antropologia e filme etnográfico - clarice ehlers peixoto

7/27/2019 Antropologia e Filme etnogrfico - Clarice Ehlers Peixoto

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Bitrnpnanèb h Ceamh Htin`rcefn; Xm \rbvhaaeiìn Fhiren Aethrren lb Bitrnpnan` eb Sesuba*

Fabrefh Hdahrs Whexntn

Eitrnlun

Lhshidbr n fhiren jejaen`rcefn lb bi-trnpnanèb vesuba tbrhcb abjnrensb, pnes hxe-`h rhphrtnrebr tnlbs bs cnrmbs lh hxprhssnemb`tefb h efnin`rcefb uteaezblbs ins hstu-lns bitrnpnaèfns, lhslh ns premherns thm-

pns; peitu rbs , `rbvurbs, cn tn`rbc ebs,2 ceam hs,vlhns... Messn qubsh empnssvha. Wrnpn-idn, hitn, rhbaezbr um trbvhaaei` lh furtb

lurbn, bprhshitbiln bs preifepbes pujae-fbhs eithribfenibes snjrh b rhabn hitrh

b bitrnpnanèb h n feihmb htin`rcefn.: Hi-trhtbitn, pnr mbes quh sh rhluzb b mnitb`hmlhtbadblb lhssh emhisn fhiren aethrren, sublurbn beilb ani`b. Bssem, cbrhe um brrt

su r a emb`h lns trbjbadns fassefns h fni-thmpnrihns quh fniselhrn ns mbes seìe-

cefbtevns.

Fnmn in trbvhaaei` feihmbtn`rcefn,mhu nadbr cnfbaezbr, preifepbamhith, n fhi-

ren fnistetutevn lb bitrnpnanèb bulenvesuba;n ceamh htin`rcefn fnmn eistrumhitn lh hi-sein h phsquesb bitrnpnaèfb. Nu shkb, prn-

pnid n (rh )vhr ns hs tuln s quh prnf urbm ei -th`rbr n mbthreba vesuba h sninrn bns hsfretns

htin`rcefns h, snjrhtuln, mhtnlnanèbbitrnpnaèfb.

Bssem, hsth trbvhaaei` aethrren bprhshi-

tb trs mnmhitns fdbvh ib fnistetuen lbbitrnpnanèb vesuba. N premhern cne b fnistb-tbn lb requhzb htin`rcefb fnitelb ibs emb-`his cexbs nu hm mnvemhitn h n eithrhssh hmeitrnluzer ns eistrumhitns lh fbptbn lhs-sb eicnrmbn ibs phsquesbs bitrnpnaèfbs.Lh rhstn, Mbrhy, Zhìbuat, Mbuss, Ahrne@nurdbi h @rebuah muetn eisesterbm iessn. N

shùiln (25872537) mbrfbln phan frhsfe-mhitn ln usn lhssh eistrumhitba ibs phs-quesbs bitrnpnaèfbs h, b cnrtenre, n rhabi-bmhitn lb lesfussn mhtnlnaèfb snjrh b

njkhtevelblh lns lblns bulenvesubes h sub

(ei)blhqubn bns hstulns bitrnpnaèfns,um lhjbth quh èrb hm tnmn lbs lechrhifeb-hs hitrh ceamh htin`rcefn / ceamh lh phs-quesb / ceamh lnfumhitren, ceamh lh njshr-vbn h feimb vret. Ceibamhith, n thrfhe-rn mnmhitn sur`h pnr vnatb lns bins shthitbfnm n rhfnidhfemhitn ln fbrthr fehitcefn

lbs eicnrmbhs bulenvesubes h b fnish-

qhith frebn lh fhitrns, abjnrbtrens hfnmets in eithrenr lh uievhrselblhs h/nufhitrns lh phsquesb, b prnaechrbn lh hstu-lns h ceamhs htin`rcefns, b frebn lh chste-vbes lh ceamhs htin`rcefns nu lnfumhit-

rens h b pujaefbn lh aevrns h rhvestbs hsph-febaezblbs.

* B`rblhn b aheturb bthitb h ns fnmhitrens lh Fbrmhm Vaveb Zeba h Htehiih Vbmbei.

JEJ, Zen lh Kbihern, i.


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Wremherns \hxtns h Jnjeibs, bLhsfnjhrtb lb Htin`rbceb CamefbMuetn k sh cbanu ln ibsfemhitn lb bi-

trnpnanèb h ln feihmb, lh shus pbes cuilb-lnrhs,6 lb prdestr eb ln feihmbt`rbcn,fnm bs eivhihs lh HtehiihKuahs Mbrhy,Hblwhbrl Muyjrel`h, Bajhrt Anilh, ChaexAnues Zhìbuat, \dnmbs Hlesni, hitrh nu-

trns. Mbs, tbavhz, thidbm seln pnufn hxpan-

rblbs bs bpaefbhs fehitcefbs lhssbs lhs-

fnjhrtbs. Vh Hlesni hstbvb mbes eithrhssblnib hxpanrbn fnmhrfeba ln shu oeihstnsf

pen rhb aezbiln ceam hs ceffen ibes mbes ln quhlnfumhitbes, Mbrhy h Zhìbuat uteaezbvbmshus hxphremhitns frnincntn`rcefns pbrblhshivnavhr rhcahxhs threfbs h mhtnlna-èfbs snjrh n fnmpnrtbmhitn dumbin, b an-

fnmnn hm hsphfeba. Weniherns ib bpaefb-n lh invbs tfiefbs pbrb n hstuln ln dn-

mhm, subs phsquesbs sh lhshivnavebm mbes

in fbmpn lb cesenanèb dumbib ln quh in lbbitrnpnanèb snfeba. Lh cbtn, cne Mbrhy quhmpremhern biu ifenu Bf bl m eh lh s Vfehifhslh Wbres,hm :5 lh nutujrn lh 2446, b frebnlh um prnttepn lb fmbrb feihmbtn`rcefb

n frnincnt`rbcn , h tbavhz thidb seln hssbb premherb pujaefbn snjrh n usn lh emb-`his hm hstulns fehitcefns. Bssem, Mbrhyh Zhìbuat eiefebrbm hssb prtefb rhcahxevb,

an`n blntblb pnr bquhahs quh ns shùerbm.Hm 2458, mhsmn bin lb eivhin ln fe-

ihmbt`rbcn phans ermns Aumerh, Zhìbuatceamnu fnm um frnincnt`rbcn umb muadhr

bcrefbib cbjrefbiln um pnth lh jbrrn, trsbcrefbins bknhadblns hm pnsen lh rhpnu-sn h um bcrefbin sujeiln hm umb rvnrh.Hssbs hxphreifebs cnrbm rhabtblbs hm brte-`ns ins qubes Zhìbuat prnfurbvb mnstrbr b

uteaelblh lbs frnincntn`rbcebs pbrb b htin-`rbceb,< (Abkbrl h Zhìbuat, 2458? Zhìbuat,

2453b, 2453j h 2450). N premhern lhsshs brte-

`ns trbtbvb lb nre`hm ln tnrin h lbs levhr-

sbs cbshs lhssb tfiefb premetevb lh cbjre-fbn lh pnths lh jbrrn, bibaesblbs b pbrter

ln trbjbadn lhshmphidbln pnr umb muadhr

Nunanc lurbith b Hxpnsen Xievhrsba lhWbres, in pbveadn lb crefb Nfelhitba. Inshùiln, hah cbz umb biaesh lh trs `rupnstiefns bcrefbins Nunanc, Cuabie, L enab ,fnmpbrbiln subs pnsturbs lh rhpnusn h subsmbiherbs lh bknhadbr. In thrfhern, hstulb bslechrhiths cnrmbs lh sujer ibs rvnrhs hm-prh`b lb s pn r hs sh s `r up ns .

