영어논문 작성법

성균관의대 삼성서울병원 영상의학과

이 경 수

ContentsContents

•• Why should we write SCI papers?Why should we write SCI papers?

•• How can we write a paper in English?How can we write a paper in English?

•• How do we proof read before finally How do we proof read before finally submitting an MS?submitting an MS?

•• To what journal do we submit our MS?To what journal do we submit our MS?

전전 과학분야과학분야 논문논문 수수 년도별년도별 추이의추이의 국가별국가별 비교비교N

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Physics

Chemistry

BiologyEarth and Space ScienceMathematics

Engineering and Technology

Biomedical Research

Clinical Medicine

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우리나라우리나라 학문학문 영역별영역별 SCI SCI 논문논문 비율비율

지난지난 1010년간년간 국가별국가별 연구업적연구업적((SCI)SCI)

순위 국가명 논문수

1 USA 33,212,3082 ENGLAND 6,373,3003 GERMANY 6,102,6424 JAPAN 5,264,7815 FRANCE 4,338,6426 CANADA 3,587,9667 ITALY 2,709,8428 NETHERLANDS 2,206,0979 SWITZERLAND 1,823,353

10 AUSTRALIA 1,821,75711 SWEDEN 1,645,51812 SPAIN 1,529,70813 SCOTLAND 1,001,77714 BELGIUM 982,00215 RUSSIA 870,48516 ISRAEL 864,21417 DENMARK 856,21018 PEOPLES R CHINA 799,41519 FINLAND 733,39120 AUSTRIA 611,48421 INDIA 573,79222 SOUTH KOREA 504,63423 POLAND 453,94024 BRAZIL 433,77225 TAIWAN 430,290

전체 분야NO 국가명 논문수 의학/전체(% )

1 USA 1,121,104 3.382 ENGLAND 270,390 4.243 JAPAN 269,160 5.114 GERMANY 144,567 2.375 CANADA 103,011 2.876 ITALY 82,732 0.037 NETHERLANDS 81,879 3.718 SPAIN 76,524 5.009 FRANCE 72,684 1.68

10 AUSTRALIA 69,985 3.8411 SWEDEN 61,530 3.7412 ISRAEL 56,845 6.5813 PEOPLES R CHINA 39,039 4.8814 TAIWAN 32,162 7.4715 SWITZERLAND 31,702 1.7416 SOUTH KOREA 30,990 6.1417 BELGIUM 30,044 3.0618 SCOTLAND 29,384 2.9319 DENMARK 28,089 3.2820 FINLAND 25,061 3.4221 INDIA 24,163 4.2122 AUSTRIA 23,365 3.8223 BRAZIL 20,922 4.8224 POLAND 20,292 4.4725 RUSSIA 16,090 1.85

의학분야

NO 국가명 논문수 영상/의학(% )1 USA 55,421 4.942 JAPAN 12,079 4.493 GERMANY 10,930 7.564 ENGLAND 6,461 2.395 FRANCE 5,082 6.996 ITALY 4,192 5.077 NETHERLANDS 3,462 4.238 CANADA 3,091 3.009 SWEDEN 2,699 4.3910 SOUTH KOREA 2,663 8.5911 SWITZERLAND 2,058 6.4912 AUSTRIA 1,981 8.4813 ISRAEL 1,935 3.4014 SPAIN 1,821 2.3815 BELGIUM 1,741 5.7916 TAIWAN 1,702 5.2917 FINLAND 1,533 6.1218 PEOPLES R CHINA 1,027 2.6319 AUSTRALIA 907 1.3020 INDIA 895 3.7021 SCOTLAND 761 2.5922 DENMARK 713 2.5423 BRAZIL 548 2.6224 RUSSIA 488 3.0325 POLAND 326 1.61

