nh hng ca Trung Quc i vi ch PolPot

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Ngun:John D. Ciorciari (2013).China and the Pol Pot Regime,ColdWar History,Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 215-235.Bin dch v Hiu nh:Nguyn Th NhungQu kh tng ng h ch Pol Potn nay vn l mt trong nhng kha cnh nhy cm nht trong lch s Chin tranh Lnh ca Trung Quc.T thng 4/1975 n thng 1/1979, Trung Quc l i tc bn ngoi chnh yu ca chnh ph Campuchia Dn ch tn bo. Chnh ph Trung Quc t lu lun c h thp mi quan h thn cn ny, trong khi gii lnh o Campuchia ngy nay li mong mun ti lp mi rng buc gn gi vi Bc Kinh.[1]Tuy nhin, ch nymt ln na li c gi ln khi mt ta n do Lin Hp Quc hu thun m phin xt x cc cu quan chc Khmer tiPhnom Penh. Vo nm 2009, thi im phin ta u tin bt u, pht ngn vin B Ngoi giaoTrung Quc Khng Du (Jiang Yu) ln ting bo v rng nc ny lun thit lp cc mi quan h hu ngh thng thng vi cc chnh ph ca Campuchia v ch Pol Pot ch l mt trong s .[2]Vo nm 2010, i s Trung Quc Campuchia tha nhn rng Trung Quc tng cung cp vin tr lng thc nhng qu quyt chnh ph Trung Quc cha bao gi tham gia hay can thip vo hot ng chnh tr ca Campuchia Dn ch.[3]Mt s nhn vt phe i lp ca Campuchia ln ting ph nhn kin ny, buc ti Trung Quc chu trch nhim mt phn i vi cc v git chc, v c trng hp h cn tuyn b rng Trung Quc n ngi dn Campuchia mt li xin li.[4]y khng phi l ln u tin vai tr ca Trung Quc c a ra xem xt trong phng x n. Vo nm 1979, nh nc Cng ha Nhn dn Campuchia do Vit Nam hu thun thnh lp mt ta n xt x PolPotv ngoi trng Campuchia Dn ch Ieng Sary. Phin ta ny quy hu ht trch nhim v ti c ca Khmer ln Bc Kinh, r rng vi mc ch lm suy gim uy tn ca Bc Kinh khi Chin tranh ng Dng ln ba (hay chin tranh bin gii Vit-Trung ND) bc vo giai on khc lit. Phn xt ca ta n cho rng Trung Quc tng cng t h tr qun s v thit lp mt mng li c vn dy c gim st mi hot ng ca lnh o Campuchia Dn ch, xi gic b l ny tin hnh mt chnh sch dit chng tn khc chng li ng bo chng ta [v] c cuc chin tranh xm lc chng li Vit Nam, ng thi ng vai tr k ch mu ng cm phn ca k hoch ny.[5]D nhng phin ta ngy nay hn s khng a ra nhng nh kin tng t chng li Bc Kinh, nhng cu hi v bn cht v mc nh hng ca Trung Quc ln nh nc Campuchia Dn ch vn cn b ng.Bi vit ny s c gng gp phn lm sng t mi quan h Trung Quc Campuchia da vo vic nghin cu bn cht ca quan h ng minh ngm gia hai nc, cng nh tm hiu mc tc ng ca nhng iu khon ca mi quan h thn hu ny ln nh hng ca Trung Quc trn thc t. lm c iu ny, bi vit s tn dng nhng cuc phng vn chi tit vi cc nhn vt chp bu ca Khmer , nhng ngi st cnh lm vic vi cc quan chc Trung Quc giai on 1975-1979, cng nh cc h s chnh thc ca Campuchia Dn ch cha tng c trch dn trc y ly t Trung tm D liu Campuchia (DC-Cam) v nhng li khai gn y trong cc phin ta xt x Khmer . D nhng ngun t liu mi ny gn nh khng b sung thm thngtinmi no v cc qu trnh hoch nh chnh sch trong ni b Khmer hay B Chnh tr Trung Quc, nhng chng gip chng ta c thm nhng hiu bit quan trng v vic mi quan h ng minh ngm c hai bn nhn thc vtrin khai trn thc t nh th no.Bng chng cho thy quan h i tc ny rt phc tp, trong ni bt l yu t nghi ng ln nhau, v c hai bn duy tr phn ln l do c chung nhng mc ch chin lc v hp tc thc dng hn l gn b v t tng. Trung Quc thit lp tm nh hng to ln trong lnh vc hnh chnh v k thut chuyn mn ti cc a im trng yu trn khp Campuchia. Tuy nhin, nhiu minh chng cho thy kh nng tc ng ca Trung Quc ln cc chnh sch cp cao v an ninh cng nh i ni ca Khmer l khng ln. Mt s cn b pha Trung Quc khng ng vi cc chnh sch ca Campuchia Dn ch v thc gic phi tit ch li, nhng gii lnh o nng t tng bi ngoi ca nh nc ny li kch lit bo v quyn t quyt ca mnh, khin pha Bc Kinh nh phi hnh x tht cn trng, thm ch ngay c khi chnh sch m qung v tn khc ca nh nc Campuchia Dn ch e da kh nng tn ti ca chnh nc ny, gy rc ri cho hnh nh ca Trung Quc vi th gii bn ngoi, v khiu khch Vit Nam gy chin. Nhn thc ca Bc Kinh v li ch chin lc ca mnh khin nh hng ca Trung Quc b suy yu v m ng cho lnh o Campuchia Dn ch chi phi mi quan h ny mt cch ng k. Quan h Trung Quc Campuchia Dn ch l trng hp nghin cu in hnh ca kh nng mt nc yu ginh c nh hng v t ch ngay c trong mt mi lin minh khng cn xng,[6]v thm ch i khi cn c th gy phng hi n ng minh mnh hn ca h.