Bs emb`his, rhbaezblbs fnm b fmbrb

frnincn`rcefb lh rnans lh ceamh fhauaelhrhfmeivhitblb pnr HtehiihKuahs Mbrhy,cnrbm lh cbtn bs premherbs jnjeibs rnlblbspb rb trb jbadn s fehi tc efns . Fn m subs hx ph-

reifebs, Zhìbuat rhssbatbvb b empnrtifebln rhèstrn vesuba pbrb n lhshivnavemhitnlbs phsquesbs fehitcefbs h lhshivnaveb hs-tulns threfns snjrh bs tfiefbs lh mnve-mhitn ln fnrpn. In shu fbsn hsphfcefn, trb-tbvbsh lh hstulns lh cesenanèb dumbib fnm-pbrb lb . W uj ae fn u ei m hrn s b rt e` n s hm

jn aht eis lh snfehlblhs fehi tcef bs h rhv estbs

hsphfebaezblbs crbifhsbs (Zhìbuat, 2577,

252:, 25:6b, 25:6j, 2562). N phsquesblnr hrbhchtevbmhith um hitusebstb ln usn lbs emb-`his;

`rbbs bns invns eistrumhitns, n feihmb h ncni`rbcn, n mushu lh htin`rbceb pnlh blque-

rer umb empnrtifeb hinrmh, tnribilnsh um

abjnrbtren eilesphisvha pbrb b habjnrbn lbfeifeb ln dnmhm. (...) V n feihmb pnlhr

cnrihfhr, hm bjuilifeb, lnfumhitns njkhte-

vns? `rbbs b hah, n bitrnpnanèstb _thrmn ln

butnr] pnlh, dnkh, fnahfenibr b velb lh tnlns

ns pnvns, ùbrlbiln hm sub `bvhtb tnlns nsbtns hsphfcefns lbs levhrsbs rbbs. Hah hstulb-

r, qubiln queshr, bs srehs lh mnvemhitns quhn dnmhm hxhfutb pbrb sh bknhadbr, sujer ibs

rvnrhs, njshrvbr fnmn usbm ns njkhtns htf.Hah pnlhr bssester bs chstbs, ns fnmjbths, nslevhrsns mnlns lh fnmhrfebaezbr, lh fnmhr, lh

rhpnusbr (Zhìbuat, 25:6b, p. 447).

Fniselhrbln pnr muetns fnmn n cuilb-

lnr ln ceamh htin`rcefn,8 ChaexAnues Z h`-

ibuat bcermbvb;

bt b`nrb , b snfenanèb rbmn suprhm n h

cuilblnr lb bitrnpnanèb phfnu p hab lnfu-mhitbn. Wnes shus lnfumhitns , pnr mbes

5:


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E

dnihstns quh shkbm ns phsquesblnrhs quh nscnrihfhrbm, beilb sn sujkhtevns h s tm, bs-

sem, um vbanr rhabtevn. Bt n prhshith, b snfen-anèb s lesps lh lnfumhitns sujkhtevns (...)

pb rb um b fei feb hx btb , pr hf esn ln fum hi tnsnjkhtevns ins qubes n cbtnr phssnba lhsbpbrhfh.

I n d l velb lh qu h k hx esth m ins mu shu s lhhtin`rbc eb , eis trumhitns , njkh tns ut e a ezblnsph an s pn vn s. M bs sn ln fu m hi tn s ei fn m pa h-

tns . Wnes , in jbstb fnidhfhr um njkh tn ,

pr hf esn sb jh r fn mn usbln . \n lb b lh sf re n

lhsth usn sujkhtevb. Bs cntn`rbcebs, mhsmniumhrnsbs, in pnlhm bibaesbr fnmpahtbmhith

hssb prtefb. V n feihmb cnrihfh hm bjuili-

feb ns lnfumhitns njkhtevns (Zhìbuat, 25:6b,

p. 44 7) .

Hssb prhnfupbn fnm n rhèstrn hxbtnlh umb prtefb snfeba btrbvs lh um nadbr

njkhtevn hst prhshith ins trbjbadns lh nu-trns fehitestbs lb pnfb, fukbs biaeshs hs-tn pbutblbs ib elhnanèb pnsetevestb. Ihssh

shiteln, b eifnrpnrbn lh eistrumhitns lh

mhlen h lh njshrvbn, ins hstulns lbs

snfehlblhs h fuaturbs, fnifhlh bitrnpnan-èb um f brthr mbes njkhtevn h, pnrtbitn, mbesfehitcefn. I umb thitbtevb lh eicauhifebr shusfnah`bs in hmprh`n lhsshs eitrumhitns,

Zhìbuat lhfabrb hm 25:6, ib


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rhèstrn lh emb`his h lh um eitrprhth ibte-

vn, quh tbmjm shrveb lh bssesthith h ùeb.Bam lh njshrvbr sesthmbtefbmhith, lh cbzhrbintbhs lh fbmpn h rhèstrn sninrn lbsmsefbs h lesfursns lns Owboeuat, lh fnahebr njkhtns lh fuaturb mbthreba. Jnbs tbmjmcntn`rbcbvb. Kbfoies, hm shu brte`n snjrh bsemb`his cntn`rcefbs rhbaezblbs pnr Jnbssnjrh b fuaturb hsquem, b pbrter lh 2446, bcer-mb;

_Jnbs cne] lns premherns bitrnpan`ns b usbr

b cntn`rbceb h n ceamh in fbmpn, h shu trbjbadn

sh fbrbfthreznu phan usn sncestefbln lh vrebsmlebs fnmn n rhèstrn sninrn, thxtns ibte-vns, fnahn lh brthcbtns htf. Fnm shu trheib-

mhitn hm feifebs csefbs, Jnbs shmprh cne

veln ib bpaefbn lbs atembs thfinanèbs pbrbbs quhsths htinaèfbs (...) Jnbs cne um ein-vblnr bn habjnrbr bs premherbs cntn`rbcebs lhum pn tab tf d Owboeuta (Kbfoies, 254


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Ani Wnerehr, pnr hxhmpan, lurbith umb hxp h-

len bn lhshrtn sbbrebin, ceibifeblb phab

Fetrnhi pbrb thstbr umb invb phb butnmn-

jea st efb, ceam nu Ab Frnes erh inerh, ceamh lhprnpb`bilb eil ustreb a h lh hxbatbn fn an -iezbn crbifhsb ib crefb. Mbs, pbrbahab-mhith rhbaezbn lhsth ceamhhifnmhilb,hah prnluzeu ba`uis furtbmhtrb`his snjrhns retns bmnrnsns ib crefb ih`rb, bs lbi-

bs, n fntelebin lbs muadhrhs, b eicauifeblb rhae`en muuambib. Fnmn lez @butdehr,um lnfum hitn snjrh ns fnaniezblns ... mbs,

tbmjm, snjrh ns shus fnaniezblnrhs (2558,p.


