulu fntul Ghrh, uprf un pl Dunr rr n tmpul turlr.[footnoteRef:23] [23: Brn P., nk ., Nu N., nm turmulu, tur xprt, Buurt, 2001, p. 468]

Dlt Dunr t lmtt l u-t pul Dr, l nr frm rn u Urn, r n t r n Mr Nr. Dlt Dunr t trrt prll 45 lttun N mrnul 29, lntun . Dlt up, mprun u mplxul lunr Rm - n 5050 km, n r 732 km prn Urn, Dlt rmnt rnnu- uprf 2540 km. Dtrt lr 67 mln tn luun u Dunr, Dlt Dunr rt nul u prx. 40 m. Trtrul Dlt Dunr mprt n u urun rf num: Dlt prpru- up uprf 4.250 km2, flt ntr rl fluulu, n mplxulu Rm, u uprf 990 km2. Dn punt r f-rf Dlt mprt trnrl p rl fluulu n u mr urun nturl: lt flul lt mrtm. Dlt flul up pt 65% n uprf ttl lt ntn l tlul ml, pr l, pn l rnurl Lt rrmn, p ln Prpr (p rul hl) rn (p rul uln) n (p rul f. Ghrh) rnl Prr. t urun Dlt Dunr t mprt n m mult unt nturl um r f: Dprun r, Dprun nt-Furtun, Dprun Prn, Dprun Mt-Mrh, Grnul hl, Grnul tp, trul Ttru, trul Bn, trul rn, Dprun Lt, Dprun rnu, Dprun R-Buh, Lun Tul-Murhl Dprun Drn-Dun, t. Dlt mrtm up m pun 35% n uprf Dlt Dunr, l rrt ln Prpr-rn-n-rnl-Prr. n t urun, n ul lt flul, ntlnm n u rlf pt nt r, pr r prm urun, funul prunlr t u nlul mr n l m mult ur.[footnoteRef:24] [24: Brn P., nk ., Nu N., nm turmulu, tur xprt, Buurt, 2001]

Ftr nturl

Rlful Dlt Dunr uprn u mr frmtun: prunl lt, u t m u un mtru, r up m mr uprft n lt fl ntr-un ntnuu pr lmtr lunr u rn rnurl r u t 0,31 m ft nlul Mr Nr. n m u, pl pr r lr utul lt, up um l n mr u untn r. uuntl rf mpunn lt unt prt lmnt mrf-hrrf, fn ptr tt lmnt mrfl ( frm l rlfulu) trt p lr n ntrrul utulu, t hrl (r prn frtlr p p), urmr tu p r u n mnul plr. n Dlt unt u tr lmnt mrf-hrr : pt, r u nlm m mr t nlul mr, nttun uprf l utulu u, um l pun uturl lt nt, r u nlul mr, nttun lurl j u p.[footnoteRef:25] [25: Dnu Mhl, Grf turmulu, . Dt P, Buurt, 2002]

lmntl mrf-rf pt unt: rturl utulu prlt, rnurl flutl rnurl mrtm r ntln p mrn lt, n lunul rlr u n prprr mr. n tr utulu prlt tru ntru n prmul rn, rnurl ntnntl, hl tp, flt n nrul lt. Tt n tr utulu prlt ntr null Ppn, Grt Bru n lul Rm. n Dlt Dunr xt lm tmprt ntnntl, u nflun mrn, rtrt prntr- tmprtur m nul 11, u r mrt, nflunt frl pl mr n ntt unn lurlr llr n ntrr. tunl turt pf lt nt ptm prtr prxmt 5 lun p n, n lun m pn n lun tmr, pr rtrt prntr- tmprtur m 19, prn ntttl ru prptt (u 200 mm) prn numrul m l llr pl, nultt ru, urt mr trlur rlu.D prtulrttl lm nflunt tttl turt prum urt lr furr. Prmr ntr u nflun frulu p r mr l- umult n nurl plr l n tmpul rn. Vr, p ln htrlr npr p ut, r ntulu, rt r f l, mt n lpl p p ln mlur, un pru un lu lu. n lunl r, ml lunr l tmprtur rulu l l tmprtur p l rl 13 r n mul urmtr: n lun un 22 rpt 20,2; n lun ul 24,4 rpt 22,4, r n lun uut 25 rpt 21,8. n tmpul r, uprfl mr p n lt, tut n ntt nlr tp npr nr, n tmprtur m ntnt t utul, trmn pr n trturl rulu unr mr nnt. Nr trm, r nttt prpt mr.[footnoteRef:26] [26: n Pmp, Vlnu Ghrh, Nu B, Grf nrl turmulu, tur Mtr Pr, Buurt 2005]

nul r 300-400 mm p pl p, nttt rtrt runlr t p l, u t tp. frm rlt rr. Dlt Dunr t nrt run u r nn nultt ut. Prn mpr, rl unt rr.Tmn, rm mnn lur mult tmp. n lun ptmr, ml lunr l tmprtur rulu l l tmprtur p l rl 13 unt 21 rpt 18. Num tr frtul tmn, rm rt. rn pr nturl nr, nr-t nr-t rultt l ntlnlr ntnntl. Un fnmn t mprtnt pntru fluulu lt t nhr plr. Vnturl mnnt unt l n trul nr, r unt m frnt rn, r nturl n u ufl u frn prt num n ntrrul lt prmn ur r. [footnoteRef:27] [27: n Pmp, Vlnu Ghrh, Nu B, Grf nrl turmulu, tur Mtr Pr, Buurt 2005]

