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الموسوعة العربية ألمراض النبات والفطريات

Arabic Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology &Fungi

إعداد الدكتور محمد عبد الخالق الحمداني

Mohammed AL- Hamdany

متخصص الفطريات العراقي سيرة

Prof. Abdulla, Samir Khalaf

)فطريات ( Part IV الرابع الجزء

Pages Codes Contents

محتويات الجزء األول

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1 SIV ( مكونات الجزء الرابع) فطريات

4 SIV-1 العذبة الفطريات المعزولة من أجزاء نباتية طافية في المياه

4 SIV-1a الفطر الكيسيStrattonia karachensis

7 SIV-1b الفطر الكيسيZopfiella latipes

10 SIV-2 الفطريات المعزولة من البذورSeed Pathology

10 SIV-2a Mycobionta association with grain of soft wheat ( Triticum

aestivm) cultivars in Duhok Provence –Northern Iraq

13 SIV-2b Evaluation of different methods for detection of seed borne

fungi on local Wheat cultivars from Duhok Provence in Iraq

15 SIV-2c New records of fungal species associated with Maize ( Zea

mayis) cultivars grown in Iraq

23 SIV-2d Diversity of fungi isolated from Maize seeds

25 SIV-2e الفطريات المصاحبة لبذور زهرة الشمس(Sunflower)

27 SIV-2f المجموعة الفطرية لحبوب الذرة البيضاء في العراق(Sorghum)

30 SIV-3 الفطريات المتطفلة على الحشرات(Entomophthorous Fungi)

30 SIV-3a الفطريات المتطفلة على الحشرات المقيمة في التربة

34 SIV-3b Association of Entomopathogenic and Other Opportunistic

Fungi with Insects in Dormant Locations

37 SIV-3c Comparative Pathoginicity of Beauveria bassiana,

Clonostachys rosea, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Lecanicillium

lecanii to adult,alfalfa weevil Hypera postica Gyllenhal

(Coleoptera:Curculionidae)

41 SIV-3d Isolation of Entomopathogenic and Opportunistic Fungi from

Soil

in Duhok Province,Kurdistan Region of Iraq by Different

Selective Isolation Media

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45 SIV-4 الفطريات المتواجدة في روث الحيوانات(Coprophilous Fungi)

45 SIV-4a Arnium arizonense

48 SIV-4b Coprotus duplus

51 SIV-4c Delitschia winteri

53 SIV-4d Iodophanus basraneous

56 SIV-4e Podospora inaequalis

59 SIV-4f Preussia fleischhakii

62 SIV-4g Preussia typharum

65 SIV-4h Rhytidospora cainii

67 SIV-4i Strattonia dissimilis

69 References

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SIV-1

الشبه مغمورة في المياه العذبة الطافية أو الفطريات المعزولة من األجزاء النباتية

.SIV-1a الفطر الكيسيStrattonia karachensis

في هور الَحًمار قرب البصرة جنوب العراق. sp Typha النباتي عزل الفطر من قطعة ساق طافية للعائل

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Strattonia karachensis طافية قطع سيقان من المعزول تراكيب الفطر

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الموسوعة العربية ألمراض النبات والفطريات

الذي عزل من Strattonia karachiensis S. I. Ahmed & Asad 1968ينتمي الفطر الكيسي

Strattonia، للجنس ار جنوب العراقم طافية في مياه حور الحَ ، .Typha spالعائل النباتي قطعة ساق

Cif. 1954 ضمن العائلة الكيسية ،Lasiosphaeriaceae والرتبة ،Sordariales ضمن االصف ،

. ينضوي تحت جنس الفطر ، أحد صفوف القبيلة الكيسية في مملكة الفطريات Sordariomycetesالكيسي

وثقت جميعها في المصنف *نوع من ضمنها النوع الحالي ونوع آخر أكتشف ألول مرة في العراق 11

Index Fungorum :وكما يلي

Strattonia borealis N. Lundq. 1972; Strattonia carbonaria (W. Phillips & Plowr.)

