AP World HistoryUnit I

FIRST THINGS FIRST: BEGINNINGS IN HISTORY Assessment Weight on the AP Exam = 5%

Supplementing your HW packet

Works Cited for “The Big Picture”Strayer, Robert W. Ways of the World: A

Global History with Sources. 2nd Edition.

Boston, MA: Beford/ St. Martins, 2013. Print.

“The Big Picture”

Features “must-know events” in AP World History

Summarizes key content

Focusing in on the beginning… Humans have long been storytellers. Our

stories – myths, legends, “fairy tales,” have sought to distill meaning from experience while providing guidance for the living.

Much the same can be said of modern historians, although they must operate within accepted rules of evidence.

But all tellers of stories – ancient and modern alike – have to decide at what point to begin their accounts and what major turning points in those narratives to highlight.

Time Out!

What is your story?Where would

you begin? With you? Your family?

What would you include – your turning points?

For world historians seeking to tell the story of humankind as a whole, four major “beginnings,” each of them an extended historical process, have charted the initial stages of the human journey.

YOU! Let’s hear YOUR story!

Humanity: What to include?

The human story begins… 4 stages

The Emergence of Humankind

The Globalization of Humankind

The Revolution of Farming and Herding

The Turning Point of Civilization

The Emergence of Humankind According to archaeologists & anthropologists,

the evolutionary line of descent leading to Homo sapiens, diverged from that leading to chimpanzees, our closest primate relatives, some 5 million to 6 million years ago, and it happened in eastern and southern Africa.

There, perhaps 20 or 30 different species emerged, all of them members of the Homininae (or hominid) family of human-like creatures.

What they all shared in common was bipedalism, the ability to walk upright on two legs.

The Emergence of Humankind In 1976, the

archaeologist Mary Leakey uncovered in what is now Tanzania a series of footprints of three such hominid individuals, preserved in cooling volcanic ash about 3.5 million years ago. Two of them walked side by side, perhaps holding hands.

http://www.biography.com/people/mary-leakey-9376051

The Emergence of Humankind Over time, these hominid species changed. Their brains grew larger, as evidenced by the

size of their skulls. About 2.3 million years ago, a hominid creature

known as Homo habilis began to make and use simple stone tools.

Others started to eat meat, at least occasionally. Homo erectus, began to migrate out of

Africa, and their remains have been found in various parts of Eurasia. This species is also associated with the first controlled use of fire.

Homo sapiens, ourselves!

Eventually, all of these earlier hominid species died out, except one

Emergence of Humankind

Although under constant debate, it is widely believed that we, too, first emerged in Africa and quite recently, probably no more than 250,000 years ago.

For a long time, all of the small number of Homo sapiens, lived in Africa but sometime after 100,000 years ago, they too began to migrate out of Africa onto the Eurasian landmass, then to Australia, and into the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific Islands.

The great experiment of human history had begun!

Visualize it!

Globalization of Humankind

Today, every significant landmass on earth is occupied by human beings, but it was NOT always the case.

A mere half million years ago, our species did NOT even exist.

Only 100,000 years ago that species was limited to Africa and numbered, some scholars believe, fewer than 10,000 individuals.

These ancient ancestors of ours, rather small in stature and not fast on foot, were armed with a very limited technology of stone tools with which to confront the many dangers of the world.

Then in perhaps the most amazing tale in all of human history…

They moved from this very modest and geographically limited role in the scheme of things to a worldwide and increasingly dominant presence.

What kinds of societies, technologies, and understandings of the world accompanied, and perhaps, facilitated, this globalization of humankind?

The Globalization of Humankind The phase of human history during

which these initial migrations took place is known as the Paleolithic era.

Paleolithic Literally means “old stone age” Refers generally to a food collecting or

gathering and hunting way of life Before agriculture allowed people to grow

food or raise animals deliberately Lasted until about 11,000 years ago

Paleolithic Era

Represents over 95% of the time human beings have inhabited the earth

However, it accounts for only about 12% of the total number of people who have lived on the planet.

During this time, Homo sapiens colonized the world, making themselves at home in every environmental niche, from the frigid Arctic to the rain forests of Central Africa and Brazil, in mountains, deserts, and plains.

