antiguas evidencias de minerÍa y metalurgia . angiorama y becerra

5/14/2018 ANTIGUAS EVIDENCIAS DE MINERÍA Y METALURGIA . ANGIORAMA y BECERRA - slidepdf.com

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gaberih# chp |rebefhp lg èa~h rgecdvelhp go gc `wrphlgc ráh Ireolg lg Peo Fweo ~wbcdèlhp mep|e emhre meo`hopdp|dlh ~rdo`d~ecago|g go ce g}èze`dðo lg |wabep-Cgmaeo!Odp|`mg 54>2; Lgbgoglg||d 540>; Kre~hzd`kep* @dicdeoh 54:2!54:0$/ Go chp dojhragp ~wbcdèlhp ohpg ago`dhoe odoiöo gcgago|h uwg ~wldgre mebgr gp|elh

zdo`wcelh ̀ ho ce g}~ch|e`dðo lgc hrh lg ce vhoe t pg merg~hr|elh gc meccevih lg phceago|g wo hbfg|h ag|åcd`h6woe ~ceè ̀ dr`wcer e~ergo|gago|g lg ̀ hbrg h lg eciwoeecge`dðo lg bepg ̀ hbrg/ Go cep ̀ grèoáep lg ce chècdlellg Peo|e @e|ecdoe# fwo|h ec zeccg lgc ráh Ireolg lg Peo

Fweo# g}dp|go owagrhphp ~hvhp t phèzhogp eo|diwhpg}èzelhp ~ere ce g}|re``dðo lgc ag|ec/ Pdo gaberih#eöo oh pg pebg pd eciwohp lg gcchp jwgrho rgecdvelhp go|dga~hp ~rgmdp~åod`hp/

^hr h|re ~er|g# go ce zg`dolel lg ce e`|wec chècdlel lg

Rdo`hoele pg meo ccgzelh e ̀ ebh |rebefhp eruwghcðid`hp

`ho zerdele do|gopdlel lgplg ~rdo`d~dhp lgc pdich }} /Bhaeo -5442 [54>=Q$ ~ceo|gð uwg ~er|g lg ce gohragèo|dlel lg ~hvhp ~ere g}|regr pgldago|h ewrájgrh t

cezelgrhp uwg rhlgeo ec ~hbcelh e`|wec mebráe pdlhw|dcdvele go ä~hè ~rgmdp~åodè/ Pgiöo Rejjdoh -549=$#^wgr|e lg Rdo`hoele# wo ~guwgõh epgo|eadgo|h ̀ grèoh

e woe zg|e ewrájgre# t gc ^wkerå lg Rdo`hoele# wo ireo~wkerå |erláh rgahlgcelh go ä~hè Doke# mebráeo gp|elh

rgce`dhoelhp `ho ce g}~ch|e`dðo lg hrh go |dga~hp

~rgmdp~åod`hp/ Oh hbp|eo|g# go odoiwoh lg gcchp pg meo

meccelh gcgago|hp ̀ ho`rg|hp uwg rgad|eo e e`|dzdlelgpadogrh!ag|ecöridèp/ Ce öodè gzdlgo`de lg woe gp|rw`|wre

lg `habwp|dðo go gc årge jwg rgidp|rele ~hr RhlráiwgvHrrgih -54=:$# uwdgo lgp`rdbg wo mhroh `ha~wgp|h# lg

lhp `åaerep# chècdvelh go êo lg Evöèr# eph`delh e`gråadè ~rg`hchabdoe |erláe/ Pdo gaberih# oh brdoleaethrgp le|hp phbrg gc `ho|g}|h lg meccevih/

Ä~hè `hchodec

Ce adográe ̀ hchodec go ce rgidðo lg gp|wldh gp wo |gae uwg

|hlezáe oh me pdlh ebhrlelh do|gireolh ce dojhrae`dðoighcðidè# eruwghcðidè g mdp|ðrdè ldp~hodbcg/ Lgplg ce

g|ohmdp|hrde pg meo rgecdvelh ireolgp e~hr|gp# me`dgolh

mdoè~dä go ce da~hr|eo`de lg chp rg`wrphp adogrhp lgc

årge ̀ ho rgce`dðo ec ~hbceadgo|h gwrh~gh lg ce rgidðo#e cep ldp~w|ep ~hr cep |dgrrep t pwp mebd|eo|gp# t e cepe`|dzdlelgp ~rhlw`|dzep t lg do|grèabdh -êchaguwg544<# 2>>:; Idc Aho|grh 2>><# 2>>9; Wcche 2>>7; Pdè *Wcche 2>>9$/ Ago`dhogp phbrg cep e`|dzdlelgp adogreplgc årge pg go`wgo|reo elgaåp# go gp`rd|hp# lgp`rd~`dh!ogp t ae~ep `hojg``dhoelhp ~hr zdefgrhp lg chp pdichp

}zddd t }d} -Agoe 545: [5992Q; Bre`kgbwp`m 54=5 [5==0Q;Bhaeo 5442 [54>=Q$/

Cep dozgp|die`dhogp eruwghcðidèp oh pg meo lgld!èlh gp~g`ájdèago|g e cep gzdlgo`dep epdioebcgp e ce

ä~hè `hchodec go gp|e rgidðo/ Lgplg ce ighchiáe# pdogaberih# gp|wldhphp lg chp pdichp }d} t ~rdo`d~dhp lgc

}} ~wbcdèrho dojhrae`dðo lg ~rdagr odzgc phbrg chp

rg`wrphp adogrecgp lgc årge# `ho eciwoep rgjgrgo`dep ecep ~rå`|dèp adogrep ~epelep -Mðpkhcl 5==4; Pirhpph54<0$/ Ce da~hr|eo`de lg gp|e dojhrae`dðo reldè go

uwg aw`mhp lg gp|hp le|hp ~rhzdgogo lg hbpgrze`dhogp

ldrg`|ep go gc ̀ ea~h t brdoleo# ~hr |eo|h# wo ~eohreae

lg cep gzdlgo`dep ae|grdecgp uwg ~wglgo meccerpg go ̀ ele

woe lg cep adoep ago`dhoelep/ Cep páo|gpdp rg`dgo|gpphbrg ce mdp|hrde lg ce adográe erigo|doe -`hah ~hr

gfga~ch Aäolgv 5444; @e|eceoh 2>><$ rg|haeo gp|epe~rg`de`dhogp g dlgo|djdèo `hah `go|rhp ~rdo`d~ecgp

lg e`|dzdlel lwreo|g gc ~gráhlh `hchodec e cep vhoep

ewrájgrep t erigo|ájgrep lg Rdo`hoele# Peo|h Lhadoih#




Peo|e @e|ecdoe# ̂ eo lg Evöèr t @htemwetae go ce e`|wec

^rhzdo`de lg Fwfwt/Go gp|hp pg`|hrgp# gp|hp zdefgrhp t igðchihp dlgo|djdè!

rho adoep t rgp|hp lg mhrohp lg jwold`dðo ebeolhoelhp#

epá `hah cebhrghp g}|gophp6 iecgráep# ~duwgp# |rdo`mgrep#

gp`habrgrep t gp`hrdep lg jwold`dðo -Aäolgv 5444$/Go Rhperdh lg @htemwetae# Pirhpph -54<0$ rg`hoh`geo|diwhp ̀ ea~eago|hp adogrhp# ̀ ho ̀ hop|rw``dhogp eöo

`hopgrzelep t gzdlgo`dep go |grrgoh lg ce g}~ch|e`dðoewrájgre do|gope/ Go ce vhoe lg Hrhpaeth gp|g ~eohreae pg

rg~d|g/ Cep gzdlgo`dep lg cep |ergep adogrep eccá rgecdvelep

pho chp ae|grdecgp rgahzdlhp# e`guwdep ̀ ho |rea~ep ~ere

rg|gogr gc adogrec# lduwgp t ̀ eoecgp -Ve~~g||dod 2>><$/ Wo

gp`goerdh pdadcer pg le |eabdäo go Efglrgv# wo ~hbcelheo|diwh lgp|eèlh ~hr pw rduwgve go hrh# t rhlgelh ~hradoep ebeolhoelep -Bre`kgbwp`m 54=5 [5==0Q$/

Mðpkhcl -5==4$ rgce|e uwg go ce Rdo`hoele met |ea!bdäo doldè`dhogp lg g}|gopep hbrep eo|diwep# |eo|h go cep

zg|ep lg hrh ̀ hah go cezelgrhp lg ecwzdðo/ Ce adoe lg~chah t ~ce|e lg ̂ eo lg Evöèr# go gpg lg~er|eago|h# gre

`hoh`dle# pgiöo @e|eceoh -2>><6 505$ –lgplg gc |dga~hlg chp fgpwd|ep‑# pdgolh bgogjd`dele ~hr jwold`dðo/5 Gogc te`dadgo|h lgc êrefg lg Jwold`dhogp# mht cceaeleAdoe @mdo`mdccep# chp dojhragp lg jdoecgp lgc pdich }d} doldèo |eabdäo cebhrghp eo|diwhp -Bre`kgbwp`m 54=5[5==0Q; Mðpkhcl 5==4; \gcch 54== [5===Q$/

OWGP\RHP \REBEFHP

@hah ldfdahp# cep |rgp årgep |rebefelep go böpuwgle lggzdlgo`dep ̀ ho`rg|ep lg e`|dzdlelgp adogrh!ag|ecöridèp

jwgrho chp ecrglglhrgp lg Jwold`dhogp t Peo|h Lhadoih#

`ho ec|wrep lg go|rg 0/4>> t </2>> apoa; gc pg`|hr pwrlg ce `wgoè lg ^hvwgchp# `ho ec|wrep lg go|rg 0/:>> t </2>> apoa# t gc zeccg lg @htemwetae t ce ~hr`dðopw~grdhr lgc ráh Rhperdh# `ho ec|wrep lg go|rg </0>> t </9>> apoa# |hlep ̀ ho gohragp rduwgvep go adogrecgp

ag|ecájgrhp/@hagoveahp chp |rebefhp lg èa~h rgecdveolh

~rhp~g``dhogp eruwghcðidèp g}|gopdzep g do|gopdzep#

gjg`|weolh rgcgzeadgo|hp t awgp|rghp pw~grjd`decgp lgèle woh lg chp pd|dhp meccelhp# rgidp|reolh ce ldp|rdbw`dðo

lg chp rg`wrphp oe|wrecgp ldp~hodbcgp go chp pg`|hrgp~rhp~g`|elhp# t awgp|rgeolh cep jwgo|gp lg adogrecgpag|ecájgrhp t ae|grdep ~rdaep cá|dèp ~rgpgo|gp -Eoidhreae

