apostila agronegÓcio 2011
TRANSCRIPT
Unit 01Estratégias de leitura1.1. Brainstorming
Estratégia que consiste na associação
de ideias a partir de uma ou mais
palavras. Nós a utilizamos consciente
ou inconscientemente, quando
tentamos descobrir novos significados
através do conhecimento que
possuímos do mundo. Isso pode ser
feito, por exemplo, através da leitura do
título. Um bom título resume
geralmente a ideia central do texto.
1.2 Cognatos
Existem palavras na língua estrangeira
que, além de parecidas na forma, são
parecidas também no significado com
palavras em português. Tais palavras,
são chamadas de cognatas.Exemplos:
human (humano), television (televisão).
1.3 Skimming
Significa “desnatar”, tirar o leite da
superfície.
Assim, a técnica do skimming é a
leitura rápida do texto para captar os
conceitos e idéias principais sem se
ater a um ponto específico.
Busca-se a ideia geral do texto.
Quando fazemos isso passamos os
olhos no título, lemos os parágrafos,
nome do autor, fonte, etc.
A leitura rápida do jornal para decidir
que informações serão de interesse
também pode ser um exemplo de
skimming.
1.4 Scanning
Embora, seja também uma leitura
rápida, o scanning é utilizado quando
queremos encontrar algo específico no
texto. Exemplo: consulta a uma
enciclopédia, catálogo ou lista
telefônica.
1.5 Referência Contextual
Segundo CRUZ (2003): “A referência
contextual também representa um
recurso auxiliar na compreensão de
idéias de um texto”. As chamadas
palavras de referência substituem
palavras que estão no texto (ou fora
dele) e podem classificar-se da
seguinte maneira:
a) pronomes (pessoais, possessivos,
relativos e indefinidos);
b) números ordinais
c) palavras que indicam ordem e
exemplificação.
TEXT 01Fertilizers
The fertility level of the soil is a
conditioning factor for the productivity of
the fields. Successive periods of
agricultural exploration gradually
reduce the capacity of the land to
provide nutrients to the plants, if these
nutrients are not adequately replaced.
In a country like Brazil, where there is
low fertility in the majority of cultivated
soils, and extensive use of the land,
with notable increases in production
each year, the use of fertilizers is
essential.Source:www.fiesp.com.br/agronegócio/pdf/
agronegócio
TEXT 02Alternative agriculture
A systematic approach to farming intended to reduce agricultural pollution, enhance sustainability, and improve efficiency and profitability. Overall, alternative agriculture emphasizes management practices that take advantage of natural processes (such as nutrient cycles, nitrogen fixation, and pest-predator relationships), improve the match between cropping patterns and agronomic practices on the one hand and the productive potential and physical characteristics of the land on the other, and make selective use of commercial fertilizer and pesticides to ensure production efficiency and conservation of soil, water, energy, and biological resources. Examples of alternative agricultural practices include use of crop rotation, animal and green manures, soil and water conserving tillage systems, such as no-till planting methods, integrated pest management, and use of genetically improved crops and animals. Consonant with sustainable agriculture, alternative agriculture focuses on those farming practices that go beyond traditional or conventional agriculture, though it does not exclude conventional practices that are consistent with the overall system.
Source:www.superglossary.com
TEXT 03
World Development book case study: Agribusiness
The term ‘agribusiness’ emerged in the 1970s and was used to describe the increasing number of inputs to farming in the developed world. It includes farming, seed supply, agricultural chemicals, wholesaling, processing, distribution and retail sales. The term has come to represent different things to different people. For people within the food-supply industry, it is a convenient way to describe the wide range of business and agriculture activities involved in modern food production. For many others, the term has a negative connotation because it is associated with corporate farming. From this point of view, agribusiness is all about large, vertically integrated food-production businesses with profit as their main motive that damage the environment, reduce food quality and cause social dislocation in rural areas in particular.
Agribusiness grew rapidly following the Green Revolution in the 1960s. Almost all farms in the developed world use the products and technology sold by agribusiness and increasingly farming in the developing world is becoming just as dependent.
2. Reconhecimento de gêneros textuais
Quick Macaroni and Cheese Recipe
Ingredients 2 quarts water 1 Tbsp salt 2 cups uncooked elbow
macaroni 2 Tbsp unsalted butter 1/2 lb cheddar cheese, grated
(about 2 cups, packed) 1 teaspoon corn starch 2 teaspoons flour 1 cup milk 1/2 teaspoon lemon juice 1/4 cup ham, chopped into 1/4
inch cubes Freshly grated black pepper
FOR SALEBEAUTIFUL HOUSE with garage, 03 bedrooms, 01 kitchen, a dining-room, a living-room, 2 bathroms and the laundry. US$ 350,000. Code: 617459.
Rome, Sep. 11th, 2003
Dear Susan,My trip was perfect. I´ve just arrived here and I´ve already met lots of friends of yours.As soon as I have time, I´ll send you the pictures.
Love, John.
Unit 022.1 Pronomes (pronouns)
A) Personal Pronouns
(Pronomes Pessoais ou Subjetivos)
São utilizados como sujeito.
Exemplos: I am an agribusiness
engineer.
(Sou um engenheiro de agronegócios.)
São os seguintes:
Singular Plural
I We
You You
He
She They
It
B) Object pronouns (pronomes objetos)
Vêm antecedidos por verbo ou
preposição. Têm função de objeto.
Exemplos:
Take Susan home. (Leve Susan para
casa).
Take her home. (Leve-a para casa.)
Look at John. (Olhe para o John.)
Look at him. (Olhe-o.)
São os seguintes:
Singular Plural
Me Us
You You
Him
Her Them
It
C) Possessive Adjectives
(Adjetivos Possessivos)
São utilizados para indicar posse.
Exemplo:This is my farm.
(Esta é minha fazenda.)
São os seguintes:
Singular Plural
My Our
Your Your
His
Her Their
It
D) Possessive Pronouns (Pronomes
Possessivos)
Também indicam posse, mas
substituem o substantivo.
