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2/13/2012 1 Aquaculture Global Outlook and Sustainability Travis Larkin Seafood Exchange Raleigh, NC

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Page 1: Aquaculture Global Outlook and · PDF fileIndia and China Drive Growth ... (WILD & AQUA): SE Asia (Thailand ... • Feed Supply • Funding •Market Acceptance 31. 2/13/2012 32 The

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1

Aquaculture Global Outlook and Sustainability

Travis Larkin

Seafood ExchangeRaleigh, NC

Page 2: Aquaculture Global Outlook and · PDF fileIndia and China Drive Growth ... (WILD & AQUA): SE Asia (Thailand ... • Feed Supply • Funding •Market Acceptance 31. 2/13/2012 32 The

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2

Global Aquaculture Alliance

• Communications– Global Aquaculture Advocatemagazine– Website (www.gaalliance.org)– Electronic newsletter– Advocacy – Networking

• Certification Standards– Proactively manage issues

• Global Outlook for Aquaculture Leadership (GOAL) – Discuss production, markets, issues

Page 3: Aquaculture Global Outlook and · PDF fileIndia and China Drive Growth ... (WILD & AQUA): SE Asia (Thailand ... • Feed Supply • Funding •Market Acceptance 31. 2/13/2012 32 The

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Building on the Insightsof GOAL 2011

Page 4: Aquaculture Global Outlook and · PDF fileIndia and China Drive Growth ... (WILD & AQUA): SE Asia (Thailand ... • Feed Supply • Funding •Market Acceptance 31. 2/13/2012 32 The

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Global Economy

Page 5: Aquaculture Global Outlook and · PDF fileIndia and China Drive Growth ... (WILD & AQUA): SE Asia (Thailand ... • Feed Supply • Funding •Market Acceptance 31. 2/13/2012 32 The

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The Square Root Recovery or Double‐Dip Recession? January 2003 – July 2011

Source: TIGER Database, The Brookings Institutions 

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6

Euro Fiscal and Sovereign Crisis: From Greece to Italy

• Potential consequences: – Credit crunch and 

contraction of trade credit in the Eurozone

– Temporary demand contraction as unemployment continues to rise (9% in the Eurozone)

– Increased demand elasticity to price of seafood 

– Currency risks in case of Greece disorderly default and exit from EU

Page 7: Aquaculture Global Outlook and · PDF fileIndia and China Drive Growth ... (WILD & AQUA): SE Asia (Thailand ... • Feed Supply • Funding •Market Acceptance 31. 2/13/2012 32 The

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World Economic Output Over 50 Years, 1984‐2034 (2005 PPP dollars)

Source: Homi Kharas, The Emerging Middle Class in Developing Countries, OECD 2010.

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The world’s economic centre of gravity, 1980–2007 (black) and extrapolated (in red), at 3‐year intervals. 

Source: Danny Quah, “The global economy's shifting centre of gravity”, LSE 2010

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The middle class is the primary seafood consumer

Page 10: Aquaculture Global Outlook and · PDF fileIndia and China Drive Growth ... (WILD & AQUA): SE Asia (Thailand ... • Feed Supply • Funding •Market Acceptance 31. 2/13/2012 32 The

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Growing Economic Power, Growing Middle Class:By 2030:  66% of The World’s Middle Class Will Live in Asia Pacific

Source: Homi Kharas, The Emerging Middle Class in Developing Countries, OECD 2010

Numbers (millions) and Share (percent) of the Global Middle Class

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India and China Drive Growthin the Global Middle Class

Source: The Emerging Middle Class in Developing Countries, OECD 2010.

China

India

EU

US

Japan

Other Asia

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The Proportion of Animal Protein in the Diet Increases with Income per Capita

Source: H.H. Jensen / Marine Pollution Bulletin 53 (2006)

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The Boom in Chinese Seafood Consumption

• Domestic demand for seafood in China has increased from 7kg consumption per person in 1985 to about 25kg in 2005.

• The same source estimates that China will double its per‐capita spending on seafood products between 2008 and 2020 (in Yuan terms) .

