AP Euro TodayAP Euro TodayOpener: Looking for evidence of the Agricultural Revolution in filmOutcomes:What is “cottage industry?”What developments led to large-scale factory production—the “Industrial Revolution?”Begin tonight’s HW: 725-29. The Industrial Revolution in England

Far from the Madding Crowd

Two brief scenes from the Two brief scenes from the filmfilm

• In the first, Gabriel, just fired, returns to Bathsheba’s farm to save her sheep. Watch what he does.

• sheep - YouTube

In this scene, Bathsheba In this scene, Bathsheba and her workers celebrate and her workers celebrate

a harvesta harvest

• Look at the detail of the banquet table—how are you seeing the impact of the Agricultural Revolution?

• (Also: Look at Bathsheba’s impact on men. Poor men!)

• Julie Christie sings in "Far from the Madding Crowd" - YouTube

Cottage industry and the Cottage industry and the shift to factory productionshift to factory production

Cottage Industry:

• Each step in the production process happens in a different home—like links in a chain.

European peasants did this kind of labor…

• As a way to supplement their income—cottage manufacturing was a good way for peasant farmers to bring in a little money during slack times in the agricultural year.

Six steps in cottage industry: We’ll use wool as an example

Remember that:Each step happened at a different locationThis was a peasant process; a way to supplement farm income; these aren’t true industrial workers (yet)Like open-field farming, this was an inefficient system

Carding the Wool

Spinning into yarn

Hand-looming into woolen cloth

Cropping the woolen cloth

“Preemers”—kind of like apprentices-- cleaning and

fetching

Clothiers taking woolens to market

A little preview of what’s comingA little preview of what’s coming

This system typified manufacturingin England until the late 1700s-early

1800s

• It was inefficient in that each step took place piecemeal—in “baby steps”

• Workers lacked the discipline desired for effective large-scale manufacturing

• Most of the work still occurred by hand or with human-powered machinery

Two elements, among many, would revolutionize manufacturing

• One of them we already know: A large, mobile workforce, available and, sadly, cheap

• The second would be a revolution in energy: The coal-fueled steam engine

And England had plenty of both:Labor and Coal

And one more human ingredient: innovators, like some of the men

we discussed yesterday

Coal and steam power are at the heart of this Industrial

Revolution…

For example, we see a shift from a single hand loom…

…to a factory where one steam engine could drive an entire bank of

power looms.

And look at the results:

1813 2,400 looms

150,000 workers

1833 85,000 looms

200,000 workers

1850224,000 looms

>1 million workers

But factory workers—the proletariat—weren’t always cooperative

• They worked 12-14 hour days• The machinery was dangerous—

lost fingers or hands were common• Pay was miserable• Factory work is borrrrrrrrrring

My factory job

• I worked for one summer in college.

• manufactures and

• I made the guided missiles. With the “wham-bang” machine.

• Seven hours on the wham-bang machine makes you look like this:

I really began to believe in God…

…when the damn wham-bang machine BROKE!

Sometimes workers wouldn’t wait for the machine to break

• Later in the century, textile workers in Lyon, France, would kick their shoes off into the power looms and bring production to a halt.

Both the French proletariat and Both the French proletariat and French peasants wore wooden shoes.French peasants wore wooden shoes.

• These shoes are called “sabots.”

• “Sabot” = “Sabotage”

For proletarians, the factory was bad enough…

“Home” was worse.

So the early industrial revolution created a huge class of

proletarians…• Who worked long hours for low pay• Who worked in dangerous places• Who lived in unspeakably filthy

housing• Who comprised a social class that

was potentially revolutionary—like the sans-culottes had been in France

Here was one of their few champions:

Ironically, Dickens’s most devoted readers…

• …were the bourgeoisie—the middle class, which also grew rapidly in the late 1700s-mid 1800s.

• They worked, not with their hands, but with their minds…

• They were accountants, businessmen, shop-owners, government officials, teachers, lawyers, and engineers.

This new middle class would prosper as a result of the Industrial

Revolution

Most of all, they wereconsumers• It was the buying power of

the bourgeoisie that also drove the Industrial Revolution.• When we come back after

winter break, we’ll look at how important middle-class women were: they became “professional consumers.”

They were buying the products generated by the proletariat…

• To cater to the bourgeoisie, he 19th Century sees the first Department Stores:

• Le Bon Marche (Paris)• Marshall Fields

(Chicago—the first American department store)

• Harrod’s, London

And, thanks to mail-order, department And, thanks to mail-order, department stores came stores came toto bourgeois consumers who bourgeois consumers who

lived in smaller towns…lived in smaller towns…

A wee bit o’ review…A wee bit o’ review…• But first, we need some But first, we need some

bagpipes to put us in the bagpipes to put us in the mood. mood.

• This is the Black Watch This is the Black Watch regiment coming home from regiment coming home from Iraq in 2009.Iraq in 2009.

• See if you can spot the little See if you can spot the little fellow who’s their mascot, fellow who’s their mascot, Lance Corporal Cruachan.Lance Corporal Cruachan.

A wee bit o’ review…• From what English author do we

learn about country life?• Country people lacked factory

discipline. What’s that mean?• What comes first: spinning, carding,

cropping or weaving?• Why did cottage workers resent the

clothier?

A wee bit of review…• How was Scotland essential to this

revolution?• Why was English coal another essential

ingredient?• What is the term—it comes from Karl

Marx-- for the industrial working class?• Why was the bourgeoisie as important to

the I.R. as the proletariat?

Please begin the homework

• 725-29: Why the Industrial Revolution began in England