Exemplo: This is my tractor.
(Este é meu trator).
Where is yours? (Onde está o seu?) -
substitui a palavra “car”).
São os seguintes:
Mine Ours
Yours Yours
His
Hers Theirs
Its
E) Reflexive Pronouns (Pronomes
Reflexivos).
O Pronome Reflexivo usado em função
reflexiva indica que a ação do verbo
recai sobre o próprio sujeito que a
praticou. Desse modo, o pronome vem
imediatamente após o verbo e
concorda com o sujeito.
Exemplo: She cut herself. (Ela se
cortou).
Myself OurselvesYourself YourselvesHimself
Herself ThemselvesItself
F) Demonstrative Pronouns (Pronomes
Demonstrativos)
This These
(este, esta, isto) (estes, estas)
That Those
(aquele, aquela, aquilo) (aqueles(as))
G) Relative Pronouns (Pronomes
Relativos)
Quando o pronome relativo for seguido
por um verbo, ele exerce função de
sujeito. Caso o pronome relativo seja
seguido por um substantivo, artigo,
pronome ou outra classe de palavra,
ele exerce função de objeto.
Use Who ou that antes de pessoa.
Use Which ou that antes de coisa ou
animal.
São os seguintes:
Which (o qual, a qual, os quais, as
quais)
Whom (quem, de quem)
Whose (de quem)
Who (quem, de quem)
That (que)
H) Indefinite Pronouns
Any, qualquer, quaisquer, algum,
alguns, alguma(s).
Some, algum, alguns, alguma(s),
cerca de, cert(s), certa(s).
No, nenhum, nenhuma.
None, nenhum, nenhuma.
Much, muito, muita.
Many, muitos, muitas.
Little, pouco, pouca.
Few, poucos, poucas.
All, todo(s), toda(s), tudo.
One, a gente, certo, um certo,
algum, alguma.
Each, cada.
Every, todo(s), toda(s), cada.
Other, outro(s), outra(s).
Another, um outro, uma outra.
Either, um ou outro, uma ou
outra, cada.
Neither, nem um(a) nem outro(a),
nenhum dos(das) dois(duas).
Both, ambos, ambas.
Enough, bastante.
Several, vários, várias.
Anybody, anyone, alguém.
Anything, alguma coisa.
Somebody, someone, alguém.
Something, alguma coisa.
Nobody, no one, ninguém.
Nothing, nada.
Every, everyone, todos (todas as
pessoas).
Everything, tudo.
EXERCISES
1.Substitute the words in bold type. Use
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
Example: Mr. and Mrs. Taylor are in
front of the barn. THEY are in front of
IT.
a) This seed is on the bench.
b) The engineer is talking to the farmer.c) Exporters are sending the commoditiesd) Mary and I are agriculturists.
e) This is my document. Give it to Mr. Green.
2. Complete the sentences using
PERSONAL PRONOUNS:
Example: This is Mr. Brown. I know
HIM.
a) This is a combine. You can use
………………..
b) Those are interesting subjects. He
can read …………………
c) Peter and I are here. You can talk to
…………………..
d) Those are my horses. …………….
belong to …………….. .
3. Rewrite the sentences using
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES.
Example: This is Mr. Anderson´s
agribusiness company.
It´s HIS company.
a) Those are the girl´s tools.
b) These samples belong to us.
c) This is Peter´s acre of land
4. Use POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES.
Example: You write YOUR application.
a) Jim can send ………………….
curriculum vitae.
b) I have ………………… equipments
here in ……………. farm.
c) Lisa and I are teachers;
………………. students are doing
…………. tests.
d) John and Jean work in
……………….. new research.
5. Complete the sentences using
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS:
Example: This greenhouse belongs to
me. It´s MINE.
a) This is your vegetable garden.
b) The equipment belongs to the
agronomist.
c) We prepared this soil analysis.
d) This truck belongs to my parents.
6. Fill in the blanks with reflexive,
emphasizing or idiomatic pronouns:
Example: Agribusiness industry ITSELF
is very complex.
a) I hurt ……………………… with a
plow.
b) My children grow vegetables by
………………………
c) The agronomist ……………………….
answers the phone.
d) We always enjoy
……………………… with horticulture.
Unit 033.1 Present Simple (Presente Simples)
Usamos o Presente Simples para
expressar fatos, rotina em geral, ou
para coisas que acontecem com certa
freqüência.
Exemplo: Susan lives in Canada.
My father has a small spray.
AfirmativaSingular PluralI speak We speakYou speak You speakHe speaksShe speaks They speakIt speaks
a) Regra geral: use “S” nos verbos (3a.
pessoa do singular).
Exemplo: I worl – she works
b) Verbos terminados em: S, SS, SH,
CH, X, Z, O adicione “ES” (3a. pessoa
do singular).
Exemplo: I publish reports. – She
publishes reports.
c) Verbos terminados em “Y”: a) se
precedidos by consoante: elimine the Y
e adicione “IES”.
Exemplo: I study – she studiesb) se precedidos por vogal: adicione
somente “s”.
Exemplo: I play - she plays
Interrogativa
Use: Do or Does.
I, you, we, you, they = DO
He, she, it = DOES
Exemplo: Do you have a harvester?
Does she sell pesticides?
Negativa
Use: Don’t ou Doesn’t.I, you, we, you, they = DON´T
He, she, it = DOESN´T
Exemplo: I don´t have a harvester.
She doesn´t sell pesticides.
Importante! Não use “S”, “ES” ou
“IES” nas formas interrogativa ou
negativa! Ex: She sells seeds.
Does she sell seeds?
She doesn´t sell seeds.
Verb Have
I , you, we, you, they = have
He, she, it = hasEXERCISES
1. Fill in the blanks with the SIMPLE
PRESENT. Give the Interrogative and
Negative forms:
Ex:
EMATER provides technical assistance
to farmers. (provide)
Does EMATER provide technical
assistance to farmers?