[7]Nhng bi hc ny c ngha rt ln cho quan h i ngoi ca Trung Quc ngy nay.C gng thc y quan h i tcSau chin thng vo thng 4/1975, cc nh cch mng Khmer gn nh t ng tm n Trung Quc. H d nhin ht hi phng Ty. Lin X d c quan h thn hu vi Bc Vit Nam nhng trc khng h tr thc s ho phng cho Khmer trong cuc ni chin Campuchia, v thm ch tng c cn nhc mt tha thun ha bnh nm 1972 i vi ng Dng m nu thnh hin thc chc chn s gip ch cnh hu Lon Nol tip tc nm gi quyn lc ti Campuchia.[8]Ngay sau khi tin vo Phnom Penh, qun Khmer v i s qun Lin X, bt tri cc nh ngoi giao X-vit v dn tng h vo i s qun Php trc xut v nc cng cc v khch phng Ty khng cn c cho n khc.[9]Lnh o Khmer cng gt phng nhng li ngh m phn xy dng mt mi quan h c bit t pha H Ni, do lo ngi Vit Nam m mu p o Campuchia v li ko t nc h vo mt Lin bang ng Dng.[10]Thayvo , lc lng Campuchia Dn ch cn tn cng vo hai o tranh chp m Vit Nam ang nm gi trn Vnh Thi Lan vo u thng 5, khin Vit Nam nh chim mt hn o ca Campuchia v khi to bu khng kh i u ht sc cng thng gia hai nc sau .[11]Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa (sau y gi tt l Trung Quc) cng khng h s hu mt l lch trong sch khi ni n vn gip nhng ngi cng sn Campuchia. Trung Quc tng chng lng cho Hong thn Norodom Sihanouk chng li qun ni dy Khmer sut nhng nm 1960, khng nhit tnh ng h qun ni dy Campuchia (tc Khmer NH) sau khi Lon Nol tim quyn vo nm 1970, v tng n lc xch li gn Hoa K vo giai on 1971-1972.[12]Tuy nhin, Khmer li chn ci m vi Bc Kinh, v l do ch ngha Mao gn vi thin hng t tng ca h hn c, bn cnh cn bi h vn cha sn sng c th t i trn i chn ca mnh. Trung Quc cng nhanh chng chc mng Khmer , nhng khn ngoan nhn mnh trong cc thng co lin quan rng chnh ph mi s c dn dt di tay Sihanouk mt ngi bn thn tn ca Trung Quc vn sng ti Bc Kinh k t khi b Lon Nol o chnh vo nm 1970.[13]Gii lnh o Campuchia Dn ch b nhim Sihanouk vo tr tr nguyn th quc gia trn danh ngha trong mt i hi Quc gia c bit hp t ngy 25 n 27 thng 4 nhng cng pht i tn hiu r rng rng h s khng lm mt con ri phc tng di d bo tr ca bt c th lc bn ngoi no:Lp trng chin lc lu nay ca t nc Campuchia chng ti l kin nh theo ui chnh sch c lp, ha bnh, trung lp, v khng lin kt. Nhn dn Campuchia chc chn s khng cho php bt c mt quc gia no t cn c qun s trn lnh th ca mnh, ng thi kin quyt v dt khot phn i cc th lc bn ngoi c hnh ng can thip di mi hnh thc vo nhng vn ni b ca Campuchia.[14]Tuyn b ngn cm quc gia khc ng qun y l mt li cnh co dnh cho Vit Nam khi vo thi im , vn cn khong 20.000 b i Vit Nam trn lnh th Campuchia,[15]nhng bn cnh lnh o Campuchia Dn ch cng m ch Trung Quc khi cp v vn can thip ni b. Bc Kinh r rng nm bt c tn hiu y. Vo ngy 13/5, mt bn tin ca Tn Hoa X trch gn nh nguyn vn tuyn b ny,[16]v Nguyn soi Dip Kim Anh pht biu rng Trung Quc s lun mt lng ng h cuc u tranh chnh ng ca nhn dn Campuchia cho cng cuc bo v c lp dn tc v ch quyn quc gia.[17]Nhng thc t Khmer nhn thc c rng h cn phi nhn vin tr nc ngoi, ch yu l t Trung Quc.[18]Vo ngy 19/4, trong khi lnh Khmer ang tin hnh tn c Phnom Penh, Ieng Sary cng du n Bc Kinh v m phn vi Trung Quc v mt tha thun cung cp 13.300 tn v kh v s vn chuyn chng qua cng Kampong Saom, thay v bng ng b qua Vit Nam.[19]Bn ngy sau, ng ta tr li Phnom Penh cng mt nhm quan chc v chuyn vin k thut ngi Trung Quc, em theo cc thit b lin lc v nhng trang b ti cn thit cho vic thit lp mt chnh ph mi.[20]u thng 5, c thng tin cho thy Pol Pot b mt n Bc Kinh v cng c nhng cam kt v vin tr kinh t, h tr k thut, v hun luyn qun s t Trung Quc. i li, quc gia ng Nam ny s ng h t tng Ba Th gii ca Trung Quc v hu thun Bc Kinh chng li Matxcva mt tn hiu sm cho thy mi quan h ny s i hi yu t c i c li mt mc nht nh.[21]Cng trong khong thi gian ny, i s qun Trung Quc Phnom Penh m ca tr li, nhng li chng gn y trong phin ta xt x Khmer ca Lin Hp Quc, hay cn c bit n vi ci tn chnh thc l Ta n quc t c bit xt x ti c ca Khmer (ECCC), xc nhn thng tin rng ch Campuchia Dn ch khi cho n cc nh ngoi giao Trung Quc bng thi nghi ng. Vo thng 6/2012, cu quan chc Khmer Khoeum Ngorn khng nh khng lu sau chin thng ca Khmer , ng cng nm cn b khc c iu vo lm vic trong i s qun Trung Quc, vi nhim v l theo st cc v khch.[22]ng gii thch chng ti khng c php ni chuyn vi khch v ch chnh tr, v chng ti khng th t do i li xung quanh. Cc cn b c hun luyn phi cnh gic, thn trng vi nguy c c cc c v CIA tr trn vo bn trong, hn ch ti a trao i vi ngi Trung Quc, v lun bo co gim st ln nhau. Bt c sai st no cng s dn n hu qu l b iu chuyn ra tuyn sau hoc a i ci to, c hai u bao gm mt thi gian di lao ng cng bc trn cc cnh ng, hay thm ch t hn.