National standards bodies (ISO members)

MEMBER BODIES

Albania/Albanie (nsC) Drejtoria e Standardizimit dhe

Cilesise, Keshilli i Ministrave, Bulevardi: Deshmoret e Kombit, Tirana.

Algeria/Algerie (INAPI) Institut algerien de normalisation

et de propriete industrielle, 5, rue Abou Hamou Moussa B.P. 1021 - Centre de tri, Alger.

Argentina/Argentine (IRAM) Instituto Argentino de

Racionalizaci6n de Materiales, Chile 1192, 1098 Buenos Aires.

Australia/Australie (SAA) Standards Australia, 1 The Crescent, Homebush-N.S.W.2140

Postal A ddress/Adresse postale P.O. Box 1055, Strathfield - N.S.W. 2135

Austria/Autriche (ON) Osterreichisches Normungsinstitut, Heinestrasse 38, Postfach 130, A-1021 Wien

Bangladesh (BST!) Bangladesh Standards and Testing

Institution, 116-A, Tejgaon Industrial Area, Dhaka 1208

Belarus/Belarus (BELST) Committee for Standardization,

Metrology and Certification, Starovilensky Trakt 93, Minsk 220053.

Belgium/Belgique (IBN) Institut beIge de normalisation, A v. de la Braban<;onne 29, B-1040 Bruxelles

APPENDIX

A

~318~ L __________________ A_P_P_E_N_D_IX __ A __

Brazill Bresil (ABNT) Associa<;fto Brasileira de Normas

Tecnicas, Av. 13 de Maio, n° 13, 27° andar, Caixa Postal 1680, CEP: 20003-900 - Rio de laneiro­

RJ.

Bulgaria/Bulgarie (BDS) Committee for Standardization and

Metrology at the Council of Ministers,

21, 6th September Str., 1000 Sofia.

Canada (SCC) Standards Council of Canada, 45 O'Connor Street, Suite 1200, Ottawa, Ontario KIP 6N7.

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N ormalizaci6n, Matias Cousino 64 - 6° piso, Casilla 995 - Correo Central, Santiago.

China/Chine (CSBTS) China State Bureau of Technical

Supervision, 4, Zhi Chun Road, Haidian District, P.O. Box 8010, Beijing 100088.

Colombia/Colombie (ICONTEC) Instituto Colombiano de Normas

Tecnicas, Carrera 37 No. 52-95, Edificio ICONTEC, P.O. Box 14237, Santafe de Bogota.

Croatia/Croatie (DZNM) State Office for Standardization and

Metrology, Avenija Vukovar 78, 41000 Zagreb.

Cuba (NC) Co mite Estatal de Normalizaci6n, Egido 610 entre Gloria y Apodaca, Zona postal 10100, La Habana.

Cyprus/Chypre (CYS) Cyprus Organization for Standards

and Control of Quality, Ministry of Commerce and

Industry, Nicosia.

Czech RepubliC!Tcheque, Republique (COSMT) Czech Office for Standards,

Metrology and Testing, Vaclavske namesti 19, 11347 Praha 1.

Denmark/Danemark (DS) Dansk Standard, Baunegaardsvej 73, DK-2900 Hellerup.

Egypt/ Egypte (EOS) Egyptian Organization for

Standardization and Quality Control,

2 Latin America Street, Garden City, Cairo.

Ethiopia/Ethiopie (ESA) Ethiopian Authority for

Standardization, P.O. Box 2310, Addis Ababa.

FinlandlFinlande (SFS) Finnish Standards Association SFS, P.O. Box 116, FIN-00241 Helsinki.

France (AFNOR) Association fran<;aise de

normalisation, Tour Europe, Cedex 7, F-92049 Paris La Defense.

GermanylAllemagne (DIN) DIN Deutsches Institut fUr

Normung, Burggrafenstrasse 6, D-10787 Berlin.

Postal AddresslAdresse postale D-10772 Berlin.

GreecelGrece (ELOT) Hellenic Organization for

Standardization, 313, Acharnon Street, GR-11145 Athens.

HungarylHongrie (MSZH) Magyar Szabvanyiigyi Hivatal, OUoi tit 25, H-1450 Budapest 9 Pf. 24.

rcelandlIslande (STRI) [celandic Council for

Standardization, :10 Technological Institute of

Iceland, (eldnaholt, S-112 Reykjavik.

IndialInde (BIS) Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002

IndonesialIndom?sie (DSN) Dewan Standardisasi Nasional­

DSN, (Standardization Council of

Indonesia) , c/o Pusat Standardisasi - LIPI, Jalan Jend. Gatat Subroto 10, Jakarta 12710.

Iran, Islamic Republic of/Iran, Republique Islamique D' (ISIRI)

Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran,

P.O. Box 31585-163, Karaj.

IrelandlIrlande (NSAI) National Standards Authority of

Ireland, Glasnevin, Dublin-9.

IsraellIsrael (SII) Standards Institution of Israel, 42 Chaim Levanon Street, Tel Aviv 69977.

Italy IItalie (UNI) Ente Nazionale Italiano di

U nificazione, Via Battistotti Sassi 11, 1-20133 Milano.

Jamaica/Jamai"que (JBS) Jamaica Bureau of Standards, 6 Winchester Road, P.O. Box 113, Kingston 10.

APPENDIX A

Japan/Japon (JISC) Japanese Industrial Standards

Committee, c/o Standards Department, Agency of Industrial Science and

Technology, Ministry of International Trade

and Industry, 1-3-1, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 100.

Kenya (KEBS) Kenya Bureau of Standards, Off Mombasa Road, Behind Belle Vue Cinema, P.O. Box 54974, Nairobi.

Korea, Democratic People's Republic of/Coree, Republique Populaire Democratique de (CSK)

Committee for Standardization of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea,

Zung Gu Yok Seungli-Street, Pyongyang.

Korea, Republic of/Coree, Republique de (KBS)

Bureau of Standards, Industrial Advancement

Administration, 2, Chungang-dong, Kwachon-city, Kyonggi-do 427-010.

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Libyenne, Jamahiriya Arabe (LNCSM)

Libyan National Centre for Standardization and Metrology,

Industrial Research, Centre Building, P.O. Box 5178, Tripoli.

Malaysia/Malaisie (SIRIM) Standards and Industrial Research

Institute of Malaysia, Persiaran Dato' Menteri,

Section 2, P.O. Box 7035, 40911 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan.