EMATER doesn´t provide technical
assistance to farmers.
a. CONAB (Companhia Nacional de
Abastecimento) ensures the production and
supply of agricultural products.
.
Int: ……………………………………..
Neg:………………………………………..
b. They ……………………(produce) ethanol from grain and excess crops.
Int:……………………………………........
Neg:………………………………………..
c. We …………………….. (support) the
rural development.
Int: ……………………………………..
Neg:………………………………………..
d. He …………………. (have) an
excellent productivity.
Int: ……………………………………..
Neg:………………………………………..
2. Follow the example:
Do you work for a logistic company?
(an agribusiness company )
No. I work for an agribusiness
company.
a) Do you test specifications?
(programs)
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
b) Do you solve scientific problems?
(commercial problems)
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
c) Do you sell the farm machines?
(seedling plant)
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
d) Do you have a good fertilizer?
(fungicide)
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
3. Complete using the verbs below:
a) Robert never …………….. (prune)
the orange trees.
b) This book ……………….(contain) ten
units.
c) It …………………(depend) on the
system in use.
d) Many scientists …………………
(work) in agribusiness industries
3.2 Present Continuous
O presente contínuo é formado pelo
Verb To be (am, is, are) + um verbo
principal e a partícula ING.
Exemplo: She is driving. ↓ ↓ Verb to be Verb+ing
É utilizado nas ações que acontecem
no momento em que o interlocutor está
falando.
Obs: 1) Verbos monossílabos
terminados em
consoante+vogal+consoante (CVC)
têm a última letra dobrada antes do
acréscimo do ING.
Ex: Run – Running
2) verbos terminados em “e”, retira-se o
“e” e acrescenta-se ING.
Ex: Dance – dancingObservar que nem todos os verbos
podem ser utilizados no Presente
Contínuo. Ex: like, need, want, etc.
3.3 Simple Past - Regular Verbs
(Passado dos Verbos Regulares)
A) Regular verbs: infinitive + ED
Exemplo: check – checked (regra
geral)
a) verbos terminados em “Y” – a) se
precedidos por consoante: elimine o “Y”
e adicione “IED”
Exemplo: study – studiedb) se precedido por uma vogal:
adicione “ED”.
Exemplo: play – playedb) palavras terminadas por consonante
+ vogal + consoante, dobramos a
última letra antes de adicionar ED.
Exemplo: plan – planned
Afirmativa: The truck carried the crops.
Interrogativa: DID the truck CARRY the
crops?
Negativa: The truck DIDN´T CARRY the crops. (= did not)
Importante! Não use “D”, “ED” ou “IED”
nas formas interrogativa ou negativa!
Simple Past - Irregular Verbs
(Passado dos Verbos Irregulares)Exemplo: Write – wrote
Memorize the list of irregular verbs
given before.
Affirmative: Mr. Johnson BOUGHT his
first barn
Interrogative: DID Mr. Johnson BUY his
first barn?
Negative: Mr. Johnson DIDN´T BUY his
first barn.
EXERCISES
1. Write the verbs below in the Past
Tense:
a) She …………………….(study)
Agribusiness at PIAU.
b) The boys …………………..(play) a
lot of video game last night.
c) They …………………(store) the
production in the barn.
d) He ……………………(multiply) the
number by two.
e) I …………………….(not carry) the
free-range egg.
f) ………… you ………….. (irrigate) the
soil?
g) Sarah …………………..(not check)
the weeds yesterday.
h) We …………………..(plan) to plow
all the field last Sunday.
i) John ……………………..(receive)
new herbicides.
j) The company …………………..
(import) a lot of Brazilian commodities.
k)The agronomist……………(execute)
an illegal procedure.
l) The farmers………………(complain)
about the agrotoxin.
m) My boss ……………………… (use)
high technology.
n) We ……………….. (erase) all the
confidential information.
o) She ……………………. (solve) the
problem easily.
2. Give the Interrogative and Negative
forms:
a) She analysed the problem.
Int:
Neg:
b) The technician prepared a lot of
tests.
Int:
Neg:
c) The protected agency copied all the
files.
Int:
Neg:
d) He carried his equipment in the
truck.
Int:
Neg:
3.4 Future (will) – Futuro (will)
Afirmativa: She will buy a harvester
next week.
Interrogativa: Will she buy a harverster
next week?
Negativa: She won´t buy a harvester
next week. (= will not)Importante: É utilizado para todos os
pronomes.
Tradução: I will go to Japan. = Irei ao
Japão.
1. Follow the example. Use WILL and
the OBJECT PRONOUNS for the
words underlined.
Will you use greenhouse? (the
operators).
No. The operators will use IT.
a) Will you hoe the yard? (the boss).
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
b) Will you grow oranges? (The farmer).
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
c) Will you maintain the pesticides?
(The farmer).
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
d) Will you learn some agriculture
tecniques? (The agronomist)
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
e) Will you count the cattle? (The
workers)
……………………………………………
……………………………………………
2. Translate into English:
a) O empresário comprará
equipamentos para a empresa.
...............................................................
...............................................................
b) O gerente enviará novas sementes
aos seus usuários.
...............................................................
...............................................................
c) O professor corrigirá todos os testes.
...............................................................
...............................................................
3. Give the Interrogative and Negative
forms:
a) She will review some programs.
Int:
……………………………………………
…………………………………………
Neg:
……………………………………………
……………………………………….
b) They will use the terminals tomorrow
morning.
Int:
……………………………………………
………………………………………….
Neg:
……………………………………………
………………………………………..
c) The supervisors will visit the
company.
Int:
……………………………………………
…………………………………………
Neg:
……………………………………………
……………………………………….
3.5 Present Perfect
I, you, we, you, they + HAVE +
Past Participle (particípio passado)
Exemplo: We have printed the data.
They have taken the files.
He, she, it + HAS +
Past Participle
Ex: Agribusiness has changed the
nature of farming.
She has printed the data.