Source: K.B. Lindkvist et al. / Marine Policy 32 (2008)

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Page 15: Aquaculture Global Outlook and · PDF fileIndia and China Drive Growth ... (WILD & AQUA): SE Asia (Thailand ... • Feed Supply • Funding •Market Acceptance 31. 2/13/2012 32 The

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Page 16: Aquaculture Global Outlook and · PDF fileIndia and China Drive Growth ... (WILD & AQUA): SE Asia (Thailand ... • Feed Supply • Funding •Market Acceptance 31. 2/13/2012 32 The

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However, The Share of Fish Protein in Total Animal Protein Does not Necessarily Increase With Income: Culture and Natural Resources Endowment Matter

Source: H.H. Jensen / Marine Pollution Bulletin 53 (2006)

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Source: Cowen and FAO

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

USA EUJa

pan

Canad

a

Brazil

Russia Ind

iaChin

aMex

icoBan

glade

shInd

ones

iaPak

istan

Nigeria

Fish (% of calorie/capita) Pork Chicken Beef Goat

Protein Choice

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Implications for Fisheries and Aquaculture

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Capture fisheries have reached their limits…

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Aquaculture needs to produce around 4% (or 2.4 million tons) more marine proteins each year to satisfy demand

Historically, more than 7% has been achieved (but from a lower base volume)  

50% of the industry responsible for 100% of the growth in demand

Global Seafood production and forecast 1950 ‐ 2020 

Wild catch supply cannot increase

• Source: Rabobank, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United• Nations, 2011

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

195019551960196519701975198019851990199520002005201020152020

Mill

ion

to

nn

es

Wild catch Aquaculture

Forecast

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Capture Fisheries • Option 1: Regulated open access has failed:  

– An estimated $50 billion is lost annually as a result of poor governance in fisheries (“Sunken Billions,” World Bank, 2009).

• Option 2:  Rights‐based systems generate sustainable wealth.  – NOT necessarily more fish, but lower cost, higher quality, and higher net revenue. 

– Catch shares, days at sea, fishing quotas, territorial use rights, formalizing tradition rights 

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Who Grows the Fish?

Source: Hall, S. Blue Frontiers (2011), WorldFish Centre

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World Bank Fish to 2030 Project• Cooperation with International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI – Siwa Msangi), University of Arkansas, (Madan Dey) and FAO

• Builds upon the 2003 project “Fish to 2020”  –but takes a much closer look at aquaculture and its potential for future growth to meet demand

• Starts from a new modeling framework

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Total Seafood Production: 1970‐2009 (FAO 2010) , 2010‐30 forecast VERY PRELIMINARY!!!

020406080

100120140160180200

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006

2009

2012

2015

2018

2021

2024

2027

2030

Mill

ion

MT

Capture

Total

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Aquaculture Share

2010

• Approx. 39% of total harvest• Approx. 50% of fish for 

human consumption• Aquaculture growth 2000‐

2010 – 79% in 10 yrs• Growth in total supply 2000‐

2010 – 17% in 10 yrs

2030 (VERY PRELIMINARY!!)

• Around 50% of total harvest• Around 60% of fish for 

human consumption• Aquaculture growth 2010‐

2030 – about 75‐85% in 20 yrs

• Growth in total supply 2010‐2030 – about 25‐35% in 20 yrs

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Where Will the Growth in Production Come from?

VERY PRELIMINARY!!! 

More than 20%  increase from 2010 to 2030 (WILD & AQUA):SE Asia (Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia etc)China South Asia (India, Bangladesh etc) Latin AmericaNorth America

Less than 20%  increase from 2010 to 2030 (WILD & AQUA):Other Asia (Japan etc)EuropeAfrica

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What species groups will provide the growth?VERY PRELIMINARY!!! 

More than 50%  increase from 2010 to 2030 (WILD & AQUA):

Freshwater fish (Tilapia, Pangasius, Catfish etc) – Accounts for most of the new production

SalmonShrimp

Less than 20%  increase from 2010 to 2030:Everything else

Page 28: Aquaculture Global Outlook and · PDF fileIndia and China Drive Growth ... (WILD & AQUA): SE Asia (Thailand ... • Feed Supply • Funding •Market Acceptance 31. 2/13/2012 32 The

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Where Will the Growth in Consumption Be?VERY PRELIMINARY!!! 