Ru hrrf t unt f-rf t nttut n rl Dunr, rprntn prnpl ftr u un mprtnt prmnnt n furr prlr mrfhrrf. n trn ltur u t fl rll, hll, nll, lurl, mltnl.Tt t mpnnt u unut numr mfr, m l n prnt, prn nur nlr rnurlr, prum r lt lmnt rulrr (trr unr n nl, r t.), nt mn hrrf Dlt Dunr - mft prmnnt. Brl hl Tul unt prml u mr rtr p rultt n furr Dunr l tlu hl. Dup t prm prr, m n l, Brul Tul u, l tlu fntul Ghrh, n rl uln fntul Ghrh r r prt n mr. Brul hl, l m mr ntr l tr r l Dunr, n n r tul, lunm (117 km) lm (60-700 m) rmf n unl lur n r unr (l, Ttrn, Bn-rn), r, l rnul lr, nul tr, prun (1 M, Prpr ..). pl prnt p Brul hl nm p 30 m. Brul Tul t lmtt ntr l u tl(um unt numt rmfl rlr) hl f. Ghrh, n lunm r 19 km, lun mtr, r lm rulu prxmt 300 m. nml jun l 40 m. Brul fntul Ghrh pt n lunm 100 km. Prnt m ntut ntt r lunt mult urul r mpun rtfr lu n tr. nll unt numr, ntr t l m mprtnt unt: Mru r prn n hul r l uln r lunm prxmt 8 km junn n mpul Lt;nlul Ltu-Puul-Puu-Ru r prnt n Brul fntul Ghrh jun l Mr Nr, furnu- p lunm 13 km; nlul Buur u lunm r 4 km n l ptrunnu- n mplxul lurlr Ru Puu; nll Uln, murl u lunm pt 3 km; nlul Dun, l m h n lt, prn l lmntnu- u p ul Lul Rm. Lurl m mprtnt unt:ntr rl fntul Ghrh uln-Ru, Lumn, Puu, Grt t., r ntr rl uln hl-Mt, Furtun, Ttnr.Vt up uprf r 3 000 km2, prxmt 68% n uprf lt; purl, 2%; punl nturl, r 9% tufrl prp 57%. lmntul mnnt n t lt l nttu tufrl, n uprf 2 530 km2, frmt n tuf mn tuf n mt u lt plnt lt um r f: ppur, fr lt, rul t. n n uprn ntr rul tuf prl frt nun r p r, ppr, lulu, rn lt t. mpr plr t n m mr prt prt u t t, frnt n fun nlul p, l t. Vt umr, r lt n pl tttr, r, n l m mult ur, rnl nfpt n ml, uprf p fn trtut rnl flrl. lr rpnr r mlur l rul, p rr, rmul, um plr, u n n n m mult r n urp ntrl. L n xt num plnt fml, nmulr fnu- r tt.M prp ml lt plntl u frun pluttr, u trutur uturlr r l prmt mnnr p uprf p, t plnt fn fxt u nu prn rn. Dn prm rup, nufrul l nufrul ln u nt t rllr n lt. n t n pln t, lt pr nfrt ntnr r ltut n tuf trt, ntrrupt nnumrt f u hur p, mrnt , u plp u l l prt rul frunlr pluttr l nufrlr, ltr plnt t, l rr flr l ln u n pj nt n. Grnurl lunr nnunt u prl nlt upt rur r ltu pun; pt pr p rtnt l t: n. Rtul utulu t upt l, rht, l tn. P rnurl flu-mrtm, u un np r tn nlml l m mr n lt (r 7 m) unl uprf trn lpt t, r ltl fr n nlulu tl, fn prt tp r, pur, u ltr luxurnt, um unt l p rnurl Lt rrmn.[footnoteRef:28] [28: n Pmp, Vlnu Ghrh, Nu B, Grf nrl turmulu, tur Mtr Pr, Buurt 2005]

Fun t ltut ntr- mr rtt p. tfl, ntlnm nml trtr r unt lt p prn mul lr , nml r ut hrn n p u p ut, nml r unt trn lt n nunl, nml t ltl. Dntr pl mmfr ut numrm: rul, purl, ulp, hrul tp, hrul ptt, uruul, r lt plr mmfr p nlu prntr ltl: r, nur, hrmn, ntu, mtrul, p lt nl nt. xt p r pt f nrt rrt pntru Dlt Dunr: nutr rnr n mr u rut l n f num n pttt, f lnt n lrtt n n llt rrmn n nul 1971. r tpn lt unt prl. n tufrur, p rnur, n trt ppul nrpt frmt n 327 p, n r ur n lt 218 p unt n trr pr lt nutur 109 p. rn frt prlr: tp mtrnn, mnl, rn, urpn, hn, rt, f Dlt Dunr f nrt un ntr l m ntrnt lt l lum. Dltfl, l 327 p pr r ur u tr n pj, rprnt 80,5% n fun Rmn r uprn un numr 401 p r l 141 p t rprnt 82% n fun t urpn.[footnoteRef:29] [29: Nl l., P Turt, Buurt, tur Dt P, 2003]

lmnt l nm

Ppult Dlt r un m t nhmt l. mplntr umn rt prm uprtur umtrlr tm n Dlt. ntnr mr p xpl numrul m l lutrlr (n jur 22000 lutr), u tt prul nturl t mult pt m tr (7-8%). Mltt trtrl unt plr fnt plr tmprr pntru luru, tu t. Ppult Dlt t rupt n 15 lltt rurl u r: Tul uln. Tul: prt ntrr n Dlt, r u putn u 100 000 lutr, ntrut p lul r t- yu, tt um 2 600 n, mntnt u tulul num n1595 p hrt lu Pl Gr. t un r u funt nl, nutrl turt. uln: l m t r l tr, tut l ur rtulu uln, rul rmn u m m lttun (3.5m), prt ntrr lr mrtm p Dunr. nm Dlt Dunr t unut n mr prt tttl rl turtn lt, uprfl r r put r xlu trn rl, um unt l l rnurlr nlt l unr tr rt. Trnurl r urm f flt pntru rultur unt prt prn ur umrl r numrl. t trnur nu rul n trul n mnt l trulu prum n lurl j, p un -r put r nlul p. uprfl unt nut unt lt p, f prn rt, n Dunr r un nl ut, f prn pmpr, n unt rrr. tmul nur numrl pl num n trl n r ur n prmnn pruttt nm rt.Grnurl pt ur mnj pntru ultur rllr. ult n prum m pun ru r.[footnoteRef:30] [30: Gln V., Grf turmulu, tur Fun Rmn Mn, Buurt, 2005]