2>>4e$/ Cep |ergep rgecdvelep mep|e emhre ohp meo ~gr!ad|dlh gpbhver wo ~rdagr ~eohreae lg ce eruwghchiáelgc årge# rgidp|reolh aåp lg 0>> pd|dhp eruwghcðid`hp/

Cwgih# lg e`wgrlh ̀ ho chp hbfg|dzhp lgc ~rhtg`|h# jwgrhopgcg``dhoelep t g}èzelep h pholgelep woe pgrdg lggp|rw`|wrep chècdvelep go ldzgrphp pg`|hrgp lgc årge/ Cep

~rhp~g``dhogp rgecdvelep ohp meo ~grad|dlh rgidp|rer

ldzgrpep gzdlgo`dep lg ~rå`|dèp adogrh!ag|ecöridèp go

cep |rgp årgep lg do|gräp/ ̂ rgpgo|eahp e ̀ ho|dowe`dðo woe

páo|gpdp lg chp rgpwc|elhp hb|godlhp mep|e gc ahago|h/

Meccevihp lg ä~hè ~rgmdp~åodè

Cep |ergep rgecdvelep go Peo|h Lhadoih t Jwold`dhogpoh ohp meo ~grad|dlh meccer mep|e gc ahago|h doldè!lhrgp lg e`|dzdlelgp adogrh!ag|ecöridèp uwg ~hleahp

epdioer e ä~hè ~rgmdp~åodè/ Go gc Pwr lg ^hvwgchp#go èabdh# go wo epgo|eadgo|h lgc pdich }dz cceaelh\ebceld|ep 5# mgahp go`ho|relh rgp|hp lg wo mhroh lgjwold`dðo ̀ ho pdiohp lg mebgr pdlh phag|dlh e awt ec|ep

|ga~gre|wrep# |ecgp ̀ hah ce ec|gre`dðo hbpgrzele go ceprhèp uwg ch `ha~hogo t pw `hchre`dðo/ Gc adpah pggo`wgo|re ̀ epd ̀ ha~cg|eago|g lgp|rwdlh ~grh `hopgrze

woe gp|rw`|wre go jhrae lg –\‑ lg 5#2 } >#= a/ Fwo|h e äcmecceahp woe ireo èo|dlel lg rhèp |eabdäo |grahec!|grelep uwg ~gr|gog`dgrho hrdidoecago|g e ce gp|rw`|wre#

t owagrhphp jreiago|hp lg adogrecgp t gp`hrde ag|e!cöridè/ Pd bdgo oh mgahp ~hldlh le|er ldrg`|eago|g cegp|rw`|wre lg `habwp|dðo# gc mg`mh lg uwg pg chècd`ggo wo epgo|eadgo|h lgc pdich }dz -Eoidhreae 2>>4b$

uwg oh ~rgpgo|e gzdlgo`dep `hchodecgp go pw~grjd`dg# t uwg ~hpge ère`|gráp|dèp ahrjhcðidèp ldjgrgo|gp e ceplg h|rhp mhrohp lg jwold`dðo uwg mgahp le|elh ~ereä~hè `hchodec# ohp ~grad|g epdioercg |go|e|dzeago|g

woe `rhohchiáe ~rgmdp~åodè/Go woe uwgbrele ̀ grèoe e ce uwg echfe e \ebceld|ep

5# cceaele Uwgbrele lgc ráh @eolelh# mgahp meccelhrgp|hp lg h|rh mhroh lg jwold`dðo ag|ecöridè# go gp|gèph eph`delh e wo öod`h rg`do|h lg eo|dióglel lgp`hoh!

`dle/ Ce gp|rw`|wre lg ̀ habwp|dðo ~rgpgo|e ̀ ere`|gráp|dèp

pdadcergp e ce lg \ebceld|ep 5# t# ec diwec uwg euwgcce#woe ahrjhchiáe ldjgrgo|g e ce lg chp mhrohp ̀ hchodecgp/Gp|h ohp me ccgzelh e `hopdlgrerch ~rhzdphrdeago|g

lg ä~hè ~rgmdp~åodè/ Fwo|h e äc mgahp go`ho|relheciwohp jreiago|hp lg gp`hrde ag|ecöridè/ Pg hbpgrze

wo awrh lg wohp < a lg choid|wl# `hop|rwdlh fwo|h ecerrhth |ga~hrerdh ~ere ~rh|g``dðo lgc mhroh/

Gp rgcgzeo|g gc mg`mh lg uwg oh meteahp go`ho!|relh gzdlgo`dep lg e`|dzdlelgp zdo`wcelep ̀ ho adográeh ag|ecwride go odoiwoh lg chp `ho|g}|hp uwg mgahpg}èzelh go gc pwr lg ^hvwgchp/2 Gp|h `hdo`dlg `ho

chp rgpwc|elhp lg cep g}|gopep g}èze`dhogp gjg`|welep~hr h|rhp dozgp|dielhrgp go gc ̂ wkerå lg Rdo`hoele# gcepgo|eadgo|h aåp ireolg t `ha~cgfh lg ce rgidðo# gogc uwg e~ergo|gago|g |ea~h`h pg meo meccelh gzdlgo!`dep lg gccep/

Jdoecago|g# go @htemwetae mgahp rgidp|relh ce~rgpgo`de lg eciwohp phèzhogp t lg woe gohrag èo!|dlel lg ~hvhp ~ere ce g}|re``dðo lg hrh lg jdchogp t lg

pwp lg~ðpd|hp ecwzdecgp fwo|h e gp|rw`|wrep rgpdlgo`decgp



=: Bhcg|áo lgc Awpgh @mdcgoh lg Er|g ̂rg`hchabdoh# Zhc/ 57# O¾ 5# 2>5>

~rhbebcgago|g zdo`wcelep e gp|ep |ergep adogrep -jdi/ 2$/

Fwo|h e wohp phèzhogp lg ä~hè pwbe`|wec# elgaåp#mgahp meccelh wo årge lg wohp 5> a lg ldåag|rh goce uwg pg rgecdverho do|gopep |ergep lg ahcdgole lg

chp adogrecgp ewrájgrhp g}|reálhp go gc cwier# pgiöo

ch gzdlgo`deo ce ~rgpgo`de lg ec agohp pgdp ireolgp

dop|rwago|hp lg ahcdgole -aeretgp$# t ebwoleo|g

adogrec ahcdlh -jdip/ 0 t <$/ Gc meccevih ~hr ~er|g lgcguwd~h ldrdidlh ~hr gc eruwgðchih Mwih Te`hbe``dh lg

`gråadè doke go gc zeccg lg @htemwetae# ohp ~grad|gpw~hogr uwg cep |ergep adogrep mebráeo ̀ hagovelh goä~hè ~rgmdp~åodè -Te`hbe``dh# ̀ ha/ ~grp/ 2>>9$/ Chpdop|rwago|hp lg ahcdgole ago`dhoelhp# lg ahrjhchiáe

`cereago|g ~rgmdp~åodè -ewouwg# ~hr pw ireo gjd`dgo`de#

|eabdäo jwgrho w|dcdvelhp go chp ~rdagrhp eõhp lg ce@hchode$# rgjwgrveo ce dlge lg woe g}~ch|e`dðo |ga~reoe

lgc hrh chèc# cwgih dolwlebcgago|g ̀ ho|dowele lwreo|g

ä~hè `hchodec/

Meccevihp lg ä~hè `hchodec

Cep gzdlgo`dep uwg ~wglgo elp`rdbdrpg |go|e|dzeago|gec ~gráhlh `hchodec pg go`wgo|reo go cep |rgp ireolgp

årgep lg ce rgidðo befh gp|wldh6 5$ Jwold`dhogp t Peo|h

Lhadoih# 2$ gc pg`|hr pwr lg ce `wgoè lg ^hvwgchp# t 0$ gc zeccg lg @htemwetae t ce ~hr`dðo pw~grdhr lgcráh Rhperdh/ Äp|ep ~rgpgo|eo ère`|gráp|dèp ~rh~dep goèle cwier ~grh e ahlh igogrec ~wglgo ldzdldrpg golhp irw~hp6 euwgccep rgce`dhoelep e ce g}~ch|e`dðo

ewrájgre t cep zdo`wcelep ec ~rh`gph lg jwold`dðo lgag|ecgp# ~hpdbcgago|g erigo|ájgrhp/ Gp og`gperdh rgpec|er

uwg rgpwc|e pwaeago|g ldjá`dc epdioer woe `rhohchiáee cep gzdlgo`dep lg g}~ch|e`dhogp ewrájgrep/ Go owgp|rh

èph# mgahp bepelh owgp|rep gp|dae`dhogp ~rhzdphrdepgo cep ère`|gráp|dèp `hop|rw`|dzep t lg `hopgrze`dðolg chp ~h`hp rgjwidhp eph`delhp e chp ~hvhp# |rdo`mgrep

t phèzhogp# te uwg oh mgahp meccelh ae|grdec ldei!oðp|d`h lg |ga~hrecdlel go odoiwoh lg gcchp/ G}dp|gce ~hpdbdcdlel# pdo gaberih# lg uwg cep g}~ch|e`dhogpuwg emhre mgahp `hopdlgrelh `hchodecgp le|go go

rgecdlel lg ä~hè ~rgmdp~åodè h lg ä~hè rg~wbcd!èoe |ga~reoe/

Go gc årge lg Jwold`dhogp t Peo|h Lhadoih pg

meo rgidp|relh `do`h pd|dhp `ho gzdlgo`dep lg ~rå`|dèpadogrh!ag|ecöridèp6 Peo|h Lhadoih 5# Ceiwoe lg Peo|h

Lhadoih 9 t Ceiwoe êa~e @hchrele 5# lgldèlhp ec

Jdiwre 2/ Rhperdh lg @htemwetae/ Phèzðo ~ere g}~ch|e`dðo lg hrh go zg|e/ Jdiwrg 2/ Rhperdh lg @htemwetae/ Pmej| jhr adodoi e ihcl zgdo/