Mexico/Mexique (DGN) Direcci6n General de Normas, Calle Puente de Tecamachalco

N.o6, Lomas de Tecamachalco, Secci6n Fuentes, Naucalpan de Juarez, 53950 Mexico.

Mongolia/Mongolie (MISM) Mongolian National Institute for

Standardization and Metrology, Ulaanbaatar-51.

Morocco/Maroc (SNIMA) Service de normalisation

industrielle marocaine, 1, Place Sefrou (Tour Hassan), Rabat.

Netherlands/Pays-bas (NNI) Nederlands Normalisatie-Instituut, Kalfjeslaan 2, P.O. Box 5059, NL-2600 GB Delft.

New Zealand/Nouvelle-Zelande (SNZ)

Standards New Zealand, Standards House, 155 The Terrace, Wellington.

Postal AddresslAdresse postale Private Bag 2439, Wellington 6020.

Norway/Norvege (NSF) Norges Standardiseringsforbund, Hegdehaugsveien 31, Postboks 7020 Homansbyen, N -0306 Oslo 3.

Pakistan (PSI) Pakistan Standards Institution, 39 Garden Road, Saddar, Karachi-74400.

Philippines (BPS) Bureau of Product Standards, Department of Trade and Industry, 361 Sen. Gil J. Puyat Avenue, Makati, Metro Manila 1200.

Poland/ Pologne (PKN) Polish Committee for

Standardization, UI. Elektoralna 2, 00-139 Warszawa.

Portugal (IPQ) Instituto Portugues da Qualidade, Rua Jose Esteviio, 83-A, P-1199 Lisboa Codex.

Romania/Roumanie (IRS) [nstitutul Roman de Standardizare, ~tr. Jean-Louis Calderon Nr. 13, =::od 70201, 3ucuresti 2.

'?ussian Federation/Russie, Federation de (GOST R)

:ommittee of the Russian Federation for Standardization, Metrology and Certification,

,eninsky Prospekt 9, -1oskva 117049.

Saudi Arabia/Arabie Saoudite (SASO)

Saudi Arabian Standards Organization,

Salah Uddin Road, P.O. Box 3437, Riyadh - 1147l.

Singapore / Singapour (SISIR) Singapore Institute of Standards

and Industrial Research, 1 Science Park Drive, Singapore 051l.

Slovakia/Slovaquie (UNMS) Slovak Office of Standards,

Metrology and Testing, Stefanovicova 3, 81439 Bratislava.

Slovenia/Slovenie (SMIS) Standards and Metrology Institute, Ministry of Science and

Technology, Kotnikova 6, SI-61000 Ljubljana.

South Africa/Afrique du Sud (SABS)

South African Bureau of Standards,

1 Dr Lategan Rd, Groenkloof, Private Bag x 191, Pretoria 0001.

Spain/Espagne (AENOR) Asociaci6n Espanola de

N ormalizaci6n y Certificaci6n, Fernandez de la Hoz, 52, E-2801O Madrid.

Sri Lanka (SLSI) Sri Lanka Standards Institution, 53 Dharmapala Mawatha, P.O. Box 17, Colombo 3.

[ 322J APPENDIX A

Sweden/Suede (SIS) Standardiseringskommissionen

i Sverige, Tegnergatan 11, Box 3295, S-103 66 Stockholm.

Switzerland/Suisse (SNV) Swiss Association for

Standardization, Miihlebachstrasse 54, CH-8008 Zurich.

Syrian Arab RepubliclSyrienne, Repub/ique Arabe (SASMO)

Syrian Arab Organization for Standardization and Metrology,

P.O. Box 11836 Damascus.

Tanzania, United Republic off Tanzanie, Republique Unie de (TBS)

Tanzania Bureau of Standards, Ubungo Area, Morogoro Road/Mpakani Road, Dar es Salaam.

ThailandlThailande (TISI) Thai Industrial Standards Institute, Ministry of Industry, Rama VI Street, Bangkok 10400.

Trinidad and Tobago/Trinite-et­Tobago (TTBS)

Trinidad and Tobago Bureau of Standards #2 Century Drive,

Trincity Industrial Estate, Tunapuna.

Postal Address/Adresse postale P.O. Box 467, Port of Spain.

Tunisia/Tunisie (INNORPI) Institut national de la

normalisation et de la propriete industrielle,

B.P.23, 1012 Tunis-Belvedere.

Turkey/Turquie (TSE) Tiirk Standardlari Enstitiisii, Necatibey Cad. 112, Bakanliklar, 06100 Ankara.

Ukraine (DSTU) State Committee of Ukraine for

Standardization, Metrology and Certification,

174, Gorkiy Street, 252006 Kiev-06.

United Kingdom/ Royaume-UNI (BSI)

British Standards Institution, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W 4 4AL.

Uruguay (UNIT) Instituto Uruguayo de Normas

Tecnicas, San Jose 1031 P.7, Galeria Elysee, Montevideo.

USA (ANSI) American National Standards

Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th floor, New York, NY 10036.

U zbekistan/ Ouz bekistan (UZGOST)

Uzbek State Centre for Standardization, Metrology and Certification,

Ulitsa Farobi, 333-A, 700049 Tashkent.

[~-- -~~---~- ~-- ---~--- ----- ---- - ~-- ------~~-----l

NATIONAL STANDARDS BODIES (ISO MEMBERS) -- -----------~------~---.----~

Venezuela (COVENIN) Comision Venezolana de Normas

Industriales, Avda. Andres Bello - Edf. Torre

Fondo Comun, Piso 12, Caracas 1050.

Viet Nam (TCVN) General Department for

Standardization, Metrology and Quality,

70, Tran Hung Dao Street, Hanoi.

CORRESPONDENT MEMBERS

Bahrain/Bahrein Directorate of Standards and

Metrology, Ministry of Commerce and

Agriculture, P.O. Box 5479, Bahrain.

Barbados/ Barbade (BNSI) Barbados National Standards

Institution, Flodden, Culloden Road, St. Michael.

Brunei Darussalam/Brunei Darussalam

Construction Planning and Research Unit,

Ministry of Development, 'J"egara Brunei Darussalam.

~stonia/Estonie (EVS) lJational Standards Board of

Estonia, \ru 10, :<:E-0003 Tallinn.

Yugoslavia/Yougoslavie (SZS) Savezni zavod za standardizaciju, Kneza Milosa 20, Post. Pregr. 933, YU-llOOO Beograd.

