antenne%planari%altamente%direttive% … esa-esoc . danilo saccoccioni . disf ... badrul alam . phd...
TRANSCRIPT
Antenne planari altamente direttive per investigazioni in spazio apertoe in scenari extraterrestri
P. Baccarelli, V. Ferrara, F. Frezza, P. Simeoni, N. Tedeschi
Primo Workshop Nazionale "La Componentistica Nazionale per lo Spazio: Stato dell’arte, Sviluppi e Prospettive", ASI Roma, Sala Auditorium, 18-20 gennaio 2016
Electromagnetic Fields 2 Group People and Research topics
Electromagnetic Fields 2 Lab. website: http://labcem2.diet.uniroma1.it Prof. Fabrizio Frezza website: http://labcem2.diet.uniroma1.it/fabriziofrezza
18/01/2016 CEM2Group Pagina 3
People (1) The Team
Fabrizio Frezza, PhD Full Professor
Nicola Tedeschi, PhD Research Associate
Marco Muzi, PhD Research Associate
Roberto Laurita, PhD NTT DATA Company
Marco Tannino, PhD Vatican Radio
Fabio Mangini, PhD Research Associate
Muhammad Khalid PhD Student
Carlo Santini PhD Student
Vincenzo Ferrara Associate Professor
Fabrizio Timpani PhD Student
Simone Chicarella Technician
Santo Prontera PhD Student
Emiliano Sassolini PhD Student
Patrizio Simeoni PhD Student
Endri Stoja, PhD Epoka University Assistant Professor
Pietro Paolo Di Gregorio PhD Student
Enrico Lia PhD Student
Maria Denise Astorino PhD Student
18/01/2016 CEM2Group Pagina 4
Felice Maria Vanin, PhD ESA-ESTEC
Fabio Pelorossi PhD Student ESA-ESOC
Danilo Saccoccioni DISF - SISRI
Alessandro Palombo, PhD Research Associate
Fabrizio De Paolis, PhD ESA-ECSAT
People (2) The Others
Vincenzo Schena PhD Student Thales Alenia Space
Vincenzo Pascale PhD Student Space Engineering
Giuseppe Cotignola PhD Student NeCS-Servizi
Laura Rivaroli Restorer
Lorenzo Dinia PhD Student
Antonella De Ninno ENEA - Frascati
Marco C. Web Master
Badrul Alam PhD Student
Andrea Veroli PhD Student
18/01/2016 CEM2Group Pagina 6
EM-Fields Laboratory Available facilities (1)
Hardware •Radar GPR GSSI (Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc.) SIR 2000 with an antenna Radar Team SUB-ECHO HBD 300.
•Indoor and outdoor experimental facilities for underground measurements (at Cisterna di Latina site).
•Shielded anechoic chamber Emerson&Cuming with automatic positioning system for antenna measurements. •PNA Agilent E8363B (10 MHz-40 GHz), with time-domain option (010), calibration kit for rectangular waveguide WR-90 (8.2-12.4 GHz) Agilent X11644A, electronic calibration kit Agilent N4691B (3.5 mm, 300 kHz - 26.5 GHz). •Vector network analyzer, model HP8530A, suitable for antennas measurements.
•Portable field meters PMM 8053A (with probes EP330, EP33M, EHP50C) and Wandel & Goltermann EMR 300 (with probe Type 18), covering the whole band 5 Hz - 3 GHz. •Mixed analog-digital oscilloscope Tektronics MSO 2012. Software •Agilent 85071E, software for measuring the dielectric properties of materials.
•Comsol Multiphysics, with RF and AC/DC modules.
•Mathematica Personal Grid.
•Intel Visual Fortran with IMSL Numerical Library.
•Ansys HFSS, Designer, etc… .
•CST Studio Suite.
•FEKO.
•LabVIEW.
18/01/2016 CEM2Group Pagina 8
Research topics
Scattering by 2D/3D buried objects in lossy media
Metamaterials
Leaky-Wave Antennas
18/01/2016 CEM2Group Pagina 9
Scattering by Buried Objects Cylindrical Structures (1)
Wave Decomposition: • Incident • Reflected •Transmitted • Scattered • Scattered-Reflected • Scattered-Transmitted ?
