anatomi & fisiologi asas (2)
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ANATOMI & FISIOLOGI
ASAS
Mohd Farid AbdullahMBA Sports Managemaent
Bac.Pend. Jasmani & KesihatanKetua Jabatan PJK IPG Kampus GayaInstruktur Kejurulatihan Olahraga IAAFInstruktur Sains Sukan MSNInstruktur Pengadil Bolasepak FAM
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MEMAHAMI PERGERAKAN TUBUH
BADAN
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Anatomi berasal daripada
perkataan Yunani - µ Struktur¶
Fisiologi bermaksud tubuh badan
manusia
Kajian atau penyelidikan tentang
struktur dan fungsi tubuh badan
manusia.
Definisi Anatomi &
Fisiologi
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Sistem Tulang Sistem Otot Rangka
Sistem Kardiovaskular
Sistem Tenaga- Aerobik
- Anaerobik Alaktik
- Anaerobik Laktik
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Sistem Tulang Merangkumi
- Sendi
- Ligamen- Tendon
- Rawan (kartilej)
- Tulang
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Tempat pertemuan dua atau lebih tulang Dua fungsi asas : membenarkan
pergerakan (mobiliti) dan menyatukan
tulang-tulang
Sendi
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Klasifikasi Sendi
Immovable ± suture cranium
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Klasifikasi Sendi
Semi-movable ± Pivotal Joint
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Klasifikasi Sendi
Movable ± Hinge Joint
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Jenis-jenis sendi bergerak Lesong
Engsel
Pivot
Kondoloid
Pelana
Gelungsur
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Jenis sendi bergerak
Planar joint between the navicular and second
and third cuneiforms of the tarsus in the foot.
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Jenis sendi bergerak
Hinge joint between throchlea of humerus and
throclear notch of ulna at the elbow
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Jenis sendi bergerak
Pivot joints between head of radius and radial
notch of ulna
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Jenis sendi bergerak
Saddle joint between trapezium of carpus
(wrist) and metacarpal of thumb
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Jenis sendi bergerak
Condyloid joint between radius and scaphoid and
lunate bones of the carpus (wrist)
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Jenis sendi bergerak
Ball and Socket - Shoulder
Ball and socket joints
between head of femur and
the acetabulum of hip bone
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Tisu berfiber kenyal yang menghubungkan
tulang ke tulang
Membolehkan pergerakan berlaku
Ligamen
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Tisu penghubung
Ligamen
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Tisu berfiber tidak kenyal yang kuat Melekatkan otot pada tulang
Tendon
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Tisu Penghubung
Tendon
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Tisu lembut tetapi kuat, elastik dan tiada
saluran darah
Menyaluti hujung tulang
Melindungi tulang daripada haus semasa
geseran antara sendi
Menyerap hentakan
Rawan (Kartilej)
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Tisu penghubung
Kartilej
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Tulang
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TULANG
Fungsi Tulang
1.Sokongan pada tubuh
2.Memberi bentuk dimana otot boleh melekat
3.Berfungsi sebagai tuas ± semasa pergerakan
berlaku
4.Melindungi organ-organ penting
5.Menghasilkan sel darah merah
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Tulang panjang ± di tangan dan kaki
(pergerakan)
Tulang pendek ± tapak tangan
Tulang leper ± rusuk dan di kepala
(melindungi)
Tulang tak sama bentuk ± tulang belakang(lekatan otot)
Spesifikasi Tulang
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Jenis-jenis Tulang
Short
Irregular
Flat
Long
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Kerangka manusia
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Skull / Cranium
Rahang
Patella
Skapula
Tulang Rusuk
Tibia
Femur
Vertebra
Cocyx
Fibula
Facial bone
Klavikel
Sternum
Humerus
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Metatarsals
Ulna
Tarsals
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN
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1
4
7
8
3
25
6
1112
109
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REHAT SEKEJAP
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SISTEM OTOT RANGKA
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JENIS-JENIS OTOT
Otot rangka ± otot berjalur
Otot Licin ± organ-organ dalaman
tubuh Otot kardiak ± otot jantung
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JENIS-JENIS OTOT
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Fungsi Otot
Membantu pergerakan tulang
Mengekalkan postur badan
Membekalkan haba semasamenjalankan aktiviti
Menstabilkan kedudukan sendi tulang
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Fungsi Otot : Hasilkan Pergerakan
Pergerakan dihasilkan oleh penguncupan otot-ototrangka yang bertindak setelah dirangsang oleh sistemsaraf.
Kombinasi saling tindakan otot-otot membolehkan
kita berdiri, duduk, baring dan melakukan lain-lainaktiviti yang sukar.
Penguncupan ini berlaku secara sedar atau terkawal(voluntary ) atau tidak terkawal (involuntary ).
Kelajuan penguncupan bergantung kepada jenis fiber
otot iaitu fiber sentak cepat (f ast twitch f iber) danfiber sentak lambat ( slow twitch f iber ).
