apnoms 2006 1 prosperous de facto communication technologies outside academic societies sep. 27,...

APNOMS 2006 1

Prosperous De Facto Communication Technologies outside Academic Societies

Sep. 27, 2006

Tohru AsamiGraduate School of Information Science and Technology

The University of Tokyo

[email protected]

APNOMS 2006 2

Contents

1. Operational Department-initiative Developments

2. A case study in Japan

(1) Ether over Ether

(2) 3GPP2 Mobile IP

3. Roles of Academic Societies for Commercialization

Contents


2. A case study in Japan


(2) 3GPP2 Mobile IP


APNOMS 2006 3


Competitive services Shorter Development Cycle


Competitive services Shorter Development Cycle

APNOMS 2006 4

Telecom Market after the Collapse of the IT Bubble

Economy

US Telcos: Return to monopolization Development power of new services weakened No leadership for new L1&L2 services since 2000

Telcos in Japan: US Teleco model in ’80s Competitive service developments among service

providers New services deployed by Japan & Korea especially

in 3G Markets in 21 Century So in fixed communication markets Japan&Korea=Test bed for new services &

technologies in the world

APNOMS 2006 5

In Reality, Larger Gap between R&D and Operational Department

Looks like a boon to R&D Labs. as well as academic societies Business divisions cannot win the market just

by following given services by others Better environments: Business as well as

infrastructures(3G, FTTH,etc.)

However, business divisions developed such services by themselves Less contributions to academic societies Larger risks of developments

APNOMS 2006 6

2. A case study in Japan (1) Ether over Ether

(2) 3GPP2 Mobile IP

2. A case study in Japan (1) Ether over Ether

(2) 3GPP2 Mobile IP

APNOMS 2006 7

Business Needs vs. Researches

Banters on Mobile IP and Multicast Technologies Everybody knows it but nobody uses. Research for research. Failures in the Internet Technologies What is the killer application? When is it put into real markets?

But they are important in NGN as well as FMC Are they such dumb technologies?

APNOMS 2006 8

2. A Case Study in Japan

Example 1: Ether over EtherA Nation-wide Ethernet Service

First Killer Application for Multicasting


Example 1: Ether over EtherA Nation-wide Ethernet Service

First Killer Application for Multicasting

APNOMS 2006 9

Wide-area Ethernet Service= Cash Cow for Solution Business

Ref: Fuji Chimera Research Institute Inc., “Market Survey on Broadband Business in 2005”

Earnings in 100 M Yens

Earnings

# of Circuits

Circuits

Year

APNOMS 2006 10

The Dawn of Communication-and-broadcasting Convergence in 2000

Oct. 1999Wide-area LAN service started by CWC

Dec. 2000Q-in-Q Service introduced by TTNet (Poweredcom)

Dec. 2002Ether over Ether(EoE ） RFP was issued

Mar. 2004EoE put into operation

Nation-wide Communication Service based on Broadcast-based Routing Protocol!

APNOMS 2006 11

Principles of Wide-area Ethernet Service

Applying Ethernet, widely used in LAN and with inexpensive switches, to WAN, provide non-conventional services such as

i. Access network service having high affinity with Ethernet-based LANsii. Inexpensive communication service

Enhanced Ethernet technology in the following points Long distance transmission High reliability with redundancy VPN

From the service point view Protocol-transparent service above Multicast is inevitable for VLAN (The first killer application for

Multicast)

APNOMS 2006 12

Nation-wide Ethernet Service

Wide-area Ethernet Service Networks

User LAN CUser LAN B

User LAN A

C-SA

C-DA

B-SA

B-DA

Terminal a

Terminal b

Switch b

Switch a

Core Switch X Switch c

Tokyo

Osaka

Nagoya

APNOMS 2006 13

IEEE 802.1ad

Len/TypeC-DA C-SA S-TAG

C-TAGoptional

FCS

Len/TypeC-DA C-SA C-TAG

optionalFCS

6 6 4 2 46 - 1500 octets 6

4

(1) User Frame

(2) IEEE 802.1ad

Client Data

TPID

TCI

2 octets

PCP DE VID

3 1 12bits

TPID: Tag Protocol IDPCP: Priority Code PointDE: Drop EligibleVID: VLAN ID

C-DA: Customer Destination AddressC-SA: Customer Source AddressC-TAG:Customer VLAN TagS-TAG: Service VLAN TagLen/Type: Length or Type

Client Data

4

APNOMS 2006 14

IEEE 802.1ad vs. Ether over Ether

Base technologies of IEEE802.1ad s.t. Q-in-Q did not fit into the large scale deployments in Japan Not enough number of VLANs A number of troubles

FDB overflows in core switches Frequent loop conditions …..