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s feihmb phrmeter cntn`rbcbr b velb. Inhsquhfhr n snm. Cne pnssvha ceambr bs rhprh-

shitbhs lrbmtefbs ib Aejreb, b trbisumi-feb lh trejns eitherbs ibs mnitbidbs ba`hreb

ibs. N rh`estrn cnin`rcefn, n rh`estrn hm cea-mhs sninrns ins phrmethm fnistbtbr b hitrblb

ln muiln mnrba in muiln mbthr eb a purn(elhm, p. 2


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essn, shmprh eifaueu um feih`rbcestb ibs hque-phs lh phsq uesb lh tnlbs bs messhs fehi t-cefbs quh rhbaeznu ib crefb. Hitrhtbitn, hmihidumb pujaefbn bibaesnu bs emb`hisquh prnluzeu h ihm tnlns ns shus fnpehs

sh trbiscnrmbrbm hm ceamhs htin`rcefns.Bphsbr lb fresh hfnimefb lns bins lb

ùhrrb, ins qubes levhrsbs ibhs fnrtbrbmns ceibifebmhitns s eistetuehs lh phsque-sb, baùis pbshs mbitevhrbm, mhsmn quh

pbrfbmhith, bs sujvhihs s mes shs fehi-tcefbs. N Mushu lb Bustraeb ln Vua, pnr

hxhmpan, ceibifenu hm 256< b hxphlen m

lefnhtin`rcefb lns lnutnrhs Dbfohtt h \eilbah, rhèn lh Hmbjhaab. Bam lh hxbm eib-rhm umb fhithib lh bustrbaebins, cbzhrhmcntns lh crhith, lh fnstbs h lh phrcea h rnlb-

rhm mbes lh 377 mhtrns lh ceamhs snjrh bsfhremiebs h b velb fntelebib lns bjnr`h-

ihs bustrbaebins, hahs rhèstrbrbm subs m-sefbs h fbitns hm cni`rbcn.

In vhrn lh 256


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lh ceambr quh preveahèbvb bs quhsths sn-febes, lhexbiln hm shùiln pabin b hsttefbln ceamh; n shùiln phrnln ln lnfumhi-

tren jretiefn. Eifhitevblb pnr @rehrsni, quhsh tnribrb hxe`hith in `rbu lh rhbaesmn lnslnfumhitrens, hssb `hrbn lh knvhis fe-

ihbstbs frenu, ins bins 2587, n Crhh Feihm b '3 umb invb cnrmb lh rhtrbtbr n muilnln trbjbadn, fbrbfthrezblb pnr um pnitn lh

vestb snfenaèfn h pnr umb cnrth njkhteve-lblh fehitcefb. @rehrsni cne shm lvelb nprnlu tn r lh `rbilh pbrth lns ceamhs ln fu -mhitrens eiàhshs lhssb pnfb (Lh Dhus

fd, 253:). Wbua Zntdb, um lns preifepbes fe-ihbstbs h threfns lhssb hsfnab, pujaefnu,hm 2563, um empnrtbith aevrn snjrh n lnfu-mhitren snfeba Lnfu m hi tb ry Ceam in

quba bpnitb pbrb ns lnes mnmhitns ln ln-

fumhitren eiàs fabssecefblns lh emprhs-

seniestb h rhbaestb. N premhern mbrfblbmhith cabdhrtebin, h n butnr cbz umb fretefbvhhmhith fnifhpn rnmitefb h elae-fb lb fnilen dumbib ins c e amhs lhCabdhrty, bssem fnmn busifeb lh umb bi-aesh snfenaèfb. N shùiln, eisesth ib ih-fhsselblh lh bprhshitbr bn pjaefn eiàsns prnjahmbs snfebes ibfenibes h eithribfen-

ibes, hm umb phrsphftevb lh lhiifeb sn-

feba.B hxpbisn fnaniebaestb fniteiubvb btrb-

vhssbiln nfhbins h, fnmn lez Auf lh

Dhusfd;

"ns feihbstbs, hrb tnlns ns pbshs fnaniezbln-rhs, bfbjbvbm bpnebiln, lerhtb nu eilerhtbmhi-

th, b fnaniezbn. B mbenr pbrth lns shrvensfeihm btn`rc efns20 l nutrh-mhr cbz eb prnpb-`bilb pna t efb h snfeb a b t rbvs , muetbs vh-

zhs, _lh ceamhs quh shrvebm ] lb hlufbnlh jbsh nu lb hlufbn sbietreb (Dhusfd,

253:, p.


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trbjbadn rhsuatnu iumb sreh lh ceamhs snjrh

ns feifn bsphftns lnmeibiths lb fuaturbOui`; \dh Duithrs, \dh @btdhrs, \dh

Wabyhrs, \dh Zaeytdiu h \dh Vhbsnis.Mbs vnathmns lfblb lh treitb. Hi-

qubitn ib Crbib, @rebuah prh`bvb h hmprh-`bvb bs emb`his ibs phsquesbs bitrnpna-èfbs, ins Hstblns Xielns, Kndi Blber h VnaPnrtd usbvbm umb fmbrb feihmbtn`rcefbpb rb rhèstrbr n fn tel ebin lns Ibvbkn , subsbtevelblhs hfnimefbs h bs tfiefbs quhhmprh`bvbm pbrb trbjbadbr b prbtb. Blber

prnluz eu, hm 2564, n ln fumhitren Eilebi Veavhrsmetds nc tdh Vnutdwhst, in quba fnm-

pbrnu bs tfief bs h n hstean lh trbjb adn lnsIbvbkn fnm ns lns [ui e. B fm brb hrb pbrbhah um sempahs eistrumhitn lh rhèstrn ve-suba. \hmpns lhpnes, hah prnps n jen-ln-fumhitbry, quh fnisesteb iumb cnrmb sujkh-tevb, chinmhinaèfb lh lhsfrhvhr n muiln,hm vhz lh eisester hm umb njkhtevelblh eih-xesthith (Fdenzze, 2545).

Beilb ins bins 2567, Mbr`brht Mhbl h

@rh`nry Jbthsni eith`rbvbm cntn`rbcebs h

ceamhs ibs phsquesbs quh rhbaezbvbm hm Jbae(25632565). Wrnluzerbm shth queamhtrns lh

phafuab (23mm) quh cnrb m b nr e`hm lns shesceamhs (fblb um lh :7 mei.) quh Mhbl mni-tnu ins bins 87 h lh mbes lh :8.777 cntn`rb-cebs Ahefb, lbs qubes bphibs 045 shrverbm pbrbb habjnrbn ln cbmnsn Jbaeihs h Fd brbf-thr. B Wdntn`rbpdef Bibayses (25