He has taken the files.
Afirmativa: She has done all the work.
Interrogativa: Has she done all the
work?
Negativa: She hasn´t done all the work.
OBS: É possível usar o Present Perfect
com as seguintes palavras: already (já),
ever (já), always (sempre), never
(nunca), just (acabar de..., apenas,
somente), lately (ultimamente), recently
(recentemente), several times (várias
vezes), yet (ainda).
Exemplos:
I have already studied programming.
Have you ever seen a visual display
terminal?
He has always behaved like that.
We have never read a manual on
computing.
Julie has just printed the data.
You have faced the same problem
several times.
We have been busy lately.
They haven´t received the reports yet.
PAST SIMPLE # PRESENT PERFECT
O Passado Simples é diferente do
Presente Perfeito.
Observe:
a) Quando falamos de algo em um
tempo definido, usamos o presente
simples.
Exemplo: I saw Mary yesterday.
(Vi Mary ontem).
b) Quando falamos de algo em um
tempo indefinido, usamos o presente
perfeito.
Exemplo: I have seen Mary recently. (Vi ou Tenho visto Mary
recentemente).
No primeiro exemplo a ênfase está no
tempo. No segundo, a ênfase está no
fato.
Ex: I wrote a report last night. I have written many reports.
Formas abreviadas:
have not – haven´t
has not – hasn´t
EXERCISES
1. Give the Past tense and the past
participle of the verbs below:
Run ………………………………
……………………………...
Understand………………………………
……………………………...
Write ………………………………
……………………………...
Do ………………………………
……………………………...
Read ………………………………
……………………………...
Program………………………………
……………………………...
Work ………………………………
……………………………..
Make ………………………………
……………………………..
Forget ………………………………
……………………………..
Tell ………………………………
……………………………..
Study ………………………………
……………………………..
2. Write in the negative form:
a) That operator has worked with this
kind of machine.
b) They have got new forms lately.
c) I have met the manager.
3. Write in the Interrogative form:
a) This businessman has sold the
products to foreigners.
b) Mr. and Mrs. White have
programmed games since last month.
c) John has tried to pass the test.
d) The users have complained about
the programs.
4. Complete with the Present Perfect of
the verbs in parentheses:
a) I …………………………………….
(not do) my test yet.
b) …………………………….. that
politician ever ………………… (tell) the
truth?
c) Those writers
…………………………………(already
publish) the books.
d) ……………………… the
students……………………… (get) good
marks?
e) They ……………………………
(finish) documenting the project.
f) The agronomist ………………….(not
make) an error yet.
g) ………. you ………………………….
(deal) with them?
h) The manager ……………………..
(never make) use of it.
i) The supervisor ………………………..
(already keep) the papers.
j) I ………………… (introduce) them
into the computer yet.
k) IBM ……………………………………
(already capture) 21% of the $7.5 billion
US market for personal computers.
l) The personal computers
…………………………………….. (do)
nothing but transform the industry.
m) ………………………………the
programmer ……………………….
(verify) the chart?
n) The robust growth of the
agribusiness industry …………………..
(draw) so many new entrants that
profits are increasingly hard to come
by.
o) It´s the newest brainchild of the
company that
………………………………. (be) a
driving force in office automation for
years.
Unit 04Comparatives and SuperlativeAdjectives, Degrees of Comparison
4.1 Comparative of Equality
(Comparativo de Igualdade) =
AS old AS (tão velho (a) quanto)
AS beautiful AS (tão bela (o) quanto)
4.2 Comparative of Inequality
(Comparativo de Desigualdade) =
NOT SO old AS (não tão velho (a) quanto)
NOT SO beautiful AS(não tão belo(a) quanto)
4.3 Comparative of Superiority
(Comparativo de Superioridade) =
oldER THAN (mais velho(a) que )
MORE beautiful THAN (mais belo(a)
que)
4.4 Superlative of Superiority
(Superlativo de Superioridade) =
THE oldest (o (a) mais velho(a))THE MOST beautiful (o(a) mais belo
(a))
4.5 Superlative of Inferiority (Supelativo
de Inferioridade) = THE LEAST beautiful
( o menos bonito (a)).
Exceções:
Good – better than – the best
Bad – worse than – the worst
Far – farther than – the farthest
Observe!
a) Se o adjetivo terminar em Y e for
precedido por vogal, tire o Y e
acrescente IER THAN, em caso de
comparativo, ou THE ...IEST, caso seja
superlativo.
Exemplo:
Happy – happIER THAN – the happiest
b) Se o adjetivo for monossílabo e
terminar em CVC
(consoante+vogal+consoante), dobre a
última letra e acrescente ER THAN se
for comparativo. Caso seja superlativo
faça o mesmo, acrescentando IEST no
adjetivo.
Exemplo:
Fat – fatTER THAN – the fatTEST
EXERCISES
1. Use the Comparative of Equality:
a) Julie is ………………………………..
Joan. (beautiful)
b) My boss is
………………………………………….his
employees. (smart)
c) That car is
……………………………………. the
other one. (expensive)
d) Those companies are
………………………………………….the
foreign ones. (good)
e) This technician is
………………………………………….the
other. (intelligent)
f) My office is
……………………………………..yours.
(not/ comfortable)
g) Mark
is…………………………………… his
boss. (not/ efficient)
2. Use the Comparative of Superiority:
a) This pesticide is
…………………………….. the one I
bought. (good)
b) This harvester is
………………………………………..that
one I have at work.(expensive)
c) She enters information
………………………………… the
secretary. (fast)
d) Susan types the report
………………………………….. her
brother. (slow)
e) My boss is
……………………………………… his
employees. (intelligent)
f) Rachel´s tractor is
…………………………………………..
her sister´s. (powerful)
g) Kevin is
………………………………………… his
workmates. (happy)
3. Use the Superlative:
a) This is ………………………………….
computer in the world. (good)
b) That manager is
……………………………….. person I
have ever met. (bad)
c) This is
………………………………………..plac
e I have ever gone. (beautiful)
d) Sarah is ………………………….
agribusiness engineer in the company.