== Bhcg|áo lgc Awpgh @mdcgoh lg Er|g ̂rg`hchabdoh# Zhc/ 57# O¾ 5# 2>5>

cezelh lg hrh# t Jwold`dhogp 5 t 2# go gc ebre mhað!odae# lholg pg wbdèo `ha~cgfhp adogrhp `ho mhrohplg jwold`dðo ~er`decago|g `hopgrzelhp/

Peo|h Lhadoih 5/ Go gp|g pd|dh pg me rgidp|relh woe

pgrdg lg |rdo`mgrep lg ireo choid|wl ~ere ce g}|re``dðolg pgldago|h ewrájgrh ~ere pw cezelh t eciwoep gp|rw`!|wrep eph`delep# go wo årge lg wohp 0>> a lg ldåag|rh-jdi/ 7$/ Woh lg chp rg`do|hp# lg ~ceo|e ̀ dr`wcer t 5#4 a lg

ldåag|rh pg go`wgo|re ̀ epd ̀ ha~cg|eago|g ̀ hopgrzelh t ~rgpgo|e wo |g`mh go jecpe bðzgle `hop|rwdlh `ho

cefep ldp~wgp|ep mhrdvho|ecago|g t erieaepe/ Lelep pwp

ère`|gráp|dèp gp awt ~hpdbcg uwg mete pdlh gc rgjwidhlg wo adogrh mebd|elh öodèago|g lwreo|g ce ä~hèlg cebhrgh/ Lhp lg cep lgaåp gp|rw`|wrep eph`delep pho

lg ireolgp ldagopdhogp# adgo|rep uwg woe lg ~ceo|epwb`dr`wcer ecèove wohp 2 a lg ldåag|rh/ Odoiwoe lggccep me pdlh |g`mele/ Go gc årge pg hbpgrzð# elgaåp# gc`ha~hogo|g ~epdzh lg wo dop|rwago|h lg ahcdgole haeret w|dcdvelh go gc |re|eadgo|h lgc adogrec t owag!rhpep e`wawce`dhogp lg rhèp/

Ceiwoe êa~e @hchrele 5/ Cep gzdlgo`dep rgidp|relepeuwá oh ldjdgrgo aw`mh lg cep lg Peo|h Lhadoih 5/ Pghbpgrzerho |eabdäo |rdo`mgrep ~ere gc cezelh lg hrh#g}èzelep go gc pgo|dlh lg ce ~goldgo|g# lg e~rh}dae!leago|g 0 a lg eo`mh# ldp~wgp|ep go wo årge lg wohp

5>> a lg ldåag|rh/ Elgaåp# pg rgidp|rð woe gp|rw`|wre`dr`wcer# lg 5#7 a lg ldåag|rh do|groh# ̀ ho awrhp ̀ hop!

|rwdlhp ̀ ho cefep ldp~wgp|ep go ~hpd`dðo mhrdvho|ec# ̀ hoerieaepe# t jecpe bðzgle -jdi/ :$/ Pg |re|eráe# `hah go gc

èph eo|grdhr# lg wo rgjwidh |ga~hrec/ Pdo gaberih# eldjgrgo`de lg euwäc# go gp|g èph oh ~rgpgo|e zeoh lge``gph# pdoh uwg pg doirgpe e ce gp|rw`|wre e |rezäp lgwoe ebgr|wre chècdvele go ce ~er|g pw~grdhr/

Ceiwoe Peo|h Lhadoih 9/ Pg |re|e lg woe gp|rw`|wre lg~ceo|e pwb`dr`wcer lg wohp 2 a lg ldåag|rh ̀ ho awrhp`hop|rwdlhp ̀ ho rhè t erieaepe/ Pdo lwlep pg |re|ebe lg

wo rg`do|h |g`melh/ Fwo|h e äc pg go`wgo|reo woep ~hèp

|rdo`mgrep pdadcergp e cep te lgp`rd|ep# t eciwohp ~hvhplg e~rh}daeleago|g 2 ~hr 0 a# lg jhrae rg`|eoiwcer#~ere g}|re``dðo lg pgldago|h ewrájgrh/

Jdiwre 7/ Peo|h Lhadoih 5/ ^hvhp t |rdo`mgrep ~ere g}~ch|e`dðo ewrájgre/ Jdiwrg 7/ Peo|h Lhadoih 5/ Pmej|p eol ~d|p jhr ihcl g}|re`|dho/




Jdiwre :/ Ceiwoe êa~e @hchrele 5/ Rgjwidh/ Jdiwrg :/ Ceiwoe ̂ ea~e @hchrele 5/ Pmgc|gr/

Jwold`dhogp 5/ Go gc ~erefg lg Jwold`dhogp# e ag|rhplgc e`|wec èa~eago|h adogrh lg Adoe @mdo`mdccep

pg go`wgo|re wo `ha~cgfh# lgohadoelh ~hr ohph|rhpJwold`dhogp 5/ Gc adpah `hopdp|g go `we|rh mhrohp lgjwold`dðo# `hop|rwdlhp `ho rhèp t ecdogelhp ec ~dg lgwoe celgre# ~erecgchp e wo ̀ wrph lg eiwe |ga~hrerdh/ Woh

lg gcchp pg go`wgo|re `ha~cg|eago|g `hopgrzelh# `howoe bðzgle lg e~rh}daeleago|g 0 a lg ldåag|rh# woe

èfe lg jwgih ~rdpaå|dè t woe ̀ mdagoge ̀ ðodè -jdip/ 9 t =$/ ̂ rgpgo|e hrdjd`dhp lg rgp~drelgrh# bhèp ce|grecgp t woe ebgr|wre `dr`wcer `go|rec go pw bðzgle/ Pwp ère`!|gráp|dèp gp|rw`|wrecgp ohp ~grad|go `cepdjdèrch `hahwo mhroh lg rgzgrbgrh/ Gc pgiwolh mhroh gp cgzgago|g

agohr t pðch pg `hopgrze ~er`decago|g ce bðzgle t ce`mdagoge -jdi/ 4$/ Chp mhrohp 0 t <# lg agohr |eaeõh#pðch `hopgrzeo pwp `dadgo|hp# ewouwg ~erg`gráeo pgrlgc adpah |d~h uwg chp aethrgp/

E ldjgrgo`de lgc ~rdagrh# chp h|rhp |rgp mhrohppg go`wgo|reo zdo`wcelhp ~hr woe ~drè uwg wog chp|retg`|hp uwg zeo lg wo mhroh ec pdiwdgo|g/ Cep rhèpuwg `hojhraeo gp|hp awrhp ~rgpgo|eo pdiohp lg

|grahec|gre`dðo t zd|rdjdèlh# ̀ hah euwgccep uwg jhraeo

~er|g lg chp mhrohp/ Eöo oh pg me ~hldlh gp|ebcg`gr cejwo`dhoecdlel lg ce adpae/

Aåp eccå lg cep gp|rw`|wrep lg `habwp|dðo# pðch pgrg`w~grerho gp`hrdep ag|ecöridèp t eciwohp adogrecgpag|ecájgrhp go pw~grjd`dg/ Eoåcdpdp gjg`|welhp phbrg gp|hp

lgpg`mhp lg jwold`dðo meo ~grad|dlh ̀ ho`cwdr uwg gp|hpmhrohp pg w|dcdverho ~ere ce jwold`dðo lg adogrecgp lg~ce|e t ~chah# ~rhbebcgago|g g}|reálhp lgc te`dadgo|h

`grèoh# cceaelh e`|wecago|g adoe @mdo`mdccep -Bg`grre

2>>4; Bg`grre g| ec/ 2>5># go ~rgope$/

Jwold`dhogp 2/ Gp|g pgiwolh `ha~cgfh pg go`wgo|re e2#7 ka lg ldp|eo`de lgc eo|grdhr# go cáoge rg`|e/ @hopdp|g

go ̀ do`h mhrohp lg pdadcer ̀ hop|rw``dðo# ̀ ho gc ldpgõh

lg èfe lg jwgih# bðzgle t `mdagoge ~rgpgo|g go gc`ha~cgfh 5/ Pdo gaberih# pg hbpgrzeo ̀ dgr|ep ̀ ere`|g!

ráp|dèp ~er|d`wcergp/ Go gp|g èph# |rgp lg gphp mhrohppg go`wgo|reo go gc do|grdhr lg wo rg`do|h ~rg~erelh~ere ecbgrierchp -jdip/ 5> t 55$/ Gp|e gp|rw`|wre# lg

jhrae rg`|eoiwcer# ~hpgg go woh lg pwp awrhp pdg|g



4> Bhcg|áo lgc Awpgh @mdcgoh lg Er|g ̂rg`hchabdoh# Zhc/ 57# O¾ 5# 2>5>

Jdiwre 9/ Jwold`dhogp 5/ Mhroh lg rgzgrbgrh -ldbwfh lg F/ ^ärgv ^dgrhod$/

Jdiwrg 9/ Pagc|gr 5/ Rgzgrbe|hrt jwroe`g -lreydoi bt F/ ^ärgv ^dgrhod$/

Jdiwre =/ Jwold`dhogp 5/ Mhroh lg rgzgrbgrh/ Jdiwrg =/ Pagc|doi yhrkp 5/ Rgzgrbe|hrt jwroe`g/

> 5> `a



42 Bhcg|áo lgc Awpgh @mdcgoh lg Er|g ̂rg`hchabdoh# Zhc/ 57# O¾ 5# 2>5>

zeohp rg`|eoiwcergp ̀ ho ldo|gc6 |rgp agohrgp -eo`mhp t

befhp$# go gc cwier lholg pg go`wgo|re ce ̀ efe lg jwgih

lg èle woh lg chp mhrohp t `we|rh aethrgp -ec|hp t eoihp|hp$# do|grècelhp `ho chp eo|grdhrgp/ Go gc celhh~wgp|h pg hbpgrzeo |rgp zeohp# uwg ̀ hdo`dlgo ̀ ho cep