영상의학 분야

20042004년년 국가별국가별 연구업적연구업적((SCI)SCI)NO 국가명 건수 NO 국가명 건수 영상/전체(% )1 USA 116,668 1 USA 5,443 4.672 JAPAN 27,751 2 GERMANY 1,395 8.453 ENGLAND 27,558 3 JAPAN 1,385 4.994 GERMANY 16,515 4 FRANCE 584 7.375 CANADA 11,004 5 ENGLAND 577 2.096 ITALY 9,916 6 ITALY 543 5.487 NETHERLANDS 9,744 7 SOUTH KOREA 448 7.938 SPAIN 9,111 8 NETHERLANDS 386 3.969 AUSTRALIA 8,002 9 CANADA 321 2.9210 FRANCE 7,922 10 TAIWAN 269 5.8311 PEOPLES R CHINA 7,281 11 SWEDEN 268 4.3412 ISRAEL 6,546 12 ISRAEL 255 3.9013 SWEDEN 6,174 13 SWITZERLAND 253 6.5614 SOUTH KOREA 5,649 14 AUSTRIA 237 7.1415 TAIWAN 4,616 15 SPAIN 231 2.5416 SWITZERLAND 3,859 16 PEOPLES R CHINA 211 2.9017 BELGIUM 3,398 17 BELGIUM 207 6.0918 AUSTRIA 3,318 18 FINLAND 150 5.5119 INDIA 3,305 19 INDIA 132 3.9920 BRAZIL 3,154 20 AUSTRALIA 107 1.3421 POLAND 3,129 21 BRAZIL 102 3.2322 DENMARK 3,038 22 DENMARK 77 2.5323 SCOTLAND 2,886 23 POLAND 68 2.1724 FINLAND 2,722 24 SCOTLAND 55 1.9125 RUSSIA 1,671 25 RUSSIA 53 3.17

2004년도 의학분야 순위 2004년도 영상의학 분야

국가별 SCI 논문 수 및 증가율, 2005논문수논문수 증가율증가율 논문수논문수 증가율증가율

‘‘0505 ‘‘0404 증가율증가율 순위순위 ‘‘0505 ‘‘0404 증가율증가율 순위순위

미국미국 348,686348,686 282,198282,198 23.56%23.56% 99 스웨덴스웨덴 17,33317,333 14,65414,654 18.28%18.28% 2222

영국영국 86,62686,626 64,96464,964 33.34%33.34% 11 브라질브라질 14,87714,877 13,90313,903 7.01%7.01% 3030

일본일본 78,38978,389 70,31470,314 11.48%11.48% 2727 대만대만 13,96613,966 11,45011,450 21.97%21.97% 1111

독일독일 77,81777,817 64,96464,964 19.78%19.78% 1717 벨기에벨기에 13,52813,528 10,92110,921 23.87%23.87% 88

중국중국 53,49553,495 40,70040,700 31.44%31.44% 22 폴란드폴란드 11,92311,923 10,08810,088 18.19%18.19% 2323

프랑스프랑스 52,55352,553 43,86843,868 19.80%19.80% 1616 이스라엘이스라엘 10,44210,442 9,2849,284 12.47%12.47% 2525

캐나다캐나다 44,91744,917 34,75034,750 29.26%29.26% 33 터키터키 10,98310,983 9,0599,059 21.24%21.24% 1414

이태리이태리 42,77342,773 36,03736,037 18.69%18.69% 2121 덴마크덴마크 9,6899,689 8,0858,085 19.84%19.84% 1515

스페인스페인 29,45429,454 24,15724,157 21.93%21.93% 1212 오스트리아오스트리아 9,5609,560 8,0328,032 19.02%19.02% 2020

네덜란드네덜란드 25,20125,201 20,31620,316 24.05%24.05% 66 핀란드핀란드 7,9717,971 7,2277,227 10.29%10.29% 2828

호주호주 24,95324,953 21,39121,391 16.65%16.65% 2424 그리스그리스 7,4047,404 5,9145,914 25.19%25.19% 55

한국한국 23,51523,515 18,49718,497 27.13%27.13% 44 멕시코멕시코 6,2716,271 5,2635,263 19.15%19.15% 1818

러시아러시아 21,30121,301 19,86119,861 7.25%7.25% 2929 노르웨이노르웨이 6,2236,223 5,0855,085 22.38%22.38% 1010