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Fungsi otot : Kekalkan postur
Kombinasi saling tindakan otot-ototbukan sahaja membolehkan kitaberdiri, duduk atau baring malahanmembantu untuk mengekalkan posturbadan.
Lekatan otot-otot pada tulang
membolehkan postur dikekalkan.
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Fungsi Otot : Stabilkan sendi
Otot-otot badan mempunyai pelbagai saiz dan fungsiyang berbeza.
Otot-otot besar seperti quadriceps, triceps,abdominis dan trapezius lazimnya bertindak
sebagai agonis dan antagonis Otot-otot kecil akan bertindak sebagai pengimbang
( stabilizer ), penetap (fixator) dan penyokong( synergist ).
Otot-otot kecil ini menstabilkan sendi terutamanya
dalam sukan-sukan yang memerlukan ketepatanlakuan atau sukan sasar (target sport ) sepertimemanah,menembak dan ten-pin bowling.
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Fungsi Otot : Hasilkan haba
Tenaga diperlukan untukmembolehkan otot-otot bekerja.
Hampir 40% tenaga yang dihasilkanbertukar menjadi haba yangmeningkatkan suhu kulit atau suhuluaran badan.
Haba-haba ini dihasilkan oleh otot-otot dan dikeluarkan melalui prosesevaporasi, konduksi, radiasi dankonveksi bagi menstabilkan suhubadan.
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Otot-Otot Rangka Utama
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Larry ScottLarry Scott Sergio OliverSergio Oliver
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Arnold Schwarzeneggar
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JENIS PENGUNCUPAN OTOT
Penguncupan Isotonik
Penguncupan Isometrik
Penguncupan Isokinetik
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Penguncupan Isotonik
Penguncupan isotonik menyebabkan perubahan padapanjang otot dan terbahagi kepada penguncupanisotonik konsentrik dan penguncupan isotonik
esentrik Penguncupan isotonik konsentrik - penguncupan
melalui pemendekan fiber-fiber otot
Penguncupan isotonik esentrik - pengucupan ketikaotot balik kepada panjang asal.
Kebanyakan lakuan dalam sukan seperti menendangbola, menanduk, melontar, menguis dan menangkapadalah hasil daripada penguncupan otot secaraisotonik.
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Penguncupan Isometrik
Pengucupan isometrik berlaku ketika ototmenguncup sambil mengekalkan panjang
otot atau tidak berlaku perubahan padapanjang otot ketika fiber-fiber ototmenguncup.
Contoh :Fasa menahan beratan dalam
sukan angkat berat, acara tarik tali danaktiviti skrum dalam sukan ragbi
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Penguncupan Isokinetik
Penguncupan isokinetik hanya
berlaku dengan bantuan mesinisokenetik.
Halaju penguncupan adalah malar
Digunakan bagi tujuan pemulihankecederaan otot.
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Halaju Penguncupan
Halaju pergerakan otot berbeza
antara satu sama lain. Halaju pergerakan dan fiber otot yang
bekerja bergantung kepada intensitikerja yang dilakukan
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Fiber Sentak Cepat
FT ± Fast Twitch
Intensiti kerja tinggi
Jangka masa kerja singkat Untuk kepantasan dan kuasa
eksplosif
Sel berwarna pucat (putih) Sel bersaiz kecil
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Fiber Sentak Cepat ± FT
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Fiber Sentak Lambat
Slow Twitch - ST
Intensiti rendah dan sederhana
Jangka masa kerja yang lama Sel berwarna merah, kaya dengan
haemoglobin
Saiz sel lebih besar
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Fiber Sentak Lambat - ST
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1
28
7
93
4
10
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Jumpa Selepas Makan
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SISTEM
KARDIOVASKULAR
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PENGENALAN
Sistem Kardiovaskular terdiri daripada jantung, paru-paru dan salur darah
Fungsi utama ialah membawa makanan ataunutrien dan oksigen ke sel-sel tubuh sertamembebaskan bahan-bahan buangan sepertikarbon dioksida dari sel-sel tubuh
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Fungsi Sistem
Kardiova
skular
Sistem kardiovaskular berf ungsi
membantu
membekalkan o
ksigendan nutrien serta mengangkut
bahan kumuh seperti karbondioksida daripada darah.
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Bahag
ian-bahag
ian UtamaSistem Kardiovaskular
Tiga bahagian utama
1. Jantung,
2. Salur darah, dan
3. Darah
Jantung adalah organ yang berperananmengepam darah ke seluruh tubuh bagimembekalkan oksigen dan nutrient.
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SAIZ JANTUNG
Saiz jantung adalah sebesarpenumbuk orang dewasa.
Berat organ ini adalah kurangdaripada 600 gram.
Struktur jantung terdiri daripadaempat ruang iaitu atrium kanan,
atrium kiri, ventrikal kanan danventrikal kiri.