`mdagogep lg ld`mhp mhrohp/ Gp|h me`g ~goper uwg cegadpdðo lg chp iepgp pg mebráe lelh ~rdo`d~ecago|gjwgre lg ce gp|rw`|wre/ Pdo gaberih# ch uwg rgpwc|e

g}|reõh gp uwg ce `hop|rw``dðo lg gp|g rg`do|h jwgrgecdvele lg ahlh uwg cep `mdagogep t gp|hp zeohppg go`wgo|reo doaglde|eago|g fwo|h e wo ejchreadgo|h

rh`hph lg ec|wre ̀ hopdlgrebcg uwg ldjd`wc|eráe ce pecdlelg ld`mep gadpdhogp/ Go äc# ec `ho|rerdh lg ch gp~g!rebcg# oh pg hbpgrzeo gzdlgo`dep lg |grahec|gre`dðo/^hr öc|dah# go woh lg chp awrhp ce|grecgp lgc rg`do|h#pg chècdve h|rh zeoh/

Go ce erieaepe lg cep ~erglgp lg ce gp|rw`|wre pghbpgrzeo jreiago|hp lg gp`hrde lg ep~g`|h zá|rgh/ Chpmhrohp pg go`wgo|reo ~er`decago|g `hopgrzelhp t

`hcaelhp lg pgldago|h# wbdèlhp e ldp|eo`dep lg 2#: t 5#: a lg èle woh# rgp~g`|dzeago|g/ Adgo|rep uwg gcmhroh 5 ~rgpgo|e woe bðzgle lg 5#: a lg ldåag|rhg}|groh# ce lgc mhroh 2# gp lg 5 a/

@grè lg gp|e gp|rw`|wre pg go`wgo|re h|re `hojhraele

~hr lhp rg`do|hp `welreoiwcergp uwg `ha~er|go woh lg

pwp awrhp# `ho wo zeoh èle woh uwg `hawodè `hogc g}|grdhr/ Eabep gp|rw`|wrep gp|åo `hop|rwdlep ~ere

php|gogr wo |g`mh e –wo eiwe‑ t oh ~rgpgo|eo gp|rw`|wrep

lg ̀ habwp|dðo go pw do|grdhr/ ̂ hr pwp ̀ ere`|gráp|dèp pg|re|eráeo lg rg`do|hp mebd|e`dhoecgp/

E wohp < a lg ce ~rdagre gp|rw`|wre pg chècdve

gc `wer|h mhroh# lg aethrgp ldagopdhogp -2#7 a lg

ldåag|rh g}|groh t <#< a lg choid|wl |h|ec$/ Gc adpahgp|å `hojhraelh# `hah chp eo|grdhrgp# ~hr woe èfe lgjwgih# bðzgle t `mdagoge `hog`|elhp go|rg pá# t ~rgpgo|e

lgrrwabgp lg eciwohp lg pwp awrhp/ Gc uwdo|h mhrohpg chècdve e = a go cáoge rg`|e lg gp|g öc|dah/ Gp gc lgagohr |eaeõh `ho woe bðzgle lg >#= a lg ldåag|rhg}|groh/ Pg go`wgo|re `ha~cg|h t# e ldjgrgo`de lg chpeo|grdhrgp# oh ~rgpgo|e zd|rdjdèlh od go gc do|grdhr lg cebðzgle od go ce `mdagoge/

Go gc Pwr lg ̂ hvwgchp# ~hr pw ~er|g# pg meo rgidp|relh

gzdlgo`dep lg ~rå`|dèp lg jwold`dðo t lg cezelh lg hrh

go chp pd|dhp ago`dhoelhp e `ho|dowe`dðo/

êo lg Evöèr 5 t 2:/ Go gc `grrh êo lg Evöèr pgmeo meccelh gzdlgo`dep lg ~rå`|dèp lg jwold`dðo go

lhp pg`|hrgp6 wo mhroh ~er`decago|g `hopgrzelh go

woe celgre -êo lg Evöèr 2:$# t# ec ~dg lgc ̀ grrh# go cecelgre h~wgp|e# bepgp lg mhrohp t `ho`go|re`dhogp lggp`hrdep ag|ecöridèp -êo lg Evöèr 5$/

Gc mhroh ago`dhoelh oh ~rgpgo|e gp|rw`|wrep

eph`delep ldrg`|eago|g `ho äc/ ^rgpgo|e woe bðzgle

lg 2 a lg ldåag|rh# `wthp awrhp gp|åo ~er`decago|glgrrwabelhp t pg hbpgrzeo gzdlgo`dep lg ce ~rgpgo`delg woe ~hpdbcg èfe lg jwgih t lg woe `mdagoge `h!og`|ele ~hr wo `holw`|h pw~grjd`dec# |eabdäo lgp|rwdlh

go ~er|g -jdi/ 52$/ @hah gc rgp|h lg chp mhrohp lg gp|epère`|gráp|dèp# ~rgpgo|e woe ebgr|wre `dr`wcer pw~grdhr t woe ce|grec pgccele# elgaåp lg cep uwg `hawodèráeo

e cep h|rep ~er|gp lgc mhroh/ Oh pg hbpgrzeo hrdjd`dhplg rgp~dre`dðo/Go gc pg`|hr lg ~dg lgc ̀ grrh# go cep ~rh}dadlelgp ec

~wgbch e`|wec lg ̂ eo lg Evöèr# pg hbpgrze wo årge lgwo ldåag|rh e~rh}daelh lg 2> a# ldp|doiwdbcg ~hr ce`hchre`dðo hp`wre t rhfdve lg ce pw~grjd`dg# lgbdle e ce~rgpgo`de lg gp`hrde ag|ecöridè# adogrecgp t jreiago|hp

lg mhrohp |e~dveolh gc pg`|hr -jdi/ 50$/ Chp mebd|eo|gplgc e`|wec ~wgbch lg ̂ eo lg Evöèr lgohadoeo ec cwier

`hah gc –gp`hrdec‑/ Go gp|g pg`|hr pg rgidp|rerho lhp bepgp

lg mhrohp lgcdad|elhp ~hr rhèp rhfdvep |grahec|grelep/

Woe lg cep bepgp ~erg`gráe mebgr `hojhraelh ~er|g lgce go|rele ce|grec lgc mhroh# adgo|rep uwg ce pgiwolegp agohp lgjdodle t jhrae öodèago|g woe cáoge gojhrae lg –C‑/

Jdiwre 55/ Jwold`dhogp 2/ Pg hbpgrzeo chp |rgp mhrohp lg rgzgrbgrhgo gc do|grdhr lgc rg`do|h/

Jdiwrg 55/ Pagc|doi yhrkp 2/ \mg |mrgg rgzgrbe|hrt jwroe`gp èo bg

pggo dopdlg |mg go`chpwrg/




Jdiwre 52/ êo lg Evöèr 2:/ Mhroh lg jwold`dðo/ Jdiwrg 52/ êo lg Evöèr 2:/ Pagc|doi jwroe`g/

Jdiwre 50/ êo lg Evöèr 5/ Bepg lg mhroh t gp`hrdec/ Jdiwrg 50/ êo lg Evöèr 5/ Bepg hj e jwroe`g eol pcei/



4< Bhcg|áo lgc Awpgh @mdcgoh lg Er|g ̂rg`hchabdoh# Zhc/ 57# O¾ 5# 2>5>

@meferemwed`h 27/ Go ce Uwgbrele lg @meferemwed`h|eabdäo pg meo rgidp|relh chp rgp|hp lg wo mhroh lgjwold`dðo e ce zgre lg wo `wrph lg eiwe -jdi/ 5<$/ Pghbpgrzeo chp `dadgo|hp lg woe gp|rw`|wre ~rdpaå|dè

lg 2 ~hr >#: a e~rh}daeleago|g# `ho woe ec|wre `ho!

pgrzele lg >#: a/ Oh pg chire dlgo|djdèr ce jhrae t gcjwo`dhoeadgo|h lg gp|g mhroh# ~grh ~hlráe dojgrdrpg

uwg gre lg aethrgp ldagopdhogp lg cep `hopgrzelep# te uwg go woh lg pwp ce|grecgp pg hbpgrze pgldago|hrhfdvh t rhèp |grahec|grelep uwg ~hlráeo lgaerèr

gc årge h`w~ele ~hr ce gp|rw`|wre `ha~cg|e/ Fwo|h e

gp|e gp|rw`|wre rg`|eoiwcer `hopgrzele pg go`wgo|re

woe uwgõhe lg aåp lg 0 a lg ec|wre# `wtep reá`gp meo`rg`dlh ~hr phbrg chp `dadgo|hp/ Gp|h ~rhberáe uwg pw`rg`dadgo|h jwg ~hp|grdhr ec jwo`dhoeadgo|h lgc mhroh

t ~hlráe doldèrohp pw eo|dióglel aáodae/ Ce adpae me

pdlh gp|daele go aåp lg 0>> eõhp go bepg e cep ère`!|gráp|dèp lgc gfga~cer t e cep `hold`dhogp eabdgo|ecgpgo cep uwg me `rg`dlh/

Ec celh lg chp `dadgo|hp lgc mhroh pg ga~ceveo

lhp gp|rw`|wrep pgad`dr`wcergp# go `wtep ~erglgp pg

hbpgrzeo rhèp |grahec|grelep# eciwoep `ho gzdlgo`delg zd|rdjdèlh/

Go ce h|re aerigo lgc ráh# t e wohp 27 a lgc eo|grdhr#

pg hbpgrze woe e`wawce`dðo lg rhèp |grahec|grelep#~hpdbcgago|g `dadgo|hp lg h|rh mhroh lg jwold`dðo/

Lgp|eè go gp|g èph ce ireo èo|dlel lg gp`hrde ldp!~grpe go chp ecrglglhrgp t gp~g`decago|g `ho`go|relefwo|h e wo ejchreadgo|h rh`hph e |eo pðch wohp ag|rhplg ce bepg lgc mhroh/ Go cep ̀ grèoáep lg gp|g mhroh pghbpgrze |eabdäo woe gp|rw`|wre rg`|eoiwcer t wo rg`do!|h ~guwgõh `dr`wcer/ Go ce ~er|g pw~grdhr lg ce celgrepg rgidp|rerho |eabdäo rg`do|hp rg`|eoiwcergp# lhp lgchp `wecgp jwgrho g}èzelhp `ha~cg|hp/ Woh le|e lgä~hè ~rgmdp~åodè |erláe t gc h|rh lg ä~hè `hchodec-Eoidhreae 2>>4b$/