[23]Li khai ca Khoem bo chng cho nhng bo co trc y ca cc quan chc Trung Quc khc tng lu tr ti y thi k Campuchia Dn ch. H cho bit kh nng tip cn thng tin v nhng din bin ngay bn ngoi ni lm vic ca h, bao gm c nhng v tn st, l ht sc hn ch v phi da vo nhng tin n nghe ngng c cng nh cc bo co c lc gim nhiu phn t nhng ng s v ph t Campuchia.[24]*Clip: Phim ti liu The Killing Field (Cnh ng cht)Nhng du hiu rc ri u tinMc d p dng cc bin php kim ch ln quan chc Trung Quc, nhng r rng nhng thay i chnh sch theo hng cc oan ang din ra. Cc nh ngoi giao Trung Quc khi t chn n Phnom Penh nhn ra th ny gn nh b b hoang v bit c rng gii lnh o Campuchia Dn ch cho tiu hy loi tin t m Trung Quc trc gip in cho h.[25]Thi ca Campuchia Dn ch cn ko Trung Quc vo mt cuc khng hong ngoi giao khng mong mun khi lc lng v trang ca Khmer bt gi mt tu hng khng trang b v kh c tnU.S.S. Mayagueztrn vng bin quc t vo gia thng 5. V vic ny y Trung Quc lm vo th chnh vnh nh bc trn dy, gia mt bn l phi bo v ng minh mi ca mnh v bn kia l trnh b cun vo mt cuc tranh chp vi Hoa K.[26]Thay v gy sc p bt Khmer phi tit ch chnh sch, Trung Quc quyt nh y nhanh h tr cho ng minh cn non yu ca mnh, gi cc tu qun s n cng Kampong Saom ngay sau vMayaguez.[27]Theo Tang Ly, cu cn b Campuchia Dn ch, vin tr kinh t cng bt u v di dng go, xng du, v cc sn phm khc.[28]Nhng con tu t Trung Quc ch 200.000 400.000 tn hng ha vin tr bt u cp cng u n vo mi thng.[29]Nhng chuyn hng u tin bao gm lng ln go cng nhng mt hng dn dng, v n gia ma h nm , theo bo co cho thy, Trung Quc cng bt u cung cp v kh.[30]Cc lnh o Trung Quc nhn nhn vic ng h cho Campuchia l mt bin php phng b quan trng phng mi quan h ang tr nn ngy mt xu i vi Vit Nam ng minh mt thi ca Trung Quc nhng nghing v pha Matxcva trong nhng nm cui cuc Chin tranh ng Dng ln th hai (hay Khng chin chng M ca Vit Nam ND) v ng thi chng li c nguy c b quyn ca Vit Nam ng Dng.[31]Mao Trch ng t ra lo ngi v cc chnh sch ca Khmer . Trong mt cuc hp ti Bc Kinh vo thng 6, ng cnh bo Pol Pot: Anh khng nn sao chp y ht kinh nghim ca Trung Quc, m hy suy ngh theo hon cnh ring mnh. Theo li Mc, l thuyt ca ng y l mt tn ch dn ng cho hnh ng, nhng khng phi l mt hc thuyt. Nhng bn cnh li nhc nh y, Mao cng khen ngi Pol Pot: ch mt ln thc hin m ng t c iu m tt c chng ti tht bi.[32]Mao cng cam kt cung cp vin tr qun s v kinh t tr gi n mt t -la, bao gm 20 triu -la vin tr khng hon li tc thi gi vin tr ln nht trong lch s ca Trung Quc.[33]Bc Kinh mt ln na lp li phn ng tng t vo thng 8, lc ny cc bo co v nhng v thm st Campuchia xut hin ngy cng nhiu. Th tng Chu n Lai, vn ni ting l ngi thc t, khi tip on lnh o Campuchia Dn ch bn ging bnh nhc nh nhng quan chc hng u ca h l Khieu Samphan and Ieng Thirith:Cc anh phi ht sc cn thn, v con ng i ln ch ngha cng sn rt chng gai v nguy him. Nu cc anh c tnh b qua nhng phng cch khn kho v thn trng, th chc chn s khin nhn dn mnh phi hng chu mt tm thm kch Ch ngha cng sn phi nh mt mn qu cc anh dng tng ngi dn, mn qu t do v t ch ton vn.[34]Xt theo cam kt ca Trung Quc trc v khng can thip ni b, th li cnh bo ca Chu n Lai l thng thng nhng cng khng my hiu qu. Theo li ca Sihanouk, nhn chng c mt ngy hm , Khieu Samphan v Ieng Thirith ch p li bng mt n ci y hoi nghi v trch thng.[35]Mao cng nhc nh nhng v khch Campuchia v nhng mi nguy ca u ni b[36] mt cch ni trnh m ch chnh sch ca Campuchia Dn ch nhm gt Sihanouk ra ra quyn lc, thi hi cc cu binh s ca Lon Nol trc y o ng tham gia cch mng, v tn st hoc tng giam nhng cn b thn Vit Nam.[37]Nouth Choeum, th k bo ch ca Sihanouk cng khng nh: Pha Trung Quc t r lo ngi. H ni Khmer qu hp tp [Khmer ] khng c s hu thun ca ngi Trung Quc, nhng ngi cn hn mi nh hin thc ch ngha v mt tin hnh cch mng.[38]D khng c ban lnh o Campuchia Dn ch nhn nhng nhiu v chnh sch ni b, nhng Trung Quc li ginh c hu nh ton b nhn nhng v cc vn i ngoi. Vo thng 8, Khieu Samphan cng nhng ng s pha Trung Quc k kt mt thng co chung phn nh trit ng li quc t ca Trung Quc hin nay m ch s ng h ca Khmer dnh cho cc ni dung ct li trong chnh sch i ngoi quc t ch ngha ca Trung Quc.[39]Khmer cng bt c d ng tin hnh nhng bin php i ngoi thc dng chng li nh hng ca Vit Nam, v d nh theo ui chnh sch xch li gn Thi Lan hoc thit lp ng dy lin lc vi Washington.[40]Ngay c trong lnh vc i ngoi, cc quan chc Campuchia Dn ch tip tc khng nh s c lp, chp nhn mt chnh sch chng ch ngha quc mnh m nhng t chi ng h bt c phe no trong s hai cng quc cng sn ang cnh tranh ln nhau.