(efficient).
e) John is
…………………………………… office-
boy in our business. (slow)
f) Phillip is
………………………………….
Programmer. (fast)
g) Japan is
…………………………………… country
in terms of technology. (advanced)
h) My friends work at
…………………………………………….
Agribusiness company in the world.
(important)
4. Fill in the blanks with the correct
COMPARATIVE or SUPERLATIVE of
the adjectives in parentheses.
a) This harvester is
…………………………………………….
(fast) thought.
b) This is
…………………………………………….
………..(long) track of all.
c) This system is
…………………………………………..
(useful) Mr. Blake´s.
d) That was
……………………………………………
…….(good) installation in this city.
e) This is
……………………………………………
………(bad) film I´ve ever bought.
f) Your technique is
……………………………………………
……………. (bad) mine.
g) This package is
……………………………………………
………(complicated) I´ve ever
manipulated.
h) This is
……………………………………………
……( good) way to prevent accidents.
i) He is
……………………………………………
…….. (important) subscriber of all.
j) That electronic library was
…………………………………………..
(comprehensive) this one.
k) The invention of farm machinery is
……………………………………………
……….. (great) advance in modern
technology.
Unit 05Modals CAN, COULD
Expressam uma ideia de habilidade,
permissão ou capacidade. Algo que o
agente possa fazer muito bem porque
sabe como fazer ou tem habilidade
para isso.
Exemplo: I can speak English fluently.
(Sei falar inglês fluentemente).
Can I go to the bathroom, please?
(Posso ir ao banheiro, por favor?)
5.1 CAN: usado no Presente.
I, you, we, you, they = can
he, she, it = can
(Observe: não há a terminação (S, ES
ou IES) como nos demais verbos).
Exemplo: Susan can drive. (não Susan
cans drives).
My friend can play tennis very well.
(não cans plays)
Affrmativa: Susan can sing very well.
Interrogativa: Can Susan sing very
well?
Negativa: Susan can´t sing very well.
(= cannot ou can not)
5.2 COULD: usado no Passado.
I, you, we, you, they = could
He, she, it = could (Não
há S, ES, ou IES no passado!!!)
Exemplo: Susan could drive.
My friend could play tennis very well.
Afirmativa: Susan could sing very well.
Interrogativa: Could Susan sing very
well?
Negativa: Susan couldn´t sing very
well. (= could not)Tradução: PODER
EXERCISES
1. Complete using CAN or COULD:
a) This computer ………………………..
(store) thousands of information.
b) Sarah, please! ……………
you……………….. (help) me with these
boxes?
c) When I was a child, I
……………………………. (memorize)
many things but today I
…………………………. (not) anymore.
d) She ………………………….(speak)
many languages.
e) He
……………………………..(not/say) that
to his girlfriend! She didn´t know about
this story.
f) They ………………………………….
(write) programs to handle invoicing.
2. Give the negative forms:
a) He can make this project.
b) The worker can take a day off.
c) Mary can speak Portuguese in class.
d) They can work fast and efficiently at
manual jobs.
e) John can speak Japanese.
3. Give the Interrogative forms:
a) My boss can help us.
b) The company can fire a lot of
employees.
c) This prescription can be wrong.
d) Julie could get good grades in
school.
e) It could be a better result.
5.3 MUST
Must – expressa uma ideia de
obrigação, proibição.
Must = Have toExemplos:
I have to study for the test.
I must study for the test.
Observe!
1) Não há “to” entre must e o verbo.
Exemplos:
I must go. (não I must to go).
They must download the program. (não They must to download the program)
2) Não há “s”, “es” or “ies” na 3a.
pessoa do singular.
Exemplo: She must run the antivirus.
(não She musts run the antivirus) ou (She must runs the antivirus).
Afirmativa: She must follow the
instructions. (Ela tem que seguir as
instruções.)
Interrogativa: Must she follow the
instructions? (Ela tem que seguir as
instruções?).
Negativa: She mustn´t follow the
instructions.(Ela não tem que seguir as
instruções.)
Tradução: Ter que, Dever.
EXERCISES
1. Complete using MUST and the verbs
in parentheses:
a) Susan ……………………………
(pay) attention because this explanation
is very important.
b) The sequence of instructions
………………………….. (be obeyed) to
achieve a given result.
c) Robert …………………………………
(bring) the CD, otherwise, we won´t be
able to finish the work.
d) They …………………………………
(save) the olantation.
e) The cattleman …………………….
(make) a good paved road.
f) …………….. they ……………………
(record) the data?
g) Agribusiness students ……………….
(learn) English.
5.4 MAY/MIGHT:
Expressa ideia de possibilidade,
probabilidade, permissão.
Tradução: “poder”
Equivalente: to be allowed to, to
permitted to.
Afirmativa: She may come to the
party. // She might come to the party.
(Ela dvee vir à festa.)
Negativa: She may not come to the
party. // She mightn´t come to the party.
(Ela pode não vir à festa.)
Importante:
a) Não há “to” antes ou depois de
“may”.
b) Usamos May na forma interrogativa
quando pedimos permissão para algo.
Ex: May I go out with you?
EXERCISES
1) Complete the sentences using may/
might:
a) They ……………….. (write)
programs to handle food production.
b) Mark ……………………………..
(produce) coffe in more quantity.
c) The analyst …………………………..
(not/understand) the codes.
d) Her boss ……………………………..
(not/come) to the company today.
5.5 SHOULD:
Expressa ideia de obrigação moral,
suggestão, conselho.
Tradução: Dever, deveria.
Equivalente: Ought to.
Afirmativa: She should study more.
(Ela devia estudar mais.)
Interrogativa: Should she study more?
(Ela devia estudar mais?)
Negativa: She shouldn´t study more.
(Ela não devia estudar mais.)
Importante:
a) Não há “to” antes ou depois de
“should”.
b) “Ought” é diferente, pois o “to” deve
ser adicionado.