Rmurl thn unt n rprntt, n pl ultur, xmplu rtr rlr tlr. D mn, t xtn rtr lr. tuful tnr t mnt u plr tr t r uml - lunul mrn rnurlr.Pultur t rmur nm pl r, n lt, nl l n, t l m un n ltr, prn mnjr n rtr pl, n prnpl n rm furjt, ltnu- ttt ppnrl put pntru ppulr u put rp u p ftf plntnf pru n ppnr prpr rut n rm furjt u nfurjt.lultur up u plntl rr, um unt rtl p l, plp pn u lt ur rr l pr nl mulu f l lt r r f rntl n ul n r r f ultt. Flnt l r n r uprftl xtnt, prum mpurr unr n uprft u p rp rtr (plp mrn l ltnt), mpurr n ml u prl frtr prtt urlr, n pl u l, rr prl frtr prtt ulturlr n nntl mnjt rl, prum prr prtt fnulu nt. lultur pt tru 20 000 h, r rprt p mrnl nu pr nlt l rnurlr flutl n lunul rlr fluulu p tt urul rnurlr mrtm. P rnurl Lt rturl xprmnt nfnr un plnt pm pur: nru, m mur u frm unr ultur frtr, pntru n l l frutl pur r r put r mtr prm n nutr nrlr.[footnoteRef:31] [31: Nu, N., Turmul Dltr Durl, Buurt, tur xprt, 2000]

Dn l m h tmpur, putul nttut prnpl up lutrlr n Dlt Dunr. D t rur pl unut un rr, putul t n ntnur prnpl prupr. Lltl un putul rprnt prnpl ttt lutrlr unt: rn, Ml 23, Gr fntu Ghrh. - u up prnpl lutrlr Dlt nttu rtr nmllr, r ntr- ttt tmprr (trnhumn) nt prupr prmnnt l frtul lulu XX. Llt u tr n rtr nmllr unt:Lt, Prpr, ..Rtt, ftf rrmn rultur trnl ft prtt m l n nl u uprf mr trn rl: hl, Prn, Plur, ln, tlh Ptln, frmt n lur lul p rnurl flutl u r m nunr. Dn u lurlr r (np), rultur unut m m ltr p rnurl mrn Lt rrmn. Dup 1960[footnoteRef:32], putul rultur u unut mfr prn ntnfr xpltr tufulu (m tru nnt), mnjr pl, mr nnt rl l. [32: Turu D., W J., nm Turmulu, tur urtmp, Tmr, 2008]

Dntr trl thn-ltr l n Dlt Dunr nr rturmulu numrm r unt rft ptmt n n m mult numrm Trnur pntru prtr frtlr prtur, xtn utltlr pntru furr ttlr turt rturt n n t m un ( p urnt, , nlr), unr t r nu unt rt nttun tr turt, t utn tt m mult ttt pr nturl fr mprnt ntrn thnl nt utmtrlr, tr un funnr rumurlr, Funnr rft trnprturlr ( frt, rutr, nl ..), ltt lr tt n mnul turt, t n lt mn), r pntru prtr numulu turt, lt rnr ltrlr, pultt, nfrmr lntl, lrr prrmlr ltr p frt tnrr, tr hurlr hrlr turt, rrr rlr p tnrrl ltt, prurr umntlr ltr, nr lr turt t. [footnoteRef:33] [33: Gln V., Grf turmulu, tur Fun Rmn Mn, Buurt, 2005]

Rur turt

Dlt Dunr u r plr, rt t mpr llr tufulu, rnurlr rnlr ltrl, mprtt n 3 r: hl, uln fntul Ghrh. Dlt Dunr trt n mnt tlul lu m nu pmnt l r, l un ntur prmt, frmt n plnt l un lt un, ltut n nml, tt rtt un ntn p, prt u m tuf ntrrupt rnur nprtt, p r r pur l plp. t lul prfrt l prlr lt l lr rptr, r mprt u pr mulm ptlr u l ur rnt. Frmul turt l frm rtrtl trnulu: trmurl nu t n p, nll rputr lurl lptr ppult n nul lr u l m frt ur pt. D- lunul unu n nfr lt hm up ntmp. Prmr t xpl , tt t u rlmnu- rptul tr. Dup trr rn, tptr ntur rlt n tlr, unl up ltl, tr pt hrn. Vr t luxurnt nt n pnjnul nl pr lurl u p n lmp. ln plr tttr pr u flr nufr. Tmn ntr rt mfn ulrlr: frunl pt frt nun ru, prtlu, ln r; lurl mplt plt u ltru, n lt. [footnoteRef:34] [34: Brn P., nk ., Nu N., nm turmulu, tur xprt, Buurt, 2001, p. 472]

P rnur utu prfumt l nt. rn nrmr p h un luru nuu n r plurl l frunt mprtt l prtr n prn mr. Mmfrl rtr n rur un pntru hn m mult u m pun prfun hrnr, ntrrupt num n mlnt rm. nll hlurl u lurl mptrt tuful rulu.[footnoteRef:35] [35: n Mr, nm rlr.Tr prt, -, turUrnu, Buurt 2003, p. 157]

Prnpll t turt

Pur mnumnt l ntur

P uprft utt Dlt rmr tt nlt, mjrtr l, plpul) p rr n nl lrt rrt. Lt t pur-mnumnt flt l 7 km u mun Prpr (rtul hl). - ltt p rnul u l num, n f (hmur); prnt plnt trtr rn mtrnn, u frm lnlr, ntr rr pf - tjr rumr (ulr pt 25 m nltm), rnt, ulm, rn, plp l nru, l, frn puf (rrtt tn).ptt ultur l, rp pr. rrmn, pur-mnumnt llt n tul rnulu u l num ntr rtl uln f. Ghrh, t frmt rrt n plur. Flr fun unt mntr lr m u. rnu, tut n xtrmtt u lulu mnm, t nur pur nturl rn n Dlt. urt ulturul l.