인도인도 19,44519,445 16,00016,000 21.53%21.53% 1313 체코체코 5,8185,818 4,6954,695 23.92%23.92% 77

스위스스위스 17,88417,884 15,02015,020 19.07%19.07% 1919 아르헨티나아르헨티나 5,1745,174 4,6254,625 11.87%11.87% 2626

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지난지난 88년년 간간 44대대 병원병원 연구업적연구업적 ((SCI papers): SCI papers): OverallOverall

2006 4대 병원 SCI Paper Numbers and IFs 비교: Overall

지난지난 88년년 간간 44대대 병원병원 영상의학영상의학 연구업적연구업적 ((SCI papers)SCI papers)

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2006 4대 병원 SCI Paper Numbers and IFs비교: Radiology

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삼성서울병원 서울대병원 아산병원 세브란스

근골격

뇌신경

복부

비뇨생식

소아

심혈관

유방, 갑상선

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2007 4대 병원 Radiology SCI Paper: Subspecialty 별 비교

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근골격 뇌신경 복부 비뇨생식 소아 심혈관 유방, 갑상선 중재 흉부 기타

삼성서울병원

서울대병원

아산병원

세브란스

Money

우수논문우수논문 지원제도지원제도

•• SCI or SCI(e) paper; 130SCI or SCI(e) paper; 130만원만원, 80, 80만원만원

•• Dream project; IF > 20, Dream project; IF > 20, 연구비연구비 11억억

•• Star project; IF > 10, Star project; IF > 10, 연구비연구비 3,0003,000만원만원

Impact Factor (I.F.)Impact Factor (I.F.)

•• 학술지학술지 인용도인용도 평가평가 지표지표

•• 2007 2007 I.F. = 2005, 2006I.F. = 2005, 2006년에년에 출판된출판된 논문의논문의

20072007년년 인용인용 건건/ 2005, 2006/ 2005, 2006년에년에 출판된출판된 논문논문 수수

•• ISI Thompson ISI Thompson 사사 매매 년년 Journal Citation Journal Citation

ReportsReports를를 CDCD--ROM ROM 형태로형태로 발표발표

영문영문 표현표현

•• 왕도는왕도는 없음없음; ; 반복된반복된 표현의표현의

훈련과훈련과 느끼기느끼기

•• Dehumanizing Dehumanizing 주어주어 시의시의

동사동사 조합조합

•• 어색하다고어색하다고 생각하면생각하면 큰큰 사전사전

•• Your beginning will seem humble, but Your beginning will seem humble, but prosperous will your future be. prosperous will your future be.

•• Why do you look at the speck of sawdust in Why do you look at the speck of sawdust in your brotheryour brother’’s eye and pay no attention to s eye and pay no attention to the plank in your own eye? the plank in your own eye?

•• To act justly, to love mercy, and to walk To act justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with your God humbly with your God

•• Forgetting what is behind and straining toward Forgetting what is behind and straining toward what is ahead. I press on toward the goal to what is ahead. I press on toward the goal to win the prize.win the prize.

Job 8:7Job 8:7

Matthew 7:3Matthew 7:3

Micah 6:8Micah 6:8

Philippians 4:13Philippians 4:13--1414

You may hear disgrace comments You may hear disgrace comments from reviewersfrom reviewers

•• ‘‘English is tortured by authors.English is tortured by authors.’’

•• ‘‘Ideas become garbled with extraneous Ideas become garbled with extraneous concepts or words.concepts or words.’’

•• ‘‘Some were dismissed or addressed very Some were dismissed or addressed very perfunctorily.perfunctorily.’’ or or ‘‘Authors chose to make Authors chose to make relatively cosmetic changes.relatively cosmetic changes.’’