Exemplo: They should save money.
(Eles deviam economizar dinheiro.)
They ought to save money.
(Eles deviam economizar dinheiro.)
1) Complete the sentences using
should and ought to:
a) Your program ……………….(involve)
food production
b)Biodiesel ………………….(be) used
on helicopters.
c) Susan …………………….(export) all
the production.
d) You ……………….. (learn) about its
physical preparation.
Unit 06NumbersCardinal Numbers (Números Cardinais)
01 – one 02 – two
03 – three 04 – four
05 – five 06 – six
07 – seven 08 – eight
09 – nine 10 – ten
11 - eleven 12 – twelve
13 – thirteen 14 – fourteen
15 – fifteen 16 – sixteen
17 – seventeen 18 – eighteen
19 – nineteen 20 – twenty
21 – twenty-one 22 – twenty-two
23 – twenty-three 24 – twenty-four
30 – thirty 40 – forty
50 – fifty 60 – sixty
70 – seventy 80 – eighty
90 – ninety 100 – a hundred
one hundred
1.000 one thousand
a thousand
1.000.000 one million
a million
Ordinal Numbers (Números Ordinais)
01 – First 02 – second
03 – third 04 – fourth
05 – fifth 06 – sixth
07 –seventh 08 – eighth
09 – ninth 10 – tenth
11- eleventh 12 – twelfth
13 – thirteenth 14 – fourteenth
15 – fifteenth 16 – sixteenth
17 – seventeenth 18 – eighteenth
19 – nineteenth 20 – twentieth
21 – twenty-first
22 – twenty-second
30 – thirtieth
40 – fortieth
50 – fiftieth
60 – sixtieth
70 – seventieth
80 – eightieth
90 – ninetieth
100 – a hundredth
one hundredth
Importante! Após o número 21, os
números ordinais seguem esta ordem:
primeiro o cardinal, segundo o ordinal.
Exemplo:
21 – twenty – first
↓ ↓
Cardinal Ordinal
EXERCISES
1) Write the numbers:
34………………………………………….
88 ………………………………………..
21…………………………………...........
12 ........................................................
53 .........................................................
75 .........................................................
100 .......................................................
234 ........................................................
568 ........................................................
927 ........................................................
...............................................................
...............................................................
313 ........................................................
...............................................................
...............................................................
.......
722 ........................................................
...............................................................
.......
2. Translate into English:
a) duzentos e noventa e um
...............................................................
...............................................................
...............................................................
b) trezentos e
três ........................................................
...............................................................
...............................................................
.......
c) oitocentos e quarenta e
sete .......................................................
...............................................................
...............................................................
........
3. Write the ordinal numbers:
05th ………………………….........
12th ………………………………..
20th ………………………….........
13th ………………………………..
04th ………………………….........
09th ………………………………..
14th ………………………….........
27th ………………………………..
31st ………………………….........
52nd ………………………………..
IRREGULAR VERBSPresent Tense
Simple Past
Past Participle
Tradução
abide abode abode obedecer a
lei;
permanecer;
sobreviver
awake awoke awoke
awaked
acordar;
despertar-se
be was been ser; estar;
existir
bear bore borne
born
dar a luz;
sustentar;
tolerar;
sofrer;
produzir;
usar
beat beat beaten bater;
espancar;
superar;
vibrar;
palpitar
become becam
e
become se tornar; se
transformar;
ser digno de;
assentar
begin began begun começar
bend bent bent curvar;
entortar;
franzir; dirigir;
desistir
bet bet bet apostar
bid bade bidden oferecer;
convidar;
ordenar;
desejar;
leiloar
bind bound bound atar; amarrar;
obrigar
bite bit bit
bitten
morder;
engolir a isca
bleed bled bled sangrar,
perder
sangue;
destilar; tirar
dinheiro de
alguém
blow blew blown soprar,
encher;
ventar;
assobiar;
estourar;
fazer soar
break broke broken quebrar;
romper;
violar;
interromper;
cancelar; falir
breed bred bred procriar;
gerar; fazer
criação;
educar;
ensinar
bring brought brought trazer; servir;
causar;
executar;
induzir
build built built construir,
edificar;
fabricar
burn burnt burnt queimar;
incendiar;
carbonizar
burst burst burst arrebentar;
explodir;
brotar;
exclamar
buy bought bougth comprar
cast cast cast arremessar,
jogar;
derrubar;
sobrepujar;
espalhar;
computar;
calcular;
moldar;
imaginar; (no
teatro:)
distribuir os
papéis
catch caught caught pegar;
capturar;
entender;
adquirir (uma
doença);
surpreender;
complicar-se
choose chose chosen escolher,
selecionar,
preferir
cling clung clung pegar-se;
unir-se;
aderir
clothe clad clad vestir, cobrir
come came come vir; chegar;
consentir;
suceder;
atingir o
