(tracheids) (vessel elements) - tracheid vessel element- - -

Secondary xylem (2 )

Anatomy ()

Laminales

Asterids

Rosids

Cam

pan

ulid

s(E

uast

erid

sII)

AsteralesDipsacalesApialesAquifoliales

GarryalesGentianales

SolanalesEricalesCornales

SaxifragalesCaryphyllales

SapindalesMalvalesBrassicalesFagalesCucurbitalesRosales

ZygophyllalesFabales

CelestralesOxalidalesMalpighialesGeranialesMyrtales

SantalalesBeberidopsidales

Gunnerales

BuxaceaeTrochodendraceaeProtealesSabiaceae

Ranunculales

Euptelea

Lam

iids

(Eua

ster

ids

I)M

alvi

ds

(Eur

osids

II)Fa

bid

s(E

urosid

I)

Ceratophyllales

CanellalesPiperalesMagnolialesLaurales

MONOCOTS

Acorus

Chloranthus

AustrobailalesNymphaeaceaeHydatellaceaeAmborella

Core-eudicots

EUDICOTS

EXTENT GYMNOSPERMS

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Basal eudicots

MagnoliidsBasal Angiosperms

()

-

- Canellales (Winteraceae) Amborella

Secondary phloem (2 )

Sieve-element plastid ( )

(A) S-type: . (B) P-type: . (C) (D)

P-type(E) P-type

P

Nodal anatomy ( )

-Leaf gap () leaf trace (), lacuna (leaf trace )

Leaf anatomy ( )

- epidermis (): , , , , , .

- : .

Stomata()

Guard cell ()

Subsidiary cell()

Stem features

NODE the position on a stem where a leaf or bud is or was attached

INTERNODE the portion of a stem between two nodes

AXIL ; the upper angle between a leaf (or any other lateral structure) and the stem to which it is attached

AXILLARY BUD a bud borne in the axil of a leaf (also called a lateral bud)

BUD ; the structure giving rise to a leafy stem, a flower, or both; it may be naked or protected by bud scales or stipules; it may be lateral or terminal

BUD SCALES scale-like leaves that protect the buds

BUD SCALE SCARS scars remaining when the bud scales fall off

STIPULES usually a pair of appendages located at the base of a leaf but may be fused into a ring around the stem; variable in size, shape and texture; serves for protection or to attract pollinators

Sporophyte () sporangium ()spore () .

heterospore (): - megaspore ():

megasporangium () - microspore ():

microsporangium ()

Gametophyte () gametangium () gamet () .

- egg archegonium () .- sperm antheridium () .

Ovule () megasporangium () integument () .

- funiculus () micropyle () ovule

megasporangium wall = nucellus ()

()

Embryology (())

()

=

Friedman 2006 Nature

Vast majority of angiosperms

Amborella

2 Amborella 3 Nature Amborella

Laminales

Asterids

Rosids

Cam

pan

ulid

s(E

uast

erid

sII)

AsteralesDipsacalesApialesAquifoliales

GarryalesGentianales

SolanalesEricalesCornales

SaxifragalesCaryphyllales

SapindalesMalvalesBrassicalesFagalesCucurbitalesRosales

ZygophyllalesFabales

CelestralesOxalidalesMalpighialesGeranialesMyrtales

SantalalesBeberidopsidales

Gunnerales

BuxaceaeTrochodendraceaeProtealesSabiaceae

Ranunculales

Euptelea

Lam

iids

(Eua

ster

ids

I)M

alvi

ds

(Eur

osids

II)Fa

bid

s(E

urosid

I)

Ceratophyllales

CanellalesPiperalesMagnolialesLaurales

MONOCOTS

Acorus

Chloranthus

AustrobailalesNymphaeaceaeHydatellaceaeAmborella

Core-eudicots

EUDICOTS

EXTENT GYMNOSPERMS

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, , ,

,

, , ,

, ,

, ,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

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,

,

Basal eudicots

MagnoliidsBasal Angiosperms

agamospermy ()1) parthenogenesis ():

egg embryo 2) adventitious embryony

(): ovule embryo sac embryo .

vegetative propagation (): .

Cytology (): chromosome

Diploid (2): 2n Haploid (): n Basic chromosome number ():

( x )eg. Betula x=14

- 2n=4 Haplopappus gracilis (Asteraceae)- 2n=250 Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae)- 2n=1440 Ophioglossum reticulatum (Ophioglossaceae)

Cytology (): chromosome

Polyploidy (): set .Triticum () 6 . 2n=6x=42

triploid, tetraploid, pentaploid, hexaploid

Anuploidy ():

autopolyploidy () allopolyploidy ():

Lantana depressa : 2nLantana camara : 4n

Hybride: 3n

? ( ): 2n : n

: chromosomal banding

Palynology () : 2, 3

: ( monad), 2(dyad), 4(tetrad), (polyad), ( pollinia)

: (10-25um), (25-50um), (50-100um), (100- 200um), (200um)

: ( prolate), (spherical), ( oblate)

(wall stratification): (intine), (exine), (endexine), (ektexine), (basal layer), (columella), (tectum)

: ( psilate), ( foveolate), ( fossulate), ( scabrate), (verrucate), (baculate), ( clavate), ( gemmate), (echinate), ( striate), ( rugulate), (reticulate)

( aperture): (colpus) (pore) , ,

()

=

- Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) -

monosulcate tricolphate

Laminales

Asterids

Rosids

Cam

pan

ulid

s(E

uast

erid

sII)

AsteralesDipsacalesApialesAquifoliales

GarryalesGentianales

SolanalesEricalesCornales

SaxifragalesCaryphyllales

SapindalesMalvalesBrassicalesFagalesCucurbitalesRosales

ZygophyllalesFabales

CelestralesOxalidalesMalpighialesGeranialesMyrtales

SantalalesBeberidopsidales

Gunnerales

BuxaceaeTrochodendraceaeProtealesSabiaceae

Ranunculales

Euptelea

Lam

iids

(Eua

ster

ids

I)M

alvi

ds

(Eur

osids

II)Fa

bid

s(E

urosid

I)

Ceratophyllales

CanellalesPiperalesMagnolialesLaurales

MONOCOTS

Acorus

Chloranthus

AustrobailalesNymphaeaceaeHydatellaceaeAmborella

Core-eudicots

EUDICOTS

EXTENT GYMNOSPERMS

,

, , ,

,

, , ,

, ,

, ,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

, , ,

,

,

Basal eudicots

MagnoliidsBasal Angiosperms

()

Eudicot ()3 3 !

Reproductive biological evidence ( ) (pollination mechanism): , ,

(breeding system): (seed dispersal), (phenology): , , ,

Ecological evidence ( ) , , ,

Geographic evidence ( ) ,

, , , , (center of origin, migration route, distribution, disjunction, biogeographicregion, endemism...)

Physiological evidence ( ) (C3, C4 Cycle, CAM...)

flavonoids, terpenoids, carotenoids, polysaccharides, alkaoids 2 .

Paper chromatography, Thin layer chromatography (TLC), High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Proteinsa. Electrophoresis: band

(allozyme )b. Immunology: -

c. Protein sequencing: cytochrome C, ferredoxin

Secondary metabolites (2 )