Rr nturl

R - Buh - Lt, punt rpr l prmtrulu lr 12.000 htr llt n prun Mtt n nrul Mrlu M (rtul uln). Lul R, Mrh mnr hlur, mltn tufl, plur u mr ln pln, rt, tr, tnu, lptr. ln - Ztn ntn n uul mun fntu Ghrh p 21.000 htr lmtrf ltrlulu. t uun rnur u lur lt, n mltn, p flul lmtr, lt npt, tuf, trt un prll. Lurl Ztn, n pl, unt lur pj, pp lt pntru ll mut, tr l, r ln, tnu,-lptr. Prt - Brut - Gur Prtt ntnu pr u rrt prnt, u pt 4.000 htr. nul prn rnur ut lt pl mr r l lulu Rm, prln m u m xtnt prlr trm u rtur lr n pj. n ttl unt nmnlt 18 n trt prtjt. [footnoteRef:36] [36: Brn P., nk ., Nu N., nm turmulu, tur xprt, Buurt, 2001]

Tr turt [footnoteRef:37] [37: tnu, Dn, trt D Dltr n Turm, Plt, tur Prmr, 2006]

ptlul 3. nl ttt rr turt l nlul Dlt Dunr n pr 2000-2013

Nt mtl

Prntr ntr m rprntt pntru rtrr rul turt fl: numrul turtlr, numrul mu turt, numrul l-turt; urt m jurulu, nrl n turm, ntt rul turt, prfrn rlt turtlr t. prt n t ntr (numrul turt, numr l-turt, nrl n turm) n rt n nfrml furnt url mntt. ntrul numr turt n n umulr nfrmlr uprn n frt umnt ttt, lulnu- ft l frtul nulu lnrt, r p pr m m, n fun nl utltrulu. t ntr pt trmn p ttl rul turt u p tpur un, n turt t. ntrul numr mu turt n prn punr n rl numrulu turt u un pt nm, putm n tfl: numr mu turt p , lun u p ltrl, l munt t. t ntr rt ntntt rul turt ntr-un numt ntrl (lnrt u n turt):[footnoteRef:38] [38: Gu ., ttt n turm mr, tur r Prnt, 2009]

un: T um turtlr nrtr ntr- pr t n numrul llr n pr rptNumrul nnptr u numrul l-turt n n nrtrrl n pl r, prn numr numrulu l r l fru turt; pt trmn p tpur unt r, p tpur un, p n prnn turtlr t. Durt m jurulu lul rprt ntr ttl l-turt (NZT) numrul turt (T):

t ntr rt tmpul mu (l) rmnr turtlr n pl r rflt tfl pltt frt rn turtul ntr- numt n, run t. Dntt rul turt pun n ltur rt rul turt u ppul rnt r (n, run) rptr. t ntr lul rprt ntr numrul turtlr n n X (T) ppul rnt n X (P):[footnoteRef:39] [39: Brn P., nk ., Nu N., nm turmulu, tur xprt, Buurt, 2001]

D rul, t ntr r lr uuntr, r xt n (ju. ntn, n pr n turt tl tn nlul 2,12 l ntt rul turt) u r (pn, utr) n r lr t upruntr. Prfrn rlt turtlr fr nfrm prn rntr rf fluxurlr turt m un n rr (n, r t.); lul rprt ntr numrul turt ntr- r Y r nrpt pr r X (T1) ppul rnt r rn Y (P):[footnoteRef:40] [40: Gu ., ttt n turm mr, tur r Prnt, 2009]

lt mt nr prfrn rlt turtlr rprnt punr n rl numrulu turt ntr- r r t r B (T1) ttlul mun turt r rpt (T). t mt t n m pun prt trt fptulu nu tt rl urmr fluxul turt (m turt):

Dntr ntr lr, m utl unt: lumul ttl l nrlr n turm, r urmrt p n turt, p tpur un, p t mrl t. nr m p -turt (turt), r lul rprt ntr lumul nrlr numrul l-turt (turt). tttl ntrn l fr r pt r n pntru lulr ltr ntr, nnutul lr lr nfrmnl fn xpr urt mtlr utlt. ntr f lr rul turt fl n prt ntrn ntrnnl f tul rlr m ttt l rnmlr ntrnnl.[footnoteRef:41] [41: nu, ., Turmul Fnmn l nm ulturl, Buurt, tur r Prnt, 2000]