orgasmo
cost cost cost custar;
importar em
creep crept crept engatinhar;
arrastar-se
no chão;
andar de
rasto
crow crew crowed cacarejar;
vociferar;
emitir som
característico
de prazer
cut cut cut cortar; partir;
reduzir;
recortar;
castrar
deal dealt dealt dar; distribuir;
repartir;
dividir;
espalhar;
negociar
dig dug dug cavar;
escavar;
gostar;
entender;
começar;
perceber
do did done fazer;
funcionar;
cuidar de ;
parar;
mostrar;
jogar;
enganar
draw drew drawn puxar; tirar;
extrair;
desenhar;
descrever;
traçar;
adiantar-se;
atrair
dream dreamt dreamt sonhar
drink drank drunk
drunken
beber
drive drove driven dirigir; viajar;
levar;
conduzir;
guiar;
compelir;
excitar
dwell dwelt dwelt residir; ficar
por um
tempo;
enfatizar,
insistir em
eat ate eaten comer;
destruir;
devorar;
mastigar
fall fell fallen cair; descer;
abaixar-se;
diminuir;
ceder;
morrer;
abandonar
feed fed fed alimentar;
nutrir;
abastecer;
satisfazer;
manter
feel felt felt sentir;
perceber;
experimentar
; apalpar
fight fought fought lutar,
disputar;
batalhar,
combater,
guerrear
find found found achar;
encontrar;
descobrir;
julgar;
prover,
fornecer,
abastecer;
perceber,
notar;
resolver
flee fled fled fugir,
escapar;
evitar; correr
fling flung flung lançar;
arremessar;
atirar; invadir;
saltar;
dedicar-se à-
fly flew flown voar; viajar
(aérea); fazer
voar; fugir;
correr;
pilotar;
flutuar; saltar;
lançar-se
forbear forbore forborne abster-se,
deixar de-,
conter-se;
evitar
forbid forbade forbidden proibir;
impedir;
evitar; vetar
forget forgot forgotten esquecer
forgive forgave forgiven perdoar;
desculpar,
absolver;
abrir mão
forsake forsook forsaken abandonar,
desertar,
largar; abrir
mão de
freeze froze frozen congelar;
refrigerar;
gelar
get got got receber;
conseguir;
obter;
adquirir;
pegar
(doença);
entender;
chegar;
causar;
induzir;
decorar;
procriar;
buscar
give gave given dar; entregar,
conceder;
render-se;
premiar;
pagar;
enfraquecer-
se; preparar
(festas, etc)
go went gone ir; viajar;
chegar;
partir;
caminhar;
marchar;
mover-se
grind ground ground triturar;
pulverizar;
afiar; amolar;
ralar;
esfregar;
ranger os
dentes;
persistir (nos
estudos)
grow grew grown crescer;
vegetar;
cultivar;
brotar;
desenvolver-
se; progredir;
tornar-se
hang hung hung enforcar; ser
enforcado;
(informática)
travar, parar
de funcionar
have had had ter; possuir;
receber;
pegar;
necessitar;
causar
hear heard heard escutar, ouvir
heave hove hove levantar,
puxar; elevar;
tirar;
empurrar;
arremessar
hew hewed hewn reduzir;
cortar (com
machado);
talhar
hide hid hidden
hid
esconder-se;
esconder,
ocultar
hit hit hit bater, ferir;
atingir,
alcançar
hold held held segurar;
alimentar;
guardar;
pensar;
acreditar;
organizar;
preparar;
presidir
hurt hurt hurt ferir; doer;
magoar;
estragar;
danificar
keep kept kept guardar;
ficar; cumprir;
sustentar;
deixar;
continuar;
dirigir; criar;
possuir
kneel knelt knelt ajoelhar-se
knit knit knit tricotar; atar;
enlaçar; unir;
ligar; fazer
renda ou
meia;
trabalhar a
ponto de
malha
know knew known saber;
conhecer;
entender;
perceber; ter
conheciment
o
lay laid laid deitar;
descansar;
estar
deitado;
encostar-se;
repousar;
estar situado
lead led led conduzir,
guiar,
comandar,
pilotar, levar,
dirigir;
governar;
dominar-se;
capitanear
lean leant leant inclinar,
reclinar,
apoiar,
recurvar;
amparar;
firmar;
apoiar-se,
recurvar-se,
inclinar-se;
abaixar;
desviar
leap leapt leapt saltar, pular,
transportar;
cobrir (os
animais)
learn learnt learnt estudar;
aprender;
descobrir;
informar-se;
decorar
leave left left deixar;
largar; sair;
separar-se;
abandonar;
cessar;
desistir de;
renunciar a
lend lent lent emprestar,
conceder,
dar,
proporcionar,
outorgar;
doar;
combinar
com;
acrescentar
let let let deixar;
permitir; dar;
alugar; fretar;
conceder;
descobrir
lie lay lain mentir;
enganar
light lit lit clarear;
acender;
queimar;
descer (do
carro, etc);
cair
(escolha);
pousar;
acontecer
lose lost lost perder;
desperdiçar;
arruinar;
gastar; sofrer
perdas;
escapar de-;
não entender
make made made fazer; criar;
causar;
tornar
mean meant meant pensar;
significar; ter
em vista;
tencionar;
pretender;
querer dizer
meet met met encontrar;
encontrar-se;
reunir-se;
receber;
conhecer;
abastecer
melt melted molten derreter;
fundir;
gastar;
evaporar;
dissolver;
enternecer;
consumir
pay paid paid pagar;
saldar;
satisfazer
put put put colocar; pôr;
enfiar;
sinalizar;
situar;
propor;
oferecer
read read read ler; aprender;
aconselhar;
avisar;
estudar;
interpretar
rend rent rent rasgar;
arrancar
rid rid rid libertar;
resgatar;
livrar (-se)
ride rode ridden cavalgar;
montar;
passear
ring rang rung tocar (sino,
campainha);
telefonar;
envolver
rise rose risen levantar;
subir; elevar-
se; erguer-se
run ran run correr; fugir;
executar;
executar um
programa
(informática);
ativar;
administrar;
fazer;
calcular;
comprir;
continuar;
vazar; despir-
se;
saw sawed sawn serrar
say said said dizer; contar;
recitar;
pensar;
alegar;
afirmar
see saw seen ver;
entender;
preocupar-
se; verificar;
experimentar
;
acompanhar;
encontrar-se;
observar