More than 20%  increase from 2010 to 2030 (WILD & AQUA):China  ‐ will dominate much of the seafood marketSE Asia (Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia etc)South Asia (India, Bangladesh etc) Latin AmericaAfrica

Less than 20%  increase from 2010 to 2030 (WILD & AQUA):EuropeN. AmericaOther Asia (Japan etc) 

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What about Prices 2010 to 2030?VERY PRELIMINARY!!!

Likely Real (after accounting for inflation) Price Increases:Fishmeal and Fish Oil

Likely Marginal or No Real Price Increases:Species dominated by wild caught fish – tuna, lobster, crabs, pelagics and demerals.  Also aquaculture‐dominated shrimp

Likely Real Price Declines:Freshwater fish and salmon

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Challenges Impeding Aquaculture Growth

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The “Big Five” Challenges• Environmental Impact

• Disease Management

• Feed Supply

• Funding

• Market Acceptance

31

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The Challenges

Environmental Impact

Page 33: Aquaculture Global Outlook and · PDF fileIndia and China Drive Growth ... (WILD & AQUA): SE Asia (Thailand ... • Feed Supply • Funding •Market Acceptance 31. 2/13/2012 32 The

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Learning from Lessons of the Past

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The 7 billionth person has joined us!

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Social Trends• 50 years ago – half as many people

• Less wealthy, ate fewer calories and less meat 

• Required less water for food production

• Took 1/3 of water from rivers we do today

• Lower environmental pressure

Page 36: Aquaculture Global Outlook and · PDF fileIndia and China Drive Growth ... (WILD & AQUA): SE Asia (Thailand ... • Feed Supply • Funding •Market Acceptance 31. 2/13/2012 32 The

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What are the environmental limits?

• Space/Sites• Feed/Marine Resources• Environmental Carrying Capacity• Disease/Parasite Control• Biodiversity/Habitat impacts• Climate Change• Freshwater

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Raising shrimp with less resources

Page 38: Aquaculture Global Outlook and · PDF fileIndia and China Drive Growth ... (WILD & AQUA): SE Asia (Thailand ... • Feed Supply • Funding •Market Acceptance 31. 2/13/2012 32 The

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GOAL 2011 SurveyWorld Shrimp Aquaculture (including M. rosenbergii) 

by Species: 1991 ‐ 2013

0.0

0.6

1.2

1.8

2.4

3.0

3.6

4.2

4.8

Million MT

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

P. vannamei P. monodon M. rosenbergii Other

Sources: FAO (2011) & GOAL (2011).

45%

59%

67%63% 71%Percentages indicate the

share of P. vannamei.

1991-2009 data: FISHSTAT (2011).

2010-2013 data: GOAL estimates.

16%

72%

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Growth Rate ImprovementKey to cost reduction:

FCR, Time to Harvest, Survival

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Days of Culture

Grams

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Chicken

Beef Cattle

SwineSalmon

Tilapia

Shrimp

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

194019

4519

5019

5519

6019

6519

7019

7519

8019

8519

9019

9520

0020

0520

10

Perc

ent o

f 194

0Genetics

Relative Genetic Gain in Growth Rate

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5

10

15

20

25

30

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

MJ/

kg

Pond Energy Cost

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015FI

:FO

Rat

io

Fish In: Fish Out

Genetics Is The Driver For More Efficient Production

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The ChallengesDisease Management

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Disease History in Shrimp FarmingYear Countries Disease

1982 Ecuador BP1988 Taiwan YHV1992 China WSSV1994 Ecuador, Mexico TSV1999 Latin America WSSV2002 Thailand, Indonesia MSGV20042006

BrazilIndonesia

IMNV

2006 Belize, Mexico, PvNv2010 China, Vietnam EMS

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DiseaseSpecific Pathogen Free (SPF) White Shrimp

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Production of Ocean‐farmed Salmon & Trout

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Harvest of Salmon & Trout2007 – 2011E  ‐ Per Region

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The road to the crisisDiseases and indicators of poor environmental managementwere evident: 

High concentration of sites, absence of zone managmentprogram, poor sanitary control and lack of biosecurity measures.

