anatomi fisiologi-pencernaan2 (1)
TRANSCRIPT
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ANATOMI & FISIOLOGI SISTEM PENCERNAAN
Dr.Rauf
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Digestive System
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Organ GI
A. Mulut Mengunyah : pemecahan
partikel besar menjadi kecil
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Kelenjar saliva
Sekresi mukus ke dalam mulut Fungsi membasahi & melumas partikel
makanan sebelum di telan
Disekresi 3 kelenjar eksokrin a. Parotis b. Submandibularis c. Sublingualis
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Saliva
Mengandung enzim pencernaan a. Lipase lingual : di sekresi kel. Ebner lidah - Aktif di lambung, mencerna 30% lemak makanan
b. Ptialin/amilase saliva ( di sekresi kel. Saliva) - Mencerna tepung, ph 6,7, - Dihambat asam lambung
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Kandungan saliva
Musin : bahan organik jika bercampur air membentuk larutan kental ( viskous)
MukusAnorganik : Na, K, Cl, bokarbonat1500 cc saliva / hari99,5% air, 0,5% protein & elektrolit
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Fungsi saliva
Memudahkan proses menelanMembasahi mulut, membantu proses
bicaraMelarutkan molekul yang merangsang
reseptor kecap
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Fungsi saliva
Anti bakteriMempertahankan Ph mulut ( 7,0)
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B. Faring & esofagus
Tidak ikut serta dalam proses pencernaan
Jalur masuk makanan & minuman ke lambung
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B. Faring & esofagus
Motilitas segmen ini berkaitan dengan proses menelan, karena perangsangan reseptor dinding faring oleh bolus.
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C. Lambung
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C. LAMBUNG / GASTER
Kantung muskuler terletak antara esofagus & usus
Bagian korpus & fundus ( berdinding tipis)
Sekresi mukus, asam HCL, proenzim pepsinogen, faktor instrinsik ( castle)
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C. Lambung
Bagian bawah lambung : antrum mempunyai otot lebih tebal
Sekresi hormon gastrin
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HCl lambung
Memecah partikel makanan Membentuk larutan molekul yang
disebut KIMUSTidak mampu memecah protein & lemakMemusnahkan bakteri yang masuk
lambung ( tidak efektif 100%)
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Fungsi lambung
Menyimpan , melarutkan & mencerna parsial makanan yang masuk lambung.
Meneruskan makanan ke usus untuk di absorbsi secara maksimal
Produksi enzim pepsin : memecah ikatan peptida
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Sel mukosa lambung
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D. Usus Halus
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Internal Usus halus
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Usus Halus
Diameter ± 4 cmMulai dari lambung sampai usus besarPanjang 275 cm3 segmen : duodenum, jejenum, ileumMempunyai banyak lipatan/ vili
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Usus halus
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Fungsi usus halus
Absorbsi bahan makananBerlangsung terutama di duodenum &
jejenumAbsorbsi cairan elektrolit
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vili
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Vilus
Pusat vilus berisi pembuluh limfe yang buntu
Lakteal, kapiler merupakan cabang arteriola serta bermuara ke venula
Setiap 5 hari diganti
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Absorbsi usus halus
KarbohidratHasil akhir pencernaan : monosakarida
( glukosa,galaktosa, fruktosa)
Transfort aktifTidak perlu insulin
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Liur usus halus
Mukosa usus halus terdapat kelenjar Brunner ( duodenum)
Hasilkan mukus Melindungi mukosa duodenum dari iritasi HCl
& pepsin Kelenjar intestinal/ crypte Lieberkuh Produksi enzim, cairan isotonik
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1. Mukosa
Mulai dari lambung Mukosa : sel epitel : sekresi mukus & hormon Invaginasi jaringan epitel kedalamnya
membentuk kelenjar eksokrin Kelenjar eksokrin : sekresi asam, enzim, ion-
ion kedalam lumen
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Sistem Pencernaan
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Lamina Propia
Di bawah lapisan epitel Jaringan ikat : dilalui pembuluh darah kecil,
serat saraf & saluran limfe
Lamina propria dipisahkan jaringan ikat di bawahnya oleh suatu lapisan tipis otot polos yaitu muskularis mukosa
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2. Sub Mukosa
Jaringan ikat kedua dibawahnya Lapisan ini dilalui pembuluh darah & limfe
lebih besar, cabangnya menembus lapisan mukosa diatas &lapisanotot di bawahnya
Terdapat jala saraf disebut pleksus sub mukosa ( meissner)
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3. Muskularis Eksterna
Jaringan otot polos Kontraksinya menimbulkan gaya mendorong
& memindahnkan isi saluran GI
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3. Muskularis Eksterna
Terdiri 2 lapisan a. Otot sirkuler : sebelah dalam, tebal,
kelilingi lumen, jika kontraksi lumen menyempit
b. Otot longitudinal : sebelah luar , lebih tipis, bila kontraksi saluran GI memendek
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3. Muskularis Eksterna
Diantara kedua otot polos terdapat pleksus saraf lain yang lebih eksentif yaitu:
a. Pleksus mienterikus (AUERBACH) b. Pleksus sub mukosa c. Pleksus mienterikus/ intramural d. Neuron lain di Saluran GI membentuk
sistem saraf enterik
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4. Serosa
Selapis jaringan ikat , diliputi sel gepeng , mengelilingi permukaan luar saluran GI
Sekresi cairan serosa, untuk membasahi & mencegah gesekan dengan organ lain
Lembar jaringan ikat tipis2 ( Mesenterium,), hubungkan serosa ke dinding abdomen, menopang segmen GI ke rongga abdomen
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Hati
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Fungsi Hati
Sekresi empedu Sekresi sel epitel saluran empedu
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Kelenjar eksokrin GI
Kelenjar Saliva Hati Pankreas
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HATI
HATI
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SEL HATI
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Kandung empeduKandung empedu
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Liur pencernaan yang dialirkan ke usus halus
Liur Pankreas Empedu: Liur usus halus
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Kelenjar empedu
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Liur Pankreas
1500 cc / hari Bikarbonat, elektrolit: Na,K,Cl,enzim Pengaturan sekresi melalui pengendalian
hormon
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Empedu
Air 97%, garam empedu 0,7%, pigmen empedu ( 0,2%), kolesterol, garam anorganik, as. Lemak, lesitin, fosatase alkalis
Fungsi memudahkan pencernaan & absorbsi lemak
Aktikan lipase
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Protein
Hasil akhir pencernaan protein : as. Amino
Transort aktif
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Lemak
Hasil akhir pemecahan lemak: asam lemak bebas, gliserol, monogliserioda
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USUS besar
USUS BESAR
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Fungsi Usus besar
Menyerap air & elektrolitMenyimpan bahan feses saat
defikasi
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Gangguan usus
KonstipasiMegakolonDiare
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Usus besar
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ANUS
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Aktivitas sekresi dan mencerna
Kontrol sekresi dan komposisi cairan
Enzim pencernaan
Kontrol sekresi enzim
Faktor ang mempengaruhi aktivitas enzim