Zimbabwe (SAZ) Standards Association of

Zimbabwe, P.O. Box 2259, Harare.

Hong Kong Industry Department, 36/F., Immigration Tower, 7 Gloucester Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong.

lordanllordanie (JDS) Directorate of Standards and

Measures, Ministry of Industry and Trade, P.O. Box 2019, Amman.

Kuwait/ KoweU Standards and Metrology

Department, Ministry of Commerce and

Industry, Post Box No. 2944 Safat, 13030 Kuwait.

Lithuania/ Lituanie (LST) Lithuanian Standardization Office, A. Jaksto g. 1125, 2600 Vilnius.

[324=:J C_~ __ _ APPENDIX A -~-----~.--]

Malawi (MBS Malawi) Malawi Bureau of Standards, P.O. Box 946, Blantyre.

Mali (DNI) Direction nationale des industries, Ministere de l'economie, des

finances et du plan, B.P.278, Bamako.

Malta/Malte (MBS Malta) Malta Board of Standards, Department of Industry, St. George's, Cannon Road, Santa Venera.

Mauritius/Maurice (MSB) Mauritius Standards Bureau, Reduit.

Nepal/Nepal Nepal Bureau of Standards and

Metrology, P.O. Box 985, Sundhara, Kathmandu.

Oman Directorate General for

Specifications and Measurements,

Ministry of Commerce and Industry,

P.O. Box 550, Muscat - Postal code No. 113.

Papua New Guinea/ Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinee (PNGS)

National Standards Council, P.O. Box 3042, Boroko.

Peru/ Perou (INDECOPI) Instituto Nacional de Defensa de la

Competencia y de la Protecci6n de la Propiedad Intelectual,

Prolong. Guardia Civil N.o 400, Esq. con Av. Canada, San Borja, Lima.

Qatar Department of Standards and

Measurements, Ministry of Finance, Economy and

Commerce, P.O. Box 1968, Doha.

Turkmenistan/Turkmenistan (MSIT)

Major State Inspection of Turkmenistan,

Seydi,14, 744000 Ashgabat.

Uganda/Ouganda Uganda National Bureau of

Standards, P.O. Box 6329, Kampala.

United Arab Emirates/Emirats Arabes Unis (SSUAE)

Directorate of Standardization and Metrology,

Ministry of Finance and Industry, EI Falah Street, P.O. Box 433, Abu Dhabi.

L-=--NATIONAL~i~NDARDSB()DIES (ISO MEMBERS) ____ J DiO SUBSCRIBER MEMBERS

Antigua and Barbuda/Antigua-et­Barbuda (ABBS)

Antigua and Barbuda Bureau of Standards,

P.O. Box 1550, Redcliffe Street, St. John's.

Burundi (BBN) Bureau burundais de normalisation

et controle de la qualite, 25, rue de la Victoire, B.P.3535, Bujumbura.

Grenada/Grenade (GDBS) Grenada Bureau of Standards, Tyrrel Street, St. George's.

Saint Lucia/ Sainte-Lucie Saint Lucia Bureau of Standards, Government Buildings, Block B, Castries Waterfront, Castries.

APPENDIX

B Thermal equilibrium times for non-ambient

testing

If a product is used at non-ambient temperatures, it is logical that it should be tested under these same service conditions. However, elevated or sub-normal temperature testing inevitably requires more complex, and hence more expensive apparatus and normally takes a considerably longer time to carry out. In this respect, the conditioning period is a crucial consideration and is often the limiting factor to efficient testing. This is, of course, of particular importance in quality control testing where both time and money may be of paramount importance.

If the conditioning time used is too short, the effect of temperature change on the material will be under-rated, and furthermore the variability of the test results is liable to increase. Alteratively if excessive periods of conditioning are allowed, not only is the test made more expensive but it may become more difficult to distinguish time-dependent effects on the material. Generally technologists have used a rule of thumb method to arrive at conditioning times, frequently biased by financial considerations. Their difficulty has been the almost complete lack of available information and the complication of working with a multitude of different test piece geometries. Relatively few standards are available in which conditioning times are specified and the derivations of the figures quoted are never given. For example in BS 903: Part A2, Tensile Stress/Strain Properties of Rubber it states 'If the test is to be carried out at a temperature other than 20°C the test pieces shall be conditioned at the test temperature immediately prior to testing for a period sufficient to reach substantial temperature equilibrium'.

What are required are the times for the centre of the test piece to come within the tolerance allowed at the temperature in question, calculated for a variety of materials, each in liquid and gaseous media over a range

[- -

----------

----- -------- ---------- -- ----~----

_ _TtIE~M~L_E9UILIB~I~M _TI~~S_~~---J

of temperature. Furthermore, the figures will be required for all the test piece geometries in normal use. The absence of these figures, or in some cases, inspired guesses at the true values being substituted, has been both because of the lack of basic thermal data and the difficulty of deriving the required information. Thermal property data is certainly still rather sparse but considerable advance has been made in the technique of calculating temperature distributions during heating or cooling.

In this report, the methods described by Hands [1] have been extended and applied to standard test pieces for rubbers and plastics subjected to step temperature changes in conditioning chambers and baths. Results are tabulated for three materials in each of three basic geometries which cover almost any test piece configuration in use. The times to equilibrium are given over a range of temperatures for both air and oil heat transfer media.

TEST PIECES AND CONDITIONS

To make individual calculations for every test piece in current use would clearly be impractical. Fortunately, nearly all test pieces used for rubber and plastics fall into three basic geometries. These are cylinders, charac­terized by diameter and length, flat sheets characterized by thickness, and flat strips. A test piece may be considered to approximate to an infinite sheet when both its length and width are greater than four times its thickness, or to an infinite strip when its length only is greater than four times its thickness. The principal form of test piece which does not obviously fall into one of these three geometries is the dumb-bell used in tensile testing. However, for our purpose, dumb-bells may be considered as flat strips. For most purposes, it is the central parallel part of a dumb­bell which is of importance and this width may be taken as the strip width. If the tab ends of the dumb-bell are to be considered as well, then the overall width would be used.