[41]Xt v nhng n lc khuyn khch kim ch ni b Campuchia, Trung Quc t thnh cng hn. Trung Quc thuyt phc cc lnh o Campuchia Dn ch Sihanouk quay v nc, vi hy vng ng c th to c nh hng n ha, thc y tnh chnh danh quc t ca ch ny, v nng cao uy th ca Bc Kinh nhm i trng vi nhng nhn t thn H Ni trong ch Campuchia Dn ch.[42]Tr li vo thng 9, Sihanouk by t thi bt ng vi chnh sch tn bo ca Khmer nhng tha nhn Ti phi hy sinh bn thn mnh v danh d ca Trung Quc v ngi Chu n Lai, nhng n nhn gip Campuchia v bn thn ti rt nhiu.[43]Tuy nhin, chuyn tr v ca Sihanouk li khng em li nhiu tc dng n ha nh mong mun, do Khmer hu nh giam lng ng v trao cho ng mt vai tr hu danh v thc trong chnh ph. Thay vo quyn lc li nm trong tay y ban Thng v ng Cng sn Campuchia mi thnh lp, bao gm Pol Pot, Nuon Chea v mt s nhn vt khc, trong c c nhng b co ca ta n ECCC l Khieu Samphan, Ieng Sary, and Ieng Thirith.[44]i mt vi thi nghi ng v i khi c thch thc cng khai t pha Khmer , Trung Quc vn tip tc rt vin tr vo y. Khng lu sau thng co thng 8 c k kt, mt i ng chuyn gia t B Quc phng Trung Quc n Campuchia tin hnh mt cuc kho st su rng cc nhu cu quc phng ca Campuchia Dn ch.[45]Vo thng 10, Ph Tng tham mu trng Trung Quc Wang Shanrong n Phnom Penh v cng b mt d tho k hoch vin tr qun s.[46]Trao i thng mi gia hai nc cng tng nhanh, v theo c tnh ca mt cu quan chc Campuchia Dn ch lm vic ti Kampong Saom, c n 80% hng ha nhp khu ca Campuchia l n t Trung Quc trong giai on 1975-1976.[47]Mt cu quan chc khc ca B Thng mi bo co rng i ly my mc cc loi, Campuchia Dn ch thng xuyn chuyn n Trung Quc cc chuyn hng ln gm go, ng cc thnh phm, v nhng nguyn vt liu khc.[48]n ma thu nm 1975, bn cht quan h Trung Quc-Campuchia Dn ch nh hnh r. Gii lnh o bi ngoi ca Campuchia c th sn sng chp nhn vin tr v kinh t v k thut ca Trung Quc nhng kin quyt bo v n cng quyn t do quyt sch ca mnh. V pha Trung Quc, h c th gy sc p mt cch mm mng tit ch nhng hnh ng i qu gii hn ca Khmer , nhng s khng mo him th gn kt ca mi quan h ny bng e da ct vin tr. Robert Ross lp lun, Trung Quc c li ch ng k khi bt tay Campuchia to thnh mt i trng mnh m vi mi lin minh Vit-X ang ngy mt khi sc, v chnh iu ny dp tt mi phn ng chong vng v tc gin ca Bc Kinh trc s tn bo ca Khmer .[49]Hnh ng ca Trung Quc h l chnh sch u tin hng u ca Bc Kinh khi : c gng gi cho anh bn ng minh rc ri khng b sp . Cch tip cn ny gip bin nhc im ca Campuchia Dn ch thnh mt ngun nh hng hu hiu v khin cho mi phn ng bt bnh t pha Trung Quc dn mt i trng lng.B ngoi ng h v iu kinVo thng 2/1976, Wang Shanrong quay li Phnom Penh v k kt mt tho thun vin tr qun s su rng hn m Pol Pot khi ng m phn vi ng Tiu Bnh t thng 6/1975. Theo nh mt ti liu c a ra ti phin ta nm 1979, Wang thng bo vi b trng quc phng ca Campuchia Dn ch l Son Sen rng Trung Quc c k hoch cung cp 320 c vn qun s; thit b radar, pho phng khng, v mt sn bay qun s; bn tu h tng v tu phng ng li; v thit b cho mt trung on tng thit gip, trung on thng tin, ba trung on pho binh d chin, v mt tiu on cu phao cho qun i. Wang cn cho bit Trung Quc s m nhn trch nhim xy dng mt cn c hi qun, sn bay, kho n, v s m rng mt c s sa cha v kh.[50]H tr t pha Trung Quc b ngoi c v khng km theo bt c iu kin rng buc no:Chnh ph Campuchia s ty quyt nh vic s dng cc ngun cung cp v thit b qun s [ca Trung Quc] nh th no v vo vn g. Trung Quc s khng can thip, cng khng p t bt c iu kin hay i hi c quyn no.[51]Vo thng 2/2012, khai nhn ti phin ta ECCC xt x chnh mnh, cu Ph tng b th ca ng Cng sn Campuchia Noun Chea nhn mnh vo tnh cht phi iu kin trong gi vin tr t Trung Quc. ng ni: Trung Quc h tr chng ti v kh, ch yu tip t cc loi v kh hng nh, nhng khng bao gi bn v kh cho Campuchia Dn ch.[52]ng b sung: Khng h c h tr no trong lnh vc chnh tr, Trung Quc ch vin tr n thun v k thut, v d nh gip sa cha cc tuyn ng st, v theo nh ti c bit, mi vin tr t Trung Quc, d l v qun s, hay qun o nhu yu phm u c cung cp m khng c bt k iu kin g di mi hnh thc.[53]Theo , li khai ca Nuon trng khp vi nhng cng b chnh thc ca Trung Quc, d c hai pha u thi phng mc v iu kin thc cht ca vin tr.[54]Vin tr khng rng buc trn danh ngha ny vn khng th gip Trung Quc min nhim vi thi ng vc ca Campuchia Dn ch. Vo nm 1976, hin php mi ca Campuchia Dn ch ti nhn mnh rng Campuchia Dn ch s phi u tranh chng li s can thip di mi hnh thc t bn ngoi vo cc vn ni b, bao gm nhng hnh thc can thip qun s, chnh tr, vn ha, kinh t, x hi, ngoi giao v c trong vn gi l nhn o.