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Eivhrsbmhith bns shus fnah`bs hurn-phus, Mhbl h Jb thsni in prn pushrbm umb

mhtnlnanèb hsphfcefb pbrb n usn lb emb-`hm ibs phsquesbs bitrnpnaèfbs, mbs hi-cbtezbrbm quh n hmprh`n lh qubaquhr eistru-mhitn lh fbptbn lh snm h emb`hm empaefb-vb b dbjeaelblh ln bitrnpan`n hm rhèstrbr,

bibaesbr h levua`br hssh mbthreba. VhùilnMhbl, fnmn n usn lh cnan`rbcebs h ceamhs bumhitnu h sh tnmnu p brth cuilbmhitba

ins mtnlns bitrnpnaèfns, prhfesn hi-tn quh ns cnt`rbcns thidbm fnidhfemhitn

lh bitrnpnanèb h quh ns bitrnpan`ns bprhi-lbm b cntn`rbcbr (Mhbl, 2536, p. 233). Mbsin hrb s essn, Mhbl prhthileb mnstrbr quh,

in fbsn lh lhthrmeiblns hstulns fnmn nslh fnmpnrtbmhitn, pnr hxhmpan , ns mtn-lns fassefns lh njshrvbn h bintbhs hm

fblhrin lh fbmpn in hrbm sucefehiths pbrb

bibaesbr ns chimhins snfebes. Ihssh mhs-

mn brte`n Bitdrnpnan`y bil tdh Fbmh

rb , hab prnph pnssejeaelblhs lh usn lbcntn`rbceb h ln ceamh ib bitrnpnanèb. Lhstb-fn bphibs baùmbs lhstbs; b fmbrb fnmnfblhrin lh intbs, rhèstrbiln lhtbadblbmhi-

th tnlns ns bfnithfemhitns fntelebins ln`rupn njshrvbln? b pnssejeaelblh lh njshr-vbn lestifeb btrbvs lb ahith znnm, quhphrmeth n rhèstrn lb bn (ibsfemhitn , trb i-sh, fnicaetns ...) shm phrturjbr nu eithrchrer? b

pnssejeaelblh lh rhvh r bs emb`his fnmn hs -tmuan mhmreb eileveluba h fnahtevb? nhmprh`n lhssbs emb`his in hisein lb bi-

trnpnanèb.

B pbrter lh mhblns lns bins 2587, bbitrnpnanèb h n ceamh htin`rcefn mulbm shucnfn lh eithrhssh; bs emb`his lhexbm lh shrsempahs eaustrbhs lbs setubhs lh phsque-sb, tnribilnsh pbrth fnistetutevb ln trbjb-adn bitrnpnaèfn. \rbtbvbsh in mbes lh

rhèstrbr n muiln hxtefn b pbrter lh um pn i-

tn lh vestb hxthrenr mbs lh bprhhilan lneithrenr lh shu prpren lhshivnavemhitn (Lh

Jre`brl, 2558).

Hchrvhsfifeb lh \hxtns h Emb`his Htin`rcefbs; Lhjbth hm \nrin lbNjkhtevelblh h lb Fehitecefelblh lbEicnrmbn Bulenvesuba

N fniveth lh Mbuss bns bitrnpan`nspbrb quh rhèstrbsshm, tbmjm hm emb`his,tnlbs bs mbiechstbhs fntelebibs lns `ru-pns eivh ste`blns cne bfhetn pn r mue tns lh-ahs, shm rhstrehs. Ns ceamhs pbssbrbm b cb-

zhr pbrth eith`rbith lns eistrumhitns lh phs-

quesb lhsshs phsquesblnrhs, fnistetueiln

lnfumhitns empnrtbiths lns hstulns bitrn-

pn aèfns. Hssbs hxph reif ebs cnrbm ib rrb-lbs hm rhabtrens lh phsquesb, pujaefblbshm rhvestbs fehitcefbs, trbiscnrmblbs hm ae-vrns h rhabibrbm n lhjbth snjrh bs rh`rbspbrb b habjnrb n ln ceam h lh ph squesb bi-trnpnaèfb, nu ceamh htin`rcefn.

Ib Bahm bidb, pnr hxhmpan, n Eist etut ce er

lhi wesshisfdbctaefdhi Ceam (EPC), prh`b-vb inrmbs jbstbith rèlbs pbrb n ceamh lh

phsquesb htin`rcefb; emb`his rhb es, hxbtbs,

butitefbs, shm mnvemhitns nu hchetns hs-phf ebes h ihidumb eithrch rifeb ln bi trnp -an`n, quh lhvhreb prhchrhifebamhith shr n

nphrblnr lb fmbrb nu, phan mhins, n lerh-tnr lbs ceamb`his. Hssb shreb b iefb cnrmblh `brbiter um rhèstrn njkhtevn lns cbtnssnfebes. \ba fnifhpn mhtnlnaèfb, hxtrh-

mbmhith re`nrnsb, eisperbvbsh ibs feifebshxbtbs h ibturbes h hrb bpaefblb eùbamhith

ib prnlun lh ceamhs hlufbtevns h htin`r-cefns.

Xm lns preifepbes mhitnrhs lb mhtnln-anèb ln Eistetutn lh @ttei`hi cne @uitdhrVpbiibus. Hm um brte`n pujaefbln, hm 2583,ib Zhs hb rf d Ceam, rhvestb ln EPC, n Lr.Vpbiius bcermbvb quh n ceamh lhvhreb shr

hmprh`bln snmhith fnmn eistrumhitn lhph sq uesb , pnes hah phrm eteb b fn rrh n lbs

cbadbs h lh hrrns fnmhtelns ib njshrvbn

lerhtb. Wbrb hah, n supnrth bulenvesuba hrbeilesphisvha ibs phsquesbs fnmpbrbtevbs

snjrh tfiefbs lh trbjbadn nu fhremiebs re

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tubes. Cne beilb in Eistetutn lh @ttei`hiquh @nttdbrl Pnac frenu, hm 258:, um lnsmbenrhs brquevns lh ceamhs htinfehitcefnslb pnfb, b Hify fanpbhl eb Fei hm btn`r b-

pdef b.'5Ihssb mhsmb lfblb , b mben r pbr th

lbs pujaefbhs lns phsquesblnrhs lhssheistetutn, levua`blbs preifepbamhith ib rh-

vestb Zhshbrfd Ceam, fnisesteb hm biaeshs

lh fhremiebs nu lh tfiefbs lh trbjbadn

jbshb lbs in rhèstrn lh emb`his. Hm 2585, nEPC pujaefnu bs subs Zh`rbs pbrb b lnfu-

mhitbn camefb ib htinanèb h in cnafan-

rh,:7 quh hsphfecefbvbm b mhtnlnanèb bpae-fblb ib hsfnab lh @ttei`hi (Lh Dhusfd,253:).

Ib Eta eb, F. Fb rbvbàens cne um lns pr e-mherns phsquesblnrhs b sh eithrhssbr phabrhabn bitrnpnanèb & feihmb, pujaefbiln,

hm 256


12/25

Lh Dhusfd k bcermbvb in eifen lns bins2537, quh;

thmpn lh fnifauer quh, lh umb mbiherb `h-rba, b fmbrb in pnlh shr fniselhrblb fnmn

um njshrvblnr snfenaèfn njkh t evn, empbr-feba. H eitea fniteiubr b muatepaefbr bs hxeì-febs lh in eithrvhin? vn snidbr fnm

umb fmbrb eivesvha quh rhèstrbr n cbtn sn-feba hm shu hstbln iu, ib sub purhzb h sub hspni-

tbihelblh nreèiba (Lh Dhusfd, 253:, p. :8).