Generally, when a measurement at a non-ambient temperature is to be made, the test piece, at room temperature, is introduced into a cabinet preset at the test temperature. It must be expected that the introduction of a test piece will alter the temperature of the cabinet to some extent but in theory at least the test piece is subjected to a step change of tempera­ture. If time is required for the cabinet to regain its set temperature then this must be considered additional to the times given in the tables. The equilibrium times given have been calculated for step changes from 20 DC, and normal variations of room temperature around 20 DC may be neglected. The range from - 50 DC to + 250 DC was chosen to cover the test tempera­tures most commonly specified.

Tolerances allowed on temperatures of test are commonly ± 1 DC or ±2 DC. Consequently, the equilibrium times calculated are those to reach

L ~ 32?J

L328 I ~L-_-.-------- ----A-P-P-EN-D-IX-B---

within 1 °C of the set temperature which should be adequate for all normal circumstances.

The majority of temperature-controlled cabinets used for testing use either air or a liquid as the heat transfer media, although occasionally test pieces may be in contact with metal platens. Separate figures are quoted in the tables for both air and liquid media. Although a variety of liquids are used their heat transfer properties have been considered to be very similar.

Although it is essential that the test piece is given sufficient time to reach equilibrium, in practice the conditioning time is not critical to the nearest minute and consequently all times in the table have been rounded up to the next highest multiple of five minutes.

CALCULATION OF EQUILIBRIUM TIMES

To calculate the time needed for a sample to reach a given temperature we require values for the thermophysical properties of the sample material. To give the tables as wide an application as possible we have considered three classes of materials, crystalline plastics, amorphous plastics and rubbers, and assumed typical values for each group. The chosen are given below.

Crystalline Amorphous Rubber plastic plastic

Thermal conductivity cal/cm s °e 8 x 10-4 4 X 10-4 5 X 10-4

Thermal diffusivity cm2/s 1.2 x 10-3 0.9 X 10-3 1.0 X 10-3

We also assumed a value for the surface heat transfer coefficient in air of 5 x 10-4 cal/cm2 s °e, and in oil of 1.8 x 10-2 cal/cm2 s 0c.

TEMPERATURE EQUILIBRIUM TABLES

Three tables are presented, one for each of the three basic geometries considered, and for each basic geometry results are tabulated for a range of dimensions. In each case, the times to reach equilibrium are given for the three polymer types in both air and oil media over the temperature range - 50 °e to + 250°C. It must be remembered that the times given have been rounded up to the nearest five minutes and represent the time for the centre of the test piece to come within one degree of the oven temperature when subjected to a step change from 20°C. For intermediate temperature changes, the time for the next highest temperature in the table should be used.

L~ CYLINDERS

Cylindrical test pieces are frequently used in compression stress/strain and compression set tests and also for some resilience and abrasion tests. In the table, cylinders have been characterized by diameter and length, specific sizes having been chosen to correspond with currently used standard test pieces. For example, the 28.7mm x 12.7mm cylinder is that specified in BS 903: Part A4, Compression Stress/Strain.

FLAT SHEETS

Flat sheets refer to test pieces where both length and width are large compared with thickness. This covers, for example, specimens for falling weight impact strength measurements and sheets used for hardness and indentation tests. Because the thickness used is often not closely specified results are given for a range of thicknesses up to 25 mm and for any intermediate thickness the time given for the next thickest sheet in the table should be used.

FLAT STRIPS

This is the most important table because the majority of specimens for mechanical tests are of this form. There are, for example, the flexural tests and many impact tests and, the largest group of all, the tensile tests. Dumb-bells, although shaped, are essentially of strip form and may be treated for most purposes as strips of the same width as the central parallel portion. For example, the Type 1 dumb-bell of BS 903: Part A2 (Fig. 301.9 of BS 2782) would be taken as a 6mm wide strip. Also, ring test pieces may be considered as strips with dimensions equal to the cross sections of the ring. Results are given for a range of widths up to 25 mm. Above this the strip could be treated as a flat sheet. At each width, a range of thicknesses are tabulated which include some specific to a particular test. Again, for any intermediate dimensions the time for the next largest strip should be used. It should also be noted that the terms width and thickness are completely interchangeable.

REFERENCES

1. Hands, D. (July 1971). RAPRA Technical Review, No. 60.

Tab

le B

.1 C

ylin

der Tim

e to

1°C

off

equ

ilib

rium

(m

in)

Tim

e to

lOC

off

equ

ilib

rium

(m

in)

Rub

ber

Cry

stal

line

Am

orph

ous

Rub

ber

Cry

stal

line

Am

orph

ous

Dia

met

er

Hei

ght

Tem

p.

Dia

met

er

Hei

ght

Tem

p.

(mm

) (m

m)

roC

) In

air

In

oil

In

air

In

oil

In

air

In

oil

(m

m)

(mm

) ro

C)

In a

ir

In o

il

In a

ir

In o

il

In a

ir

In o

il

64

38

-50

13

0 75

13

5 60

13

0 80

25

20

-5

0

40

15

50

15

40

20

0 95

60

10

0 45

95

65

0

30

15

35

10

30

15

50

105

65

115

50

105

70

50

35

15

40

10

35

15

100

130

80

140

60

130

85

100

45

15

50

15

40

20

150

145

85

155

65

145

90

150

45

20

55

15

45

20

200

155

90

165

70

155

95

200

50

20

60

15

50

20

250

160

90

170

75

160

100

250

50

20

60

15

50

20

40

30

-50

75

35

85

30

75

40

25

8

-50

25

5

30

5 25

10

0

55

30

60

25

55

35

0 20

5

20

5 20

5

50

60

30

70

25

60

35

50

20

5 25

5

20

5 10

0 75

35

85

30

75

45

10

0 25

5

30

5 25

10

15

0 85

40

95

35

85

45

15

0 30

10

35

5

25

10

200

90

45

100

35

90

50

200

30

10

35

10

30

10

250

95

45

105

40

90

50

250

30

10

35

10

30

10

37

10.2

-5

0

35

10

40

10

35

10

25

6.3

-50

20

5

25

5 20

5

0 25

10

30

10

25

10

0

15

5 20

5

15

5 50

30

10

35

10

25

10

50

20

5

20

5 15

5

100

35

10

40

10

35

10

100

20

5 25

5

20

5 15

0 40

10

45

10

35

10

15

0 25

5

30

5 20

5

200

40

10

50

10

40

15

200

25

5 30

5

25

5 25

0 45

15

50

10

40

15

25

0 25

5

30

5 25

5

32

16.5

-5

0

45

15

50

15

45

20

13

12.6

-5

0

20

5 25

5

20

5 0

35

15

40

10

30

15

0 15

5

20

5 15

5

50

35

15

45

15

35

15

50

20

5 20

5

15

5 10

0 45

20

55

15

45

20

10

0 20

5

30

5 20

10

15

0 50

20

60

15

50

20

15

0 25

10

30

5

25

10

200

55

20

65

20

50

20

200

25

10

30

5 25

10

25

0 55

20

65

20

55

25

25

0 25

10

35

5

25

10

29

25

-50

50

20

60

20

50

25

13

6.