Gradual decline  of Productive Ratios 2004 ‐ 2007

This trend reached its maximum point when Caligus bloomed (at the end of 2006)  and ISA started in Atlantic salmon (in July 2007)

THE CRISIS

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Facts at the beginning of the  ISA crisis in Chile

THE CRISIS

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49

ISA virus Movementof goods and materials can transmitdiseaseagents.

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Lessons Learned From ISA Virus Outbreak in Chile

• Proactively self‐regulate…generating best practices

• Environmental zone management• Farm fallow periods• Biosecurity along the entire value chain• Environmental/epidemiological monitoring are essential tools

• Embracing regulations including proportional penalties for noncompliance

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Chilean Salmon Production Rebounding

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Market GrowthWho’s eating the extra salmon ? 

Q3-2011 – Overall growth Atlantic + 20 % (+70 000 tonnes)

EU: + 13 % (+ 23 000 tonnes)US: + 23 % (+ 14 300 ” ” )Russia: + 31 % (+ 7 400 ” ” )Japan: + 45 % (+ 3 300 ” ” )China/HK: + 16 % (+ 1 800 ” ” )Other Asia: + 22 % (+ 2 800 ” ” )Brazil: + 80 % (+ 5 500 ” ” )Other Latin Am. + 60 % (+ 1 800 ” ” )All others: + 20 % (+ 9 500 ” ” )

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The Challenges

Feed Supply

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Scientific American -- Nov 2011 – “Can We Feed The World & Sustain The Planet?

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Genetic improvements and fertilizer intensification drive supply expansion ‐‐ not acreage increases  (Indexed to 1975)

90100110120130140150160170180190200

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Production 

Yield

Area

55

KEY DRIVER OF PRODUCTION GROWTH:YIELD INCREASE

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GLOBAL FOOD PRODUCTION VS. PRICE(production of grain, rice, major oilseeds, PO, FSHM vs. corn/soybean/wheat futures price index)

‐30‐20‐100

10203040506070

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

percentage change in production

percentage change in price

56

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Aquaculture Feeds Rely on Limited Supply of Fishmeal and Oil

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The Value Chain

58

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59

Conversion rate 10 : 1per trophic level

Fish oil dependency app 2,5 : 1(current feed)

Aquaculture is more efficient than the alternatives

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A more efficient use of scarce resources

60

Fishmeal Fish oil 

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Human consumption competes for fish oil

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Vegetable Proteins

• Demonstration of new soy products –Schillinger high protein and ultra‐lowoligosaccharide soybean meal

New Soybean Varietiesfor Aquaculture

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The Challenges

Funding

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Aquaculture can have high profitability 

• EBITDA margin across animal protein listed peer groups, average 2005‐2010

Certain segments of the aquaculture industry can have high profitability

Contributing factors include:

• high barriers to entry

• new technology• positive demand function

• large asset base

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

salmonfarmers

bass/breamfarmers

wild catch poultry seafoodporcessing

processedmeat

red meat

Source: Rabobank, 2011

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Aquaculture is often ‘asset heavy’“Asset heavy” is not a negative characteristic –just part of the business model.

The sector requires proportionally higher capital investments and needs high long‐term profitability to attract the necessary capital.

Based on average EBITDA and asset turnover, 2005‐2010

Source: Rabobank, 2011

10%

15%

20%25%

Processed meat

Red meat

PoultrySeafood processing

Salmon farmer

Wild catch

Bass/bream farmer

3%

5%

7%

9%

11%

13%

15%

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

EBIT m

argin

Asset turnover

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Source: Historic Atlantic Salmon prices in USA. US$/Lb; Fresh fillet Trim C 2‐3; Urner Barry 

Salmon price range

Aquaculture has volatile markets

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Aquaculture is not highly consolidated

The largest protein producers have revenues above $10 billion per year. 