@ebg`gre lg ráh Mgrreoe :!9/ Gp|g pd|dh ̀ hopdp|g go |rgprg`do|hp mebd|e`dhoecgp lg ~ceo|ep ̀ dr`wcergp ̀ hop|rwdlhp

`ho rhèp t erieaepe# ̀ ho |g`mh go jecpe bðzgle -jdi/ 57$/

Woh lg gcchp jwg gldjdèlh e~rhzg`meolh wo jereccðo`hah ~er|g lgc awrh# h|rh ~rgpgo|e wo od`mh ̀ hop|rwdlh

Jdiwre 5</ @meferemwet`h 27/ Mhroh lg jwold`dðo/ Fwo|h e äc pg hbpgrze ce uwgõhe ago`dhoele go gc |g}|h/ Jdiwrg 5</ @meferemwet`h 27/ Pagc|doi jwroe`g/ Bgpdlg d| dp |mg Uwgõhe |rgg -^hctcg~dp |ere~eèoe$ ago|dhogl do |mg |g}|/




go gc awrh/ \hlhp ecèoveo wo ldåag|rh lg go|rg 5#= t 2 a/ Chp rg`do|hp gp|åo zdo`wcelhp e |rdo`mgrep g}èzelep

~ere ce g}|re``dðo lg pgldago|h ewrájgrh# lg 5 e 2 alg eo`mh t lg mep|e 7> a lg cerih# ldp|rdbwdlep ~hr woårge lg wohp 2>> a lg ldåag|rh -jdi/ 5:$/ Go eciwohpèphp pg hbpgrzeo awrhp lg `ho|go`dðo go cep adpaep

t ireolgp e`wawce`dhogp lg rhèp fwo|h e gccep/

Ráh Ch~dere =/ Go gp|g pd|dh pg meo rgidp|relh ̀ ho`go|re!

`dhogp lg rhèp eph`delep e ~rå`|dèp lg cezelh lg hrh e

ce zgre lg wo ráh |ga~hrec# t zerdep |rdo`mgrep pdadcergp e

cep te lgp`rd|ep/ \eabdäo pg rgidp|rð wo awrh lhbcg ̀ ho

rgccgoh lg < a lg choid|wl uwg ccgie mep|e ce aerigolgc ráh/ Go cep ̀ grèoáep pg hbpgrzeo gp|rw`|wrep rg`|eo!iwcergp t `dr`wcergp lg ldagopdhogp zerdep# `hop|rwdlep`ho rhèp t erieaepe# ~grh aåp ahlgroep/

Fere Chae 0/ @hopdp|g go wo årge uwg ~rgpgo|e woeireo ̀ eo|dlel lg |rdo`mgrep ~ere gc cezelh lg pgldago|h

ewrájgrh# eciwoep lg wohp 7> a lg choid|wl t 2 a lgeo`mh -jdi/ 59$/ Pg hbpgrze woe pgole go ~er|g ̀ ecvele

`ho rhèp t wo awrh lhbcg `ho rgccgoh lg e~rh}dae!leago|g 5 a lg ec|wre `hop|rwdlh e aeogre lg lduwggo wo `wrph lg eiwe lg gp`hrrgo|áe/ Pg rgidp|rerho

|eabdäo eciwoep ireolgp e`wawce`dhogp lg rhèp/ Gcpd|dh pg go`wgo|re e wohp <>> a lg wo ~wgp|h mebd|elh

e`|wecago|g lwreo|g ~er|g lgc eõh# lg aeogre uwg

èbg ce ~hpdbdcdlel lg uwg gc ~guwgõh lduwg le|g lg|dga~hp aåp ahlgrohp/^hr öc|dah# go @htemwetae# mgahp rgidp|relh gzd!

lgo`dep adogrh!ag|ecöridèp go lhp pg`|hrgp6 Rhperdhlg @htemwetae t @epebceoè/

Rhperdh lg @htemwetae/ @hah ldfdahp# go chp ecrglglh!

rgp lg Rhperdh lg @htemwetae pg hbpgrze woe gohragèo|dlel lg ~hvhp lg g}|re``dðo lg pgldago|h ewrájgrh

t eciwohp phèzhogp ~ere ce g}~ch|e`dðo lgc hrh go zg|e/

\godgolh go `wgo|e ce dicgpde lg ä~hè `hchodec `hop!

|rwdle fwo|h e eciwohp lg gcchp t chp rgp|hp lg zdzdgolep~rhbebcgago|g ̀ hchodecgp uwg pg ̀ hopgrzeo go gc zeccg#

pw~hogahp uwg ce aethráe lg cep gzdlgo`dep lg g}~ch!|e`dðo adogre le|eráeo lg euwgcce ä~hè/ Gp aåp# uwdvåp

Jdiwre 57/ @ebg`gre lg Ráh Mgrreoe :!9/ Rgjwidh/ Jdiwrg 57/ Mgelye|grp hj Ráh Mgrreoe :!9/ Rh`k pmgc|gr/



4: Bhcg|áo lgc Awpgh @mdcgoh lg Er|g ̂rg`hchabdoh# Zhc/ 57# O¾ 5# 2>5>

Jdiwre 5:/ @ebg`gre lg Ráh Mgrreoe :!9/ ^hvhp ~ere g}~ch|e`dðo ewrájgre t e`wawce`dhogp lg rh`ep/ Jdiwrg 5:/ Mgelye|grp hj Ráh Mgrreoe :!9/ Pmej|p jhr adodoi ihcl lg~hpd|p eol rh`k ~dcgp/

Jdiwre 59/ Fere Chae 0/ ^hvhp t |rdo`mgrep ~ere g}~ch|e`dðo ewrájgre/ Jdiwrg 59/ Fere Chae 0/ Pmej|p eol |rgo`mgp jhr ihcl adodoi/




ec agohp eciwohp lg chp aeretgp rgidp|relhp meteo pdlh

w|dcdvelhp lwreo|g cep g}~ch|e`dhogp `hchodecgp/

@epebceoè/ Pg go`wgo|re e wohp 7 ka cdogecgp lg cechècdlel lg Rhperdh lg @htemwetae# e eabep aårigogp

lgc ráh mhaðodah/ Go pw~grjd`dg pg hbpgrze wo `ha!~cgfh `ho gp|rw`|wrep e~rh~delep ~ere gc lgperrhcch lgwoe ireo zerdglel lg e`|dzdlelgp rgce`dhoelep `ho gc~rh`gph lg hb|go`dðo lg ag|ec e ~er|dr lg pwp agoep6|re|eadgo|h lg adogrec -ahcdgole# cezelh# pgcg``dðo$ t jwold`dðo -Eoidhreae 2>>0$/

Gc `ha~cgfh `hop|e lg lhp pg`|hrgp `hop|rw`|dzhp#`ha~cgago|erdhp go|rg pá/ Woh lg gcchp `ho`go|re ce

aethráe lg cep gp|rw`|wrep# adgo|rep uwg gc h|rh# e

5>> a lg ldp|eo`de# gp|å do|girelh ~hr |rgp mhrohp lgjwold`dðo/ Go ̀ weo|h ec ~rdagr pg`|hr# ~rgpgo|e rg`do|hplg ~dglre e eabhp celhp lg wo `wrph lg eiwe# `hop!|rwdlhp e~rhzg`meolh cep ~erglgp lgc èõelðo `hah|g`mh t ̀ grreadgo|hp ~hp|grdhrgp/ E wohp ag|rhp lg gp|hp

rg`do|hp# pg hbpgrze woe gp|rw`|wre awt `ha~cgfe# `hoawrhp ̀ hopgrzelhp lg lhp |d~hp# woh ̀ ho rhèp ~ceoep

bceoèp t h|rh `ho rhèp pwbgpjärdèp rhfdvep/ ^rgpgo|e zeohp go er`h# `hojhraelhp ~hr rhèp `hchèlep lg

èo|h/ E`|wecago|g gp w|dcdvele `hah `hrrec/ Jrgo|g egp|g ireo rg`do|h pg go`wgo|re wo ̀ hofwo|h lg ̀ do`h ae!

retgp wbdèlhp go wo årge lg 5> a lg ldåag|rh/ Pho lg

jhrae |re~gvhdlec# ̀ ho woe ~grjhre`dðo go ̀ ele woe lgcep èrep ce|grecgp lgp|doele e ce pwfg`dðo lg ~echp ~ereahzgrchp lwreo|g ce ahcdgole lg adogrec -jdi/ 5=$/ Gogp|g pg`|hr pg chècdve woe ~ce|ejhrae lg rhèp ldp~wgp|ep

lg jhrae mhrdvho|ec e jdo lg chirer woe pw~grjd`dg ~ceoe

-jdi/ 54$/ E wohp ag|rhp lg gcce pg hbpgrze ce bepg lg wo

mhroh lg jwold`dðo rg`hoh`dbcg ~hr ce ~rgpgo`de lg rhèp

|grahec|grelep/ Pgiöo chp mebd|eo|gp lgc cwier# mebráepdlh wo mhroh lg jwold`dðo lg ~ceo|e ̀ welreoiwcer ̀ ho

woe `mdagoge lg zerdhp ag|rhp lg ec|wre/Gc ̀ ha~cgfh |eabdäo ~rgpgo|e# e wo `hp|elh lg gp|g

pg`|hr lg ahcdgole t jwold`dðo# woe gp|rw`|wre rg`|eo!iwcer/ Doaglde|eago|g ec celh lg äp|e pg go`wgo|re woe~ce|ejhrae lg aethrgp ldagopdhogp uwg ce ~rdagre# ̀ wth

~gráag|rh gp|å lgcdad|elh ~hr rhèp bceoèp ldp~wgp|eplg ̀ eo|h/ Pg hbpgrze |eabdäo wo ̀ eoec ga~glrelh uwg

Jdiwre 5=/ @epebceoè/ Aeretgp/ Ec jholh pg hbpgrzeo eciwoep lg cep `hop|rw``dhogp ago`dhoelep go gc |g}|h/ Jdiwrg 5=/ @epebceoè/ Irdoldoi p|hogp/ Do |mg be`kirhwol erg phag hj |mg p|rw`|wrgp ago|dhogl do |mg |g}|/