3 -5

0

15

5 20

5

15

5 0

40

15

45

15

40

20

0 10

5

15

5 10

5

50

45

20

50

15

40

20

50

15

5 15

5

15

5 10

0 55

25

60

20

50

25

10

0 15

5

20

5 15

5

150

60

25

70

20

55

25

150

20

5 20

5

15

5 20

0 65

25

70

25

60

30

20

0 20

5

25

5 20

5

250

65

25

75

25

65

30

250

20

5 25

5

20

5

28.7

12

.7

-50

35

10

40

10

35

15

9.

5 9.

5 -5

0

15

5 5

5 15

5

0 25

10

30

10

25

10

0

10

5 5

5 10

5

50

30

10

35

10

30

10

50

15

5 5

5 10

5

100

35

15

45

10

35

15

100

15

5 5

5 15

5

150

40

15

50

10

40

15

150

20

5 5

5 15

5

200

45

15

50

15

40

15

200

20

5 5

5 15

5

250

45

15

55

15

40

15

250

20

5 5

5 20

5

Tab

le B

.2 F

lat

shee

ts

Tim

e to

1°C

off

equ

ilib

rium

(m

in)

Tim

e to

1°C

off

equ

ilib

rium

(m

in)

Cry

stal

line

Am

orph

ous

Cry

stal

line

Am

orph

ous

plas

tic

plas

tic

Rub

ber

plas

tic

plas

tic

Rub

ber

Thi

ckne

ss

Tem

pera

ture

T

hick

ness

T

empe

ratu

re

(mm

) (O

C)

Air

O

il

Air

O

il

Air

O

il

(mm

) ro

C)

Air

O

il

Air

O

il

Air

O

il

25

-50

115

80

145

100

135

90

5 15

0 20

5

25

5 25

5

25

0 80

65

10

5 85

95

75

5

200

20

5 30

5

25

5 25

50

90

70

12

0 90

11

0 80

5

250

20

5 30

10

25

5

25

100

115

80

150

100

140

90

25

150

130

85

165

105

155

95

3 -5

0 10

5

15

5 15

5

25

200

135

85

180

110

160

100

3 0

10

5 10

5

10

5 25

25

0 14

0 90

18

5 11

5 17

0 10

5 3

50

10

5 15

5

10

5 3

100

10

5 15

5

15

5 15

-5

0 60

30

80

40

70

35

3

150

15

5 15

5

15

5 15

0

40

25

55

30

50

30

3 20

0 15

5

20

5 15

5

15

50

45

30

65

35

60

30

3 25

0 15

5

20

5 15

5

15

100

60

30

80

40

75

35

15

150

65

35

90

40

80

40

2 -5

0 10

5

10

5 10

5

15

200

70

35

95

40

85

40

2 0

5 5

10

5 10

5

15

250

75

35

100

45

90

40

2 50

5

5 10

5

10

5 2

100

10

5 10

5

10

5

10

-50

35

15

50

20

45

15

2

150

10

5 10

5

10

5 10

0

25

15

35

15

30

15

2 20

0 10

5

15

5 10

5

10

50

30

15

40

15

35

15

2 25

0 10

5

15

5 10

5

10

100

40

15

50

20

45

20

10

150

40

15

55

20

50

20

1 -5

0

5 5

5 5

5 5

10

200

45

15

60

20

55

20

1 0

5 5

5 5

5 5

10

250

45

20

60

20

55

20

1 50

5

5 5

5 5

5 1

100

5 5

5 5

5 5

8 -5

0

30

10

40

15

35

10

1 15

0 5

5 5

5 5

5 8

0 20

10

30

10

25

10

1

200

5 5

5 5

5 5

8 50

25

10

30

10

30

10

1

250

5 5

10

5 5

5 8

100

30

10

40

15

35

10

8 15

0 35

10

45

15

40

10

0.

2 -5

0

5 5

5 5

5 5

8 20

0 35

10

45

15

40

15

0.

2 0

5 5

5 5

5 5

8 25

0 35

15

50

15

45

15

0.

2 50

5

5 5

5 5

5 0.

2 10

0 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

-50

20

5

25

5 20

5

0.2

150

5 5

5 5

5 5

5 0

15

5 20

5

15

5 0.

2 20

0 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

50

15

5 20

5

20

5 0.

2 25

0 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

100

20

5 25

5

20

5

Tab

le B

.3 F

lat

stri

ps

Tim

e to

1°C

off

equ

ilib

rium

(m

in)

Tim

e to

1°C

off

equ

ilib

rium

(m

in)

Cry

stal

line

Am

orph

ous

Cry

stal

line

Am

orph

ous

Thi

ck-

plas

tic

plas

tic

Rub

ber

Thic

k-pl

astic

pl

astic

R

ubbe

r W

idth

ne

ss

Tem

p.

Wid

th

ness

Te

mp.

(m

m)

(mm

) (0

C)

Air

O

il

Air

O

il

Air

O

il

(mm

) (m

m)

(0C

) A

ir

Oil

Air

O

il

Air

O

il

25.4

12

.7

-50

50

10

40

15

45

15

25

.4

1.0

-50

5

5 5

5 5

5 0

35

10

30

10

30

10

0 5

5 5

5 5

5 50

40

10

35

15

35

10

50

5

5 5

5 5

5 10

0 55

10

40

15

45

15

10

0 5

5 5

5 5

5 15

0 60

15

45

15

50

15

15

0 10

5

5 5

5 5

200

60

15

50

15

50

15

200

10

5 5

5 5

5 25

0 65

15

50

20

55

15

25

0 10

5

5 5

5 5

10

-50

45

10

35

10

35

10

15

.0

15.0

-5

0

45

10

35

15

35

10

0 30

5

25

10

25

10

0 35

10

25

10

30

10

50

35

10

30

10

30

10

50

35

10

30

10

30

10

10

0 45

10

35

10

35

10

10

0 45

10

35

15

40

10

15

0 50

10

40

10

40

10

15

0 50

10

40

15

40

15

20

0 50

10

40

15

40

10

20

0 55

15

40

15

45

15

25

0 55

10

40

15

45

10

25

0 55

15

45

15

45

15

9.