Sonography diagnosed small hepatocellular Sonography diagnosed small hepatocellular carcinoma carcinoma

Sonography enabledSonography enabled the diagnosis of small the diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinomahepatocellular carcinoma

주어가주어가 사람이사람이 아니면아니면 allow, enable, help, make, allow, enable, help, make, permit, provide, supplypermit, provide, supply 등의등의 단어로단어로 시작시작

국어와국어와 영어의영어의 표현표현 차이차이 인정인정

Amorphous gas collection at enlarged mediastinal Amorphous gas collection at enlarged mediastinal nodes in patients with TB lymphadenitis suggests nodes in patients with TB lymphadenitis suggests the esophagonodal fistulathe esophagonodal fistula

Amorphous gas collection at enlarged mediastinal Amorphous gas collection at enlarged mediastinal nodes in patients with TB lymphadenitis suggests nodes in patients with TB lymphadenitis suggests the presencethe presence of esophagonodal fistula of esophagonodal fistula

Small amountSmall amount of unilateral (n = 2) and of unilateral (n = 2) and bilateral (n = 1) bilateral (n = 1) pleural effusionpleural effusion was was associatedassociated

Small pleural effusions were present,Small pleural effusions were present,unilateral in one patient and bilateral in unilateral in one patient and bilateral in the other two patients the other two patients

Medical ArticleMedical Article

•• Expository to communicate (Expository to communicate (통신용통신용 해설해설))

•• Unity, coherence, clarity, brevity (Unity, coherence, clarity, brevity (통일성통일성, , 일관성일관성, , 명확성명확성, , 간결성간결성) )

•• Definite, concrete, specific (Definite, concrete, specific (확실히확실히, , 구체적으로구체적으로, , 명확히명확히))

연구과제연구과제

•• 세상은세상은 불확실로불확실로 가득함가득함; ; 주제에주제에 대한대한 결과결과

제시로제시로 불확실한불확실한 사실에사실에 해답해답 제시제시

•• 타당한타당한 연구주제로의연구주제로의 변환변환

연구과제의연구과제의 발단발단

•• 경험을경험을 바탕으로바탕으로 ((build on experience)build on experience)

•• 새로운새로운 사고에사고에 항상항상 기민하게기민하게 ((be alert to new be alert to new ideas)ideas)

•• 상상력을상상력을 가두지가두지 말아야말아야 ((keep imagination keep imagination roaming)roaming)

훌륭한훌륭한 연구과제의연구과제의 특징특징

•• 수행가능성수행가능성 ((feasible)feasible)

•• 흥미유발성흥미유발성 ((interesting)interesting)

•• 색다름색다름 ((novel)novel)

•• 타당성타당성 ((relevant)relevant)

•• 윤리성윤리성 ((ethical)ethical)

Recommended ApproachRecommended Approach

•• Prospective rather than retrospectiveProspective rather than retrospective

•• Simple rather than complicatedSimple rather than complicated

•• Cooperative (MultiCooperative (Multi--institutional)institutional)

•• More discussion with your colleaguesMore discussion with your colleagues

Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy: STARD

Radiology 2003;226:24-28

To Be Accepted (AJR Reviewer Sheet)To Be Accepted (AJR Reviewer Sheet)

•• Cogent (Cogent (설득력설득력), ), persuasive (persuasive (설득력설득력), ), facile (facile (쉬운쉬운), ), unassailable (unassailable (비난비난 받지받지 않을않을), ), rigorous (rigorous (정확한정확한))

•• Modest (Modest (신중한신중한), ), precise, terse (precise, terse (간결한간결한))

•• Germane (Germane (적절한적절한), ), pertinent, coherent (pertinent, coherent (일관성일관성), ), clearclear

•• Not sloppy (Not sloppy (너저분하지너저분하지 않은않은), ), not hobbled (not hobbled (절름거리지절름거리지 않는않는) ) or or not obscurenot obscure

Cf. Unconvincing, errorCf. Unconvincing, error--ridden, fragmented, illogical, conjecturalridden, fragmented, illogical, conjectural

How to Review Radiology Manuscript

Radiology 2007;244:7-11

PreliminariesPreliminaries

•• Make oneMake one-- or twoor two--sentence summary of your sentence summary of your message (Summary Statement in message (Summary Statement in RadiologyRadiology))

•• Can you explain your work aloud to colleague, Can you explain your work aloud to colleague, your spouse, your teenyour spouse, your teen--age offspring, to your age offspring, to your chief?chief?