nl frt turtrtrr ttt pt r n funun

ntr lur pt r uprn truturl prmr turt u funun r turt, ptt r xtnt n funun, n utlr nt pt r turt n funun. trutur prmr turt u funun r turt rprnt r ntru u mnjr r furn n m prmnnt u nr rul r lt r pf pntru turt (l turt, unlur, pnun turt, untt tp u, pnun rturt). ptt mnm r ntlt pntru trutur prmr turt t n lur pt, pntru f nrt trutur u funun r turt. ptt r xtnt (ntlt) rprnt numrul lur r fln turt nr n ultmul t rp, mlr, lfr unt r turt, xlu pturl uplmntr pt ntl n ntt. ptt r n funun (pnl) rprnt numrul lur r r pt nf turt, nn nt numrul l t unt h truturl ntr- numt pr, xprm n lur/l. ptt r ft utlt t fpt numrul turt/l. ntr pt r, xprm n mrm lut, unt: numr mr, numr lur, ptt r n funun (m/lur/l), ptt xtnt, prmnnt nr, p trutur unt r, tr nfrt, frm prprtt, prum n nm. nl utlr pt n funun xprm rprtul ntr ptt r pnl (lur frt) utlr ft t tr turt ntr- pr trmnt.P turt t prt ntrnt p, n nrl, p rlr, n prtulr, r r trtur mun u l tr, r um rtrt prpr. tfl, p turt pt f fnt fn nmlul trnlr (tlr nr-umprr) l rr t l nttu prul turt, prt n nxun u rll p r p r l nr pul rf n r fr. mn p rmn n nmplt, fr lur n nrr lr u tr rlt l l rr frt. Dn t punt r, p turt rprnt fr nm ntrfrn frt turt, mtrlt prn pru turt, u rr turt, mtrlt prn numul turt. Dn t fn rult prtulrtl p turt, trut l lr u tr: rr frt turt. prm prtulrtt p turt rult n rlul trmnnt l frt turt. frt t prput tr rr u frm un mn, ntrut prn umulr nttr tuturr nfrmlr prmt umult fr turt ptnl. tfl, num turt pt pt num n rprt u mn frt. M mult, nttul rt u frt turt tlt - n tmpul numulu. Rult tfl, lt prtulrtt p turt num lul frt n u lul numulu, r nu u lul frmr rr. xt ltfl, numr tu n r nu numtrul t l r upr hnr unu pru turt. frt turt t r, nlt n tmp pu, nu pt f tt u trnfrmt, t nnumt, pr, n hm rr turt t frt lt upu unr prmnnt flutu trmnt nflun un multtun ftr. t rtrt l frt rr turt mpl nttun un lj ptnl ntr l, nfr tt turt un r rt. rtrul frt l lr u mpnnt l p f m fl jutr lr pt nu l pr unr mn, pl: frt t rr m; rr mr frt nrpuntr; frt prt rr nntrt t.P turt, mpnnt p rlr, prupun mltt rr (turtul tru pl), ltfl p nu r xt, nn l nfruntr rr u frt turt. nnutul p turt, xmnt tr nm nm, nu pt f lmtt l um prlr nm r u l n m ft, tru xtn upr lr ptnl rpt upr lr r r put l. ntrn tfl r lmnt (n fr rr frt rl) prum: rr ntfut, rr n frmr, frt nnumt, frt p t. pr pltt xtn n m rtul p turt, fr prn nmtnt lr u lmnt l l, rpt p turt fr frt u fr rr. Nun p turt nt n t n pun prt um unt: p turt rl (ft), p turt ptnl p turt trt. P turt rl t frmt n nmlul rrlr r -u ntlnt n m ft, numrul tlr nr-umprr fnlt. t tp p pt f xprmt prn ntr nr: numr turt, numr l-turt, lumul nrlr n turm t. P turt ptnl rprnt mnunl p r l-r f putut p turt n lt n t l xtnt (lt frt, lt rr mnftt t.) Dfrn ntr p turt ptnl rl t t mntul nnnumtrlr rlt. D n lt n pl: utul rr turt pun lt mjl nt u ltfl trut n tmp, u frt f m rft t., nnnumtr rlt pt trnfrm n numtr ft. Nnrn n tmp pu rr turt frt trmn f frt nnumt, f rr ntfut. frt turt n pun l fnt mlr u frt r fnl. frt turt t nttut n ptnlul turt nturl ntrp, thn-mtrl, fr mun , up un utr, nl mrlr pht uplmntr r. Ttltt rlr prtt prtr turm rprnt pru turt, nmlul r ml rurl mtrl ntr- frt ft r turt num ft.P turt trt t t mnunl ll p r l-r put p n r t mmr t r f prtpn l ttt turt. Dfrn ntr p turt trt p ptnl rprnt mntul nnnumtrlr lu. r mfr -r pru n rul lmntlr p rmn nnnumtr lu. Prn trutur prmr turt u funun r turt nl r ntru u mnjr, r furn n m prmnnt u nr rul r lt r pf pntru turt. Nu uprn n truturl prmr turt u funun r turt: truturl prmr flt n xlutt pr u hr, p urt m mr un n, nfrnt lfr tr; lunl unr l ppul, utlt n pur turt n m xlu pr tr; mnl, ntrntl lr p pr nulu lr, untl ptlt, ltl.Tl 3.1. lu pt r turt n fununnptt n fununptt n fununMfrl lutn nm %Rtmul nm %

(m lur-l) t/1 t/t-1 t/1 t/t-1R t/1R t/t-1

2000474,218474 - -

2001543,734544 70 69.516115%115%15%15%

2002473,079473 (1)-70.65587%100%-13%0%

2003362,675363 (112)-110.40477%76%-23%-24%

2004491,243491 17 128.568135%104%35%4%

2005563,460563 89 72.217115%119%15%19%

2006578,270 578 104 14.81103%122%3%22%

2007571,274 571 97 -6.99699%120%-1%20%

2008556,074 556 82 -15.297%117%-3%17%

2009542,696543 68 -13.37898%114%-2%14%

2010542,696543 68 0100%114%0%14%

2011566,486566 92 23.79104%119%4%19%

2012643,173643 169 76.687114%136%14%36%

2013658,921659 185 15.748102%139%2%39%

Pntru tm ptt r n funun n urmtr tr n, m fl fun jutr y = 340.81x + 2402.3, nut prn mt rf.

Tl 3.2. stmr ptt rnt (x)Vlr jutt up fun Y=543.734+14(t-1)Vlr jutt up fun y =12x+603

201415 754 783

201516 768 795

201617 782 807

rm mt mn nu n lul fptul nul 2009 t unul pl n punt r l pt n funun. tfl, ptt t mult m m n n ntrr, mt mn plu m mult prn ultm n. tfl, junm tmm pt 782 lur-l prn t mt n 2016, f 807 lur-l nfrm lr jutt.nl rr turt

rr turt rprnt, r, ttltt rnlr mnftt u nmnftt n, pntru prpr prul turt, p n numul turt t frm mtrlr rr. pr, tfl, u mlt xprmr rr turt: ) rr turt mnftt rr r - mnftt (xtrrt) ntr- numt pr tmp, ntlnt u numr rr turt rl; ) rr turt nmnftt (nnrtt), r r xt ptnl n np unu numtr r r put f lut untft p unu tuu l lu rnlr; pt ntln u numr rr turt prumt. rr turt rl rr turt prumt frm rr turt ptnl. Dr ntr rr turt num turt pt f nt n punt r l lulu mmntulu frmr tr. rr turt frm l lul rn l turtulu un ntur nul rr, fnt prn rtrtl nm, l, plt, tn l turmulu ru prn. numul turt, n hm, rl n rul nulu frt turt, n m mult tp, furt n tmp pu:nnt plr pr lul tn turt, r lt t ( xmplu, prurr hpmntulu mpr, lu prt t.)

n tmpul plr pr lul tn ( xmplu, trnprtul)

l lul tn (r, m, rmnt t.)