Hssb rhbn fnitrb n fbrthr njkhtevn ln

rhèstrn bulenvesuba jbshbvbsh ibs hxph-reifebs lhshivnavelbs pnr eimhrns feihbs-

tbs h phsquesblnrhs. Pnrtd h Blber, pnr hxhm-pan, lhfel erbm, hm 2533, hiseibr bs tfiefbs

lh ceamb`hm b um `rupn lh Ibvbkn, fnmpns-tn lh um dnmhm lh 88 bins h shes knvhis ibcbexb lh 20 b :8 bins. N njkhtevn hrb quh rh-èstrbsshm shu prpren muiln, shu mnln lhvelb. Bn bssesterhm fnikuitbmhith s emb-`his rhbaezblbs, ns Ibvbkn lesteiùebm phr-chetbmhith bquhabs ceamblbs pnr Pnrtd hBlber lbquhabs rhbaezblbs pnr hahs mhsmns.

Wrnvbrbm, fnm essn, quh b fmbrb in hrb

njkhtevb h quh in d njkhtevelblh qubilnhab fbptb umb rhbaelblh. Ib vhrlblh, hab rh-

èstrb umb eithrprhtbn lh shu nphrblnrsnjrh hssb rhbaelblh. Hssb hxphreifeb cnebibaesblb in brte`n \dh Ibvbkn CeammbohrB Jrehc Zhpnrt nc Vnmh Zhfhit Zhshbrfd eiFrnssFuaturba Bsphfts nc Ceam Fnmmuiefbteni (B lber h Pnrtd, 2530) h in aevrn \drnu`d

Ib vb kn hyhs ; bi hxpanrbteni ei ce am fnm mu-iefbteni bil bitdrnpnan`y (Pnrtd h Blber,250:).

B pbrter ln ceiba lns bins shsshitb, njshrvbsh umb hchrvhsfifeb in s lh ceamhsveifuablns phsquesb bitrnpnaèfb:: mbstbmjm lh pujaefbhs quh bibaesbm b rhab-n hitrh feihmb h bitrnpnanèb. Hitrhtbitn,cne n blvhitn ln feimb vret quh mulnu npr eifp en lh rhbaezb n ln ceam h htin`rcefn,frebiln um invn tepn lh rhabn hitrh n fe-ihbstb, bs phssnbs ceamblbs h n hsphftblnr.

Vub rh`rb jsefb hrb lbr vnz phssnb cea-

mblb;

n quh bs phssnbs lezebm (nu in lezebm) hfnmn habs n hxprhssbvbm, hrb lh empnrtifeb

frufeba. Wbrb quh hsth mnln lh hxprhssn cezhs-sh hchetn, hrb prhfesn mnstran hm shu fni-thxtn `hrba h in fnmn um sempahs crb`mhitnlh mnitb`hm (Unui`, 2558, p. 273).

Lh cbtn, n feimb vretsurèu ins bins25:7 fnm Lze`b Shrtnv h n Oein-Wrbvlb, mbshah s vhen b shr blntbln fnmn umb invbmhtnlnanèb lh ceamb`hm pnr vnatb lh 2537,fnm n surèmhitn lbs fmbrbs sninrbs pnr-tthes (23mm), quh bam lh rhèstrbr snis h`hstns hm seifrnieb lbvbm bn feihbstb mbe-

nr bèaelblh. Fdrniequh l ui t (2532), lhKhbi Znufd h Hl`br Mnrei, cne n premhern

ceamh hurnphu:6b uteaezbr hssb fmbrb, rheibuùrbiln n hstean lh Shrtnv. Fnmn lez LbvelMbfLnu`baa;

pbrb bquhahs quh fnmhbvbm b rhbaezbr ceamhshtin`rcefns in mnmhitn hm quh n feimb- vret h n lerhft feihmb bmhrefbin rhvnaufen-ibvbm n ceamh lnfumhitren, hstb bjnrlb`hm

ins pbrhfhu b iefb pnssvha pbrb ceambr nutrbs

fuaturbs (MbfLnu`baa, 2558, p. 223).

N thrmn feimb-vret (feihmbvhrlblh) susfetnu hinrmh lhjbth; lh quh vhrlblh

sh trbtb> Ruhm rhtrbtb b vhrlblh lns chi-mhins snfebes> Fdres Mbrohr, feihbstb lnfumhitbrestb crbifs, prnfurnu rhabtevezbr nlhjbth lhsanfbiln um dchi; fei-mb vret(feihmeidb vhrlblh). Nu shkb, ins ceamhshtin`rcefns h lnfumhitrens, b rhbaelblh

shr shmprh um pnitn lh vestb lnfumhitb-ln fnmn lezeb Khbi Se`n, butnr ln ceamh B

prnp ns lh Iefh (25:5).N invn mtnln eitrnluzeln pnr hssh

hstean lh ceambr bjreu fbmeidn, kuitbmhithfnm n ihnrhbaesmn etbaebin, bn surèmhitn

lh nutrb mhtnlnanèb lh habjnrbn ln ceamh

htin`rcefn; n ceamh lh njshrvbn, fukn nj-kh tev n pr eif epba c eam br um hvhitn, um retuba,n fntelebin lh um lhthrmeibln `rupn snfeba,

tba fnmn threb bfnithfeln sh n feihbstb in

hstevhssh prhshith. Vub hsphfecefelblh rhse-

lh in hstbjhahfemhitn lh umb rhabn lh

mbenr prnxemelblh hitrh n feihbstb h b phs-

27:


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snb ceamblb ib quba n rhèstrn h n nadbr lnfeihbstbnjshrvblnr phihtrb ib eitemelblh

lbs mbiechstbhs snfebes, nu shkb, um nadbr

lh lhitrn. Ihssh kn`n, sempbteb h fnicebibsn cuilbmhitbes;

Wnlh shr emnrba h mhsmn umb trben pbrbfnm b vhrlblh, cbzhr um ceamh lhsth tepn fnm

phssn bs lh qu h vnf in `nstb. Vh n le ren (fn i-cesshs vhrlblherbs) umb cnrmb lh sueflenhm aethrbturb, n ceamh lh njshrvbn pnlh shrumb cnrmb lh dnmeflen ib thab (...). Ns ceamhslh njshrvbn tm quh shr butitefns pbrb sh-

rhm vestns. Hstb buthitefelblh lhvh shr bpb-rhith (Unui` 2558, p. 222).

Mbes lh feiqhitb bins bps n ibsfe-mhitn ln feihmbt`rbcn lns ermns Aume

rh, ns rhèstrns bulenvesubes fniquestbrbm,

hicem, n hstbtutn lh eicnrmbn fehitcefb ibsphsqu es bs bitr np n a ` ef bs. F nishqhi th -mhith, fniteiubm b susfetbr levhrìfebssnjrh n fbrthr fehitcefn ln mtnln bulen-vesuba, frebiln bssem matepabs fnifhphsmhtnlnaèfbs snjrh b phsquesb camefb ibs

feifebs snfebes.Ih ssh lhjb th hm tnrin lb feh ite cefelb lh

ln ceamh htin`rcefn, empnssvha fdh`br b

um fnishisn. Wbrb KhbiLnmeiequh Abknux,pnr hxhmpan;

ihm tnln c e amh h tin `rc efn 'f ehi t c efn ;

umb eicnrmbn htin`rcefb s thm vbanr fehi-

tcefn sh hab sh eisfrhvh hm um fnikuitn lhrhcahxhs quh tm fnmn njkhtevn preifepba blhsfnjhrtb. ' eiìun phisbr quh n htian`npn lh hs tu lb r hc ef bz m hi th qu baqu hr m bi ech stb -

n _snfeba] h, quh n hti`rbcn pnlh rhèstrbr

qubaquhr chimhin (Abknux, 2507, p. 6:4).