[55]Laurence Picq, b v ngi Php ca mt quan chc Khmer hi tng li: sau khi thng co Chu n Lai qua i c pht trn i pht thanh Phnom Penh vo thng 1/1976, cc quan chc Khmer a ra mt ch th nhc nh c ni dung: Chng ta phi d chng Trung Quc. Tt nhin, ta n h rt nhiu, v l mt nc ln, nhng h ang mun bin chng ta thnh v tinh ca h.Vn v vai tr ca Sihanouk trong chnh ph tip tc l mt ngi n cng thng tim n. V hong thn ny ni gin v b giam lng, v bin bn mt cuc hp ca y ban Thng v Campuchia Dn ch vo gia thng 3 cho thy cc lnh o Khmer tm cch kim sot mi nguy ny. y ban kt lun nu Sihanouk t chc, chng ta s khng ng y ri khi t nc. ng ta ri khi y s khin cho tnh hnh tr nn kh khn vi Trung Quc, v quyt nh s tip tc giam lng Sihanouk ti gia.[56]S vic sau din ra ng nh vy, nhng Trung Quc khng h t phn i, c l l do nhng bin ng ni b ca bn thn Trung Quc thi im ny v do s tri dy ca nhm T nhn bang cc oan vo u thng 4.[57]Nhm T nhn bang, vn thanh trng ng Tiu Bnh v ng ra cm quyn trong sut su thng hn lon trc khi Mao qua i vo thng 9 v ng tr li chnh trng vo thng 10, t ra ci m hn cc lnh o tin nhim i vi nhng chnh sch cc oan ca Campuchia Dn ch. Bn cnh , T nhn bang cng c quan im cng rn hn vi Vit Nam, tiu biu nh yu cu Tng b th L Dun bc b ch ngha b quyn ca Lin X, v chnh iu ny a H Ni xch li gn pha Matxcva hn v khin Trung Quc ngy cng ph thuc vo s i trng ca Campuchia.[58]Vo thng 5, bt chp nhng lo s i vi phe thn H Ni ang tri dy trong ni b Campuchia Dn ch,[59]Trung Quc vn chp thun xy dng mt xng sn xut v kh mi mt v tr b mt gn Phnom Penh.[60]Vo thng 6, theo bn bo co ng Cng sn Campuchia gi cho cc ch huy qun s, mt quan chc s qun Trung Quc cam kt Trung Quc s cho vn chuyn xp x 1.000 tn thit b qun s n cng Kampong Saom vo cui thng 6 hoc u thng 7, bao gm hai mi xe tng, mi xe bn tng (semi-tanks), xe qun s, hng chc ngn vin n, cc thit b truyn pht thng tin, vt liu xy dng cc loi, v nhng trang thit b khc.[61]Lnh o Campuchia Dn ch tip tc cho n vin tr t Trung Quc nhng vn lo ngi b ph thuc. Ti mt phin hp ng vo thng 6/1976, mt quan chc cp cao ca ng Cng sn Campuchia ln ting: Nu chng ta khng mnh m v khng nhanh chng pht trin nhy vt, nhng k th bn ngoi s ch chc ch nghin nt chng ta. K th d c dng no th cng u mun nhng nc nh lm y t cho h.[62]Vo thng 7, gii lnh o ng Cng sn Campuchia thng qua K hoch Bn Nm nh hng chnh sch quc gia v lu rng cn phi c s gip v h tr t pha bn b quc t dnh cho chng ta, nhng cng b sung thm rng:Trung Quc c cung cp vin tr, nhng cng khng nhiu nu so vi cc nc khc. y l chnh sch ca ng ta. Nu nc ta i cu khn cc nc khc gip , chc chn phn no s c p li, nhng lm vy s nh hng n lp trng chnh tr ca chng ta. Xin c vin tr t Lin X khng d. Vit Nam vn ang phi quanh qun gn bn xin x Lin X. Chng ta s khng theo chn h. Nguyn nhn l bi, nu chng ta xin h gip , d t hay nhiu, chc chn s c nhng iu kin chnh tr km theo p t ln nc ta.[63]Ngay c trong giai on nn i nm 1977, mt quan chc Campuchia Dn ch gii trnh l do ch min cng tip nhn vin tr lng thc t bn ngoi nh sau:ng-ca[T chc Khmer ] khng mun nghe bt c iu g v vn h tr t bn ngoi v chng ta c nguyn tc c bn l lun lm ch vn mnh ca mnh v da vo chnh sc mnh v ngun lc ca bn thn. Nu chng ta gii phng t nc ca mnh, th chnh xc l do t nc ny cha tng c c lp t nhiu th k nay. Vy ti sao chng ta nh mt c lp v phm gi ca mnh? l bi v ta quen ph thuc vo nhng nc khc. Cc v phi hiu rng nhng ngi ngoi quc khng bao gi cho khng ai ci g. Ln ny c hng trn vn nn c lp, chng ta s khng nh i t do ca mnh tip tc nhn vin tr.[64]Cc quan chc Trung Quc cng c lc tc gin v Khmer t chi nhn vin tr v kin c vn. Khi v quan chc Trung Quc Fang Yi n Phnom Penh vo thng 12/1976, ng khng nh Khmer i qu xa trong vic thc y vic t lc cnh sinh, v nhn thy ch Campuchia Dn ch thm ch cn khng ng n khon vin tr khng hon li tr gi 20 triu -la hng ha m Trung Quc cung cp t nm 1975. Gii chc Trung Quc tin rng Khmer thc thi ch ngha qun bnh v t cng qu .[65]Tuy nhin, bn thn Trung Quc nhn chung vn hnh x theo nguyn tc khng can thip, mt phn do kinh nghim lch s b can thip ca mnh. Sophie Richardson lp lun rng Nm Nguyn tc cng Tn ti Ha bnh ca Trung Quc, trong nhn mnh vn ch quyn, ton vn lnh th, v khng can thip, khin Bc Kinh phi i x vi ch mi ny nh bao ch khc v vn phi phn ng d dt ngay c khi nhng hnh ng tn bo v ng li lnh o t nc sai lm nghim trng ca Campuchia Dn ch tr nn r rng.[66]Vic Trung Quc vn trung thnh vi phng chm ny khng ch n thun l vn nguyn tc. N cn c tc dng gip Trung Quc xy dng nh hng ti cc quc gia ang pht trin, c bit l nhng nc kin quyt bo v ch quyn qu gi ca mnh. Cch tip cn ny vn cn mang li nhiu li ch cho Trung Quc n tn ngy nay.Phn cn li :Anh huong cua TQ doi voi che do Pol Pot.pdf