F. 3.1. tpl nsumulu turstrr turt t frt lt upu prmnnt unr flutu, flnu u nn un multtun ftr, ntur frt (nm, mrf, phl, plt, njunturl t.).rr turt rtr prntr-un r mr mplxtt trntt, tur prupunn mntr p up r rtr : rt, tr -prfnl, url num t.; rr turt prupun un r mr mltt turtulu, urmr rtrulu r l frt; rr turt r un putrn rtr nr, urmr tru nl rtrulu ntl l frt turt, r trt pnn rul turt nl nturl. Tt t prtulrt mprm p turt rtrul p p, ru untft nflunt. L rnul u, numul turt prnt l r rtrt, prntr r mntm, n prmul rn, nn n tmp pu numulu turt pru turt. Vlumul numulu turt t trmnt nlul prurlr ft ntul pnl l numtrlr. Pltt numulu turt mf truturl, - pt prpr multpllr l mpnnt n fun mfr rllr pr, nt, nfr lumulu ll l numulu turt nt tltt. L rnul lr, rlll pr nt fl u nflun un multtun ftr r pt n n l tmp n l n upr mlr, u lt n tmp num upr un ntr l. Un utr rup t ftr n u mr tr:trmnn nm-l;

trmnn mtnl.

F. 3.2. mprr p tr ftrlr r nflun rlll pr ntDtrmnn nm-l rprntt ntur, prur, tmp lr, mnunl trutur ppul u rl tmult u rtrt, mprm rr numt lttt lu. rr turt, numul turt mnft putrn nntrr n tmp pu, r n mt; n prt mt, l un mmnt t pt prmn mt hn, rrr, u pt mn ntrul pntru fr, ntt t.P turt t prt ntrnt p rlr, n nrl p rlr num, n prtulr. rr frt turt unt u ltur l p rlr turm fn pful prtulrtl t n rprt u lt r num.rr pt f nlt : rr p turt, rprntn numrul ttr rpuntr, rf t, n urul un pr prt, n nl trmnt mu rpunn unu prrm mrktn pf; rr ptnl rpun lmt tr r tn rr p, frturl mrktn l trulu turt r l mxm. tfl, nl nm m un r ptnlul p turt; prun rr turt n, pntru pr tr trmnt, r f nlul rr n fun frturl mrktn l nlr nm. rr turt nt ntr- ntt pf trnfrm ntr-un num pf. Pntru rr trnfrm ntr-un t num, tru nplnt tr n: tmp lr, nt pnl, mt. run u lr turt nturl t prt rr lntr, prlut lntr, ltt tr turt phntr ln n tr runlr turt n u, up r nl p p p prn ntrmul turtlr phntr. n prt, m mr prt turtlr r un mprtmnt mntr. D mn, tru mnnt fptul , n tmp, p mur pt m mult xprn n mtr ltr, turt phntr pt trnfrm, n prn punlr pntru tnl n, n turt lntr. D pt nlun rr numul turt rtr prn lltt n mtNlul nm rlrTl 3.3. lu ssrlrnrrMfrl lutn nm %Rtmul nm %

(m r)t/1 t/t-1 t/1 t/t-1R t/1R t/t-1

20003589936 - -

20014651647 (428)10.61710%130%-90%30%

20023630036 (438)-10.21678%8%-22%-92%

20033739337 (437)1.093103%8%3%-92%

20047324173 (401)35.848196%15%96%-85%

20057757678 (397)4.335106%16%6%-84%

20065516255 (419)-22.41471%12%-29%-88%

20077407574 (400)18.913134%16%34%-84%

20089633496 (378)22.259130%20%30%-80%

20097047970 (404)-25.85573%15%-27%-85%

20106841468 (406)-2.06597%14%-3%-86%

20118156782 (393)13.153119%17%19%-83%

20128800688 (386)6.439108%19%8%-81%

20138099281 (393)-7.01492%17%-8%-83%

Pntru tm nm rlr n funun n urmtr tr n, m fl fun jutr y = 35.628x + 228.51, nut prn mt rf.Tl 3.4. stmr nm ssrlrnt (x)Vlr jutt up fun Y=46.516+3(t-1)Vlr jutt up fun y =3x+80

Vlr jutt up fun Y=+(t-1)Vlr jutt up fun y =x+

20141592 125

20151695 128

20161798 131

rm pl rtr lrt rlr n n Dlt Dunr n urmtr 3 n. tfl, n 2016, -r put jun hr l pt 131 m r, n u r n nul 2013.Nlul nm nptrlrTl 3.5. lu nptrlrnnptrnptrMfrl lutn nm %Rtmul nm %

(m) t/1 t/t-1 t/1 t/t-1R t/1R t/t-1

2000108295108 - -

2001101364101 (373)-6.93121%94%-79%-6%

20027973580 (394)-21.62979%17%-21%-83%

20037555676 (399)-4.17995%16%-5%-84%

2004130562131 (344)55.006173%28%73%-72%

2005154065154 (320)23.503118%32%18%-68%

2006141333141 (333)-12.73292%30%-8%-70%

2007146733147 (327)5.4104%31%4%-69%

2008175000175 (299)28.267119%37%19%-63%

2009124341124 (350)-50.65971%26%-29%-74%

2010108705109 (366)-15.63687%23%-13%-77%

2011130519131 (344)21.814120%28%20%-72%

2012133767134 (340)3.248102%28%2%-72%

2013191700192 (283)57.933143%40%43%-60%

Pntru tm nm nptrlr n funun n urmtr tr n, m fl fun jutr y = 56.445x + 683.74, nut prn mt rf.Tl 3.6. stmr nm nptrlrnt (x)Vlr jutt up fun Y=101.364+6(t-1)Vlr jutt up fun y =5x+141