N. Lundq. 1972; Strattonia dissimilis Barrasa, Soláns & G. Moreno 1985;

Strattonia grandis A.E. Bell & Mahoney 2005; Strattonia insignis (E. C. Hansen)

N. Lundq. 1972; Strattonia karachiensis S. I. Ahmed & Asad 1968; *Strattonia

mesopotamica Abdullah 1983; Strattonia minor N. Lundq. 1972; Strattonia

oblecythiformis A.E. Bell & Mahoney 2005; Strattonia tetraspora (R. Stratton)

Cif. 1954; Strattonia zopfii N. Lundq. 1972.

Strattonia minor ومراحل مختلفة من نضج األبواغ للفطر البوغية األجسام الثمرية واألكياس

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. SIV-1b الفطر الكيسيZopfiella latipes

كانت طافية sp. Typha من قطعة ساق العائل النباتي Zopfiella latipesعزل الفطر الكيسي

في مياه هور الحمار قرب البصرة جنوب العراق وهو نفس المكان والعائل الذي عزل منه الفطر

Strattonia karachensis .

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الموسوعة العربية ألمراض النبات والفطريات

للجنس Zopfiella latipes (N. Lundq.) Malloch & Cain 1971ينتمي الفطر الكيسي

Zopfiella G. Winter 1884العائلة الكيسية ن، ضمLasiosphaeriaceae والرتبة ،Sordariales ،

. ينضوي تحت ، أحد صفوف القبيلة الكيسية في مملكة الفطريات Sordariomycetesوالصف الكيسي

(.sp.nov)نوع من ضمنها النوع الحالي والنوعين المكتشفان ألول مرة في العراق Zopfiella 27الجنس

وكما يلي : *

Zopfiella attenuata Udagawa & Furuya 1974; Zopfiella backusii (L. H. Huang)

Guarro 1986; Zopfiella carbonaria (W. Phillips & Plowr.) Arx 1973; *Zopfiella

cephalothecoidea Guarro, Abdullah, Al-Saadoon & Gené 1996; Zopfiella

curvata (Fuckel) G. Winter 1884; Zopfiella ebriosa Guarro, P. F. Cannon & Aa

1991; Zopfiella erostrata (Griffiths) Udagawa & Furuya 1974; Zopfiella

flammifera L. H. Huang 1973; Zopfiella inermis (Cailleux) Malloch & Cain 1971;

Zopfiella karachiensis (S. I. Ahmed & Asad) Guarro 1988; Zopfiella latipes (N.

Lundq.) Malloch & Cain 1971; Zopfiella leucotricha (Speg.) Malloch & Cain

1971; Zopfiella longicaudata (Cain) Arx 1972; Zopfiella lundqvistii Shearer & J.

L. Crane 1978; Zopfiella macrospora Guarro & Calvo 1983; Zopfiella

marina Furuya & Udagawa 1975; Zopfiella matsushimae Udagawa & Furuya

1976; Zopfiella ovina (Udagawa) Guarro 1988; Zopfiella pilifera Udagawa &

Furuya 1972; Zopfiella pleuropora Malloch & Cain 1971; *Zopfiella

submersa Guarro, Al-Saadoon, Gené & Abdullah 1997; Zopfiella tabulata (Zopf)

G. Winter 1884; Zopfiella tanzaniensis (R. S. Khan & J. C. Krug) Guarro, P. F.

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Cannon & Aa 1991; Zopfiella tardifaciens (Udagawa) Guarro 1988; Zopfiella

tetraspora (J.N. Rai, Mukerji & J.P. Tewari) S. Ahmad 1978; Zopfiella

tumescens Trevis.; Zopfiella udagawae Guarro & Punsola 1983.

Zopfiella latipes أكياس بوغية وأبواغ كيسية للفطر الكيسي

Resistance:

Abdullah, S.K. (1983). New and noteworthy ascomycetes from Iraq. Trans. Brit.

Mycol. Soc. 81, 392-395.