The Revolution of Farming & Herding

In 2012, almost all of the world’s 7 billion people lived from the food grown on farms and gardens and from domesticated animals raised for their meat, milk, or eggs.

BUT before 11,000 years ago, NO ONE survived in this way.

Then repeatedly and fairly rapidly, at least in world history terms, human communities in parts of the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and the Americas began the laborious process of domesticating animals and selecting seeds to be planted.

A MOMENTOUS ACCOMPLISHMENT: A FIRST IN HUMAN HISTORYThe Agricultural Revolution

Agricultural Revolution

Marks the single most significant & enduring transformation in human history

Although much shorter than the Paleolithic era that preceded it, farming and raising animals allowed for a substantial increase in human numbers.

Agriculture Revolution: Factors to consider

Agriculture would vary according to the environment: Climate Soil Various wild plants and animals

Gardens and Farms

Root crops – potatoes in the Andes Tree crops – banans Wild grains – rice, wheat or corn

What if you couldn’t farm?

In more arid areas where farming was difficult, some people, known as pastoralists, came to depend on herds of domesticated animals.

Because they moved frequently & in regular patterns to search for pasturelands, they are often called nomads.

Point of Interest: In the Americas… Regarding animal husbandry, the Americas

were at a distant disadvantage, for there were few large animals that could be tamed.

NO goats NO sheep NO pigs NO horses NO camels No cattle

Another point of interest: Afroeurasia

Big Idea: Conflict is inherent in the nature of humans.

In the Afro-Eurasian world, conflicts between settled agricultural peoples and more mobile pastoral peoples represented an enduring pattern of interaction across the region.

The Turning Point of CivilizationRemember the 4 key stages in early human development??

1st: The emergence of humankind

2nd: The globalization of humankind

3rd: The Revolution of Farming & Herding

4th: The Turning Point of Civilization

The Turning Point of Civilization The most prominent and powerful human communities

to emerge out of the Agricultural Revolution were those often designated as “civilizations”.

What’s a civilization? More complex societies that were based in bustling

cities and governed by formal states (governments.) Not until several thousand years AFTER the beginning

of agriculture did the first cities and states emerge, around 3500 B.C.E. *that’s about 5,000 – 6,000 years ago!!!!! Along key rivers Tigris & Euphrates, Nile, Indus, Huang He

OKAY BACK TO THE HW PACKET

Unit 1

Geographic Orientation/ Human Origins & First Migrations

Where did civilization arise from?

Along the banks of major river systems Tigris & Euphrates Nile Indus Yellow/ Huang He

Key Question: Answer…

MAP OF EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

What evidence do we have for this theory?

Archaeological Evidence Tigris & Euphrates Rivers: Mesopotamia

Sumerian & Babylonian Civilizations Indus Valley: Mohenjo Daro & Harrappa Huang He River: Shang Civilization,

China Nile River: Egypt

Define the following important terms:

Time preceding written (recorded) history

Based on archaelogical finds

Lasted until 12,000 years ago (Agriculture

Revolution occurred around 10,000 years ago – approx. 7000 BCE)

Prehistory Ice Ages

HUNTER – FORGER SOCIETIES DURING THE EARLY STONE AGE (PALEOLITHIC)

Describe the life of early man (economically & socially).

They lived in traditional economies.

They provided for their own needs.

Environmental resources were critical.

ancestor veneration,

shamans,

gender division of labor

.

More Important Terms

Early Stone Age Ending 12,000 –

10.000 years ago Known for hunting &

gathering *didn’t produce food

themselves, lived off the land (birds, nuts, fish, roots) grasslands, made baskets & pottery, weaving

NO rich vs poor

“New Stone Age” Recent Stone Age Beginning around

8000 BCE *Farming

emerges - domestication of animals

Paleolithic Neolithic

PASTORAL & HERDING SOCIETIES/ AGRICULTURE

Key terminology

Pastorialism

Act of domesticating animals but not plants

Developed herding societies Common in grassland regions Particularly in Afro-Eurasia

Pastorialists lived nomadic lifestyles and was hard on the environment overgrazing.