Redesign of switches was urgent after the service started Ether over Ether = Development of new

switches based on a Japanese vendor

APNOMS 2006 15

Ether over Ether vs. IEEE 802.1ah

B-DA B-SA S-TAGEoE

TPIDFCS


TTL

EID

2 1 1

I-TagB-DA B-SA B-TAG FCS

(4) IEEE 802.1ah6 octets

I-SIDI-TagTPID

PCP

RSV

2 octetsDEI

24bits3 1 4B-TAG: Backbone TAGI-TAG: Extended Service TagPCP: Priority Code PointDEI: Drop Eligible Indicator RSV:Reserved (0)I-SID:Instance-Service ID

Len/TypeC-DA C-SA

C-TAGoptional

Client Data

Len/TypeC-DA C-SA

C-TAGoptional

Client Data

B-DA: Backbone Destination Address B-SA: Backbone Source Address TTL: Time to Live EID: Extension tag ID

TPID

TCI

2 octets

PCP DE VID

3 1 12bits

APNOMS 2006 16

Ether over Ether vs. IEEE 802.1ah

IEEE 802.1ah Ether over Ether

Category Mac-in-Mac Mac-in-Mac

Loop Protection

None(Detection of Loop) TTL

Max # of VLANs

I-SID(24bits) =16,777,215 S-VID(12bits) + EID(8bits) =1,048,576

Max # of Broadcast Domains

B-VID(12bits)=4096 1,048,576

OAM Use IEEE 802.1ag. No OAM for MAC Flash of Edges

Ether over Ether Control Protocol.OAM for MAC Flash of Edges

Reactive Proactive

APNOMS 2006 17

Deployments of Ether over EtherJapan: Cash cow in enterprise market Service: NTT Communications, KDDI, JT, Other major

Communication Carriers Core switch products: Fujitsu, Hitachi Cable Used in part: ALAXALA Networks

Other countries: Nation-wide Ethernet is not popular (for metro-ethernet at best) Ether over Ether has not been used other than in Japan. The world big 3 switch vendors (Cisco Systems, Extreme

Networks, Foundry Networks) do not support EoE ， but IEEE802.1ad.

No standardization efforts

APNOMS 2006 18


Example 2: 3GPP2 Mobile IP

First Carrier-Grade Specification

for Mobile IP


Example 2: 3GPP2 Mobile IP

First Carrier-Grade Specification

for Mobile IP

APNOMS 2006 19

3GPP2 Mobile IP

HLR

PDSNa

BSCa PCFa

BS

BSC

BS

PCF

RADIUSa

BSC PCFBS

BSC

BS

PCF

PDSNb

RADIUSc

HAc

CNMS

Access ProviderNetwork

Home Access Provider Network

Home IP Network (Private)

IPNetwork

HAb

RADIUSb

MS: Mobile StationRAN: Radio Access NetworkBS: Base StationBTS: Base Transceiver StationBSC: Base Station ControllerPCF: Packet Control FunctionPDSN: Packet Data Serving NodeRADIUS: Remote Authentication Dial-In User ServiceFA: Foreign AgentHA: Home Agent

MSC:Mobile Switching CenterHLR:Home Location Register

cdma2000 RAN

BTS MSCA1

SS7 Network

Modified from 3GPP2, “cdma2000 Wireless IP Network Standard: Introduction,” X.S0011-001-D, http://www.3gpp2. org/Public_html/specs/X.S0011-001-D_v1.0_060301.pdf, Feb.2006.

APNOMS 2006 20

(a) Protocol Reference Model for MIP4 Control and IKE

cdma2000Air Interface

PPP

IP


PL

A-8

PL

A-8

PL

A-10

MS BTS,BSC PCF

PL

A-10

PL

L2

PDSN/FA

PPP

IP/IPsec

UDP

MIP4

UDP

MIP4 IKE

PL

L2

HA

IP/IPsec

UDP

MIP4IKE


APNOMS 2006 21

(b) Protocol Reference Model for MIP4 User Data

PDSN/FA HA

PL

A-10

PPP

PL

L2

MS BTS,BSC PCF


PPP


PL

A-8

PL

A-8

PL

A-10

IP IP/IPsec

IP

PL

L2

IP IP/IPsec

CN

PL

L2

IP

PL

L2


APNOMS 2006 22

A-8/A-9 and A-10/A-11

(c) BSC-PCF Interface (d) PCF-PDSN Interface

PL

L2

IP

GRE

PPP

PL

L2

IP

GRE

PPP

PL

L2

IP

UDP

Signalings

PL

L2

IP

UDP

Signalings

(c1) A-8 (c2) A-9 (d1) A-10 (d2) A-11

APNOMS 2006 23

What is Communication Business?