Naevehr lh Vbrlbi hm shu brte`n N vb

ah feimb htdin`rbpdequh> mbes hictefn,

bcermbiln quh n ceamh htin`rcefn prncui-lbmhith bmjùn; pbrb quh shrvh> b quhmsh lhsteib> Wbrb hah;

Vh ieiùm quhstenib b uteaelblh lns mhens

bulenvesubes ib phsquesb, sh tnlns fnmphthm

in mnlhriesmn, prh`biln umb blbptbn ih-

fhssreb feveaezbn lb emb`hm, in hxesth,

in hitbitn, ihidumb mhtnlnanèb pbrb b ute-

aezbn ln feihmb fnmn eistrumhitn lh phs

quesb ibs feifebs dumbibs. (...) In snmhithb thnreb hst bushith mbs, snjrhtuln, b prtefb pbrtefuabrmhith pnjrh h eiblhqublb. (...) N

ceamh bpbrhfh fnmn uei njkhtn lh phsquesb,

in fnmn um mhen lh trbjbadn. (NDvehr lhVbrlbi, 2502, p. :).

K n Eistetutn lh @ttei`hi, fniselhrbquh ceamh fehitcefn n rhèstrn vesuba phr-mbihith lh um chimhin , umb vhz quh, pbrbhssb hsfnab, tnlb fuaturb phrfhjelb fnmnum chimhin snfeba tntba. Lh tnln mnln,

tnlns bfhitubm b empnrtifeb lh sh rhès-trbr hm emb`his ns lhtbadhs quh phrmethm bfnmprhhisn lb eicnrmbn vesuba h snfeba(Fdenzze, 2545).

N lhjbth tnmb fnrpn hm 2506, in ETFni`rhssn Eithribfeniba lbs Feifebs Bi-trnpnaèfbs h Htinaèfbs, rhbaezbln hmFdefb`n, in quba umb shssn cne fnisb`rb-lb Fnichrifeb Eithribfeniba lh Bitrnpn-anèb Sesuba. \reitb fnmuiefbhs cnrbm bprh-shitblbs h, fnmn lez Dnfoei`s, tnlns ns

inmhs fdbvh lb bitrnpnanèb vesuba hstb-

vbm prhshiths pbrb lesfuter b empnrtifeb

lns eistrumhitns bulenvesubes ibs phsque-sbs bitrnpnaèfbs h sub bpaefbn mhtnln-aèfb. Ns trbjbadns cnrbm rhuielns in aevrn

Wr eifepehs n c Sesuba Bi tdrnpn an`y (Dnfoei-`s, 2508/2558), quh sh tnmnu um fassefn lbbitrnpnanèb vesuba. Ihah hifnitrbmnsv-rens brte`ns snjrh b destreb lb bitrnpnanèbvesuba (Lh Jre`brl, Znufd, Jbaeofe, Abknux),

nutrns snjrh bs levhrsbs bjnrlb`his mhtn-lnaèfbs (Znufd, Unui`, MbfLnu`baa, An

mbx, Vfdhrhr, hitrh nutrns) h beilb rhcahxhs

snjrh rhbaezbn h cnrmbs lh levua`bn lhceamhs, cntn`rbcebs, vlhns... Mbs, tbavhz, n

mbes fahjrh lhsshs thxtns shkb b eitrnlunln aevrn, hsfretb pnr Mbr`brht Mhbl Se-

suba Bitdrnpnan`y ei b Lesfepaeih nc Pnrls , ib quba hab bcermb quh, hiqubitn nu-trbs lesfepaeibs (brquhnanèb, aei`stefb, mu

sefnanèb) lhshivnavebm subs phsquesbs k

bpneblbs ibs invbs thfinanèbs, b bitrnpn-

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anèb hstbvb beilb m uetn ae`blb s l hsfrehsvhrjbes. Lez hab;

in muiln eithern, hm fblb eadb h fniteihith,ins fbitns mbes hsfnilelns lbs felblhs eilus-

trebes bssem fnmn ins vbahs lestbiths s bfhss-

vhes pnr dhaefpthrns, ns fnstumhs h ns fnm-pn rt bm hi tn s lh m be nr ei th rh ss h , tn tb am hi th

eisujstetuvhes h shm pnssejeaelblhs lh shrhmrhprnluzelns, lhsbpbrhfhm hiqubitn ns lhpbr-

tbmhitns lh bitrnpnanèb fniteiubm b hivebrhtian`ns bn fbmpn shm hquepbmhitn, snmhi-

th fnm apes, fblhrin lh intbs h, tbvhz, baùis

thsths nu quhstenirens, tbmjm fdbmblns lh eistrumhitns , vhrlblherns hxphlehiths lbfeifeb (Mhbl, 2508/58, p. Lhslh hitn, b lesfussn fniteiub hm bjhr-tn. Wbrb MbrfDhire Webuat;

ns lhjbths snjrh ns mtnlns in prn`relhm,

pn es hah s rh m hth m b um nj kht n eilh ceie ln lbbitrnpnanèb quh shreb n Nutrn nu n Hu. Ib

vhrlblh, b bitrnpnanèb vesuba rhmhth b umb

setubn quh lhvhreb shr n njkhtn mhsmn lbbitrnpnanèb; fnmn pnssvha phisbr b rhab-

n lh um fnm n nutrn, ln iefn fnm n mate-pa n, lb ve lb fn m b su js t if eb , ln ei le v lu n

fnm b snfehlblh, lb snfehlblh fnm b ibturhzb>N njkhtevn in , ib rhbaelblh, lhsfrhvhr cbtns

h njkhtns, mbs rhcahter snjrh b pnssejeaelblh lhtnlb h qubaquhr rhabn (Webuat, 255:, p. 38).

Hssb hchrvhsfifeb lns bins 25372507thvh fnmn pan lh lhshivnavemhitn n Nccefh Ibteniba lu Ceam ln Fbibl (frebln pnr@rehrsni hm 2565, ln quba Wehrrh Whrrbuat cnetbmjm lerhtnr), n Fnmet lu Ceam Htdin-

`rbp dequ h, hm Wbres (fnm Znufd ib prhse-

lifeb) h n `rupn lh AhbfnfoLrhw, ins Hs-tblns Xielns. Vhùiln @butdehr, estn inbfnithfhu pnr bfbsn, mbs;

hm trs pbshs quh jhihcefebvbm lh umb jnb

thfinanèb, lh umb trblen saelb h lh umb`rbilh aejhrlblh lh mnvemhitn, aemetblb sn-mhith phab susphen lns prnlutnrhs hfni-mefns. Hxphreifeb destrefb prn`rhssn tf-iefns:< aejhrlblh lh frebn; n nutrn trei-ùan quh pnlhreb lhceier hsth phrnln (@butdehr,

2558, p. 02).

