TABLE G2. OVERVIEW OF ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS THAT CAN BE USED TO IDENTIFY AND QUANTIFY CONSTITUENTS ASSOCIATED WITH HYDRAULIC FRACTURING ACTIVITIES

Type of Analyte Analytical Instrument(s) MDL Range*Volatile organics GC/MS: gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer

GC/MS/MS: gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer/ mass spectrometer

0.25–10 μg/L

Water-soluble organics LC/MS/MS: liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer/mass spectrometer

0.01–0.025 μg/L

Unknown organic compounds LC/TOF: liquid chromatograph/time-of-flight mass spectrometer

5 μg/L

Metals, minerals ICP: inductively coupled plasma 1–100 μg/L GFAA: graphite furnace atomic absorption 0.5–1 μg/L

Transition metals, isotopes ICP/MS: inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometer 0.5–10 μg/L Redox-sensitive metal species, oxyanion speciation, thioarsenic speciation, etc.

LC/ICP/MS: liquid chromatograph/inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometer

0.5–10 μg/L

Ions (charged elements or compounds)

IC: ion chromatograph 0.1–1 mg/L

*The minimum detection limit, which depends on the targeted analyte.