( ) nimik rn n
me J e θρ
+∞⋅
=−∞
= ∑
i(1) ( ) nmmn m n
mc H e θρ
+∞
=−∞∑
N cylinders N reference systems ⇔
Dissipative media
The representation of these fields requires the plane-wave spectrum of
cylindrical functions.
18/01/2016 CEM2Group Pagina 12
The shape is different, the procedure is the same. Incident and scattered fields can be represented with the spherical-wave vector functions:
(1) (1)
1
(3) (3)
1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
q
pq pqi pq pqq p q
q
pq pqs pq pqq p q
E a M r b N r
E c M r d N r
∞
= =−
∞
= =−
= +
= +
∑ ∑
∑ ∑
( ) ( ) ( )(1) ,pq q pqM r j mρ θ ϕ= ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )(1) 1, ,qq
pq pq pq
jjN r p n
ρρθ ϕ θ ϕ
ρ ρ ρ
∂ = +∂
( ) ( ) ( )(3) (1) ,pq q pqM r h mρ θ ϕ=
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )(1)(1)
(3) 1, ,qqpq pq pq
hhN r p n
ρρθ ϕ θ ϕ
ρ ρ ρ
∂ = +∂
( ),pqp θ ϕ( ), ,pqn θ ϕ( ), ,pqm θ ϕ
are the Tesseral Vector Functions. They are orthogonal
to one another!!
They are strongly connected with the Tesseral Scalar Function: ( ) ( ), cosp ippq qY P e ϕθ ϕ θ=
Scattering by Buried Objects Spherical Structures (1)
18/01/2016 CEM2Group Pagina 16
Metamaterials
Surfaces (FSS)
Bulk Substrates (EBG & PBG)
Structures that possess a spatial periodicity.
They can be 2D or 3D structures, with 1D, 2D, or 3D periodicity.
Analysis techniques: • Method of Moments with the Floquet analysis • Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method
18/01/2016 CEM2Group Pagina 15
1
2
3
Particles homogenization
Mixture homogenization
Measurement of permittivity with a coaxial probe
4 Estimation of the biomass and morphology
Post-processing (inversion 1,2)
Measure
Biomass Morphology
CellTer – Italian Space Agency (ASI) research project 3D evaluation techniques of cellular growth and morphology in microgravity conditions through electromagnetic diffraction
COST Action TU1208: Basic Information
Chair of the ActionLara Pajewski (IT)“Roma Tre” [email protected]
Vice-Chair of the ActionAndreas Loizos (EL)National Technical University of Athens
Science & Administrative OfficersThierry Goger & Carmencita Malimban (BE)COST Office
Start date – End date4th April 2013 – 3rd April 2017
You can still join the Action !!
Website of COST Action TU1208: www.GPRadar.euDownload the MoU at www.cost.eu/domains_actions/tud/Actions/TU1208
COST & NNC Participants20 COST Countries• Austria• Belgium• Croatia• Czech Republic• Finland• France• Germany• Greece• Italy• Latvia• Malta• Macedonia• The Netherlands• Norway• Poland• Portugal• Spain• Switzerland• Turkey• United Kingdom
1 Near NeighbourCountry
• Armenia
Project 1.1
Project 1.2
WG1Novel GPR Instrumentation
Design, realization and optimization of innovative GPRequipment for the monitoring of critical transportinfrastructures (pavements, bridges and tunnels)
Development and definition of advanced testing,calibration and stability procedures and protocols, forGPR equipment
ChairGuido Manacorda (IT)IDS Ingegneria dei Sistemi
Vice-ChairLuca Gamma (CH)Scuola Universitaria Professionaledella Svizzera Italiana
Working Group 1
Innovative inspection procedures for effective GPR surveying of …
Project 2.1 …critical transport infrastructures (pavements, bridges and tunnels)
Project 2.2 …buildings
Project 2.3 …underground utilities and voids, with a focus to urban areas
Project 2.4 …construction materials and structures
Project 2.5 Determination, by using GPR, of the volumetric water content in structures, sub-structures, foundations and soil
WG2GPR Surveying of Pavements,
Bridges, Tunnels, Buildings –Utility and Void Sensing
ChairChristina Plati (EL)National Technical University Athens
Vice-ChairXavier Derobert (FR)IFSTTAR
Working Group 2
Project 3.1 Development of new methods for the solution of forward electromagnetic scattering problems by buried structures
Project 3.2 Development of new methods for the solution of inverse electromagnetic scattering problems by buried structures
Project 3.3 Development of intrinsic models for describing near-field antenna effects, including antenna-medium coupling, for improved radar data processing using full-wave inversion