•• If find exciting, proceed immediately before If find exciting, proceed immediately before someone else may publish firstsomeone else may publish first

Major Elements of PaperMajor Elements of Paper

•• IntroductionIntroduction

•• Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods

•• ResultsResults

•• DiscussionDiscussion

Provenzale AJR 2007;188:1179-1182

10 10 Principles to Improve Likelihood of Principles to Improve Likelihood of Publication of Scientific MsPublication of Scientific Ms

•• Properly organize Ms (Properly organize Ms (원고원고 구성을구성을 잘하자잘하자))•• Clearly state study questions and rationale Clearly state study questions and rationale

((연구하는연구하는 이유와이유와 그그 이론적이론적 근거를근거를 명확히명확히))•• Explain M & M in systemic manner (Explain M & M in systemic manner (방법을방법을체계적으로체계적으로 설명설명))

•• Structure M & M and results sections in similar Structure M & M and results sections in similar manner (manner (방법과방법과 결과를결과를 같은같은 방법으로방법으로 기술기술))

•• Make discussion section concise (Make discussion section concise (고찰을고찰을 간단히간단히))

Provenzale AJR 2007;188:1179-1182

10 10 Principles to Improve Likelihood of Principles to Improve Likelihood of Publication of Scientific MsPublication of Scientific Ms

•• Explain if Explain if –– and whyand why-- your study results are important your study results are important ((왜왜 이이 연구의연구의 결과가결과가 중요한지중요한지 기술기술))

•• Avoid Avoid overinterpretationoverinterpretation of results (of results (결과의결과의 과장해석은과장해석은 금물금물))

•• Explain limitation of study (Explain limitation of study (영구의영구의 제한점제한점 나열나열))

•• Account for unexpected results (Account for unexpected results (부산물부산물 결과를결과를 적절히적절히 설명설명))

•• Fully incorporate reviewersFully incorporate reviewers’’ suggestions into revised Ms suggestions into revised Ms ((심사자의심사자의 지적사항을지적사항을 논문교정논문교정 시시 적극적극 반영반영))

Provenzale AJR 2007;188:1179-1182

1. 1. Proper Organization of MsProper Organization of Ms

•• Methods and results; most fundamental elements Methods and results; most fundamental elements ((방법과방법과 결과가결과가 가장가장 기본적이고기본적이고 중요한중요한 요소요소))

•• Data collection and Ms organization as two facets Data collection and Ms organization as two facets of same process (of same process (자료수집과자료수집과 원고정리는원고정리는 같은같은 과정의과정의다른다른 모습모습))

•• Formulate M & M section while study is in Formulate M & M section while study is in progress (progress (연구가연구가 진행되는진행되는 동안동안 방법을방법을 고안고안))

2. 2. Clearly State Study Questions and Clearly State Study Questions and RationaleRationale

•• Rationale; why authors do start this study Rationale; why authors do start this study ((저자저자 들이들이 이이 연구를연구를 시작한시작한 근본근본 이유이유) )

•• Review of recent articles on topic; brief Review of recent articles on topic; brief HxHx((제목과제목과 관련된관련된 최근최근 연구연구 동향과동향과 배경의배경의 간단한간단한 설명설명))

•• Clear declaration of Clear declaration of research hypothesis or research hypothesis or study goalstudy goal in Introduction (in Introduction (영구영구 가설과가설과 목표를목표를분명히분명히 밝혀야밝혀야))

IntroductionIntroduction

•• LeadLead--in sectionin section

•• Objective or purposeObjective or purpose

•• Bit of backgroundBit of background

•• State hypothesis of paperState hypothesis of paper

•• Make short (Make short (22--10 sentences or < 1 and 10 sentences or < 1 and 1/2 pages1/2 pages))

3. 3. Explain M & M in Systemic MannerExplain M & M in Systemic Manner•• Enumerate steps in data acquisition and analysis Enumerate steps in data acquisition and analysis