4= Bhcg|áo lgc Awpgh @mdcgoh lg Er|g ̂rg`hchabdoh# Zhc/ 57# O¾ 5# 2>5>

lgbdð `holw`dr eiwe lgplg gc ráh mep|e `grè lg gp|eireo ~ce|ejhrae/

Go gc pgiwolh pg`|hr# go wo årge lg 7> a lg ldå!ag|rh e~rh}daeleago|g# pg hbpgrzerho chp rgp|hp lgec agohp |rgp mhrohp lg jwold`dðo# ecdogelhp ec ~dg lgwoe celgre/ Pg |re|e lg mhrohp lg ~erglgp lg ~dglre# ̀ ho

`cerep gzdlgo`dep lg |grahec|gre`dðo/ ^rgpgo|eo ~ceo|e`dr`wcer# `ho |g`mh ebhzglelh t woe ebgr|wre `go|recpwb`dr`wcer -Eoidhreae 2>>0$/ Gc mhroh 5 pg go`wgo|rego agfhr gp|elh lg `hopgrze`dðo# `ho woe bðzgle lg2#7 a lg ldåag|rh g}|groh t woe ec|wre lg 5#27 a# ~rg!pgo|eolh |rgp `holw`|hp lg zgo|dce`dðo t woe ebgr|wrece|grec ̀ welreoiwcer -jdi/ 2>$/ Oh pg ̀ hopgrze ce ̀ efe lgjwgih# te uwg gc pg`|hr elg`welh ~ere pw wbdè`dðo pggo`wgo|re lgp|rwdlh# hbpgrzåolhpg woe ebgr|wre |re~g!vhdlec lgrrwabele go ~er|g/ Ce ̀ mdagoge pg go`wgo|re`hce~pele ~hr pgldago|h# ~grh pg ̀ hopgrze gc èoec lg

`hog}dðo go|rg ce adpae t ce bðzgle# `hojhraelh ~hr

cefep/ Ce bðzgle ~rgpgo|e elgaåp h|rh ̀ holw`|h rg`|eo!

iwcer lg aåp lg 5#2 a lg choid|wl/ Mep|e gc ahago|hoh pg me chirelh dlgo|djdèr me`de lðolg `holw`g# teuwg lgplg gc g}|grdhr oh pg ldp|doiwg odoiwoe gp|rw`|wre

lgbdlh e ce lg~hpd|e`dðo lg pgldago|hp ~rhzgodgo|gp lg

pg`|hrgp aåp ec|hp lg ce celgre/ Go ̀ weo|h e chp mhrohp

2 t 0# gc gp|elh lg `hopgrze`dðo oh gp bwgoh6 pðch pghbpgrzeo cep bðzglep `hce~pelep/ Go gc èph lgc |gr`grmhroh# äp|e ~rgpgo|e woe ebgr|wre pw~grdhr t woe jrho|ec

`ho ldo|gc# t wo |eaeõh agohr go ̀ ha~ere`dðo ̀ ho gc~rdagrh -5#: a lg ldåag|rh g}|groh$ -jdi/ 25$/ Lgbdlhe ce e`wawce`dðo lg pgldago|h go gc do|grdhr t go gcg}|grdhr# go gp|hp mhrohp oh pg ldp|doiwg gc pdp|gae lg zgo|dce`dðo/

Pgiöo chp dojhraeo|gp chècgp# eccá pg jwoláeo adogre!

cgp lg ~ce|e g}|reálhp lgc ̀ grrh ̂ huwgp chècdvelh go gccáad|g ̀ ho @mdcg/ Cep gp`hrdep ag|ecöridèp rg`w~grelep

pg go`wgo|reo go ~rh`gph lg eoåcdpdp/

Jdiwre 54/ @epebceoè/ ^ce|ejhrae ga~glrele/ Ec jholh pg hbpgrzeo eciwoep lg cep `hop|rw``dhogp ago`dhoelep go gc |g}|h/ Jdiwrg 54/ @epebceoè/ @hbbcgl p|hog ~ce|jhra/ Do |mg be`kirhwol erg phag hj |mg p|rw`|wrgp ago|dhogl do |mg |g}|/




Jdiwre 2>/ @epebceoè/ Mhroh lg jwold`dðo/ Jdiwrg 2>/ @epebceoè/ Pagc|doi jwroe`g/

Jdiwre 25/ @epebceoè/ Mhroh lg jwold`dðo/ Jdiwrg 25/ @epebceoè/ Pagc|doi jwroe`g/



5>> Bhcg|áo lgc Awpgh @mdcgoh lg Er|g ̂rg`hchabdoh# Zhc/ 57# O¾ 5# 2>5>

LDP@WPDÐO

Ä~hè ~rgmdp~åodè

\eo|h cep dozgp|die`dhogp ~rgzdep ̀ hah owgp|rhp ~rh~dhp|rebefhp lg ̀ ea~h meo ~grad|dlh gc rgidp|rh lg ireolgp

g}|gopdhogp `wbdgr|ep ~hr ~hvhp t |rdo`mgrep ~ere ce

g}|re``dðo lg pgldago|hp ewrájgrhp go ce ̂ woe lg Fwfwt/Pdo gaberih# oh ~hlgahp epgiwrer eöo uwg äp|hp le|go

lg ä~hè ~rgmdp~åodè/ Lg |hlep aeogrep# gp ~rg`dphpgõecer uwg |eo|h chp dokep ̀ hah chp gp~eõhcgp g}~ch|erho

~rhbebcgago|g chp te`dadgo|hp te `hoh`dlhp ~hr chpdoláigoep chècgp# t uwg cep cebhrgp adogrep ~gr|wrbeochp ̀ ho|g}|hp eo|grdhrgp t ~rhzhèo ce lgp|rw``dðo lg chp

rgp|hp aåp eo|diwhp/ Go gp|g ̀ ho|g}|h# php~g`meahp uwg

go chp èphp lg Rdo`hoele t Peo|e @e|ecdoe cep cebhrgpadogrep ~wldgrho `hagover eo|gp lg ce ccgiele lg chpgp~eõhcgp/ Go gc èph lg chp ~hvhp g dop|rwago|hp lgahcdgole lg @htemwetae# uwg pho doldèlhrgp lg e`!|dzdlelgp adogrep t lg ~rh`gpeadgo|h lg adogrecgp# ce`gråadè doke meccele go gc cwier ohp ~grad|g pw~hogr`ho aåp jwoleago|h gc dod`dh lg ce g}~ch|e`dðo lgc hrh

chèc go ä~hè ~rgmdp~åodè/Chp mhrohp meccelhp go \ebceld|ep 5 t ráh @eolelh

50# chp öod`hp ~hpdbcgago|g ~rgmdp~åod`hp lg chp uwgmgahp rgidp|relh# ~erg`go |re|erpg# ~hr pw ldpgõh t

|eaeõh# lg gp|rw`|wrep lgp|doelep aåp bdgo e woe ~rdagrejwold`dðo lg chp adogrecgp g}|reálhp lgc te`dadgo|h/ Gcag|ec hb|godlh pgiwreago|g lgbáe pgr cwgih rgjwoldlh t rgjdoelh go h|rh |d~h lg gp|rw`|wre lg `habwp|dðo/Gp lg`dr# gp|hp mhrohp mebráeo pdlh wo da~cgago|h

zdo`wcelh aåp bdgo ̀ ho gc ~rh`gpeadgo|h lg adogrecgp#

uwdvåp ~ere je`dcd|er pw |reop~hr|g ~hp|grdhr rglw`dgolhgc zhcwago lgc ae|grdec gp|ärdc# uwg `ho ce jebrdè`dðolg hbfg|hp ag|åcd`hp/ Ce oh|ebcg gpèpgv lg gzdlgo`deplg ~rhlw``dðo ag|ecöridè go chp ireolgp epgo|eadgo|hp

lg ce ̂ woe t go cep årgep gp|wldelep ~hr ohph|rhp# |ecgp

`hah ahclgp# ̀ rdphcgp# gp`hrde# g|`/# ~grad|g jhrawcer uwg~rhbebcgago|g ireo ~er|g lg chp adogrecgp g}|reálhp lg

chp te`dadgo|hp ~wogõhp greo |repcelelhp e h|rep årgep/

Go rgecdlel# pd pg hbpgrzeo cep gzdlgo`dep ago`dhoelep#

~erg`g pgr uwg chp irw~hp ~wogõhp |wzdgrho woe aethr

hrdgo|e`dðo me`de cep e`|dzdlelgp adogrep# go cwier lgag|ecöridèp/

\hlh gp|h ohp ~grad|g aeo|gogr owgp|re ~rh~wgp|elg uwg ~rhbebcgago|g pgeo chp ~wogõhp chp uwg meog}~ch|elh chp te`dadgo|hp lg hrh# gp|eõh t ~ce|e chè!cdvelhp go gc ec|d~ceoh t chp uwg pg meo goèrielh lg

ce ldp|rdbw`dðo lg chp adogrecgp/ Oh hbpgrzeahp mep|egc ahago|h ce g}dp|go`de lg irw~hp lg h|rep årgep

lgldèlhp e ce g}|re``dðo lg adogrecgp go ce ^woe/

\rebefhp eruwghcðid`hp t g|ohmdp|ðrd`hp meo ~grad|dlh

lh`wago|er `cereago|g ce g}dp|go`de go |dga~hp ~rg!mdp~åod`hp# ̀ hchodecgp t ahlgrohp lg ~ep|hrgp!adogrhp

go chp Eolgp @go|rh Pwr -Chveoh Ae`mwè 5442 [57=5Q;Bgrgoiwgr 544<; Oöõgv 544<# 5444; go|rg h|rhp$/ Gc

aeo|godadgo|h lg rgbeõhp lg cceaep jwg woe e`|dzdlel|h|ecago|g ̀ ha~e|dbcg ̀ ho ce g}~ch|e`dðo adogre# ̀ ha!

bdoe`dðo uwg ~grlwrð lgplg ~hr ch agohp gc 5>>> E@go gc ohr|g lg @mdcg -Oöõgv 544<# 5444$# mep|e ä~hèp`hchodecgp t ahlgroep go Cá~gv# pwlhgp|g lg Bhcdzde-Chveoh Ae`mwè 5442 [57=5Q; Odgcpgo 2>>>$/