Except for some salmon and shrimp producers, most aquaculture producers have revenues below $100 million.

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

million USD

 

Seafood companies 

• Leading protein producers, yearly sales (2010)

Source: Rabobank, 2011

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Aquaculture

Wild Catch 

Venture capital 

Equity funds

Private equity 

Animal protein 

Seafood processing

Investments in the aquaculture sector will come from a diverse group of investors 

Each investor type has different goals and requirements.

The aquaculture sector (and their banks) have the task of profiling themselves and educating potential investors about the opportunities in this industry.

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Leading pelagic and white fish harvesters are key investors in the aquaculture sector 

• Some consolidated groups in the wild catch sector have ample access to capital.• Profitability has been high for the market leaders.• Regulation, consolidation and fixed TACs limit growth options in the wild catch sector.

• Synergies between wild catch and aquaculture: – Marketing, storage and distribution parts of the value chain are the same.– Small pelagic harvesters have an opportunity to vertically integrate into the aquaculture value chain.

Mature wild catch sectors will continue to invest in aquaculture

Source: Rabobank, 2011

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Examples of wild catch producers’ investments into aquaculture

Investor Wild catch sector Investment Location Pescanova Whitefish Shrimp aquaculture Central

America Salmon aquaculture Chile Turbot aquaculture Portugal Tilapia aquaculture Brazil

Sanford Whitefish and pelagics Salmon aquaculture New Zealand Mussel aquaculture New Zealand

Pacific Andes Whitefish Salmon aquaculture Australia Austevoll Seafood Small pelagics Salmon aquaculture NorwayCamanchaca Small pelagics Salmon aquaculture ChileSociedad Pesquera Coloso Whitefish and pelagics Salmon aquaculture Chile Blumar Small pelagics and

whitefish Salmon aquaculture Chile Mussel aquaculture Chile

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• Investment likely to originate from salmon producers and possibly larger shrimp producers.• Ample access to capital• Some 14 or 15 publically listed companies, many located in developed countries, 

where capital is typically more readily available• High profitability and cash flow generation in the salmon sector• High professionalism; no backyard or artisanal salmon farmers• High knowledge and technological sophistication

Mature aquaculture industries will invest in less mature, more fragmented sectors

Investor Sector Investment Location AquaChile Salmon farming Tilapia aquaculture Costa Rica

Cooke Aquaculture Salmon farming Sea bass and sea bream aquaculture

Spain

Marine Harvest Salmon farming Halibut aquaculture Norway

Cermaq Salmon farming and salmon feed Pangasius feed Vietnam

Multiexport Foods Salmon farming Mussel aquaculture Chile

Examples of salmon producers investments into other aquaculture

Source: Rabobank, 2011

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The Challenges

Market Acceptance

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Is Certification a Solution?

• In 2003, the Economist Magazine stated in their special report on “The Promise of a Blue Revolution”: “An internationally recognized certification scheme is urgently needed to alert consumers to the sustainability (or otherwise) of the farmed fish they are eating…only then will it be clear how green is the blue revolution”

73

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Market‐Driven Certification Programs

Are Growing  • Cocoa• Coffee• Ferns and cut flowers• Fruits• Tea• Lumber• Palm oil• Seafood

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Seafood Programs• Organizations with recommendation lists for consumers: – Greenpeace– Marine Conservation 

Society UK (MCS)– Monterey Bay Aquarium 

(MBA)– NOAA Fisheries Fish Watch– Sustainable Fisheries 

Partnership (SFP)– World Wide Fund for 

Nature (WWF)

• Standard‐setting, certification and eco‐labeling schemes:     – Friend of the Sea (FOS)– Marine Ecolabel Japan (MEL‐

Japan) – Marine Stewardship Council 

(MSC)– Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA)– Global GAP– Naturland– Soil Association; RSPCA UK, etc., 

etc.

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What Drives Certification?

• The Market!• Consolidation has led to development of larger and more powerful buyers who are compelled to protect their brands and exert their corporate responsibility.

• Certification is a mechanism for major buyers to influence production practices throughout the supply chain.

