apresentação capítulo 11 - the limits of capital

8/14/2019 Apresentao Captulo 11 - The limits of capital

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Urbanizao, Poltica e Cidadania

The limits of CapitalDavid Harvey

Chapter 11The theory of rent

Instituto de Geocincias

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Dezembro de 2012


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Quadro geral do captulo

IThe use value of land

IILanded property

IIIThe forms of rent

IVThe contradictory role of ground rent andlanded property within the capitalist mode ofproduction

VDistribution relations and class strugglebetween landlord and capitalist

VIThe land market and fictious capital.


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The theory of rent

Rent, in the final analysis, is simply a payment made to

landlords for the right to use land and its appurtenances(the resources embedded within it, the buildings placedupon it and so on). The land, conceived of in this verybroad sense, evidently has both use value and exchangevalue. Can it also, then, have a value? If so, how can theexistence of that value be reconciled with theories ofvalue that rest on embodied labour time (such asRicardo's) or, in Marx's case, on socially necessary labourtime?(HARVEY, 1982, p. 330).


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The theory of rent

Valor no brota da terra.

A renda da terra se insere no circuito da

distribuio de mais-valia, embora possua

funes de co-ordenao na sua produo.

Um mundo de aparncias esconde a natureza

da renda da terra e dificulta respostas sobre sua

funo no sistema capitalista.


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O que nos interessa so os valores de uso

relacionados ao modo capitalista de produo.

A terra pode ser alienada e transformada em

mercadoria.

Certos valores de uso da terra so reproduzveis

outros no (distino entre valores de uso naturais

e valores de uso fruto da ao humana).


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a) The land as the basis of reproduction and extraction

A renda da terra no a remunerao de um meio de produono-produzido. Somente o capital controla a produo do valor.

Exemplo da queda dgua. A vantagem natural a base da gerao

de lucro extraordinrio e no sua fonte.

On these grounds, Marx disputes Ricardo's view that rent is a

payment for the 'original and indestructible powers of the soil',

because these powers are as much the product of history as they

are of nature.(HARVEY, 1982, p.337).


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b) Space, place and location

Outra fonte de renda da terra a localizaao, uma vez que todasatividades humanas demandam espao e podem requerer

localizaes especficas.

Importncia para realizaao do valor no mercado.

In the final analysis, however, the use value of a particular

location can not be understood independently of the variegated

needs of a whole host of activities [](HARVEY, 1982, p.340).


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c) Location, fertility and price production

Esses dois usos da terra podem ter pesos variados para diferentesatividades produtivas.

Marx, de uma maneira geral, abstrai a questo locacional e

trabalha somente com a fertilidade da terra postulando que o

preo de mercado o preo de produo na pior terra mais o lucro

normal.


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IILanded property

Cada momento histrico tem uma forma de propriedade da terra

e a histria do capitalismo se confunde com a alterao dessas

relaes em prol da acumulao.

Thehallmark of landed property under capitalism, Marx argues,

is such a thorough dissolution of 'the connection between

landownership and the land' that the landlord, in return for astraight monetary payment, confers all rights to the land as both

instrument and condition of production upon capital. (HARVEY,

1982, p.343).

Tendncia: tratar a terra puramente enquanto ativo financeiro.


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a) Monopoly rent

Toda renda se baseia em um certo tipo de monoplio daterra, mas a renda monopolstica surge em condies no-

competitivas.

A terra enquanto obra de arte

A terra enquanto artigo raro

A renda absoluta possui base em certo tipo de renda

monopolstica.


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b) Absolute rent

Fruto de um obstculo aliengena produo (posse daterra) coloca ao capitalista e livre circulao do capital.

Fruto de um poder circunstancial que os proprietrios de

terra tem de manter uma baixa participao do capital naproduo agrcola.

Depende da realizao do preo de mercado e, portanto,

tende a ser reduzida.


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b) Differencial rent

DR-1 is easy to interpret given such simplifying assumptions.It reflects the material conditions that make fertility

differentials permanent features to production. Landed

property, which appropriates the DR-I, assumes a neutral

position with respect to the determination of market value

and cantherefore be exonerated from all blame for lagging

accumulation or any other social ills.(HARVEY, 1982, p. 354).


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b) Differencial rent

A renda diferencial 2 (RD-2) pode ser facilmente apreendidaatravs de um ceteris paribus, mas o importante a relao

entre RD-1 e RD-2.

RD-2 possui um carter transitrio, se confunde com e alteraa dinmica da RD-1 atravs do nvel normal de aplicao de

capital. Elas no necessariamente se somam (impossibilidade

de separao) e assumem um carter no-neutro em relao

ao valor de mercado.


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IV The contradictory role of ground rent

Landed property has nothing to do with the actual process of

production. Its role is confined to transferring a portion of the

produced surplus value from the pockets of capital to its own.

However, the landlord plays a role in the capitalist process. of

production not merely through the pre sure he exerts upon

capital, nor merely because large landed property is a prerequisite

and condition of capitalist production since it is a prerequisite and

condition of the expropriation of the labourer from the means of

production, but particularly because he appears as the

personification of one of the most essential conditions of

production. (Capital, vol. 3, p. 821) (HARVEY, 1982, p.359).