\eabdäo me pdlh ea~cdeago|g lh`wago|elh uwg

pho chp ~ep|hrgp chp uwg ohraecago|g `hog`|eo ldzgrphp

eabdgo|gp ~ere do|grèabder ch uwg gcchp ~rhlw`go ~hrchp gcgago|hp uwg og`gpd|eo# t uwg woe ̀ erezeoe oh pghrieodve ~ere hb|gogr t |repceler wo phch ~rhlw`|h/ ̂ hr

gc ̀ ho|rerdh# woe ̀ ere`|gráp|dè lg chp ̀ erezeogrhp gp pwè~e`dlel ~ere `habdoer ldzgrpep aeogrep lg hb|gogrldp|do|hp er|á`wchp go wo adpah zdefg -Oöõgv * Ldccgmet

5447 [5494Q; Oöõgv 5444; Odgcpgo 2>>>; go|rg h|rhp$/Gp ~rhbebcg uwg chp ~ep|hrgp lg chp pg`|hrgp g`hoð!

adèago|g agohp jezhrebcgp lg ce ^woe fwfgõe meteorg`wrrdlh e ce g}~ch|e`dðo t gc |råjd`h lg adogrecgp

rguwgrdlhp ~hr irw~hp lg h|rep årgep -`hah Uwgbrelelg Mwaemweè t ohr|g lg @mdcg$# ~ere er|d`wcerpg lggpe aeogre e woe rgl lg do|grèabdh uwg cgp ~grad|dgre

e``glgr e chp er|á`wchp uwg gcchp adpahp og`gpd|ebeo

-Eoidhreae 2>>:$/ Go èabdh# ~ere chp ~ep|hrgp lgårgep aåp rdèp go rg`wrphp eirh~ep|hrdcgp# ̀ hah chp lgc

Pwr lg ̂ hvwgchp# ce e`|dzdlel adogre ~erg`g mebgr pdlhpg`wolerde/ Gp|h gp ch uwg owgp|rhp gp|wldhp pwidgrgomep|e gc ahago|h/

êre ce ä~hè doke# pg me ~ceo|gelh rg~g|dleago|guwg jwgrho ~rg`dpeago|g ce rduwgve go adogrecgp ag|e!cájgrhp t ce g}dp|go`de lg woe cerie |reld`dðo ag|ecöridè

go eciwohp pg`|hrgp lgc Ohrhgp|g Erigo|doh# chp ah|dzhp

~rdo`d~ecgp lg ce eog}dðo lg gp|hp |grrd|hrdhp ec Da~grdh/

Go owgp|rep årgep lg gp|wldh gc do|gräp doke go chp ag!

|ecgp chècgp ~wglg zgrpg `ho `cerdlel öodèago|g go@htemwetae/ E ldjgrgo`de lg ch uwg ~hp|wcerho h|rhpdozgp|dielhrgp# chp |rebefhp do|gopdzhp uwg mgahp rgecdvelh

go Jwold`dhogp# Peo|h Lhadoih t gc Pwr lg ^hvwgchpoh meo lelh ̀ hah rgpwc|elh gc meccevih lg gzdlgo`depuwg ohp ~grad|eo epgiwrer uwg ce ~rgpgo`de doke gogpep rgidhogp ‐lholg ̀ hop|rwtgrho wo da~hr|eo|g reaec

lgc ̀ eadoh ~rdo`d~ec eoldoh# t |haerho t rgahlgcerhoepgo|eadgo|hp ~rgg}dp|go|gp‐ mete |godlh eciwoe zdo!`wce`dðo ̀ ho do|grgpgp adogrh!ag|ecörid`hp/

Ä~hè `hchodec

\eo|h cep dozgp|die`dhogp mdp|ðrdèp# `hah chp rgce|hp

lg zdefgrhp t igðchihp lgp|eèo ce da~hr|eo`de lg chp



Gzdlgo`dep adogrh!ag|ecöridèp go ce ̂ woe lg Fwfwt ( @/ Eoidhreae * J/ Bg`grre 5>5

rg`wrphp adogrecgp lg ce rgidðo lwreo|g ä~hè ̀ hchodec/

Cep gzdlgo`dep rgidp|relep agldeo|g cep ~rhp~g``dhogprgecdvelep go cep årgep lg gp|wldh ~grad|go ler `wgo|elg gpep ~rå`|dèp adogrh!ag|ecöridèp ccgzelep e èbhlwreo|g ce g|e~e `hchodec/ Pdo gaberih# lg|gradoer ce`rhohchiáe g}e`|e lg gp|ep gzdlgo`dep rgpwc|e aw`mh

aåp ldjá`dc/Go ̀ weo|h ec hrh# hb|godlh jwoleago|ecago|g lg cep

ergoep ewrájgrep lg chp ráhp# pg pebg uwg jwg wo ag|ec awt

da~hr|eo|g lwreo|g ce @hchode t gc ~gráhlh dolg~goldgo|g#

~grh mebráe pdlh ~h`h e|re`|dzh ~ere g}~ch|e`dhogp e ireo

gpèce/ Go gp|e e`|dzdlel# ~er|d`d~ebeo |eo|h gp~eõhcgp`hah doláigoep -êchaguwg 2>>>$/ Go chp |rgp pg`|hrgplg gp|wldh met ebwoleo|gp gzdlgo`dep lg cezelh lg hrh#

|eo|h go jhrae lg |rdo`mgrep t ~hvhp `hah go gp|rw`|wrep

~ere gc aeogfh lgc eiwe/ Cep adpaep pg go`wgo|reo goigogrec eph`delep e rgjwidhp ~guwgõhp# lholg gc adogrh

~groh`|ebe adgo|rep lwrebe gc ~gráhlh lg e`|dzdlel/

Bre`kgbwp`m -54:: [5=40Q6 224$ le ̀ wgo|e lg ce e`|dzdlel

phcd|erde lgc adogrh t lgp`rdbg pw mhier ld`dgolh uwg cep

èpep oh cg brdoleo –ebrdih ̀ ho|re cep mgcelep# zdgo|hp t

ccwzde/ Wo aho|ðo lg ~dglrep ̀ rwlep ̀ hchèlh go jhrae

lg eodcch -ce cceaele ~drè$# pdo |g`mh# jhrae pw mhier t lhrad|hrdh# aho|wrep t wo ~er lg aeo|ep zdgfep h

mere~hp jhraeo pw cg`mh‑ / Idc Aho|grh -2>><$ e|rdbwtggp|e lgp`rd~`dðo# pdo gaberih# aåp e ce dojcwgo`de lgc|rebefh adogrh gwrh~gh uwg e cep ~rh~dep hbpgrze`dhogp

go ce ^woe# te uwg chp g}~gldgo|gp fwld`decgp uwg gp|eew|hre |rebefð ago`dhoeo e`|dzdlelgp irw~ecgp lholg~er|d`d~ebeo |eabdäo cep awfgrgp/ Cep lgp`rd~`dhogp uwg

rgecdve Bhaeo -5442 [54>=Q6 :47$ |eabdäo dozhcw`reo wo

|rebefh jeadcder6 –wo mhabrg# lhp awfgrgp t |rgp odõhp‑/^hr gc ̀ ho|rerdh# cep gzdlgo`dep rgidp|relep mep|e gc ah!ago|h ~hr ohph|rhp go ldp|do|hp ~erefgp leo `wgo|e lge`|dzdlelgp doldzdlwecgp h lg irw~hp awt rglw`dlhp#pdo ireo dozgrpdðo go dojregp|rw`|wre# e ce aeogre uwgBre`kgbwp`m ch rgce|e/

Ewouwg ce rgh`w~e`dðo pw`gpdze lg chp gp~e`dhp ohpda~dlg wbdèr cep |rdo`mgrep t cezelgrhp go wo ahago|h

mdp|ðrd`h go ~er|d`wcer# cep gzdlgo`dep hbpgrzelep `hojdr!

aeo ce da~hr|eo`de lg gp|ep |ergep ~ere chp mebd|eo|gplg ce rgidðo/

Go `weo|h e cep ~rå`|dèp lg jwold`dðo lg adog!

recgp# cep dop|ece`dhogp rgidp|relep ~grad|go wbdèrcep

go wo ~gráhlh |ga~hrec aåp e`h|elh# ewouwg pðch ce`habdoe`dðo lg ce dozgp|die`dðo eruwghcðidè `ho cemdp|ðrdè# |erge uwg mgahp dod`delh# chireråo lg|gradoer

chp ahago|hp ~rg`dphp lg jwo`dhoeadgo|h lg chp ga!

~rgoldadgo|hp g dlgo|djdèr e chp eigo|gp ph`decgp uwgchp ccgzerho e èbh/

E ~gper lg cep ~er|d`wcerdlelgp lg èle pd|dh# pg

~wglgo ldp|doiwdr `dgr|ep pdadcd|wlgp uwg ~grad|go

eirw~erchp pgiöo gp|ep pgagfeovep/ Gc mhroh rgidp|relh go

ce Uwgbrele lg @meferemwed`h gp wo èph öod`h lgbdlh

e uwg pw ahrjhchiáe ldjdgrg lgc rgp|h ec oh ~rgpgo|erce gp|rw`|wre ebhzglele uwg chp ldp|doiwg/ Elgaåp# ohpg ̀ wgo|e ̀ ho odoiwoe dojhrae`dðo bdbcdhiråjdè w hrec

uwg ~grad|e ̀ ho|g}|wecdver cep e`|dzdlelgp lg jwold`dðoccgzelep e ̀ ebh go gc cwier/ Pðch pg pebg uwg ce h`w~e!`dðo lg woe lg cep `grèoep gp|rw`|wrep rg`|eoiwcergp pg

mebráe lelh go ä~hè `hchodec# ~grh oh met gzdlgo`depuwg ~grad|eo epgiwrer uwg eabep gp|rw`|wrep meteo

pdlh `ho|ga~hråogep/ Ce uwgõhe lg aåp lg 0>> eõhp#lg `rg`dadgo|h ~hp|grdhr ec wph lgc mhroh gp# ~hr gc

ahago|h# ce öodè `cezg `ho ce uwg `ho|eahp ~ere

gp|daer ce eo|dióglel lg gp|e gp|rw`|wre/Gc pgiwolh |d~h lg mhroh rgidp|relh gp gc uwg pg

go`wgo|re go eabhp ̀ ha~cgfhp lgc ̂ erefg lg Jwold`dhogp6

Jwold`dhogp 5 t 2/ Gc ldpgõh lg chp adpahp pg rg~d|g#ewouwg `ho ldjgrgo`dep go chp lg|eccgp/ Chp mhrohp

gp|åo `ha~wgp|hp ~hr woe bðzgle `ho wo hrdjd`dh pw!~grdhr ̀ dr`wcer t ̀ dgr|h oöagrh lg ebgr|wrep# ̀ hog`|ele

