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2.0 Weather Dynamics Class Notes Fall 2016 Part 2.notebook 1 January 09, 2017 Hail, Dew, Frost Questions Answer in your notes: 1. Starting with water at ground level, describe in your own words how a cloud forms. Include the energy flow that occurs at each stage. 2. Starting with evaporation at or near Earth’s surface, list the changes of state (solid, liquid, gas) that occur in order to form (a) dew, (b) frost, (c) drizzle, (d) snow, and (e) ice pellets. 3. When a jet aircraft flies high overhead on a clear day, you can see a cloud‐like trail, called a contrail, in its path. Suggest a reason for this development.

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2.0 Weather Dynamics Class Notes Fall 2016 Part 2.notebook

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January 09, 2017

Hail, Dew, Frost

Questions

Answer in your notes:1. Starting with water at ground level, describe in your ownwords how a cloud forms. Include the energy flow thatoccurs at each stage.

2. Starting with evaporation at or near Earth’s surface, list the changes of state (solid, liquid, gas) that occur in order to form(a) dew, (b) frost, (c) drizzle, (d) snow, and (e) ice pellets.

3. When a jet aircraft flies high overhead on a clear day, you can see a cloud‐like trail, called a contrail, in its path. Suggest a reason for this development.

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January 09, 2017

5. Prevailing Winds

Winds• Wind is a movement of air in the atmosphere.•  Some winds are local or regional (they occur 

in a fairly small area), while others are major winds patterns (covering much larger areas).

• Winds that affect large areas of the planet are called prevailing winds. They affect weather and climate globally. 

• Prevailing winds are caused by a combination of convection currents and Earth's rotation. 

Convection in Air

Convection in Air: moves heat energy from the equator toward the poles.

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3. Earth's Rotation

No Rotation: Rotation:

• Convection causes air warmed at the equator to rise and flow up and toward the poles. 

• Cool air rushes in along the surface from the poles toward the equator to replace the warm air that rose up.

• Because Earth rotates (day/night), the wind is deflected off course (twisted). This is called the Coriolis Effect. >If Earth didn't rotate, we'd only experience wind blowing from the poles to the equator.

5. Prevailing Winds

• Low‐pressure when air rises >Fewer air particles

  – Weather:

• High Pressure when air falls >More air particles

  –Weather:

Winds: Pressure Difference

• Matter always flows from areas of high to low pressure.• This is why we get convection currents ‐ cool air is drawn back along the surface toward areas of lower pressure, where it gets heated.

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January 09, 2017

Air Currents

4. Jet Stream

The jet stream is a strong wind current that flows in the upper atmosphere due to pressure differences made by convection. 

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January 09, 2017

Thin Atmosphere

p. 519 #1­4

p.519 #1‐4

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January 09, 2017

The Hydrosphere

The Hydrosphere

Earth's surface is 70% waterMost is found in the oceans & is salty

Water Resources

The Hydrosphere

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January 09, 2017

Water Currents

Major Ocean Currents Textbook Section 13.9

ASAP Science ­ What If All the Ice Melted? (6m)

6. Ocean Currents

Ocean Layers & Convection

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January 09, 2017

Energy in Land

Land MassesLow albedo: absorb energy, dark surfaces (forests, oceans, etc)

High albedo: reflect energy, light surfaces (sand, ice, & snow).

Land has low heat capacity: doesn't take much energy to heat/cool it, but it doesn't hold it well. (Poor heat sink).

Energy is transferred through landmasses by conduction.

Sea & Land Breezes

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January 09, 2017

Lake Effect Snow

Orographic Lifting

Land Masses: Orographic Lifting

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January 09, 2017

Orographic Clouds

Orographic Lifting

Land Masses: Orographic Lifting

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January 09, 2017

Chinook Winds

Moutains & Valleys

Land Masses: Relief

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January 09, 2017

Tornado Alley

Weather Maps

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January 09, 2017

North Am Trends

Weather Systems

Important Details:

• The boundary at which the temperature of an air mass changes is called a front. When fronts meet, we often see precipitation.

• Rising air creates an area of clouds and low pressure. Falling air creates an area of clear skies and high pressure.

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January 09, 2017

Weather Map

14.3 Meteorology Case Study

Meteorology Assignment:14.3 Case Study ‐ 3 Days of Canadian Weather• In a group of 3 or 4, read through the 2 introductory paragraphs. • Examine the weather maps provided, and answer the questions labelled (a) to (k) on paper to the best of your ability. • Then answer p. 552 #1‐3. (below)

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January 09, 2017

Quick Write

Weather Factors Quick Write & Quiz:

How do the 5 weather factors influence global weather?

LATITUDE

OCEANS

WIND/AIR

WATER CYCLE

LANDMASSES