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a) The separation of the labourer from the land as means of

production

Thebarrier that landed property places between labour and the

land is socially necessary to the perpetuation of capitalism. But in

creating landed property as a barrier to labour, capital also creates

barriers to itself. In making the reproduction of wage labourpossible, the appropriation of rent also becomes possible.

(HARVEY, 1982, p.359-360).


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b) Landownership and the principle of private property

Thepreservation, and even the enhancement, of private propertyin land therefore performs an ideological and legitimizing function

for all forms of private property; hence, some would argue, the

importance of conferring privileges of home ownership

(possession of a means of consumption) upon the working class.From this standpoint, we can regard rent as a side-payment

allowed to landowners in order to preserve the sanctity and

inviolability of private property in general.(HARVEY, 1982, p. 360).


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c) Landed property and capital flow

Apesar das formas como a renda monopolstica e a renda absolutaconstituirem entraves aos fluxos de capital a renda da terra pode

ter efeitos positivos (disciplinadores) sobre a acumulao

capitalista de modo a co-orientar decises espaciais da produo,

de investimento e ajuda a manter o ambiente de competio eacumulao. As dificuldades surgem porque os donos de terra

podem extrapolar seu campo de ao (RD-1 e RD-2) e inserir

conflitos no campo distributivo.


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IV Distribution relation and class struggle

O padro de distribuio da mais-valia global fruto de uma luta

de classe, na qual os proprietrios de terra se inserem em sua

busca por rendas.

Diferentes oposies de classe geram diferentes nveis de

explorao, de renda e de exerccio de poder (conflitos com

componeses vs. conflitos em contratos).

A utilizao das renda tambm constitui um ponto de anlise

importante.


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IV Distribution relation and class struggle

The landed interest lost its autonomous and independent role

and was necessarily transformed into a faction of capital itself. []

the share of rent in total surplus value produced is less and less

the product of overt class conflict between two quasi-independent

social classes and more and more internalized within the logic that

fixes the circulation of interest-bearing capital among the various

forms of fictitious capital that arise within the capitalist mode of

production. Which brings us more directly to how and why

interest-bearing capital comes to circulate through land itself.

(HARVEY, 1982, p. 366)


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IV The land market and fictious capital

Ground-rent, capitalized as the interest on some imaginary

capital, constitutes the 'value' of the land. What is bought and sold

is not the land, but title to the ground-rent yielded by it. The

money laid out is equivalent to an interest-bearing investment.

The buyer acquires a claim upon anticipated future revenues, a

claim upon the future fruits of labour. (HARVEY, 1982, p. 367).

The basic forces regulating the price of land and its

appurtenances are the rate of interest and anticipated future

rental revenues. (HARVEY, 1982, p. 367).


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By actively pursuing the appropriation of values, landholders can

force production on the land into new configurations and even

push surplus value production on a scale and with an intensity that

might not otherwise occur. In so doing, of course, they condemn

future labour to ever-increasing levels of exploitation in the name

of the land itself. (HARVEY, 1982, p. 368).

Os proprietrios de terra sinalizam rendas futuras e orientam a

produo do espao para os fins da acumulao, pois dependem

de sua realizao para auferir renda.


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By actively pursuing the appropriation of values, landholders can

force production on the land into new configurations and even

push surplus value production on a scale and with an intensity that

might not otherwise occur. In so doing, of course, they condemn

future labour to ever-increasing levels of exploitation in the name

of the land itself. (HARVEY, 1982, p. 368).

Os proprietrios de terra sinalizam rendas futuras e orientam a

produo do espao para os fins da acumulao, pois dependem

de sua realizao para auferir renda.


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Por outro lado, as aes individuais de um proprietrio de terra

afetam no somente todo o mercado de terras como tambmcompromete a fora de trabalho futura.

Como evitar um frisson espectulativo e suas consequncias

destrutivas?

Monoplio e propriedade estatal poderiam ser solues, mas

possuem suas prprias contradies.


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Capitalism cannot do without land price and land markets as

basic co-ordinating devices in the allocation of land to uses. It can

merely strive to constrain their operation so as to make them less

incoherent and less vulnerable to speculative disorders. Two

implications then derive from this general conclusion. (HARVEY,

1982, p. 371).

1. Terra dever ser um ativo financeiro e aberta a circulao de

capital, deve cumprir seu papel de capital fictcio.

2. O mercado de terras afeta tanto a produo como a fora de

trabalho.


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Thefact that it sometimes forces too hard or in erroneous

directions simply establishes that the land market

necessarily internalizes all the fundamental underlying

contradictions of the capitalist mode of production. It thereby

imposes those contradictions upon the very physical

landscape of capitalism itself. Yet it is, at the same time, a vitalco-ordinating device in the struggle to organize the use of

land in ways that contribute to the production of surplus

value and the structuring of capitalist social formations in

general (HARVEY 1982 p 372)

apresentação capítulo 11 - the limits of capital

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