anestezija u stomatologiji
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AnestezijaTRANSCRIPT
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1. Opća anestezija – 5%
2. Lokalna anestezija – 95%
ANESTEZIJA STO!ATOLO"IJI
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Definicija opće anestezije#
♦ $ee$zi&ilna 'ep$esija s$e'i(nje)*i+ano) s,staa koja 'oo'i 'o),&itka sijesti- anal)ezije-anezije teop,(tanja i(ića
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Vrste anestezije:
1. inhalacijska (kisik, dušični
oksidul, halotan, sevofluran)
2. intravenska (hipnotici,
barbiturati, sedativi, analetici,
!iši"ni relaksansi)
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In'ika/ije za opć, anestezij, #♦entalno $eta$'i$ane oso&e 0%♦,pala eki3 tkia ,sta
♦ t$iz,s♦ale$)ije na lok.anestetike♦'je/a
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4oplika/ije opće anestezije #♦e3ani+ka o(tećenja z,&i i eki3 tkia♦&$on3ospaza i la$in)ospaza♦
ale$)ije-anailaksija♦3ipotenzija-&$a'ika$'ija-a$itije♦3ipoksija
♦,+nina-po$aćanje-aspi$a/ija♦a$est
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Lo(e st$ane opće anestezije ,
stoatolo)iji ♦&olni+ki t$etan♦
tiski $a'♦p$ip$ea &olesnika 0la&. nalazi- E4"-
6T"
♦op$ea 0$espi$ato$- E4" onito$ oksieta$
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7$e'nosti lokalne anestezije♦ je'nostana 0p$ip$ea &olesnika-op$ea
♦o*e se $a'iti a&,lantno♦ $ijetke koplika/ije
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Lokalna anestezija♦Definicija : To je keijski s$e'stiaizazan p$eki' p$oo8enja ip,lsaae$entni *i+ani laknia (to iaza poslje'i/, ),&itak osjeta i oto$ike ,ine$a/ijsko po'$,+j, anestezi$ano)*i/a pe$ie$no o' jesta p$ijene
anestetika- p$i +e, je sijest i kont$olaitalni3 ,nk/ija potp,no o+,ana.
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I!:ENI;I koji o), 'oesti'o lokalne anestezije#♦e3ani+ka o(tećenja♦
te$i+ka o(tećenja♦ keijski i ne,$olo(ki ot$oi♦ keijska s$e'sta
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Lokalni anesteti/i♦Definicija: keijski spojei koji ,
o'$e8enoj koli+ini i kon/ent$a/iji 'oo'e'o $ee$zi&ilno) p$eki'a *i+ano)ip,lsa
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4a$akte$istike i'ealno)anestetika♦ potentnost♦ &$zi po+etak 'jeloanja♦ niska lokalna i s,stana toksi+nost♦ potp,na $ee$zi&ilnost♦ 'ooljno ',)o 'jeloanje za plani$ani za3at♦
'o&$a topiost , o'i i astia♦ 'oo8enje 'o lok. anestezije &ez o&zi$a na
na+in p$ijene
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#ra$a %ivčano tkiva
♦ *i+ana stani/a# sje(tena , le8nojo*'ini
♦ *i+ana lakna ili akson
0o' le8ne o*'ine p$ea pe$ie$iji
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#ra$a stanične !e!brane
♦&iolek,la$ni sloj lipi'a♦,n,ta$nji i anjski sloj p$oteina♦
kanalići za t$anspo$t nat$ija i kalija
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&unkcija stanične !e!brane
♦p$eno(enje *i+ano) ip,lsa ilipo'$a*aja
♦poten/ijal , i$oanj, < => ?♦ za $ijee po'$a*aja 'olazi 'o
p$ojene poten/ijala < 'epola$iza/ija
0<55 'o @ 5 ?