((자료수집과자료수집과 분석의분석의 과정을과정을 하나하나하나하나 기술기술))•• Write M & M section as if one were providing Write M & M section as if one were providing

recipe (recipe (요리법을요리법을 기술하듯기술하듯 방법방법 기술기술))•• Each participant writes account of steps as being Each participant writes account of steps as being

performed (performed (각각 참여자가참여자가 진행과정을진행과정을 기술기술))•• Allow reviewer to digest M & M section in small Allow reviewer to digest M & M section in small

segment (segment (심사자가심사자가 방법을방법을 부분부분 부분부분 이해하도록이해하도록 기술기술))•• Mention of reasons for use of particular imaging Mention of reasons for use of particular imaging

analysis or statistical package (analysis or statistical package (특별한특별한 도구와도구와 통계법을통계법을쓴쓴 이유를이유를 설명설명))

•• Fairly dense and dry!!Fairly dense and dry!!

Literary or fancy; out of place (inappropriate) Literary or fancy; out of place (inappropriate)

•• Anticipate questions and objections from reviewerAnticipate questions and objections from reviewer

–– Reviewers have been down this road beforeReviewers have been down this road before

–– Reviewers check if you fall into trapsReviewers check if you fall into traps

–– Disappoint reviewers if you canDisappoint reviewers if you can

Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods

•• Who or what was examined? What was Who or what was examined? What was done? done? -- in detail and spell out designin detail and spell out design

•• How you maintain objectivity and avoid How you maintain objectivity and avoid biasbias

•• Statistical methodsStatistical methods

Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods

4. 4. Structure M & M and Results Structure M & M and Results Sections in Similar MannerSections in Similar Manner

•• Results section in parallel manner to M & M section; Results section in parallel manner to M & M section; same subheadings in both sections (same subheadings in both sections (결과는결과는 방법과방법과 같이같이소제목소제목 별로별로))

•• Determine Determine priority of importancepriority of importance and best order; similar and best order; similar manner to logical argument supporting onemanner to logical argument supporting one’’s hypothesis s hypothesis ((자기자기 가설을가설을 증명할증명할 때처럼때처럼 중요한중요한 순으로순으로 기술기술))

•• Clear and unambiguous results, then uncertain Clear and unambiguous results, then uncertain significance (significance (명확하고명확하고 확실한확실한 결과부터결과부터 이후이후 확실하지확실하지 않은않은 결과결과순으로순으로))

Methods and ResultsMethods and Results

•• Pts enrolmentPts enrolment

•• Demographic evaluationDemographic evaluation

•• Image acquisition and Image acquisition and analysesanalyses

•• HRCTHRCT--path comparisonpath comparison

•• Statistical analysesStatistical analyses

•• Histologic Histologic DxDx and and demographic findingsdemographic findings

•• HRCT HRCT FxsFxs

•• HRCTHRCT--path comparisonspath comparisons

•• Nodal status and F/U Nodal status and F/U evaluation in Pts with BAC evaluation in Pts with BAC or or adenoCaadenoCa with BAC with BAC componentscomponents

Methods Results

ResultsResults

•• Heart of paperHeart of paper

•• Facts, unadorned Facts, unadorned

•• Clarity and brevityClarity and brevity

•• Be quantitative if at all possibleBe quantitative if at all possible

•• Give statistical significanceGive statistical significance

5. 5. Make Discussion Section ConciseMake Discussion Section Concise

•• Summarize Summarize FxsFxs, explain importance against previous , explain importance against previous publications, and indicate future study direction (publications, and indicate future study direction (소견소견정리하고정리하고 이이 전과전과 다른다른 이유를이유를 설명하고설명하고 다음다음 연구연구 방향방향 설정설정))

•• Allow Allow main main FxsFxs and importance of studyand importance of study to be to be evident and not hidden within unnecessary lengthy evident and not hidden within unnecessary lengthy discussion (discussion (주주 소견의소견의 중요성을중요성을 명확히명확히 기술해기술해 쓸데없는쓸데없는고찰에고찰에 묻히지묻히지 않게않게))

•• Review discussion section and minimize its length Review discussion section and minimize its length ((고찰고찰 부분을부분을 다시다시 읽어읽어 길이를길이를 줄이도록줄이도록))

•• Little literary creativity, but not muchLittle literary creativity, but not much

•• Sentence or very short paragraph for Sentence or very short paragraph for background background -- but do not repeat introductionbut do not repeat introduction

•• Relate your results to othersRelate your results to others’’ workwork

–– What is new and important?What is new and important?