Agriculture

Farming Allowed for

permanent settlements

Featured domestication of plants: Potatoes Corn Squash

*Agriculture provided a dependable food supply

*Established a sedentary lifestyle

*Agriculturalists gathered into villages

*Private Property: who will farm which land

Domestication of animals

1st tamed was the dog: companionship, security, and help with hunting. (man’s best friend)

Next: game, goats, sheep, & pigs Eventually: horses, oxen, camels, llamas

SOCIAL CLASSES:“HAVES VS. HAVE NOTS”DIFFERENT STATUS OF PEOPLE

Social Stratification

CONCLUSIONS DRAWN

WITHOUT OUTSIDE

INFLUENCE/

COLLABORATION

EX. WHEEL, SAIL, PYRAMIDS

Independent Innovation

WHEN DIFFERENT IDEAS, PRODUCTS, ARE EXCHANGED.“TRADE”- NOT JUST GOODS BUT IDEASCultural Diffusion

A modern-day example:Have a coke & a smile

Private Property

Land not for public use Lays the foundation for differing classes/

status

Social Classes

Richer and poorer groups began to form with the emergence of agriculture: Who had the land to farm and who did NOT! Status, wealth, opportunity

Specialization of Labor

Resulted due to food surpluses New jobs New technologies arose

Patriarlchalism

More dominant with agriculture than nomadic hunting/ gathering

Division of Labor

Allowed for more efficient production levels

More sophistication of society Part of social classes - distinction

Urban Planning

Farming allowed population to grow Growth took villages to cities Sophistication/ planning due to

complexities of population density

Explain how agriculture changed the course of human history. *see next slide

From Stone Ages to Metal:Transitions to Civilization….

Impact of Agriculture

Allowed for growth of cities & civilization Unprecedented sophistication of

opportunities due to a food surplus More food, More jobs, more technology

Pottery Weaving The wheel The plow

From Stone Ages to Metal: Key Terms

Extracting metal from raw ore

Metal Smithing: shaping metal into tools

Began in the Middle East & China

3500 – 1200 BCE *between 5,500 –

3,200 years ago *Between the

Neolithic and Iron Ages

Metallurgy Bronze Age

WORSHIP OF MANY GODS

BECAME COMMON

EX. METAL IDOLS

Polytheism

Civilizations had…

Economic system

Government

Social System

Belief System

Intellectual Community

Technology

1st civilizations formed around 5,500 – 5,000 years ago

Mesopotamia: 3500 – 2000 BCEthe land between the rivers

Between the Tigris &

Euphrates Rivers

Aka “The Fertile Crescent”

Fun Facts: Sumerian 1st

and Babylonia arose from

here

Where did this civilization develop?

What made this a unique location?

Referred to as “the fertile crescent”

Silt left by flooding

Sumer’s The Epic of Gilgamesh Action novel Gods flood the

earth Sumerians –

downtrodden outlook on life

They despise their gods

A list of major civilizations in Mesopotamia

SumeriansBabylonians (Hammurabi)

AssyriansHitties

Sumerians had a written language – cuneiform – symbols to express concepts & objects; recorded in clay tablets

Mesopotamia: key terms

City states Empire Cuneiform Ziggarats Base 60 number system

Mesopotamia: key vocab

A political unit that includes a town or a city and the surrounding land controlled by it.

States that grew by military conquest

City state Empire

Mesopotamia: Key terms

Written script of the Sumerians; Sumerian writing

cuneiform

Ziggurats

A Sumerian temple made of sun-dried brick that was dedicated to the chief god or goddess of a particular city-state

Terrace shaped temples dedicated to polytheistic gods

definition picture

BASE 60 NUMBER SYSTEMUsed to measure time and navigational calculations

Where did this civilization develop?On the banks of the Nile

What made this a unique location?Depended on the Nile for survival

surrounded by desert*Nile flows South to North – only river in

the world to do soNile flooded the same time every year, very consistent and would leave black silt! FERTILE SOIL

Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt: Key terminology Pharoah Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Hyksos Pyramids Hieroglyphics Papyrus

Pharoah

Ruler of ancient Egypt

Living incarnation of the Sun God

EGYPTIAN HISTORY IS BROKEN UP INTO KINGDOMS

Old Middle New

Old Kingdom

2575 – 2134 BCE

Basic social and political features established

Egyptians began constructing pyramids to serve as tombs for their pharoahs during the Old Kingdom.