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'epolarizacija
♦nastaje ,slije' p$ojene poten/ijalaz&o) po'$a*aja
♦'olazi 'o poećane p$op,snosti za ione
Na♦na)li ,lazak Na , stani/, izazia
ak/ijski poten/ijal
♦p$o/es izjene iona o'ija se na6anie$oi +o$ićia , ijelinizi$anilaknia
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epolarizacija
♦ $aćanje poten/ijala , stanje i$oanja♦,lazak iona 4 , stani/,♦
izlazak iona Na na anjsk, st$an, .♦ *i+ano lakno je nepo'$a*ljio
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'jelovanje lokalnih anestetika nastaničnu !e!branu♦pois,j, p$a) po'$a*ljiosti♦
sanj,j, isin, ak/ijsko) poten/ijala♦ sanj,j, p$oo'ljiost♦'oo'e 'o p$eki'a p$oo'jenja ip,lsa
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ačin djelovanja
♦ teorija bubrenja < otapanje anestetika, lipi'no sloj, e&$ane- poećanjep$itiska na zi'oe kanalića i nji3oo
zata$anje 0&enzo/ain♦ teorija specifičnih receptora
<ezianje anestetika na $e/epto$e , Na
i 4 kanalićia
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*e!ijska struktura lokalnih
anestetika!olek,la se sastoji o' t$i 'jela #♦
3i'$oilna sk,pina<,)ljiko3i'$at♦ inte$e'ijsko) aliatsko) lan/a nosila/
este$ske ili ai'ske eze
♦ lipoilne aino sk,pine<te$/.ain
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Vrste lokalnih anestetika
♦+steri
♦!idi
♦
-uinoloni
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+steri
♦'e$iati &enzojee kiseline</o/ain-pipe$a/ain
♦'e$iati aino&enzojee kiseline
< 'o&$o topii < p$o/ain- tet$a/ain-/lo$p$o/ain
< o)$ani+ene topiosti < &enzo/ain
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!idi
♦'e$iati Bili'i'a
a. s a/eto/teno kiselino < BClo/ain
&. s p$opionsko kiselino <p$ilo/ain/. s pipekoli+no kiselino<epia/ain- &,pia/ain-leo&,pia/ain- eti'o/ain
♦'e$iati tioena < a$ti/ain0/Csto/ain♦oBi/in3oni+na kiselina < 'i&,/ain
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Vrste lokalne anestezije
♦po$(inska anestezija < nano(enje napo$(in, ko*e
♦ inilt$a/ijska anestezija < apli/i$anje ,tkio
♦p$oo'na anestezija < $ee$zi&ilan &lok)$ane ili *i/a- epi',$alna i spinalnaanestezija
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roces lokalne anestezije
♦Nastanak &loka#
a. 'i,zija 0k$etanje p$ea lakn,
&. penet$a/ija 0,lazak k$oz st../. $aspo'jela 0k$etanje ,n,ta$ snopa
'. ezanje 0anestetika sa p$oteinia
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/poravak od bloka
♦apso$p/ija 0,lazak , ask,la$ni p$osto$♦p$ojena sje$a k$etanja♦
p$e$aspo'jela 0'o ,'aljeni3 tkia♦ $az)$a'nja 03i'$oliza , plazi i
konj,)a/ija , jet$i
♦ izl,+ianje 0&,&$e)o- eksk$e/ijo i)lo.ilt$.
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'jelovanje anestetika ovisi o
♦ konstanti 'iso/ija/ije 0p4 &li*e pD<&olje♦ topiosti , astia♦
okolno tki,♦ azokonst$ikto$,♦ ezianj, za p$oteine
♦opće stanj, &olesnika
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Vezivanje na proteine
% ',*ina 'jeloanja
in♦
p$o/ain 5 > < F>♦ li'o/ain F5 F> –12>♦&,pia/ain 95 12> –>>
♦a$ti/ain 95 F> <12>
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0ai!alne doze lokalnihanestetika )k) TT?azokonst$ikto$
Sa :ez♦Li'o/ain = <5♦ A$ti/ain =
♦7$o/ain 1 =♦:,pia/ain 2 1
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azradnja
♦Este$i# pse,'okolineste$aza , k$i
♦ Ai'i# konj,)a/ija , jet$i
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zlučivanje
♦Este$i# t,&,la$no eksk$e/ijo
♦ Ai'i# )loe$,la$no ilt$a/ijo
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*o!plikacije lokalne anestezije
♦ azoa)alna $eak/ija 0st$a3<kolaps♦ale$)ijske $eak/ije<$ijetke 01%♦
toksi+ke $eak/ije<+este♦o(tećenja eki3 tkia i *i/a♦4$a$enje
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*ontraindikacije lokalneanestezije♦ale$)ija na lok.anestetike♦
A? &lok II i III st,pnja♦psi3ola&ilne oso&e♦,pale eki3 tkia ,sta
♦ne'ostatak pse,'o – kolineste$aze ,k$i
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Vazokonstriktori
Go'aj, se lok.anesteti/ia z&o)#♦ sanjenja apso$p/ije anestetika<
sanjena toBi+nost♦p$o',*enja 'jeloanja anestezije<',lje
ostajanje anestetika na jest, p$ijene♦
sanjenja k$a$enja
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Vazokonstriktori
♦a'$enalin 0epinep3$in♦No$a'$enalin 0no$epinep3$in♦
7O6 H 0asop$essin
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*o!plikacije
♦nek$oza tkia♦3ipe$tenzija-a$itija s$/a♦
po$ast kate3olaina
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*ontraindikacije
♦3ipe$tenzija-3ipe$ti$eoza-eok$oo/ito♦&olesni/i koji ,ziaj, t$i/ikli+ke
anti'ep$esie i in3i&ito$eonoainooksi'aze
♦ s$+ani &olesni/i♦o&oljenja k$ni3 *ila
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3i!pto!i predoziranja
♦ /$enilo ko*e♦)lao&olja- (, , ,(ia♦
po$ast tlaka i p,lsa♦ stenoka$'ije- a$itije♦ t$eo$- ote*ano 'isanje
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4iječenje
♦ izje$iti 66 i p,ls♦ ko' 3ipe$tenzije 2>>11> D)#
< &lokato$i ala $e/epto$a 0nit$o)lC/e$in
,$api'il<e&$antil < &lokato$i ;a kanalića 0nie'ipin</o$'ipin
< &lokato$i &eta $e/epto$a 0oksp$enolol<
t$asi/o$- atenolol<o$i'ol♦ kisik < ko' ote*ano) 'isanja