5 -5

0

40

10

30

10

35

10

12.7

12

.7

-50

35

10

30

10

30

10

0

30

5 25

10

25

10

0

25

5 20

10

25

10

50

35

10

25

10

30

10

50

30

10

25

10

25

10

10

0 40

10

35

10

35

10

10

0 40

10

30

10

30

10

15

0 45

10

35

10

40

10

15

0 40

10

35

10

35

10

20

0 50

10

40

10

40

10

20

0 45

10

35

10

35

10

25

0 50

10

40

10

40

10

25

0 45

10

35

10

40

10

6.5

-50

30

5

25

5 25

5

10.0

-5

0

35

5 25

10

25

10

0

20

5 15

5

20

5 0

25

5 20

5

20

5 50

25

5

20

5 20

5

50

25

5 20

5

20

5 10

0 30

5

25

5 25

5

100

35

5 25

10

30

10

15

0 35

5

25

5 30

5

150

35

10

30

10

30

10

200

35

5 25

5

30

5 20

0 40

10

30

10

30

10

25

0 40

5

30

10

30

5 25

0 40

10

30

10

35

10

5.

0 -5

0

25

5 20

5

20

5 9.

5 -5

0

30

5 25

10

25

10

0

20

5 15

5

15

5 0

25

5 20

5

20

5 50

20

5

15

5 15

5

50

25

5 20

5

20

5 10

0 25

5

20

5 20

5

100

35

5 25

10

25

10

15

0 30

5

20

5 20

5

150

35

10

30

10

30

10

200

30

5 20

5

25

5 20

0 40

10

30

10

30

10

25

0 30

5

25

5 25

5

250

40

10

30

10

35

10

3.0

-50

15

5

10

5 15

5

6.5

-50

25

5

20

5 20

5

0 10

5

10

5 10

5

0 20

5

15

5 15

5

50

15

5 10

5

10

5 50

20

5

15

5 15

5

100

15

5 10

5

15

5 10

0 25

5

20

5 20

5

150

20

5 15

5

15

5 15

0 30

5

20

5 25

5

200

20

5 15

5

15

5 20

0 30

5

25

5 25

5

250

20

5 15

5

15

5 25

0 30

5

25

5 25

5

2.0

-50

10

5

10

5 10

5

5.0

-50

20

5

15

5 15

5

0 10

5

5 5

10

5 0

15

5 10

5

15

5 50

10

5

10

5 10

5

50

15

5 15

5

15

5 10

0 10

5

10

5 10

5

100

20

5 15

5

20

5 15

0 15

5

10

5 10

5

150

25

5 20

5

20

5 20

0 15

5

10

5 10

5

200

25

5 20

5

20

5 25

0 15

5

10

5 10

5

250

25

5 20

5

20

5

Tab

le B

.3 (

cont

inue

d)

Tim

e to

IO

C o

ff e

quil

ibri

um (

min

) T

ime

to I

OC

off

equ

ilib

rium

(m

in)

Cry

stal

line

Am

orph

ous

Cry

stal

line

Am

orph

ous

Thi

ck-

plas

tic

plas

tic

Rub

ber

Thi

ck-

plas

tic

plas

tic

Rub

ber

Wid

th

ness

T

emp.

W

idth

ne

ss

Tem

p.

~~-

(mm

) (m

m)

(0C

) A

ir

Oil

A

ir

Oil

A

ir

Oil

(m

m)

(mm

) ro

C)

Air

O

il A

ir

Oil

A

ir

Oil

12.7

3.

2 -5

0

15

5 10

5

10

5 6.

35

5.0

-50

15

5

15

5 15

5

0 10

5

10

5 10

5

0 15

5

10

5 10

5

50

15

5 10

5

10

5 50

15

5

10

5 10

5

100

15

5 10

5

10

5 10

0 15

5

15

5 15

5

150

15

5 10

5

15

5 15

0 20

5

15

5 15

5

200

20

5 15

5

15

5 20

0 20

5

15

5 15

5

250

20

5 15

5

15

5 25

0 20

5

15

5 15

5

3.0

-50

15

5

10

5 10

5

3.0

-50

15

5

10

5 10

5

0 10

5

10

5 10

5

0 10

5

10

5 10

5

50

10

5 10

5

10

5 50

10

5

10

5 10

5

100

15

5 10

5

10

5 10

0 15

5

10

5 10

5

150

15

5 10

5

15

5 15

0 15

5

10

5 10

5

200

15

5 15

5

15

5 20

0 15

5

10

5 10

5

250

20

5 15

5

15

5 25

0 15

5

10

5 10

5

2.0

-50

10

5

10

5 10

5

2.0

-50

10

5

10

5 10

5

0 10

5

5 5

5 5

0 10

5

5 5

5 5

50

10

5 5

5 10

5

50

10

5 5

5 5

5 10

0 10

5

10

5 10

5

100

10

5 10

5

10

5 15

0 10

5

10

5 10

5

150

10

5 10

5

10

5 20

0 15

5

10

5 10

5

200

10

5 10

5

10

5 25

0 15

5

10

5 10

5

250

10

5 10

5

10

5

1.0

-50

5

5 5

5 5

5 1.

52

-50

10

5

5 5

5 5

0 5

5 5

5 5

5 0

5 5

5 5

5 5

50

5 5

5 5

5 5

50

5 5

5 5

5 5

100

5 5

5 5

5 5

100

10

5 5

5 5

5 15

0 10

5

5 5

5 5

150

10

5 5

5 10

5

200

10

5 5

5 5

5 20

0 10

5

10

5 10

5

250

10

5 5

5 5

5 25

0 10

5

10

5 10

5

6.35

12

.7

-50

25

5

20

5 20

5

1.0

-50

5

5 5

5 5

5 0

20

5 15

5

15

5 0

5 5

5 5

5 5

50

20

5 15

5

15

5 50

5

5 5

5 5

5 10

0 25

5

20

5 20

5

100

5 5

5 5

5 5

150

30

5 20

5

25

5 15

0 5

5 5

5 5

5 20

0 30

5

20

5 25

5

200

10

5 5

5 5

5 25

0 30

5

25

5 25

5

250

10

5 5

5 5

5 10

.0

-50

25

5

15

5 20

5

4.0

12.7

-5

0

20

5 15

5

15

5 0

15

5 15

5

15

5 0

15

5 10

5

10

5 50

20

5

15

5 15

5

50

15

5 10

5

10

5 10

0 25

5

20

5 20

5

100

20

5 15

5

15

5 15

0 25

5

20

5 20

5

150

20

5 15

5

15

5 20

0 25

5

20

5 20

5

200

20

5 15

5

15

5 25

0 30

5

20

5 25

5

250

20

5 15

5

20

5 6.