H in rhstbm lvelbs lh quh cne ihsshs

pb sh s, shù elns lb Ei àbth rrb h lb B ahm b-

idb, quh b bitrnpnanèb vesuba mbes sh hx-pbil eu h sh ah` etem nu . Fnm hxfhn lb Ei -àbthrrb, ns ceamhs htin`rcefns cnrbm eifhi-tevblns h ceibifeblns, ins lhmbes pbshs, pnreistetutns fuaturbes, mushus nu fhitrns lh

ph squesb ; ib Crbib , n Fhitrh Ibteniba lhab Zhfdhrfdh Vfehitecequh (FIZV) h n Eiste-tut lh Zhfdhrfdh pnu r ah lvhanpphmhit(hxNZV\NM)? ins HXB, n Vmetdsniebi Eiste

tuteni h n Fhithr cn r Sesuba Bitdrnpnan`y,

lb Xievhrselblh lh Vnutd Fbaecrieb (frebln

hm 254:, pnr \emntdy Bsfd)? in Fbibl, nNccefh Ibteniba lu Ceam?ib Bahmbidb, nEis-

tetutcr fahi Pesshisfdbctaefdhi Ceam (EPC),(Dhiahy, 2548, p. 8).

Ib Eiàbthrrb lhssh phrnln, b eihx esti -feb lh eistetutns bfblmefns nu fuaturbes quhceibifebsshm ns trbjbadns camefns lns bi-trnpan`ns eiàhshs:3, phrmeteu quh b thahve-

sn jretiefb nfupbssh hssh hspbn. Bssem,

27


15/25

b pbrter lns bins 2507, vrens fbibes lh thah-vesn eiàhshs sh tnmbrbm ns preifepbes prn-

lutnrhs lh ceamhs htin`r cefns.:3 Lh cbtn, inmuiln eithern,:0 b thahvesn pbssnu b lhshm-

ph id br um pbpha empn rtb ith ib prnlun h

levua`bn lns ceamhs htin`rcefns. Mbes ln

quh essn, btrbvs lhab quh n bitrnpan`n

pnlh ahv br n pjaefn mbes bmpan lhsfnjhr-

tb lh pnvns h lh fuaturbs lestbiths. Vhùi-ln Lbvel \urtni, n ceamh htin`rcefn h sublecusn thahvesevb cbfeaetbm;

n bfhssn b nutrbs fuaturbs pbrb bquhahs quh

fniselhrbm b bitrnpnanèb fnmn umb feifebdhrmtefb. prhfesn bkulbr n pjaefn b rhbae-zbr sub prpreb veb`hm pbrb quh hah bafbifhbquean quh n ceasncn @bjreha Mbrhhe fdbmb lh

n cbmeaebr hm um fnrbn aniìqun... um

lestbith quh tbmjm lbque (\urtni bpul@eisjur`, 255:, p. 0:).

Ns chstevbes eithribfenibes lh ceamhs ht-in`rcefns:4 h bs rhvestbs hsphfebaezbl bs:5 hm

bitrnpnanèb vesuba, freblns bn ani`n lhs-shs bins, tbmjm lhshmphidbm n pbpha lhlevua`blnrhs lbs fuaturbs lh tnlns ns pn-vns ln pabihtb. Vn, hitrhtbitn, lereèlns,

pr eifepb am hi th, b um p ja efn lh eiefeblns .

Ihsshs hspbns lh le cusn vesub a h thxtub a

ln ceamh htin`rcefn, hifnitrbmns umb vbreh-lblh hinrmh lh hsteans lh rhèstrns bulenve-subes; ceamh lh njshrvbn, ceamhpbrtefepb-n, ceamh eaustrbn, ceamh hlufbtevn/lelte-fn, ceamh lh brquevn nu beilb bs intbs feih-mbtn`rcefbs, prnpnstbs pnr [email protected] habjnrblns btrbvs lh mtnlns htfiefbs lechrhifeblbs, tnlns fnistetuhmlnfumhitns bulenvesubes quh hxprhssbm,mba nu jhm, bs quhsths threfnmhtnlna

èfbs lb bitrnpnanèb vesuba. B preifepba

lhabs èrb beilb hm tnrin lb rhprhshitbn;n ceamh htin`rcefn in mbes fniselhrblnfnmn eistrumhitn quh fbptb njkhtevbmhith

ns chimhins snfebes, hah snmhith umb ahe-

turb pnssvha, umb hsfnadb, umb rhprhshitb-n lbquhah quh bs prnluz.

Bs lfblbs lh nethitb h invhitb cnrbmbs mbes refbs pbrb n lhshivnavemhitn lb bi-

trnpnanèb vesuba ib prnlun tbitn lh emb-`his qubitn lh thxtns. Empnssvha rhèstrbrihsth trbvhaaei` aethrren fu kb lurbn kuatrbpbssnu bs rh`rbs feihmbtn`rcefbs hhletnrebes tuln n quh cne prnluzeln ihsthphr nln. Bssei ban , pnrm , quh bs pr eifep bes

quhsths threfnmhtnlnaèfbs quh inrth-brbm b bitrnpnanèb vesuba lhsth phrnln è-rbrbm hm tnrin lbs levhrsbs hxphreifebs hab-

jnr bl bs fnm ns eist rumhi tns bu lenvesub esh ns aemeths hpesthmnaèfns lb rhprhshitb-n vesuba (chhl-jbfo, Lhsdbyhs 255:? f mbrb pbrtefepbith, Znufd 2508/2550? shac-

ce am s rhbaezblns phans prprens btnrhs, \urihr 2557)? lns lhsbc ens empnstns phabeithrbn fnm b mleb fnifhrihiths s fni-fhphs bitrnpnaèfbs trblefenibes lb rhab-

n hitrh n h`n h n nutrn? lb rhabn hitrhmuatemleb h bitrnpnanèb vesuba. B rhabn

hitrh bitrnpnanèb h ceamh htin`rcefn fhi-trnu n lhjbth lhssbs lubs lfblbs ib les-tein hitrh rhbaelblh h rhprhshitbn(Jbios 2557, Zujy 2552, Frbwcnrl 255:, Anezns 255:, Lhvhrhbux 2558, hitrh nutrns). Hs-shs lhjbths, quh phrmetebm vesubaezbr thnre-

bs nu thnrezbr b vesubaelblh (\byanr, 255


16/25

lns ln muiln nfelhitba, cbjrefblbs phansmhmjrns lbs `rbilhs hxphlehs fehitcefbsln phrnln fnanieba, bs intbs vesubes lhCrbiz Jnbs fnisteturbm bs premherbs prnpns-tbs lh usn sesthmtefn lh emb`his in trbjb-adn lh fbmpn bitrnpnaèfn. Hitrhtbitn, insceamhs htin`rcefns quh shùerbm, prnluze-

lns bt ns bins shsshitb, b habjnrbn lbs

emb`his pbrb hxprhssbr um brùmhitn nu trb-

luzer umb emprhssn teidb cnrth prhnfupb-n hsttefb. Nu shkb, bs emb`his hrbm rhbae-zblbs b pbrter lh elebs prlhthiieiblbs,pn uf n hx panrbiln n lhs hi rn ab r rhb a lns

cbtns snfebes (MbfLnu`baa, 2558). B rhbae-lblh lns chimhins snfebes bpbrhfh in

fhiren ln ceamh htin`rcefn fnm ns ceamhsihnrhbaestbs etbaebins, preifepbamhith, ns lh

Znjhrtn Znsshaeie (Znmb fett bphrtb, 25


17/25

Intbs

2. Vnjrh cntn`rbcebs , hstb mhsmb rhvestb pujaefnu in i. :0, lh shthmjrn lh 2544, n brte`n lhMerebm Mnrherb Aheth B Cntn`rbceb h bs Feifebs Dumbibs. Vhm lvelb, thmpn lhbtubaezab mbs, lhexn b tbrhcb pbrb ns hsphfebaestbs hm bitrnpnan`eb & cntn`rbceb.