[1]V d vo nm 2008, cnh st Campuchia phi gii tn m ng cc nh hot ng ang c chng i chnh sch Trung Quc tip tay cho cuc xung t m mu Darfur. Nhm biu tnh t mt ngn uc ging phin bn ca Olympic bn ngoi nh t kht ting c ca Khmer ti Tuol Seng. Ker Munthit, Mia Farrow Confronts Cambodian Police,Associated Press, 19 Jan. 2008.[2]Ben Blanchard, China Defends its Khmer Rouge Ties as Trial Opens,Reuters, 17 Feb. 2009.[3]Kong Sothanarith, China Played No Role in Khmer Rouge Politics: Ambassador,VOA Khmer, 22 Jan. 2010.[4]Antoaneta Bezlova, China Haunted by Khmer Rouge Links, Asia Times Online, 21 Feb. 2009 (trch li lnh o x hi dn s Lao Mong Hay). Tham kho thm Meas Sokchea, Opposition Party President Puts Blame on China, Vietnam for Khmer Rouge,Phnom Penh Post, 18 Apr. 2012.[5]Judgment of the Peoples Revolutionary Tribunal, 19 Aug. 1979, translated and reprinted in Howard J. De Nike, John Quigley, and Kenneth J. Robinson, Genocide in Cambodia: Documents from the Trial of Pol Pot and Ieng Sary (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000), 54546. To n vin dn nhng t liu cho thy Trung Quc c ca ngi v cung cp h tr qun s cho Campuchia Dn ch v chng kin cc bn khai v cc chuyn thm ca nhiu quan chc Trung Quc ti khu vc cc m tp th. Sd., 25557, 40811, 41620.[6]Tham kho Robert O. Keohane, The Big Influence of Small Allies,Foreign Policy2 (1971), 16182; Robert L. Rothstein,Alliances and Small Powers(New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), 2836; Annette Baker Fox,The Power of Small States: Diplomacy in WorldWarTwo(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959), 18082; v John D. Ciorciari,The Limits of Alignment: Southeast Asia and the Great Powers since 1975(Georgetown University Press, 2010), 1822.[7]Tham kho cc ngun: Jacob Bercovitch, Superpowers and Client States: Analyzing Relations and Patterns of Influence, in Moshe Efrat and Jacob Bercovitch, eds.,Superpowers and Client States in the Middle East: The Imbalance of Influence(London: Routledge, 1991), 1719; v Philip Windsor, Superpowers and Client States: Perceptions and Interactions, trong Sd., 4552.[8]Eugene K. Lawson,The Sino-Vietnamese Conflict(New York: Praeger, 1984), 226, 298; v Norodom Sihanouk,War and Hope: The Case for Cambodia(New York: Pantheon, 1980), 97.[9]Sihanouk,War and Hope, 96; v Francois Ponchaud,Cambodge Annee Zero(Paris: Juillard, 1977), 1314.[10]Khieu Samphan,Cambodias RecentHistoryand the Reasons Behind the Decisions I Made(Phnom Penh: Ponleu Khmer Printing & Publishing House, 2004), 4851; Stephen Heder, The Kampuchean-Vietnamese Conflict in David W.P. Elliott, ed.,The Third Indochina Conflict(Boulder, CO: Westview, 1981), 35; William Shawcross,Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon, and the Destruction of Cambodia(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979) 299; v Thu-huong Nguyen-vo,Khmer-Viet Relations and the Third Indochina Conflict(Jefferson, NC & London: McFarland & Company, 1992), 80.[11]Nayan Chanda,Brother Enemy: The War After the War(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986), 33; DK Foreign Ministry, Statement of the Government, 1:14950; v Vietnamese Foreign Ministry, Kampuchea Dossier, 2nd edn. (Hanoi: Vietnam Courier, 1978), 1:67150.[12] Tham khoS tht v quan h Vit Nam-Trung Quc trong 30 nm qua[The Truth About Relations Between Vietnam and China in the Past 30 Years] (Hanoi: Nh xut bn S tht, 1979), 6162.[13]Sophie Richardson,China, Cambodia, and the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-Existence(New York: Columbia University Press, 2009), 84.[14]Karl D. Jackson, The Ideology of Total Revolution, in Karl D. Jackson, ed.,Cambodia, 19751978: Rendezvous with Death(Princeton,NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 41 (dn FBIS IV,May 6, 1975,H2).[15]After Victory: Pointers to a Neutral Future,Far Eastern Economic Review, 9 May 1975, 20; v Peter A. Poole, Cambodia 1975: GRUNK Regime,Asian Survey16:1 (1976), 29.[16]Robert S. Ross,The Indochina Tangle: Chinas Vietnam Policy, 19751979(New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), 45.