Vlr jutt up fun Y=+(t-1)Vlr jutt up fun y =x+

201415 191 216

201516 197 221

201617 203 226

Mt lrlr jutt rl r nptrlr n nul 2014 n Dlt Dunr. tfl, t pl trt lp ntlr n nfrtrutur u trt nurn turt n prt ltr n, Dt Dunr prt un numr m m turt u turt r ptr m pun np n tml mnjt r. Ttu lrl jutt prn ml mt pr rtr rlt mr pntru nul 2016.nl mprt nm rlr nnptrlrTl 3.7. mpr prn nm rlr nnptrlrnTtl rTtl nnptr (m l)Mfr lut f 2000Dnm f 2000

(m prn)rnnptrrnnptr

200035.899108.295 - - - -

200146.516101.36410.617-6.931130%94%

200236.379.7350.401-28.56101%74%

200337.39375.5561.494-32.739104%70%

200473.241130.56237.34222.267204%121%

200577.576154.06541.67745.77216%142%

200655.162141.33319.26333.038154%131%

200774.075146.73338.17638.438206%135%

200896.33417560.43566.705268%162%

200970.479124.34134.5816.046196%115%

201068.414108.70532.5150.41191%100%

201181.567130.51945.66822.224227%121%

201288.006133.76752.10725.472245%124%

201380.992191.745.09383.405226%177%

Dn 2012 pn n 2013, nptrl u rut n punt r lut m mult t rl, pn n 2013 n putm r t u rtr prntul m mr rlr t nptrlr, rr lut ft pt. D rmrt unt n 2002 2006 n n t putm r tt rl t nptrl u ut.

rl ntr rr frt turtTl 3.8. rl ntr numrul nnptr ptt rnptt n fununTtl nnptrptt n fununTtl nnptrx2xyYx = 0.1637X + 295.6

2000 474,218 108,295 474 108 224,883 51,355 373

2001 543,734 101,364 544 101 295,647 55,115 385

2002 473,079 79,735 473 80 223,804 37,721 373

2003 362,675 75,556 363 76 131,533 27,402 355

2004 491,243 130,562 491 131 241,320 64,138 376

2005 563,460 154,065 563 154 317,487 86,809 388

2006 578,270 141,333 578 141 334,396 81,729 390

2007 571,274 146,733 571 147 326,354 83,825 389

2008 556,074 175,000 556 175 309,218 97,313 387

2009 542,696 124,341 543 124 294,519 67,479 384

2010 542,696 108,705 543 109 294,519 58,994 384

2011 566,486 130,519 566 131 320,906 73,937 388

2012 643,173 133,767 643 134 413,672 86,035 401

2013 658,921 191,700 659 192 434,177 126,315 403

Ttl 7,568 1,802 4,162,434 998,168 5,377

pt r rlt tul l ntr numrul nnptr ptt r. fntul t n t fn r 0.16, rlm mfr frt turt u 100 ntr-un n u lllt, u l mfr rrr r u 16.ttt nlr nm n turm pt f nlt prn t tr ntr, t utl n prt, r prmt lur nxun ntr rr frt. n lulul tr ntr n nrr num prt rr turt r - mtrlt prn num; nun rr rfr l rr prpru- nu l rr ptnl:fntul utlr ptlr r lult rprt ntr numrul nnptr numrul lur-l l frt trutur prmr turt;nl lu nnptrlr, ntr pt f lult p tr unt turt u p tr lntl turt, n nul;ntr rflt ttt mrl nlr j, lul n fun rr ft u utlr frt.ntr fn nm turmuluDtrt ftlr nm rt multpl frturlr rft t fl lr un nur ntr ntt, fl m mul ntr, fr ntrun prn fun untr l nr nlulu nm tr, prum ntru frlr ftr. Prnn l fn fn nm, nttt n rprtul ntr ftul nm nut p urm un tt prut frtul u hltull fut pntru nr unr ft utl, ttt r rn trmn, prn mtl l pf, ntr r mnur tt ftul, t frtul. ftul nm l nlul prtrulu turm pt f prt prn urmtr ntr: lumul frlr mrfur, lumul nrlr n prt, lumul nrlr lutr, pru nt, ntul nt, umulrl nt, prftul t. frtul u hltull fut pntru nr unr ft utl mr prn ntr: lr m nul fnurlr fx p ntrprnr p tt turt, lr m nul mjllr rulnt, ttlul hltullr rt nrt ftut pntru prtl turt, numrul mu l lurtrlr prt p ntrprnr p tt turt, numrul m-r, hltul u lrl lurtrlr prt p prtr turm p tt t. Rulttl fnl l turmulu unt nflunt un mplx ftr ntrn u xtrn, r u nr, ll u prl, r r ntr- mur m mr u m m n rtr lumulu r prtt, hl u rtr nrlr , mplt, ntulu nt.ntr upr fr mun

Dtrt mprtn ftrulu trmnnt l tt nm, fr mun n turm, t prnt r trtur pf, m pun ntlnt n lt tr ttt. tfl, n mnul turmulu, pntru rlr tlr prpu fn ntt, t nr n m n prmnn tl fnnr mrl, t p r l r prtrul turm. ltl prnlulu n turm unt n un mur trmnt ntur rlr prtt. n turm, n nul l m lr l untulu, tn urmtrl flur tt: r prmr r; rnr lmnt turtlr; r tr rmnt; rnr r trnprt; prtr r uplmntr lt pful frtlr frm turm. nl fr mun upt n trul turt pt rl prntr-un tm ntr ttt, pt f trutur tfl:ntr trutur fr mun p tr: prfnl, x, rt, prum ntr nm;

ntr utlr tmpulu luru;

ntr prutt mun

ntr rprt, lu nm nrulu fr mun n turm:

pnr lurlr mun pnl p unt r turt n ttl lur;

n mr lu n tmp lurlr mun;

ntrul mprtn turmulu furnr lur mun.