Project 3.4 Shape-reconstruction and quantitative estimation of electromagnetic and physical properties from GPR data
Project 3.5 Development of advanced data processing techniques
WG3EM Methods for Near Field Scattering Problems – Data
Processing Techniques
ChairAntonis Giannopoulos (UK)University of Edinburgh
Working Group 3
18/01/2016 CEM2Group Pagina 26
Leaky-Wave Antennas
The electric field of a plane wave with: k iβ α= +
0 ,ik rE E e ⋅=
0α =
0β α⋅ =
(homogeneous waves)
(inhomogeneous waves)
surface wave (proper)
leaky wave (improper)
In a lossless medium holds:
α
β
βα
In open waveguides, Leaky modes are related to radiation losses.
18/01/2016 CEM2Group Pagina 28
a
b w y
x
z
∞
P.E.C.
TE1,0
da'
c
FDTD method applied to study Leaky-Wave Antennas
Leaky-Wave Antennas Microwave frequencies
18/01/2016 Pagina 30
European School of Antennas (ESoA) course on: Leaky waves and periodic structures for antenna applications
CEM2Group
4th Edition of the Course: Rome, April 14-17, 2014
www.esoa-web.org
Temperature Sensor
Moisture Sensor
Level and pressure detectors with
energy harvesting
Microcontroller PIC and Transceiver
GPS navigation
data
Remote sensing
WSN – Smart Objects Each node includes: • one or more sensors • a microcontroller • a power source • a communication device.
Input interface of Information System GIS
Image sensor for target detection
WSN and/or Remote Sensing for monitoring of a scenario
18/01/2016 CEM2Group Pagina 34
18/01/2016 CEM2Group Pagina 37
Principal collaborations • Department of Engineering (at Roma Tre University)
• Department of Radio Science and Engineering (at Aalto University, Finland)
• Humanitarian Demining Laboratory (at “La Sapienza” University)
Homogeneous plane waves
tξ
x
y
iβ
iξ
1ε 2 2 2jε ε εʹ′ ʹ′ʹ′= −
tβ
tα
• First medium is lossless, second medium is dissipative
• Homogeneous incident wave
• Incident angle
• The transmitted wave is attenuated in a direction perpendicular to the interface
iξ
Inhomogeneous plane waves
What if the incident wave is inhomogeneous? (i.e. Leaky wave)
tξ
x
y
iβ
iξ
1ε 2 2 2jε ε εʹ′ ʹ′ʹ′= −
tβ
tα
iα
tζ
• The incident wave presents attenuation perpendicular to the phase (energy) propagation direction
• The transmitted wave presents attenuation in a direction not perpendicular to the interface
• The transmitted angles and magnitudes can be computed analytically.
Total transmissionin lossy media
The conditions on such angles to obtain the total transmission are:
where and are the principal arguments
of the complex numbers and , respectively
If the first medium is dissipative, the incident wave is characterized, as seen before, by two independent angles
Total transmissionin lossy media
The conditions on such angles to obtain the total transmission are:
where and are the principal arguments
of the complex numbers and , respectively
If the first medium is dissipative, the incident wave is characterized, as seen before, by two independent angles
The conditions are of extreme interest because they reduce to the well known total transmission condition when the two media become lossless
Total transmissionin lossy media
The conditions in this case assume the following form:
If the first medium is lossless, the incident wave is characterized just by the magnitude of the phase vector and the incident angle (this is because the angle between the constant-
phase and constant-amplitude planes is fixed by the dispersion equation)
where is the complex number
tξ
x
y
iβ
iξ
1ε 2 2 2jε ε εʹ′ ʹ′ʹ′= −
tβ
tα
iα
Results
A 2D view of the magnetic field (perpendicular to the plane of incidence)
Total transmission between two lossless dielectric (no reflected wave)
Maximum transmission between a lossless and
a lossy medium
Total transmissionbetween a lossless and
a lossy medium
Results
Comparisons: homogeneous vs. inhomogeneous incident wave
Seawater – Wet Sand interface Air - Seawater
(Solid line) (Dashed line)
Research objectivesThe experimental verification of the theory requires to generate a leaky wave with the appropriate characteristics.