[17]Sd. (trch dn t FBIS-PRC, 21 Apr. 1975, A24-25). Tham kho thmGreat Victory of the Cambodian People(Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1975), 3.[18]Ian Dunbar with Edith Lenart, Following Pekings Revolutionary Model,Far Eastern Economic Review, 23 May 1975, 2223.[19]Philip Short,Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare(New York: Henry Holt, 2005), 301; Chanda,Brother Enemy, 18, 416 (note 14); v Speech by Wang Shangrong, deputy chief of the general staff of the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army, 6 Feb. 1976, inProceedings of the Peoples Revolutionary Tribunal (Aug. 1979), document 2.5.05.[20]Indochina: Each to His Own,Far Eastern Economic Review, 13 June 1975, 25; v Dunbar with Lenart, Following, 2223.[21]Tham khoThe Chinese Rulers Crimes Against Kampuchea(Phnom Penh: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Peoples Republic of Kampuchea, 1984), 76, 86; v Wilfred Burchett,The China-Cambodia-Vietnam Triangle(London: Zed Press, 1982), 16568.[22]Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, Transcript of Trial Proceedings, Case No. 002/19-09-2007-ECCC/TC (7 June 2012), 97.[23]Sd., 98103.[24]Tham kho cc ngun: Andrew Mertha, Surrealpolitik: The Experience of Chinese Experts in Democratic Kampuchea, 19751979,Cross-CurrentsNo. 4 (Sept. 2012), 68. Tham kho thm Elizabeth Becker,When the War Was Over: Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution(New York: PublicAffairs, 1998), 278 (trong mt nh ngoi giao Trung Quc k cu bo co rng cc nh ngoi giao CHND Trung Hoa b hn ch tip cn v chu canh gc nghim ngt, nhng cng ni thm: Chng ti c nghe v cc v bo lc. Chng ti qu thc c phn on l khu vc nng thn c nhiu ngi cht di tay cc vin chc a phng)[25]Richardson,China, 8485; v Gottesman,Cambodia After the Khmer Rouge: Inside the Politics of Nation-Building(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), 97.[26]Trung Quc khng p ng cc yu cu ca M v gip h gii thot thy th on nhng ni r nu pha M can thip th chng ti chng th lm g. Tham kho Henry A. Kissinger,Years of Renewal(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999), 55464. Mt nh ngoi giao Trung Quc sau ny thut li rng Trung Quc cm thy xu h v thc p gii lnh o Campuchia th tu. Incident in the Gulf of Thailand,Far Eastern Economic Review, 23 May 1975, 22. Trc khi iu xy ra, lc lng pha M tp hp tin hnh mt v gii cu.[27]Indochina, 25.[28]Cuc phng vn ca tc gi vi cu cn b Campuchia Dn ch Tang Ly, lng Trach, Kampong Chen Cheung, Steung, Kampong Thom, 20/3/2003.[29]Ben Kiernan,The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 197579(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), 129 (dn phng vn ca Kiernan vi Sok Sam, Kampong Sam, thng 18/7/1980).[30]Kiernan,The Pol Pot Regime, 12830 (dn mt ngun thi k Khmer v cc bi phng vn vi cc cn b lm vic ti cng vo nm 1975); v Justus M. Van der Kroef, The Cambodian-Vietnamese War: Some Origins and Implications,Asia Quarterly2 (1979), 93.[31]Ezra F. Vogel,Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), 27273.[32]Chanda,Brother Enemy, 16.[33]Short,Pol Pot, 299300; v David Chandler,Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot, rev. edn. (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1999), 106.[34]Richardson, China, 86 (dch t bn gc ting Trung).[35]Sihanouk,War and Hope, 86.[36]Deputy Prime Ministers Khieu Samphan and Ieng Sary Visit China,Peking Review, 22 Aug. 1975, 3.[37]Keng Piao, Report on the Situation on the Indochinese Peninsula,Issues and Studies(Taiwan) 17:1 (1981), 82. Bn bo co ny, cn c bit n vi tn Bo co ca Cnh Tiu, c coi l mt ti liu ni b ca Trung Quc do cc ip vin i Loan dch. Trung Quc n ny vn khng tha nhn tnh chnh thng ca ti liu ny, d hc gi Brantly Womack khng nh rng ng xc nhn tnh xc thc ca n. Brantly Womack, Asymmetry and Systemic Misperception: China, Vietnam and Cambodia during the 1970s,Journal of Strategic Studies26:2 (2003), 119 (note 48).[38]Is Sihanouks Exile Coming to an End?Far Eastern Economic Review, 1 Aug. 1975, 22; v Sihanouks Return, 10.[39]Gareth Porter, Vietnamese Policy and the Indochina Crisis, in Elliott,The Third Indochina Conflict, 78 (dn New China News Agency, 19 Aug. 1975); v Min Chen,The Strategic Triangle and Regional Conflicts: Lessons from the Indochina Wars(Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1992), 132 (dn FBIS-PRC, 18 Aug. 1975).