The largest of the pyramids, the Great Pyramid of Khufu near Giza, was built during this time.

The pyramids are evidence of the Egyptian belief in an afterlife and in the godly stature of their kings.

With nearly 80 pyramids still standing along the west bank of the Nile, the pyramids of Egypt serve as a testament to the strength, material wealth, and ability to mobilize vast resources characteristic of ancient Egypt under the Pharoahs.

Significance of the Old Kingdom

2040 BCE – 1640 BCE

Middle Kingdom

As the Middle Kingdom in Egypt weakened, a people known as the Hyksos migrated into Egypt from the East.With superior military technology, such as the horse-drawn chariot and the compound bow, they were able to establish their power. They ruled Egypt for more than a century, extending the kingdom’s boundaries as far as Syria and Palestine, and maintaining peace and prosperity throughout their lands.

Hyksos: group who conquered Egypt during the 1600s BCE

THE HYKSOS KINGS USHERED IN A NEW PHASE IN ANCIENT EGYPTIAN HISTORY.THEY INTRODUCED THE HORSE DRAWN CHARIOT, WHICH PHAROAHS OF THE NEW KINGDOM PERIOD WOULD USE TO BUILD STRONG ARMIES & EXPAND THEIR TERRITORY.

Significance of the Hyksos

Around 1540 BCE, an Egyptian named Admose declared himself pharoah and drove the Hyksos from Egypt. This was the beginning of the New Kingdom, the period that would see Egypt rise to the peak of its power and glory.Fearful of invasion, future Egyptian pharoahs succeeded in establishing control over possible invasion routles. In the process, they overtook foreign lands and established an empire.Military conquests also expanded Egyptian trade and made the kingdom wealthy.The most famous New Kingdom pharoah is Ramses II (died c. 1235 BCE), who left behind many monuments.

New Kingdom: 1540 – 1075 BCE

The New Kingdom period was the last great flourish of Egyptian power and culture before the empire’s long, slow decline.

Significance of the New Kingdom

Pyramids: gigantic tombs which served as resting places for the pharoahs

The Aztecs, Mayans and ancient Egyptians were 3 very different civilizations with one very large similarity: pyramids. However, of these 3 ancient cultures, the Egyptians set the standard for what most people recognize as classic pyramid design: massive monuments with a square base & four smooth-sided triangular sides, rising to a point. The Aztecs and Mayans built their pyramids with tiered steps and a flat top.

Pyramids at Giza- Egypt

Hieroglyphics (1 of 2 slides)

Egyptian writtten characters

Hieroglyphics (2 of 2)

The Egyptians invented their own form of writing called hieroglyphs, in which they used small pictures to represent each word. It was a very complex system that took a long time to learn and was only used by priests.

Papyrus: reeds used to make this type of paper

The Egyptians were also the first civilization to use papyrus as a writing surface. Papyrus was a plant material similar to thick paper, which is prone to curl and was adaptable for texts of any length

*Recommended site: http://

ancientegypthistorykingdom.weebly.com/egyptian-writing.html

THE INDUS RIVER VALLEY

South Asia: along the Indus River

Indus River – what is now Pakistan & NW India

Where did this civilization develop?

Indus Valley Civilization: 3000 – 1500 BCE

Around 3000 BCE, the Indus Valley civilization developed along the Indus river, in the NW of the Indian subcontinent.

Ruins from the cities of Harrapa and Mohenjo Daro show that the Indus Valley civilization possessed strong governments and an economy based on agriculture.

The Indus Valley civiilization also developed a written language.

Significance:

The story of civilization in one of the world’s most historically rich regions, the Indian subcontinent, began with this first Indus Valley culture.

Indus Valley: Key Places

Larger of the two Sat on the flood

plain where the Indus empties into the Indian Ocean

Another key area of settlement in the Indus Valley

North of Mohenjo Daro

Mohenjo Daro Harappa

A PROSPEROUS URBAN CIVILIZATION EMERGED ALONG THE INDUS RIVER BY 2500 B.C.E., SUPPORTING SEVERAL LARGE CITIES, SUCH AS HARAPPA. INDUS RIVER PEOPLES HAD TRADING CONTACTS WITH MESOPOTAMIA, BUT THEY DEVELOPED A DISTINCTIVE ALPHABET AND ARTISTIC FORMS. INVASIONS BY INDO-EUROPEANS RESULTED IN SUCH COMPLETE DESTRUCTION OF THIS CULTURE THAT LITTLE IS KNOWN TODAY ABOUT ITS SUBSEQUENT INFLUENCE ON INDIA. 