seek sought sought procurar,
pedir; liberar;
exigir;
perseguir
atrás; tentar
sell sold sold vender;
comerciar;
negociar;
liquidar;
trapacear
(gíria); atrair
fregueses;
trair (gíria)
send sent sent mandar;
remeter;
despachar;
enviar;
produzir;
emitir;
derramar;
espalhar; dar
prazer (gíria)
set set set pôr, colocar;
preparar;
usar;
arrumar;
causar;
marcar;
servir; ajustar
sew sewed sewn costurar;
juntar, pregar
shake shook shaken sacudir;
agitar;
tremer;
chocar;
apertar
(mãos)
shed shed shed derramar;
vazar; deixar
cair; tirar,
tirar roupa ;
fazer
sangrar;
projetar
shine shone shone brilhar, luzir,
cintilar,
resplandecer;
lustrar
(sapato);
distinguir
shoe shod shod calçar;
recobrir com
finalidade de
proteção ou
reforço
shoot shot shot atirar; caçar;
lançar;
mandar;
fotografar;
voar;
disparar;
mandar;
impor;
arremessar
show showed shown mostrar;
descobrir;
testemunhar;
provar;
apresentar;
mostrar-se;
aparecer;
ensinar;
exibir
shred shred shred cortar em
pedaços;
picar;
retalhar;
rasgar
shrink shrank shrunk
shrunken
contrair-se;
encolher-se;
contrair,
encolher;
recuar
shut shut shut fechar;
cerrar;
tampar;
trancar;
tapar; fechar-
se; trancar-
se
sing sang sung cantar;
murmurar;
rugir; zumbir;
uivar;
alcagüetar;
avisar;
cortejar
(gíria, como
cantar)
sink sank sunk afundar;
afogar; regar;
mergulhar;
descer, cair,
descer;
morrer,
falecer;
penetrar
slay slew slain matar,
assassinar;
destruir,
arruinar
sleep slept slept dormir;
descansar;
deitar (com
alguém)
slide slid slid deslizar,
escorregar;
chupar
sling slung slung atirar na
funda;
elevar,
erguer; atar;
atirar,
arremessar;
pendurar,
colocar na
presilha
smell smelt smelt cheirar;
feder;
perfurmar;
sentir cheiro;
farejar;
perceber;
suspeitar
smite smote smitten golpear; ferir;
matar; bater;
castigar;
mover;
excitar;
destruir;
bater-se;
chocar-se
sow sowed sown semear;
espalhar,
disseminar
speak spoke spoken falar; dizer;
contar;
expressar;
discursar;
lembrar a-;
afirmar
speed sped sped apressar-se;
mover com
velocidade;
dirigir muito
rápido; ser
feliz; ser bem
sucedido;
adiantar;
aviar;
despachar
spell spelt spelt soletrar;
escrever de
forma certa;
ser algo que
significa
spend spent spent gastar, tirar;
perceber;
divertir-se,
passar
(tempo)
spill spilt spilt entornar;
derramar;
escorregar;
deixar cair;
alcagüetar,
contar
spin span spun protelar;
dilatar;
prolongar,
adiar; fiar;
fazer girar;
virar-se
spit spat spit cuspir;
escarrar;
vomitar;
emitir o som
do cuspe;
expelir;
pingar
(chuva)
spoil spoilt spoiled estragar;
corromper;
mimar (de
mais);
estragar-se;
roubar,
saquear,
furtar
spread spread spread dilatar-se,
estender-se;
espalhar,
esparramar;
disseminar,
difundir,
propagar;
arrumar
(mesa);
achatar
spring sprang sprung saltar, lançar-
se; libertar-
se; aparecer,
mostrar-se;
brotar,
nascer;
deixar cair;
"cair" sobre-
stand stood stood pôr de pé;
suster;
sustentar;
colocar;
aguentar;
honrar;
manter-se;
permanecer
steal stole stolen roubar;
furtar;
infiltrar-se
stick stuck stuck cravar, fincar,
meter,
enterrar;
pregar;
aderir,
prender;
afixar;
vacilar; parar;
enganar;
lograr
sting stung stung picar, ferroar,
ferretoar,
aguilhoar;
doer ,
atormentar;
trapacear
stink stank stunk feder; enojar
strew strewed strewn espalhar,
polvilhar,
aspergir
stride strode stridden caminhar;
cavalgar
strike struck struck
stricken
golpear; ferir;
bater;
surpreender;
descobrir
string strung strung amarrar;
pendurar;
enfiar; esticar
strive strove striven aspirar;
tentar,
esforçar-se
swear swore sworn jurar; prestar
juramento;
xingar
sweat sweat sweat suar
sweep swept swept varrer; lavar;
pentear;
arrastar
swell swelled swelled
swollen
inchar (-se);
crescer;
encher (os
pneus)
swim swam swum nadar;
flutuar; boiar
swing swung swung balançar
take took taken pegar; tirar;
tomar;
segurar;
agarrar;
receber;
capturar;
aprisionar;
aceitar;
fotografar;
empregar;
adotar;
entender;
guiar;
conseguir
teach taught taught ensinar;
educar
tear tore torn chorar,
lacrimejar;
rasgar,
rachar
tell told told contar;
saber;
perceber;
descobrir;
ordenar
think thought thought pensar;
acreditar
thrive throve thriven ter sucesso
throw threw thrown jogar; parir;
impressionar
thrust thrust thrust empurrar
tread trod trodden pisar, andar,
pôr os pés
wake woke waked acordar;
despertar;
acordar-se
wear wore worn vestir;
trancar;
experimentar
(roupas,
jóias, etc);
colocar
(óculos);
exibir;
mostrar;
gastar;
cansar;
esgotar;
durar
weave wove woven tecer,
entrelaçar,
trançar;
contorcer-se
(entre
obstáculos);
bordar; criar
(trama);
tramar
weep wept wept chorar; verter
lágrimas;
gotejar,
deixar
escapar;
exudar, vazar
wet wet wet umedecer;
sujar; molhar;
fazer xixi na
cama,
molhar-se (à
noite); urinar
win won won vencer;
ganhar;
conseguir;
obter;
conseguir;
alugar;
convencer;
ganhar o
coração de-
wind wound wound girar, rodar;
enrolar-se;
enroscar-se;
recobrir,
encobrir,
encapar;
recobrir-se,
revestir-se;
modificar a
direção
wring wrung wrung arrancar;
obrigar,
forçar; tirar a
força;
entortar;
pressionar;
segurar com
força;
espremer
write wrote written escrever;
anotar;
compor;
inscrever
.