[40]V Thi Lan, tham kho Mike Snitowsky, Phnom Penhs Trade Door Slightly Ajar,Far Eastern Economic Review, 28 Nov. 1975, 20; v Poole, Cambodia 1975, 27. Vo thng 9, B trng Ngoi giao Trung Quc Chiao Kuan-hua thuyt phc quan chc M gp g Sarin Chhak, i din pha Campuchia Dn ch ti Lin Hp Quc, v Sihanouk. Kenton J. Clymer,The United States and Cambodia, 19692000: A Troubled Relationship(London and New York: Routledge, 2004), 110.[41]Kenneth M. Quinn, Cambodia 1976: Internal Consolidation and External Expansion,Asian Survey17:1 (1977), 4354 (c ghi ch cc bi pht biu ca B trng Ngoi giao Campuchia Dn ch Ieng Sary vo thng 10/1975 ti hi ngh Phong tro Khng Lin kt v ti Lin Hp Quc nm 1976).[42]p lc ca Trung Quc dng nh gy nh hng n th cn bng trong mt cuc tranh lun gia cc lnh o Khmer . Tham kho Chandler,Brother Number One, 106; v The End of Prince Sihanouks Holiday,Far Eastern Economic Review, 5 Sept. 1975, 21.[43]Sihanouks Return: Death of a Dream,Far Eastern Economic Review, 24 Oct. 1975, 9.[44]iu l ng Cng sn Campuchia, iu 23, thng qua ti mt i hi ng vo thng 1/1976 (DC-Cam Doc. No. D21227); v Permanent Committee Meeting (2 Nov. 1975), DC-Cam File No. D678; John D. Ciorciari with Youk Chhang, Documenting the Crimes of Democratic Kampuchea, in Jaya Ramji and Beth Van Schaack, eds.,Bringing the Khmer Rouge to Justice: Prosecuting Mass Violence before the Cambodian Courts(London: Edwin Mellen Press, 2005), 221306.[45]Chanda,Brother Enemy, 17.[46]Richardson,China, 8687.[47]Phng vn ca tc gi vi Loy Unn, ti lng Trach, Kampong Chen Cheung, huyn Steung, tnh Kampong Thom, Campuchia, 21/3/ 2003.[48]Phng vn ca tc gi vi Kan, cu quan chc B Thng mi Campuchia Dn ch, ti lng Trach, Kampong Chen Cheung, huyn Steung, tnh Kampong Thom, Campuchia, 21/3/ 2003.[49]Ross,The Indochina Tangle, 74. Tham kho thm Chanda,Brother Enemy, 80 (lp lun rng d c l mu thun v mt o c hay phn i v t tng th cng khng th lm lung lay tinh thn ng h Trung Quc dnh cho Khmer mt s gip da trn nn tng vng chc ca chnh tr thc dng)[50]Trch dn t mt bi pht biu ca Wang Shang Rhung, Ph Tng Tham mu ca Qun i Trung Quc, ti cuc hi m vi Son Sen, 6 /2/1976, De Nike et al.,Genocide in Cambodia, 38283. Tham kho thm Kiernan,The Pol Pot Regime, 132; v Richardson,China, 93.[51]Short,Pol Pot, 30102, dn t mt ti liu lu tr ca Vit Nam, Doc 32 (N442/T8300).[52]Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, Transcript of Trial Proceedings, Case No. 002/19-09-2007-ECCC/TC (8 Feb. 2012), 17.[53]Sd., 1516.[54]Nhm nhn mnh r rng tnh cht quc gia ca cuc cch mng, cm t ch ngha x hi v ch ngha cng sn khng xut hin trong Hin php, trong ly quc k l l c mu vi hnh nh n Angkor Wat mu vng gia, thay v hnh nh sao nm cnh ca ch ngha cng sn. David Chandler, The Constitution of Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia): The Semantics of Revolutionary Change,Pacific Affairs49: 3(1976), 50613.[55]Laurence Picq,Au Dela` du Ciel: Cinq Ans Chez Les Khmers Rouges(Paris: Barrault, 1984), 52. B b sung thm cch quan chc Khmer trng pht b trong mt phin hp t ph nm 1977, ni vi b: B thch Trung Quc v ng c giu gim. Nhng Trung Quc khng phi l bn b thc s, h mun thuc a ha chng ta. Sd., 106.[56]Bin bn cuc hp y ban Thng trc, 11/3/1976, Documentation Centre of Cambodia Doc. Number D7562.[57]Richardson,China, 94.[58]Vogel,Deng Xiaoping, 27375.[59]Ross,The Indochina Tangle, 10708.[60]Kiernan,The Pol Pot Regime, 136.[61]Dear Brother Khieu and Brother Tom, 12 June 1976, Documentation Centre of Cambodia Doc. Number L01291[62]Excerpted Report on the Leading Views of the Comrade Representing the Party Organization at a Zone Assembly, June 1976, reprinted in David Chandler, Ben Kiernan, and Chanthou Boua, eds.,Pol Pot Plans the Future: Confidential Leadership Documents from Democratic Kampuchea, 19761977(New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asian Studies, 1988), 24.[63]The Partys Four-Year Plan to Build Socialism in All Fields, 19771980, reprinted in Chandler et al,Pol Pot Plans the Future, 47.[64]Sokha Boun,Cambodge: La Massue de lAngkar(Paris: Juillard, 1979), 198.[65]Chanda,Brother Enemy, 79.[66]Richardson,China, 8689. Tham kho thm Andrew Mertha, Book Review, China, Cambodia, and the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-Existence,Journal of Asian Studies70: 1(2011), 213.