–– What are its implications?What are its implications?

DiscussionDiscussion

6. 6. Explain If Explain If –– and Whyand Why-- Your Study Your Study Results Are ImportantResults Are Important

•• Clearly state clinical and scientific implications; Clearly state clinical and scientific implications; to what extent study question answered and to what extent study question answered and advance in knowledge advance in knowledge ((의문이의문이 풀린풀린 것것 그리고그리고 지식의지식의발전에발전에 대한대한 임상적임상적 과학적과학적 의미를의미를 명확히명확히 설명설명))

•• With a few sentences; placed early in Discussion With a few sentences; placed early in Discussion section (section (고찰의고찰의 가장가장 앞앞 부분에부분에 기술기술))

•• Push reviewers from neutral stance toward your Push reviewers from neutral stance toward your Ms to positive stance (Ms to positive stance (심사자의심사자의 관점을관점을 중립에서중립에서해당연구해당연구 쪽으로쪽으로 돌아서게돌아서게))

7. 7. Avoid Avoid OverinterpretationOverinterpretation of Resultsof Results

•• Show Ms to objective reader before Show Ms to objective reader before submission (submission (투고투고 전전 제제33자가자가 읽게읽게 해해 의견의견 수렴수렴))

•• Use qualifiers such as Use qualifiers such as ‘‘probablyprobably’’ and and ‘‘is likelyis likely’’; ; give careful thought to alternative give careful thought to alternative interpretation (interpretation (‘‘틀림없이틀림없이’’ 혹은혹은 ‘‘가능성이가능성이 높은높은’’ 등의등의수식어를수식어를 써써 다른다른 해석도해석도 가능할가능할 수수 있음을있음을 고려해야고려해야))

•• Avoid speculation (Avoid speculation (추론은추론은 금물금물, , 명확한명확한 자료를자료를제시해야제시해야))

8. 8. Explain Limitation of StudyExplain Limitation of Study

•• Note limitation in order of importance (Note limitation in order of importance (제한점을제한점을중요한중요한 순서대로순서대로 나열나열))

•• Provide Ix of how limitations have affected Provide Ix of how limitations have affected results (results (제한점이제한점이 결과에결과에 미친미친 영향영향 추론추론))

•• Offer suggestions how study might be Offer suggestions how study might be performed differently in future (performed differently in future (다음다음 연구는연구는어떻게어떻게 할할 지를지를 제시제시))

9. 9. Account for Unexpected ResultsAccount for Unexpected Results

•• Acknowledge such results and provide Acknowledge such results and provide reasonable explanation as to why they reasonable explanation as to why they were obtained (were obtained (기대치기대치 않던않던 결과가결과가 도출된도출된바에바에 대한대한 합당한합당한 설명설명))

•• Consider whether unexpected results Consider whether unexpected results provide new insight (provide new insight (기대치기대치 않던않던 결과가결과가새로운새로운 인식을인식을 제공할제공할 가능성을가능성을 고려고려))

•• Be sober and straight forwardBe sober and straight forward

–– DonDon’’t be either boastful or shyt be either boastful or shy

•• Input from colleaguesInput from colleagues

•• Give limitations of your dataGive limitations of your data

–– DonDon’’t wait for reviewers to point out t wait for reviewers to point out the weakness; disarm themthe weakness; disarm them

DiscussionDiscussion

10. 10. Fully Incorporate ReviewersFully Incorporate Reviewers’’Suggestions into Revised MsSuggestions into Revised Ms

•• Opportunity to improve Ms through clarification Opportunity to improve Ms through clarification and simplification (and simplification (단순명료화단순명료화 하여하여 원고의원고의 질을질을 증진증진))