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Struktur Jantung Manusia
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Struktur Jantung
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Fungsi Atrium dan VentrikelDalam Sistem Kardiovaskular
Mekanisme Pembukaan dan
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Penutupan InjapAtriovantrikular
Keadaan injap terbuka. Darah mengalir
masuk dari atrium ke ventrikal
Keadaan injap tertutup. Darah
terhalang dari mengalir ke belakang
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Semasa inspirasi, udara yang mengandungioksigen dibawa masuk ke paru-parumelalui salur pernafasan.
Gas oksigen ini disimpan sementara dalamalveolus.
Jantung akan mengepam darah kurangoksigen ke paru-paru.
Gas-gas oksigen dan karbon dioksidameresap merentasi membrane alveolus danmeresap ke dalam darah melalui kapilari-kapilari darah.
SISTEM PEREDAR AN DAR AH
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Karbon dioksida dihembus keluar daripadaparu-paru melalui salur pernafasan.
Oksigen yang merentasi membran alveolus
dan kapilari seterusnya meresap ke dalamdarah.
Darah beroksigen kemudian diangkut ke jantung dan dipam melalui arteri untuk
diagihkan kepada sel-sel tisu lain di dalambadan.
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(g) Litaranperedaran
kardiopulmonari
(h) Litar peredaransistemik
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Bagaimana Jantung Berfungsi
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SALURAN DARAH
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Salur Darah
Salur darah pula terdiri daripadaarteri, vena dan kapilari.
Salur darah ini membolehkan darahmengalir dan melengkapi perederandarah daripada jantung ke tisu dankembali semula ke jantung.
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Proses peredaran darahmengangkut oksigen daripadaparu-paru ke sel-sel tisu badandan mengeluarkan karbondioksida daripada sel-sel tisu keparu-paru berlaku secarasis
tematik
.
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SALURAN DARAH
1. Salurnadi (arteri)Bertugas sebagai saluran yang mengalirkan darah beroksigendari jantung ke seluruh tisu badan kecuali salurnadi paru-paru.
2. Pembuluh (vena)Berfungsi sebagai saluran yang mengalirkan darah kurangberoksigen kembali semula ke jantung kecuali pembuluh paru-paru.
3. Rerambut (kapilari)Merupakan salur halus yang membentuk rangkaian di dalam tisu
tubuh badan. Rangkaian kapilari menerima darah dari salur nadihalus (arteriol) dan mengalirkan darah ke dalam pembuluh halus(venul)
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Darah membentuk anggaran 7%daripada berat tubuh orang dewasanormal.
Orang dewasa yang mempunyai beratbadan 70kg, biasanya mempunyaikira-kira 5 hingga 6 liter darah dalam
sistem biologinya.
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Rehat lagi«. Dah tepu!
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SISTEM TENAGA
Tenaga untuk Aktiviti Fizikal
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Tenaga untuk Aktiviti Fizikal
(a) Kitaran tenaga biologi:
Sumber adenosina trifosfat (ATP)
Sumber aerobik
Sumber anaerobik
(mengetahui konsep penting tentang
tenaga sebagai asas fisiologi senaman)
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6.1 Tenaga untuk Aktiviti Fizikal(a) Kitaran tenaga biologi:
Adenosina Trifosfat: mata wang tenaga
Nutrien daripada makanan menyediakan
sumber potensi utama untuk membentukATP
Tenaga kimia dalam ATP digunakan untukkerja-kerja biologi
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Kerja-kerja biologi
ATP di jana daripada karbohidrat , lemak dan proteins melalui proses katabolisme
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dan proteins melalui proses katabolisme
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ATP juga di jana tanpa oksigen daripada fosfatbertenaga tinggi iaitu kreatin fosfat (CP)
Tenaga daripada CP amat penting ketika transisi daripada keperluan tenaga rendah ke tinggi , seperti
ketika permulaan latihan ketika keperluan tenagamelebihi bekalan daripada pemecahan makronutrienyang tersimpan
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Semasa senaman terdapat tiga sumber
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Semasa senaman, terdapat tiga sumbertenaga : Tenaga Semerta: sistem ATP-CP
Tenaga Jangka Pendek: Sistem Asid Laktik Tenaga Jangka Panjang : Sistem Aerobik
Secara relatif, sumbangan tenaga anaerobikdan aerobik semasa senaman berubahmengikut jangka masa dan intensiti latihan
Memahami keperluan tenaga pelbagai aktivitisukan dan membentuk sistem yang betuladalah penting. Ia menjelaskan kenapa : Pemegang rekod dunia dalam acara larian
1 batu tidak semestinya pelari jarak jauhterhandal
Ramai pelari maraton yang tidak dapatmenamatkan larian 1 batu dalam tempohkurang drpd 4 minit, tetapi dapatmenamatkan larian 26 batu pada puratakelajuan 5 batu sejam.
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KESIMPULAN
Seseorang jurulatih harus memahamitentang pergerakan tubuh:
Memanipulasikan sistem di dalamnyauntuk tujuan memberikanpersembahan dan pencapaian yang
maksimum dalam sukan.
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SEKIAN
If You Think Learning Is
Expensive, Try Ignorance!