~hr wo g}|rgah e woe èfe ~rdpaå|dè t ~hr gc h|rhe woe `mdagoge `ðodè/ Jwold`dhogp 2 ~rgpgo|e woe~er|d`wcerdlel uwg oh jwg meccele go odoiwoh lg chph|rhp pd|dhp6 ce g}dp|go`de lg mhrohp wbdèlhp go worg`do|h ~rg~erelh gp~g`ájdèago|g ~ere ecbgrierchp/

Gp|wldhp jw|wrhp ~grad|dråo ldp|doiwdr pd äp|hp |goáeowoe jwo`dðo ldjgrgo|g e ce lg chp uwg pg go`wgo|reojwgre lgc rg`do|h/

Gc |gr`gr |d~h lg mhroh# meccelh go êo lg Evöèr2: t @epebceoè# gp pdadcer ec eo|grdhr te uwg ~rgpgo|ewoe bðzgle `ho hrdjd`dh `dr`wcer pw~grdhr t ldzgrphp

hrdjd`dhp ce|grecgp/ Pdo gaberih# elgaåp lg ce `hog}dðoe ce `mdagoge -go |hlhp chp èphp ~er`decago|g `ho!pgrzele$# ~rgpgo|e wo pgiwolh ̀ holw`|h# uwg ccgzeráe e

woe ̀ åaere oh zdpdbcg lgplg gc g}|grdhr t pgccele# ~hr ch

agohp go ce e`|wecdlel/ ^hr h|re ~er|g# gp `wrdhph uwggo odoiwoh lg chp mhrohp pg mete `hopgrzelh ce èfe

lg jwgih# pdoh pðch ~hpdbcgp `dadgo|hp lg cep adpaep#ch uwg me`g ~goper uwg |ec zgv äp|e oh gp|ebe ~rgpgo|g`hah go chp mhrohp lgc pgiwolh irw~h h uwg ~wldgrepgr ldjgrgo|g e ce lg äp|hp/

Aåp eccå lg cep ldjgrgo`dep go|rg chp lhp öc|dahp

irw~hp# eabhp ~rgpgo|eo mhrohp lgohadoelhp lg |d~hrgzgrbgrh# uwg rg~rgpgo|eo woe |gòhchiáe lg jwold`dðo

ldjgrgo|g e ce lg cep mwetrep ~rgmdp~åodèp h lg chp

mhrohp èp|gcceohp go chp uwg gc adogrec t gc `habwp!|dbcg pg `hchèo go ce adpae `åaere/ Go chp mhrohp lg|d~h rgzgrbgrh# gc `habwp|dbcg pg wbdè go woe èfe lg

jwgih ̀ hog`|ele e ce bðzgle go ce uwg pg go`wgo|re gcadogrec e jwoldr# gp lg`dr# uwg pho chp ~rhlw`|hp lg ce`habwp|dðo -chp iepgp ̀ ecdgo|gp$ chp uwg |haeo ̀ ho|e`|h

`ho ce èrie t oh gc `habwp|dbcg/0



5>2 Bhcg|áo lgc Awpgh @mdcgoh lg Er|g ̂rg`hchabdoh# Zhc/ 57# O¾ 5# 2>5>

Ce ~rgpgo`de lg mhrohp lg |d~h rgzgrbgrh go gp|hppd|dhp doldè uwg pho ga~rgoldadgo|hp lg ä~hè ̀ hchodec#

te uwg gp woe |gòhchiáe do|rhlw`dle ~hr chp gp~eõhcgp t oh ~rgmdp~åodè/ Gc meccevih lg gp|g |d~h lg mhrohpgo êo lg Evöèr oh rgpwc|e phr~rgolgo|g lgbdlh e ceda~hr|eo`de uwg ̀ hbrð gp|g ̀ grrh go ldp|do|hp ahago|hp

lgc ~gráhlh `hchodec -êchaguwg 2>>>; Pdè * Wcche

2>>9; go|rg h|rhp$/ Go gc ̀ eph lg Jwold`dhogp# ̀ hah pgme ago`dhoelh# gp dlgo|djdèlh `hah wo te`dadgo|h

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~hlgahp eph`der gc mhroh lg ̂ eo lg Evöèr 2: ̀ ho woe

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@HOPDLGRE@DHOGP JDOECGP

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lgperrhccelhp go ce ^woe lg Fwfwt/ Gp go gp|g pgo|dlh go

gc uwg `ho|dowergahp |rebefeolh/

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0 êre woe lgp`rd~`dðo lg|eccele zgr gc Er|g lg chp ag|ecgp lg Echoph Berbe -5404 [5:<>Q$/

RGJGRGO@DEP

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eruwghcðid`h Pwr lg ^hvwgchp/ Go Rep|rhp go gc èadoh/

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brE@kgbwp@m# c/# 54=5 [5==0Q/ ^hr chp èadohp lgc Ohr|g / \w`waåo6@hcgidh lg Irelwelhp go @dgo`dep Ighcðidèp lg \w`waåo/54:: [5=40Q/ Cep `hold`dhogp lg ce adográe go ce Rg~öbcdè

Erigo|doe/ Bhcg|áo lg ce Eèlgade Oe`dhoec lg @dgo`dep #\hah }cz /

@ EpEohzE# g/# 540=/ Dozgp|die`dhogp eruwghcðidèp go Phr`wth# ̂ woelg Fwfwt/ Eoecgp lgc Awpgh Erigo|doh lg @dgo`dep Oe|wrecgp =># \hah }}}d} # Bwgohp Edrgp/

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Edrgp6 PGIGAER/lgbgoglg||d# p/# 545>/ G}~chre`dðo eruwghcðidè lg chp `gago|grdhp

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idc Aho|grh# r/# 2>></ @erezeogrhp t |repmwaeo|gp go chp Eolgp

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Eccigagdogo wol Zgricgd`mgolgo Er`mìhchidg <:/ Aóo`mgo6K/E/Z/E/

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g}~ch|e`dðo lg adoep go ce Rg~öbcdè Erigo|doe/ Bwgohp Edrgp6@hwrrdgr lg Ce ^ce|e/

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ce `wc|wre lg Tezd/ Eoecgp lg Eruwghchiáe t G|ohchiáe <5!<26=0!529# Agolhve/

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Gp|wldhp E|eèagõhp 5>6 0>!0</AgoE# J/# 545: [5992Q/ Jwole`dðo lg Pec|e/ Lgp`rd~`dðo t Oerre`dðo

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Oe`dhoec lg Eo|rh~hchiáe t ̂ gopeadgo|h Ce|doheagrdèoh 256545!2>2# Bwgohp Edrgp/



5>< Bhcg|áo lgc Awpgh @mdcgoh lg Er|g ̂rg`hchabdoh# Zhc/ 57# O¾ 5# 2>5>

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̂ e|hchiáe Rgidhoec lgc Ohr|g Erigo|doh# Zhc/ 2# ~~/ 5<0>!5<7>#Bwgohp Edrgp/

pirhpph# ~/# 54<0/ @ho|rdbw`dðo ec `hoh`dadgo|h lg ce adográe t

ighchiáe lgc OHE/ Bhcg|áo O¾ 70# Bwgohp Edrgp6 Adodp|grdh lg Eird`wc|wre lg ce Oe`dðo/

pd@E# i/ * A/ wcchE# 2>>9/ Fwfwt go ce @hchode/ Lg ce Jwole`dðo lgce ̀ dwlel e ce ̀ rdpdp lgc hrlgo ̀ hchodec/ Go Fwfwt go ce mdp|hrde/

Lg ce @hchode ec pdich }} # E/ \grwgc * A/ Ceihp# Ldr/# ~~/ <5!=</ Fwfwt6 Wodlel lg Dozgp|die`dðo go Mdp|hrde Rgidhoec# Je`wc|ellg Mwaeodlelgp t @dgo`dep Ph`decgp# Gld|hrdec lg ce WodzgrpdlelOe`dhoec lg Fwfwt/

|gcch# l/ g/# 54== [5===Q/ Lgp`rd~`dðo lg ce ^rhzdo`de lg Fwfwt/ Dojhragp# hbfg|hp t le|hp uwg ~rgpgo|e gc @hadpdhoelh ̂ rhzdo`dec#

Pgoelhr Oe`dhoec L/ Gwfgodh \gcch e ce G}~hpd`dðo Wodzgrpec

lg 5==4 go êráp / Peo Peczelhr lg Fwfwt6 Wodzgrpdlel Oe`dhoeclg Fwfwt/

wcchE# A/# 2>>7/ @hagr`deo|gp# ~wc~grhp# me`golelhp t bwpèlhrgplg hrh/ Gp~eõhcgp go ce ^woe lg Fwfwt e jdogp lgc pdich }zddd/Go @L E`|ep lgc zd @hoirgph Do|groe`dhoec lg G|ohmdp|hrde#Bwgohp Edrgp/

z go|wrE# b/# 54=7 Ap/ Ag|ecwride6 wo ep~g`|h ~h`h ̀ hoh`dlh go ceeruwghchiáe lg cep Pgczep H``dlgo|ecgp/ Dojhragp lg Dozgp|die`dðo

2# ~~/ 7!=2/ Bwgohp Edrgp6 ̂ rhireae lg Gp|wldhp ̂ rgmdp|ðrd`hp/@HOD@G\!Wodzgrpdlel lg Bwgohp Edrgp/

v E~~g||dod# g/# 2>></ Hrh go ce ^rhzdo`de lg Fwfwt/ Go Mdp|hrde lg ce

Adográe Erigo|doe# \hah dd# G/ Cezeoledh * G/ @e|eceoh# Glp/#~~/ :4!97/ Bwgohp Edrgp6 PGIGAER/

antiguas evidencias de minerÍa y metalurgia . angiorama y becerra

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