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Aquaculture Certification Programs

• According to Intrafish, there are 3 main programs:– Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP) using GAA standards

– GlobalGAP– Aquaculture Stewardship Council using WWF Dialogues

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Attributes of Standards Development

• Multi‐stakeholder • Consensus‐based• Transparent and inclusive• Achievable• Science‐based• Continuously improved• International guidelines: FAO, ISO, GFSI…

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Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP) Standards Development

• Standards Oversight Committee – 4 NGOs, 4 Industry, 4 Academic/Policy

• Technical committees • Public comment period• Continual revisions• Committed to compliance

– FAO Guidelines for Aquaculture Certification– Global Food Safety Initiative

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BAP Key Issues 

Community Property Rights and Regulatory ComplianceCommunity RelationsWorker Safety and Employee Relations

Environment Sediment and Water QualityFishmeal and Fish Oil ConservationControl of Escapes and Use of GMOsPredator and Wildlife InteractionsStorage and Disposal of Farm Supplies

Animal Welfare Health and WelfareBiosecurity and Disease Management

Food Safety Control of Residues and ContaminantsHarvest and Transport

Traceability Record‐Keeping Requirement

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BAP Addresses Full Production ChainFeed Hatchery Farm Processing

Environmental

Social Food Safety Traceability

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Standards development and certification are separate processes

Standards Oversight Committee

GAATechnical

Committees

International Accreditation

Forum

Accreditation Body

Certification Body

(ISO 65)Applicant

Oversees standards development

Standards Process

Certification Process

Approves Accredits Certifies compliance

Best Aquaculture Practices StandardsDevelops

standards

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AD DelhaizeAldiAldi U.K.AsdaBaker'sBloomBottom Dollar FoodBusch GardensByerly'sChannel Processing Co. Inc.City MarketsCOOPCumbrian Seafoods Ltd.Darden RestaurantsDelhaizeDelhaize CityDillonsDisneyEastern Fish Co.Empress International, Ltd.Expack Seafood, Inc.Export Packers Company Ltd.FoodlandFood LionFoodvestFry'sGiant Food SupermarketsGiant EagleGorton's Seafood

H & N Foods InternationalHai Yang International, Inc.Hannaford Bros.Harris TeeterHarveys SupermarketsH‐E‐BHighLiner Foods USA Inc.HilanderIGA (Canada)IGA Extra (Canada)JayC Food StoresKroger Co.LundsLyons Seafoods, Ltd.Maloney Seafood Corp.Market BasketMazzetta Company, LLCMeridian ProductsMorrisonsNational Fish & Seafood Inc.Odyssey Enterprises, Inc.OFI Markesa InternationalOre‐Cal Corp.Orion Seafood International, Inc.Owen'sPacific Supreme Co.PanaPesca USA Corp.Pay Less Super Markets

Price ChopperPriceRiteRaley'sRalphsRed MarketSam's ClubSchnucksScott's Food & PharmacySeaPak Shrimp Co.Sea Port Products Corp.Shop 'n GoShopRiteSlade Gorton & Co. Inc.Smith'sSobeysSodexoStop & ShopSweetbay SupermarketTargetTopco Associates, LLCU.S. FoodserviceWakefern Food Corp.WalmartWalmart CanadaWegmans Food Markets, Inc.Winn‐Dixie Stores, Inc.

BAPMarket

Endorsers

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0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

MT (tho

usan

ds)

BAP Certified Volume

salmonPangasiuscatfishtilapiashrimp

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Certified Facilities Can Use BAP Mark on Retail Packaging

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Conclusions

86

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… We have a great opportunity…

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The Aquaculture Opportunity• Aquaculture market is massive

– Rising new middle class in Asia is driving demand.– Aquaculture represents ~$80‐100 billion market today and will continue to grow at 5‐10% annually.

• Innovation will be essential– Disease management, genetic improvement, etc.

• Shift to sustainable aquaculture is inevitable– Major shift is just beginning:  Commitment to sustainable food production will be a reality over the next five years.

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Words to consider… from anthropologist Margaret Mead.

“Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; indeed it is the only thing that ever has.”

89

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Source: http://2.0viajes.com

Thank You