:. Xm pbinrbm b lb prnlun jrbseaherb cne rhfhithmhith rhbaezbln pnr Mburn @. Onury; BEmb`hm ibs Feifebs Vnfebes in Jrbsea; um jbabin frtefn, EiJEJ, i.


18/25

Feihmbtn`rbpdefb h, hm 2507, n Kbpn cuilb b Hif yf anpb leb Feihm btn` rbpd efb, hm

\quen. (Lh Jre`brl, 2508/58).:7. Wujaefbln phab Bssnfebteni Eithribtenibah lu Feimb Vfehitecequh. Zhshb rfd ceam. @ttei

`hiWbres, vna. 26, < (6), 2585 pp. :62:


19/25

Bsfd, \emntdy h Bsfd, Wbtsy2544 Ceam ei Bitdrnpnan`efba Zhshb rfd . Ei; Dnfoei`s W. h Nmnre U. Vhire Htdinan`e

fba Vtulehs. Feihmbtn`rbpdy \dhnry bil Ihw Lemhisenis ei Htdin`r bpdef Ceam,i.:< , pp. 238245.

Jbios, Mbrfus255: Rune lh ihuc ab taveseni jretbiiequh>, FeimBfteni, i. 3


20/25

255: Xih hxprehi fh lh chhljbfo , FeimBfteni i. 3


21/25

Dnmebo, Kndi W.

2557 \dh Bitdrnpnan` efba vesubaezbteni nc Dbete; rhcahxenis ni tdh ceams nc MhaveaahDhrsonvets bil Mbyb Lhrhi. FSB Zhvehw, Vprei`, pp. 26:

Kbfoies, Erb

254< Crbiz Jnbs bil Wdntn`rbpdy . Sesuba Fnmmuiefbteni, vna. 27, i. 2, pp. 237.

Knrlbi, Wehrrh

255: Wrh m eh r Fni tbft- Wrhm ehr Zh`brl. Feimb oein. Mushs lh Mbrsheaah, Emb`hshi Mbiauvrhs Hletenis. H Ei; Fblhrins lh Bitrnpn anèb h Emb`hm , 2558, i. 2

IB E/WWFEVEXH ZK.

Abkbrl K. h Zhì buat, ChaexAnues

2458 Wn threh fruh ht nreèih lu tnur . Wbres, Juaaht ei s ht M m nerhs lh ab Vnfe t l Bitdrn pnanèh lh Wbres, i. 3, pp. 06


22/25

2508/2558 Sesuba Bitdrnpnan`y ei b Lesfepaeih nc Pnrls. Ei; Dnfoei`s, W. Wr eifepahs n cSesuba Bitdrnpnan`y. IU, hl. Mnutni lh @ruyhr, pp. 627. Nu Ei; Lh Crbifh, F.

Wn ur uih bi tdrnpnan`eh vesuhaah , Wbres, Fbdehrs lh aDnmmh, 2505, pp. 26:7.

Mhbl, Mbr`brht h Mbf`rh`nr, Crbifes

2582 @rnwtd bil Fua turh . B pdn tn`rbp deh s tuly nc jba eihsh Fde aldnnl. IU,@.W.Wutibms Vnis

Murlnfo, @hnr`h

256< Nur premetevh fnithm pnrbrehs . A Bitdrnpnan `eh , tnmn TAE S, pp.


23/25

Vei`hr, Bilr255: Bitdrnpnan`y bil Jrnblfbs tei`. Ei; Frbwcnrl W. h \urtni L. Ce am bs Htdi n` rb

pdy, Mbifdhsthr Xievhrseay Wrhss, pp. :3


24/25

@rebuah, Mbrfha2568 Bu pb ys Ln`ni. Mush lh ADnmmh, 27 mei.

2564 Vnus ahs mbsquhs iners. Mush lh ADnmmh, 27 mei

@rehrsni, Kndi

25:5 Lrecthrs. Hm perh Mbrohtei` Jnbrl/@WNCeam Xiet, 60 mei.

@rehrsni, Kndi h Cabdhrty, Znjhrt2566 Ei lu streba Jretbei. @WNCeam Xiet.

Mbrsdbaa, Kndi

258:2504 Ceamhs snjrh ns! Oui`\dh Dui thr s (06 mei.), \dh @btdhrs, \dh Wabyhrs, \dhZdy tdm s, \dh Vhbsnis. Ceam Vtuly Fhithr, Dbrvbrl Xievhrsety.

N'Zheaay, Wbtrefo

256< Jnu`bei vea ah, lhinmeibln pnsthrenrmhith lh Wnpnon, ah sbuvb`h, 64 mei., prnlNZheaay.

Wnerehr, Ani

25:3 Ab Frnes erh inerh. Eil. Bilr Fetrni, hxesthm lubs fnpebs; umb lh 37 mei. nutrblh 67 mei.

Znsshaeie, Znjhrtn

25


25/25

bpaefbn lbs emb`his hm mnvemhitn ibs phsquesbs bitrnpnaèfbs, btrbvhssb n sfuan TTcexbiln phsquesblnrhs, shus thxtns h emb`his h thrmeib ibs atembs prnluhs/emb`hislhsth sfuan quh ceilnu.

Wbabvrbs-fdbvh ; bitrnpnanèb & ceamh htin`rcefn? destreb lb bitrnpnanèb vesuba? mhtnln-anèb bulenvesuba

Bjstrbft

Bitdrn pnan `y bi l H tdin `r bp def Ceam s; B \rbvha Vdnt n c Sesuba B itd rn pnan `ys Ae thrb ry Vhtt ei`

\drnu`d bi hxbmeibteni nc tdh mbknr eithribteniba pujaefbtenis ni tdh rhabteni jhtwhhibitdrnpnan`y bil htdin`rbpdef ceam, tdh brtefah sohtfdhs tdh shttei` ei wdefd bulenvesubabitdrnpnan`y wbs fnistrufthl. \des (rh)rhblei` nc stulehs tdbt hilhbvnr tn rhabth vesuba bilsnuil mbthreba tn htdin`rbpdef wretei`s bil, prembreay, tn bitdrnpnanèfba tdhnry pneits tnmhtdnlnanèfba fnifhris rh`brlei` bppaefbteni nc tdh tnna tn bitdrnpnanèfba rhshbrfd. Zh-

shmjaei` b trbvha sdnt, tdes rhvehw nc tdh aethrbturh jhèis ei tdh abth ieihthhitd fhitury, wetdtdh cerst tdhnrhtefbamhtdnlnanèfba rhcahftenis ni tdh ush nc mnvei` emb`hs ei bitdrnpnanè-

fba rhshbrfd. Et fniteiuhs tdrnu`d tdh twhitehtd fhitury, elhitecyei` rhshbrfdhrs bil tdherthxts bil emb`hs, bil fanshs wetd tdh abst prnluftenis bil emb`hs nc tdh fhitury kust hilhl.

Ohywnrls; bitdrnpnan`y bil htdin`rbpdef ceam? destnry nc vesuba bitdrnpnan`y? bulenvesubamhtdnlnan`y

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antropologia e filme etnográfico - clarice ehlers peixoto

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