We are analyzing different technologies in order to find the most suitable for our purpose.
Leaky Wave antenna Modulo del campo elettriconormalizzatoRispetto al valoreall’interfaccia.
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 100
103
106
109
112
115
118
121
124
sigma=0 sigma=0.03 sigma=0.05 sigma=0.08
Horn antenna
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 100
103
106
109
112
115
118
121
sigma=0 sigma=0.03 sigma=0.05 sigma=0.08
Modulo del campo elettriconormalizzatoRispetto al valoreall’interfaccia.
Dipole antenna Modulo del campo elettriconormalizzatoRispetto al valoreall’interfaccia.
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 101
105
109
113
117
121
125
129
sigma=0 sigma=0.03 sigma=0.05 sigma=0.08
Lossy Prism -‐ Description• Using the conservation of the tangential component properties it is possible to turn a homogeneous into a non-‐homogenous plane wave.
β3
β1
β2
α1
α2σ=0
σ=0
σ>0
1. Wave coming from medium 1 (non-‐lossy) is supposed to have no attenuation.
2. Attenuation in the lossy medium 2 has to exist and it must be normal to the separation surface.
3. Attenuation out of the medium 2 and back in the medium 1 can only be normal to the separation surface or null.
The lossy prism must be realised so that attenuation and phase vector are normal!
Unit price Quantity Total price Model Number Description Factory€ 13.23 2 € 26.46 OP467 OP467 low-‐noise quad opamp -‐ sostituisce MAX414CPD+ Analog Device€ 1.48 2 € 2.96 LM2940CT-‐5.0-‐ND 5V low dropout regulator Texas Instruments
€ 9.20 1 € 9.20 AD5932YRUZ Function Generator Chip AD5932YRUZ, TSSOP 16 pin sostituisce XR2206P-‐F Function Generator Chip Analog Device
€ 9.12 5 € 45.60 901-‐9889-‐RFX SMA bulkhead F solder cup Coaxial Connectors BLHD JCK S/CUP Ni -‐ AMPHENOL RF 901-‐9889-‐RFX Mouser
€ 46.20 1 € 46.20 ZX95-‐2536C+ 2315-‐2536 MC VCO,+6 dBm Out Mini-‐Circuits€ 14.34 1 € 14.34 VAT-‐3+ FXD SS Attenuator Mini-‐Circuits
€ 41.06 2€ 82.12
ZX60-‐272LN-‐S+BROADBAND AMPL Gain 14 dB, NF=1.2 dB, IP1= 18.5 dBm
Mini-‐Circuits
€ 35.93 1 € 35.93 ZX10-‐2-‐42+ PWR SPLTR CMBD 1900-‐4200 Mc, 0.1dB insertion loss Mini-‐Circuits€ 47.74 1 € 47.74 ZX05-‐43MH-‐S+ DBL BAL MIX 13 dBm LO, RF to LO loss 6.1 dB, IP1 9dBm Mini-‐Circuits€ 6.12 4 € 24.48 SM-‐SM50+ ADAPTER SMA-‐SMA M-‐M barrel Mini-‐Circuits€ 11.26 3 € 33.78 086-‐12SM+ HFLEX BL CA SM/SM 12" SMA-‐SMA M-‐M 6" cable Mini-‐Circuits
€ 4.00 Capacitors € 8.00 Resistors and Trimmers
Subtotal € 380.81 Tax 23% € 87.59 TOTAL € 468.40
Bill of Material
…+ price of antennas