5 -5

0

20

5 15

5

15

5 10

.0

-50

15

5

15

5 15

5

0 15

5

10

5 10

5

0 15

5

10

5 10

5

50

15

5 10

5

15

5 50

15

5

10

5 10

5

100

20

5 15

5

15

5 10

0 15

5

15

5 15

5

150

20

5 15

5

15

5 15

0 20

5

15

5 15

5

200

25

5 15

5

20

5 20

0 20

5

15

5 15

5

250

25

5 20

5

20

5 25

0 20

5

15

5 15

5

Tab

le B

.3 (

cont

inue

d)

Tim

e to

IOC

off

equ

ilib

rium

(m

in)

Tim

e to

IOC

off

equ

ilib

rium

(m

in)

Cry

stal

line

Am

orph

ous

Cry

stal

line

Am

orph

ous

Thi

ck-

plas

tic

plas

tic

Rub

ber

Thi

ck-

plas

tic

plas

tic

Rub

ber

Wid

th

ness

T

emp.

W

idth

ne

ss

Tem

p.

(mm

) (m

m)

IC)

Air

O

il

Air

O

il

Air

O

il

(mm

) (m

m)

IC)

Air

O

il

Air

O

il

Air

O

il

4.0

6.5

-50

15

5

10

5 10

5

4.0

2.0

-50

10

5

5 5

5 5

0 10

5

10

5 10

5

0 5

5 5

5 5

5 50

10

5

10

5 10

5

50

10

5 5

5 5

5 10

0 15

5

10

5 10

5

100

10

5 5

5 10

5

150

15

5 15

5

15

5 15

0 10

5

10

5 10

5

200

20

5 15

5

15

5 20

0 10

5

10

5 10

5

250

20

5 15

5

15

5 25

0 10

5

10

5 10

5

5.0

-50

15

5

10

5 10

5

1.0

-50

5

5 5

5 5

5 0

10

5 10

5

10

5 0

5 5

5 5

5 5

50

10

5 10

5

10

5 50

5

5 5

5 5

5 10

0 15

5

10

5 10

5

100

5 5

5 5

5 5

150

15

5 10

5

10

5 15

0 5

5 5

5 5

5 20

0 15

5

10

5 15

5

200

5 5

5 5

5 5

250

15

5 10

5

15

5 25

0 5

5 5

5 5

5

3.0

-50

10

5

10

5 10

5

0 10

5

5 5

5 5

50

10

5 5

5 10

5

100

10

5 10

5

10

5 15

0 10

5

10

5 10

5

200

15

5 10

5

10

5 25

0 15

5

10

5 10

5

Index

Abrasion 174-84 resistance index 179

Absorption 260-67 Accelerated ageing 247-56,259 Adhesion

cord 309-10 fabrics 305-9 metal 299-304,310-11

Adhesive wear 175 Adiabatic calorimeter 230 ADL tester 154 Air conditioning 48-9 Akron abrader 181, 184 American National Standards Institute

(ANSI) 32 American Society for Testing and

Materials (ASTM) 2,32 Annulus test piece 273 Apparent

hardness 103-5 properties 8 strain energy density 151

Arrhenius plot 253-56 Automation 17-18

Bashore resiliometer 154 Bias 16 Biaxial extension 93, 124 Biological attack 281-2 Blue wool standards 280 Brabender-Lonza pendulum 163 Brabender plastography/plasticorder

68 Breakdown strength 223-4 British Standards Institution (BSI) 2,

29-31 Brittleness temperature 243-5,246 Buffing 41-2

Calibration 14-15 Centre of percussion 152 Chemical resistance 260-78 Clash and Berg apparatus 239 Coaxial cylinder viscometer 65 Company standards 33 Compression

plastimeters 58- 61, 71 set 198-9 stress relaxation 190-96 stress/strain tests 125-8

Conditioning 45- 7 Cone and plate viscometer 66 Contact stain 311-12 Conti abrader 182 Corrosion of metals 310-11 Coulomb's law of friction 168-9 Creep 187, 188-9 Crystallization 246- 7 Cure rate 71-6 Curemeters 72-6 Curometer 72 Cutting dies 38-40 Cutting resistance 140

De Mattia flexer 204-6 Defometer 60,61,70 Delft tear 134-5, 138 Delta Mooney test 64 Density 82-4

balance 84 column 84

Design data 7 Die swell 66-9,71 Dielectric constant 224 Differential scanning calorimetry 76,

229,230 Differential thermal analysis 228-9

INDEX

Diffusion constant 288 Diffusion stain 313 Dilatometers 236 Dimensional change measurement 89 Dimensional stability 89 Dimensions, measurement 85-7 DIN abrader 180-81 Dispersion 89-90 Double exponential distribution 123 Double sandwich test piece 129-30 Draft international standards (DIS) 27 Drop calorimeter 230 Dunlop

abrader 182 pendulum 153 tripsometer 153

DuPont abrader 181 fatigue machine 204

Durometers 69,105-9 Dynaliser 162 Dynamic stress/strain tests 68, 144-65

Effect of liquids 260-67 Electric strength 223-4 Electrical tests 214-26 Elongational flow 69 Environmental resistance 259-83 Equilibrium, time to reach 46,261-2,

288 European Committee for

Standardization (CEN) 2,28-9 Experiment design 12 Extensometers 88-9,117-22 Extraction stain 311, 312 Extruders 67 Extrusion plastimeters 66-7

Fatigue 201-12 Finite element analysis 97-8 Fire tests 282-3 Firestone flexometer 211-12 Flex cracking 203,204-10 Flexural tests 131-2 Flipper machine 204 Flory - Rehner equation 260 Footprint area 88 Force measuring systems 116-17 Forced vibration tests 144, 160-65 Fracture mechanics 138-40 Free vibration tests 144, 155-60 Frick-Taber test 183 Friction 168-74