F. 3.3. Strutur ntrlr stt

ntr lt tt turtt ntr pt f nr un nmlu mpnnt pf r, ltur ntr prnt n prrfl ntrr, ntru l rtrr mplt tt turt. t xprm lturl ltt l frt, ftl l, ulturl-ut plt l nutr turt. Dfultl ntln n mnurr lturlr ltt l turmulu pun mprnt upr mulu trmnr ntrlr pf. Dn t u, ftl lturlr ltt l tt turt lu nrt. xmplu, ntr lt frt pt f lu prn rtr/r rr urmr muntr/nrutr rfr/nrfr rlr turt. Pntru t, u n lul: nlul lt prtlr rfr rlr, rul nfrt tr l untlr turt, ntr mptttt, ntr ptrr hlrulu l l mulu nnjurtr. ftl l pt f prt prn ntrmul ntrlr pf rtr rfr frtfr fr mun, prum ftl ulturl-ut. ntr l lt tt turt pt f utlt numrul turt r t n prm t turt r rpt t ( u-tr r, ptru-n r, m mult n r). T t ntr u rpt p nfrmr ftrulu nt upr tr tmulu l un mmnt t u lu lu n tmp p lr pt lu prn tnur nlt prn: mfr fluxurlr turt n fr lr ntrnnl; nr unu lum m mr nr; prftur rntltt uprr, p lr rur mtrl umn; rfr m r; ptmr trutur frt; rur hltullr; rtr prutt mun. ltt rlr n turm tru tfut prntr-un prnl rpuntr n tt puntl r, pntru ur un turm mrn, mptt, fnt r prtj mul.

nlu

Turmul rprnt un mnu r lt u un rtm t rp pntru n pul u nl frt flt p p, nl tru tt flul n thn trt pntru - f unut frm rl frt. n - f u un pul-nt rn n urr, r xplr tur pl p r l pr, nl tru pun l p tu frt t fl t m mult rtf ntnt: l pht r t m trt pn l frt prmnl xtrm prnlt. Tnn tul nt ntr- mfr pulurlr, r pl p frt n pntru r turtul r n nfrtrutur r - un turr. Pntru - flt numtrulu lrl, tru - fr rn unu jur u, r pntru t l n t m mult nfrm: rur, tl, plnt, frt nln, nrtrr , lum. D mult r, pntru tr turt ntr- numt n, lur l rr unu rnn rnl r un un rnt, r nl pl n frt p t tr, fnu- unut ntnl prn prtpr l trur turm u frt prmnl n fun n.lu turmulu t nflunt r ftr ntr r trmnnt unt nflun l u ltur rlt l p ftr rr turt ftr frt turt. nl turmulu urmrr lu l rl u jutrul unu tm ntr pf, t p mtl lul unfrmt p pln mnl. u jutrul tr ntr pf turmulu pt furn untf nfrml nr unlr plt turt, prmn tfl murr ftlr tr un. ntr turmulu pt f rup n u mr tr num ntr l nl mrnm ntr l nl mrnm. ntr l nl mrnm u ur tlr rtrl ttt pntru urmrr rulttlr n ttt turm um r f rprtl ttt prmt l n nm r u n prprtt u mntr unt r turt pntru ttt turm ntrn url mntrtPrnplul t l rr tt turt t nrr ur nt. Prnn l t prm, rlul trulu prt t nl. nnl nm rultt n prmr turmulu, p rulttl tnl l frlr. Dltr turmulu nr rtlr ll trulu prt, prm trutrlr, frmlr trn, htlurlr t. t pt ft upr trulu tt prn rlr n nutr, tr n n urmr rr un mn prp n. ptr nfrtrutur, rnr lrlr, muntr mn n t. un ft mt upr muntr nlulu tr l rnlr. tfl, frtul r f fut n t n mntr ll tru nl nt p trmn lun trt nflr nrl nut prn nmr turmulu, r nt p trmn urt u nf mt pntru tn , tfl, pntru tt. muntr mulu nnjurtr, runtr xtrn rlt prn ttrlr l Dlt Dunr tn turt r nu l rtr mnr ntrr ntt rnlr. n nlu, nr fn t rt nnt mul n r unt numt rurl, r numul t nflunt ltl mnrl. urr unu mnmnt mptnt, pl munt ttt prtrlr turm pntru rtr prftlt n n nurn n n m r, rprnt prlm fl, r rlr pn n mr mur uul u flmntul prtrulu turm.

Blrf

1. Blur V., tu ., Vh ., Mrktn turst, . Urnus, 20052. Bn lmp, nm Turmulu ntrnnl, . Unrt Dn r, 20063. Brn P., Snk ., Nu N., nm tursmulu, tur xprt, Buurt, 20014. Brn, F., mn, T., Ntrnu, P. turm, Buurt, tur nm, 20005. n Pmp, Vlnu Ghrh, Nu B, Grf nrl turmulu, tur Mtr Pr, Buurt, 20056. pr, ., Flthr, J., Glrt, D., Wnhll, ., Turm, Prnpl n Prt, Fnnl Tms Mnmnt, 2008 7. rtnu rtn, nm mtrlulu: trntl ntrnnl u r, tur ll Bk, Buurt 20008. Dnu Mhl, Grf tursmulu, . Dt P, Buurt, 20029. Gln V., Grf turmulu, tur Fun Rmn Mn, Buurt, 200510. Gu ., ttt n turm mr, tur r Prnt, 200911. Hpnu V. ., rtr sttt n turm, tur Dt P, 200312. nu, ., Turmul Fnmn l nm ulturl, Buurt, tur r Prnt, 200013. n Mr, nm rlr.Tr prt, -, turUrnu, Buurt 200314. Mnu, R., nm Turmulu, Buurt, tur Urnu, 200115. Nu, N., Turmul Dltr Durl, Buurt, tur xprt, 200016. Nu, Vl, Mnmntul Turt l rlr Turt, Buurt, tur yl, 200217. Nl l., P Turt, Buurt, tur Dt P, 200318. tnu, Dn, trt D Dltr n Turm, Plt, tur Prmr, 200619. Turu D., Ws J., nm Tursmulu, tur urstmp, Tmr, 200820. http://www.ltunr.r/ 21. http://www.turstnf.r/n-lt_unr/r-htlur-l-pnsun-n-lt_unr.html 22. http://rt.r/r-lt-unr/23. http://www.nftrlrmn.r/rul.html24. http://www.nss.r/ms/r/ntnt/tursm25. http://mkt.unwt.r/pultn/unwt-tursm-hhlhts-2014-tn