•• Opportunity to make Ms provide maximal clarity Opportunity to make Ms provide maximal clarity and minimal chance for confusion for readers and and minimal chance for confusion for readers and embarrassment for author (embarrassment for author (독자가독자가 혼돈스러워혼돈스러워 하거나하거나저자가저자가 당황해당황해 할할 가능성을가능성을 줄이는줄이는 과정이과정이 되어야되어야))

•• Changes in annotated Ms and in rebuttal letter Changes in annotated Ms and in rebuttal letter ((주석을주석을 단단 교정본을교정본을 만들고만들고 저자의저자의 반박편지반박편지 작성작성))

TitleTitle

•• Short and sweetShort and sweet

•• Clear and specificClear and specific

•• Indicate contentsIndicate contents

•• Two or three keywordsTwo or three keywords

AbstractAbstract

•• Introduction of article to readersIntroduction of article to readers

•• Represent entire paper fairlyRepresent entire paper fairly

ReferencesReferences

•• Relevant, recent, highly selectedRelevant, recent, highly selected

•• Fair and accurate Fair and accurate

•• Right citationRight citation

IllustrationIllustration

•• Reduce number of imagesReduce number of images

•• Anticipate degradation, increase in Anticipate degradation, increase in contrast, and croppingcontrast, and cropping

TablesTables

•• Editors donEditors don’’t like tablest like tables

•• Central to your message and give its Central to your message and give its part of your message better than part of your message better than ordinary text (ordinary text (논문의도의논문의도의 핵심핵심, , 본문본문설명보다설명보다 핵심을핵심을 잘잘 표현해야표현해야))

•• Keep it simple!Keep it simple!

Before SubmissionBefore Submission

•• Ask yourself repeatedly whether you Ask yourself repeatedly whether you would enjoy reading what you have would enjoy reading what you have writtenwritten

•• Revise! Revise! Revise!Revise! Revise! Revise!

•• Continuous input from coContinuous input from co--authorsauthors

•• Check instructions to authorsCheck instructions to authors

Before SubmissionBefore Submission

•• Show paper to spouse, teenShow paper to spouse, teen--age daughter age daughter or son, or chief of departmentor son, or chief of department

•• Ask for comment from your secretaryAsk for comment from your secretary

•• Put the paper aside for a few days and Put the paper aside for a few days and reread it carefully and slowlyreread it carefully and slowly

•• Make small changes for unexpected small Make small changes for unexpected small ways of improvingways of improving

Which Journal?Which Journal?

•• NEJM (I.F. = 51.3)? JAMA (I.F. = 23.2)? NEJM (I.F. = 51.3)? JAMA (I.F. = 23.2)? —— too too high standard for most of ushigh standard for most of us

•• Radiology (I.F. = 5.3)? ER (I.F. = 2.6) AJR (I.F. Radiology (I.F. = 5.3)? ER (I.F. = 2.6) AJR (I.F. = 2.1)? JCAT (I.F. = 1.5)? KJR (I.F. = 1.5)? = 2.1)? JCAT (I.F. = 1.5)? KJR (I.F. = 1.5)?

•• Consider Consider editorial standardeditorial standard and and reproduced reproduced image qualityimage quality

SummarySummary

•• Writing publishable Ms, difficult; needs good Writing publishable Ms, difficult; needs good planning, hard work, persistence (planning, hard work, persistence (채택채택 발표될발표될 논문을논문을쓰는쓰는 것은것은 잘된잘된 계획과계획과, , 열의와열의와 일관성을일관성을 요한다요한다))

•• Following basic principles; competitive advantage Following basic principles; competitive advantage relative to other authors (relative to other authors (기본기본 틀을틀을 유지하면유지하면 다른다른 연구자연구자보다보다 채택에채택에 유리한유리한 연구논문을연구논문을 쓸쓸 수수 잇다잇다))

•• Avoid common errors and increase likelihood of Ms Avoid common errors and increase likelihood of Ms publication (publication (흔한흔한 오류를오류를 피하여피하여 채택채택 가능한가능한 논문을논문을 쓰자쓰자))