EARLY CHINAShang & Zhou Dynasties

Where did this civilization develop? Along the Huang

He or Yellow River in China

What made this a unique location? Huang He & Yangzi Rivers important Gobi Desert to the west *Shang thought themselves to be the

middle of the world

China’s history measured in dynasties or successors of emperors.

How does China’s dynasty system differ?

Ancient China: key terms

Respecting one’s elders

Divides, land, wealth, and influence

Ancestor veneration Feudalism

China: key terms

Levels of government responsibilities/ structure/ services/ functions

The idea that as long as a leader is governed wisely, he could claim the divine right to rule

Bureaucracy Mandate of heaven

1st: Pictographs: developed by the Shang, Chinese system of writing2nd: Shang used chariots which they may have learned about from the Middle East; traded with the Indus Valley who traded with Mesopatamia

China: other key points

In review…

Mesopotamian

Egyptian Indus ValleyShang

Rivers Trade Government Religion Language Technology Metal work Gender Roles

What were the 4 early civilizations?

What did they all have in common?

Coming to the Americas!

The Olmec/ Andean Cultures & the Chavin

Olmec: south, Central Mexico

Andean – Andes Mts. In South America

Where did these civilizations differ from the 4 early Eurasian civilizations?

Bering Strait Theory – continued migration over 1000s of years

Rose without the benefit of a large river system nearby

Key terms

Quipo: System of record

keeping Using knots tied

into string Used in the Andes Added meaning

via different color comibinations

Textiles Clothing/ fabric *NOTE: Chavins

had elaborate textiles

OTHER CULTURES & CIVILIZATIONS

Odds and ends

People of IsraelFounded the 1st monotheistic faithAbraham entered into a covenant as the chosen people of Jehovah Judaism resulted

Hebrews

Belief in one GodAs opposed to polytheism – belief in more than one (many) godsJudaism, Christianity, & Islam are all monotheistic

Monotheistic

Maritime culture who traded and colonized widely through the Mediterranean Based in Syria & LebanonChief legacy was their alphabet: written script in which each sign represents a sound rather than a concept or object and was adopted by the Hebrews, Greeks, Romans

Phoenicians

Building blocks of a written language, representing sounds, not concepts, allowed the formation of any word from a small set of easily memorized symbols

Alphabet

All people have a language, early on spoken but not written.With the sophistication of civilizations, written languages emerge.All cities have urban planning – cities, streets/road, religious monuments, “monumental architecture” – left its mark on the landscape

Making Connections: Random Thoughts so far…

Key Terms…

Monarch

As compared to a dictator

Hereditary rule by a single person

Premodern times: rule by divine will, or embodies a deity

Nobility

Land-owing class Often associated

with a monarch

aristocracy

“elite” Government of a

privileged class

oligarchy

“government of a few”

Not a monarch Not a democracy

Theocracy

Government dominated by a religious elite

hierarchy

A culture’s way of ranking social classes Privilege Respect wealth

Caste systems

Especially strict hierarchies where movement is all but impossible

Debt slavery

Hereditary ownership of one human by another

Indentured slavery

Working for a set number of years to pay off a debt

serfdom

Similar to slavery Compelled

peasants to labor for the owners of the land they lived on

Prison Labor

Hard labor for punishment / payback to society

MORE TERMS: EARLY HISTORY

Almost done….

Large man-made structures that often pass the test of time

Often of religious and or political nature

Chinese alphabet

pictographMonumental architecture

People who communicated with the spirits

Priestly class at the top of the caste system in India

Shamanism Brahmins

Jewish sacred teachings

Hebrew scriptureTorah Tanakh

Another monotheistic religion

Found by Zoraster, probably from Eastern Iran

Zorastrian scripture

Zoroastrianism Avesta