Functional properties 8 Fundamental properties 8

Garvey die 67 Gas permeability 288-94 Gases, effect of 267-78 Gavin grips 115 Gehman apparatus 240-42, 246 Glass transition 237-8 Goodrich

dynamic stress rei axometer 66 flexometer 210-11

Goodyear-Healey pendulum 153 Grasseli abrader 182 Gravimetric thickness 87 Green strength 77-8 Grips 114-16 Guarded hotplate 231

H-pull test 309 Hardness 98-109 Hartshorn and Ward apparatus 226 Heat

ageing 247-56 build up 203, 210-12 flowmeter 231-2 transfer coefficient 233

Holography 304 Humbolt penetrometer 69 Humidity cabinets 49 Hygrometers 49 Hysteresis 148

Intercal 16 Inter-laboratory comparisons 16-17 International Electrotechnical

Commission (lEC) 28 International standards 25-9 International Standards Organization

(ISO) 2,25-8

Laboratoryaccreditation 14, 17 Lambourne abrader 182 Laser extensometers 121 Leonardo da Vinci's laws 168-9 Liquids

effect of 260-67 permeation 294- 7 standard 265

Logarithmic decrement 158-60 Loss tangent 147-8,150 Low-temperature tests 238-47

Lucas apparatus 193, 195 Liipke pendulum 151-2

Martindale abrader 182-3 Mechanical conditioning 51-3 Microhardness 101-2 Microscopy 88,89-90 Migration stain 311 312 Mixing 35-8,68-9 Modulus

bulk 124-7, 128 complex 146-8 compression 125-8 enhancement factor 196 in phase 146-8, 158-9 out of phase 146-8, 158-9 rubber technologists 94 shear 93,125, 129-30 tensile 110, 122-4 torsion 97,131,242 Young's 93,100,110,125

Moist heat tests 259-60 Monsanto

processibility tester 67 rheometer 72 rubber process analyser 68

Mooney-Rivlin constants 94-6 Mooney viscometer 62-6,70,71,72 Moulding 35-8

National Measurement Accreditation Service (NAMAS) 14

National standards 29-33 NBS abrader 182, 183, 184 Newtonian flow 57 Non-destructive testing 4, 304

Oil ageing 260 Optical extenso meter 120-21 Optimum cure 71 Oscillating disc cure meter 72-6 Ovens 49,61,248-9 Oxygen bomb 249-50 Ozone 267-78

Peel tests 300-1 Penetration stain 311-12 Permanent set 197 Permeability 287 - 97 Permittivity 224-6 Philosophy of testing 6-10 Pico abrader 182 Pi rani gauge 291

INDEX

Plasticity 57-61 retention index 61-2

Plastimeters 57-61, 69-70 Pohle tear 136 Poisson's ratio 97 Power factor 224-6 Preferred temperatures 47 Preparation of test pieces 35-42 Pressure relaxation 196 Processibility 55-6

tester 62 Product testing 19-20 Pusey and Jones plastometer 105

Quality control 7, 14-17

Radiation 283 Radiography 304 Random numbers 13 Rapid plastimeters 60 RAPRA

friction apparatus 171 sinusoidal strain machine 161-2 Varinble Torque Rheometer 68

Resilience 69,150-54,165 Relaxed modulus test 124 Resistivity 214-22 Rheovibron 162 Roelig machine 161 Ross fiexer 204, 207 Rotary power loss machine 162 Rotation plastimeters 62-6 Rotofiex machine 303 Rotorless curemeters 72-6

St Joe fiexometer 210 Sample 12-14,56 Sampling 12-14 Scheifer abrader 183, 184 Schering bridge 226 Schob pendulum 69,151-2 Schopper rings 112 Scorch 71-6 Scottfiexer 206 Sealing force 190 Servo-hydraulic test machines 160-62 Shape factor 96, 126 Sharpening cutters 40 Shear

modulus 93,125,129-30 rate 57-8,65 tests 129-31

Shearing disc/cone viscometer 65

[_ 341_ i

[-- 342J [--- ________ IN_D_E_X ______ _ ___ J Shore

duro meter 105-6 scleroscope 154

Shrinkage 77 SI units 34 Skid tester 171 Slip stick 169-70 Slitting machines 41 Solubility constant 288 Specific

gravity 83 heat 229-30

Staining 311-13 Standard

atmospheres 45-6 hardness blocks 108-9 liquids 265

Standards 22-33 Standards bodies 25-33 State of cure 260 Statistics 11-12 Steam tests 259-60 Storage 44-5 Strain rate 116 Stress relaxation 62, 145-8, 187,

190-96,250-51,278 processibility tester 62

Stress/strain relationships 93-7 Surface

charge 222-3 roughness 88

Swelling tests 260-67

Taber abrader 181-2,184 Tack 76-7 Tear tests 132-40 Tearing energy 139 Tel Tack 77 Temperature retraction test 239,240 Temperatures, preferred 47-8 Tensile

strength 111,113,123 stress strain 109-24

Tension fatigue 207 set 199-201

Test conditions 10-11,47-8 equipment 17-19

Thermal analysis 228-9 conductivity 230-32 diffusivity 230,232

equilibrium 46 expansion 235-6

Thermogravimetric analysis 229 Thermomechanical analysis 162 Thermometers 50 Threshold strain 271,276-7 Time-temperature superposition 149,

254 Torque rheometer 68 Torrens machine 204 Torsion pendulum 157-60 Torsional braid analysis 157 Torsional tests 131 Tortus tester 173 Tracking tests 224 Transformer bridge 226 Transition temperature 237-8

Ultrasonics 304 Uncertainty 12 Units 34 Unvulcanized rubbers 55-78 UV resistance 279-81

Vapour permeability 295-7 Video extensometer 121- 22 Viscoelastic flow behaviour 57-8 Volume change 260-67 Vulcameter 72

Wallace durometer 106 rapid plastimeter 60, 69, 70

Wallace-Schawbury curometer 72 Water absorption 266-7 Wave propagation 144 Wear 174-84 Weathering 279-81 Williams, Landel and Ferry (WLF)

equation 149,254 Williams plastimeter 58-9,60,61,

69, 70 WIRA carpet abrader 183 Wohler curve 211

Yerzley hysteresis 156 oscillograph 155-7 resilience 156

Young's modulus 93,100, 110,125

Zerbini pendulum 152