Privacy

Authentication

Authorization

Accounting

AAA

APNOMS 2006 24

Advantages of Fixed IP Address for Service Providers

Popular Better Security

Nonsense unless it is bound to some other tamperproof ID Customized services for each user

QoS Seamless hand-over between fixed and mobile networks

Terminals can be called in case that they are always-on

Not So Popular Scalable and inexpensive load-balancing of servers = Assign each

server to a set of addresses Design and control the congestion of server Scalable accounting system Protocol-transparent above L3

Load balancers independent on new service introductions Less operational cost Avoid payload analysis in load balancing, such as Cookie ， SSL

Session ID, etc., from the point of secrecy of communication

APNOMS 2006 25

Advantages and Disadvantages Talked on MIP

Advantages: Mobility management by MIP = Session management by SIP Easy monitoring of mobile terminals = traffic controls Advantages of fixed IP address of Terminal More advantages in private address networks

Use terminals in visiting networks without configuration changes Duplicated IP addresses = enlarges the IP address space

Disadvantages: Difficult to optimize routes <= In fact it’s not a flaw. Mobility control is not sufficient to keep QoS <= Other IP

technologies also cannot No large scale deployments other than 3GPP2 No public information on usages of MIP by 3GPP2 providers

APNOMS 2006 26

Trend of Internet-accessible Cell Phones

I-mode: 4,428 MillionEzweb: 1,847 MillionVf-live: 1,282 Million

At the end of April, 2005Total: 7,559 Million(Total cell phones: 8,743 Million)

Ref.: Telecommunications Carriers Association

2002200120001999 2003

Ezweb, I-mode, Vodafone live(Million)

2004

Total subscription phones

2005

01020304050

60708090

100

6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 12 3

i-mode

EZweb

Vf‐live

Class A Network Address 10.0.0.0/8 ： 224=16,777,216

APNOMS 2006 27

Management of MIP addresses in 3GPP2

Principles: Reverse tunneling + PDSN(for PPP & FA) Assign I+j+k+l IP addresses (Simple IPv4(i), Simple IPv6( j),

MIP4(k), MIP6(l)) to each terminal(PPP) Support i=j=0 for FA-mode of MIP Possible to assign NAI or fixed IP address to terminal (MS)

based on hardware-defined IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)

=>=>=>Keep location privacy of terminalTerminals with the same private IP address belonging to different private networks co-exist under the same PDSN

APNOMS 2006 28

Possible Business Advantages of 3GP2 MIP- All Comes from PPP&FA with Reverse Tunneling -

As solution service Mobile terminals belonging to a enterprise network can be used in the

same conditions as they are the enterprise network No exits for the Internet in case of terminals given only MIP address

As cell phone service Extend the private network address to almost unlimited Address space = N x 10.0.0.0/8

Inter-provider service Easy roaming between providers without taking care of IP addresses

used Application can be served even to terminals in visiting networks

Easy realization of MVNO （ Mobile Virtual Network Operator) without taking care of IP addresses used

APNOMS 2006 29

Summary of 3GPP2 MIPFA mode vs. Co-located Care-of Address Mode

Faults in MIP standardization process FA mode has clear business needs No business needs for co-located care-of address mode No business needs for route optimization Reverse tunneling and PPP in FA mode was a key for business

requirements

Wasteful efforts for many technological issues which do not have clear business requirements?

Could we input proper business needs into the MIP standardization process?

APNOMS 2006 30



APNOMS 2006 31

Academic Publications

Ether over Ether 3GPP2 Mobile IP

Journal Papers 0 0

Technical Groups 0 0

Technical Commentaries 0.1(just as a technical term)

0

Technical Books 1(IEICE) 0

Academic societies are no more needed for technology development affecting the fate of the company?

APNOMS 2006 32

Lessons1. High possibility of service creations originated by

Japanese providers under competitive environmentsi. Operational divisions can develop services by themselvesii. Less influence by R&D division

a. No output for R&D

iii. Possibility of de facto service/technology development by providers other than NTT

iv. Increase of risks at development

2. Such de facto can appear earlier than corresponding international standards

3. No top vendors support Japan-local de facto standard① Standardizations are necessary but No incentive for

operational divisions to standardize② Who make efforts for standardizations?

APNOMS 2006 33

Towards Reconstruction of Proper R&D Model-- Avoid Research without needs & Development without seeds --

Plan

Do

Check

Action

Plan

Do

Check

Action

NeedsSeeds

OperationalDivision

R&DDivisions

Plan

Do

Check

Action

AcademicSocieties

Needs

Seeds

Role of R&D = Generalize problems in operational divisions, and publicize them to academic societies

APNOMS 2006 34

Thank You!R&D as well as operational divisions are

at the crossroads in communication industry.

Some relations to the stagnation of academic societies?

How to improve?

Thank You!R&D as well as operational divisions are

at the crossroads in communication industry.

Some relations to the stagnation of academic societies?

How to improve?

apnoms 2006 1 prosperous de facto communication technologies outside academic societies sep. 27,...

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