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Seed pathology الفطريات المعزولة من البذور. SIV-2

. SIV-2aلفطريات المرتبطة ببذور الحنطة المزروعة في محافضة دهوك شمال العراقا

Mycobionta associated with grains of soft wheat (Triticum aestivmL.)

cultivars grown in Duhok Province, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Samir Khalaf Abdullah and Halben Ismat Mohammd Atroshi

The study dealt with the survey and identification of fungi associated with

grains of several cultivars of soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growing in Iraq by

using agar plate, blotter paper and deep freezing methods. A total of 21 species

representing 11 fungal genera were recovered and identified. Among the common

genera were Penicillium (4 species), Alternaria and Aspergillus (3 species

each),Chaetomium, Cladosprium and Ulocladium (2 species each).The genera

Arthrinium, Bipolaris,Coniocessia, Curvularia, Emericella were represented by a

single species. Nineteen species were recorded using the agar plate method, 11

species were also isolated by the deep freezing method and 8 species were

isolated by blotter paper method. Cultivars Azadi (sample 6),IPA99 (sample 1)

and unknown cultivar(Shekhan)(sample11) and showed the highest mean

percentage contamination ( 42.0,%, 39.0% and 35.0%) respectively .The study

revealed that there is a variation in the fungal composition and the total number of

detected species as well as in their percentage of occurrence and percentage of

contamination according to cultivar type and detection method. Coniocessia

annandra was reported in one occasion and represented a new record for

Iraq. A brief description along with photographs is provided for the species.

Key words:Mycobiota, Coniocessia, soft wheat grains, Iraq

Reference :

Abdullah,S.K and Atroshi,H.M.(2016). Mycobiota associated with grains of soft

wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars grown in Duhok Province,Kurdistan

Region,Iraq. Journal of Agricultural Technology 12(1):91-104.

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العربية ألمراض النبات والفطرياتالموسوعة

الذي أكتشف على بذور Asgari & Zare, 2011 Coniocessia anandra ينتمي الفطر الكيسي

لنفس المؤلفين والسنة ، للعائلة الكيسية Coniocessiaإلى الجنس 2011الحنطة في ايران عام

Coniocessiaceae في المصنف ذكركماIndex Fungorum بينما أعتبر المصنف ،Mycobank

وهي نفس رتبة العائلة Xylarialesفوضع الجنس ضمن الرتبة مؤكدة، العائلة غير

Coniocessiaceae ينتمي الفطر للصف . Sordariomycetes أحد صفوف القبيلة الكيسية في مملكة ،

اربعة انواع أخرى ثالثة منها مع النوع الحالي قد Coniocessia anandraيوجد مع النوع الفطريات.

إن عزل الفطر الحالي من البذور يعد األول في العراق والثاني في العالم. ذكر وأكتشفت أول مرة في أيران،

األنوع الخمسة التالية: {National Center of Biotechnology Inforation (NCBI) }المصنف في

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Coniocessia cruciformis Asgari & Zare, 2011; Coniocessia anandra Asgari &

Zare, 2011; Coniocessia maxima Asgari & Zare, 2011; Coniocessia minima

Asgari & Zare, 2011; Coniocessia nodulisporioides (D. Hawksw.) Dania García,

Stchigel, D. Hawksw. & Guarro, 2006.

References:

Abdullah, S.K. and Atroshi, H.I.M (2016) Mycobiont associated with grains of soft

wheat (Triticum aestivm L.) cultivars grown in Duhok Province, Kurdistan Region,

Iraq. Journal of Agricultural Technology 12(1):91-104.

Coniocessia anandra

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SIV2- b . تقييم طرائق مختلفة للتحري عن الفطريات المقيمة في بذور الحنطة في محافضة

دهوك شمال العراق

Evaluation of different methods for detection of seed borne fungi on

local Wheat cultivars from Duhok Provence , Kurdistan Region,

Iraq

Halben I, M.Atroshi and Samir K.Abdullah

Abstract

The study aims to evaluate different methods for detection of seed-borne fungi

on local wheat cultivars grown in Duhok province, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Agar

plate method, blotter method, deep freezing method, seed washing test and

embryo count method were used to assess the associated fungi. The first four

techniques were found efficient for isolation of Alternaria alternata, Arthrinium

phaeospermum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium herbarum,

Ulocladium atrum and Ulocladium alternariae. Agar plate method was efficient

for detection of ascomycetes, Chaetomium elatum, Chaetomium globosum,

Coniocessia annadra,Corynascella sp., Emericella rugulosa and Eurotium

herbariorum and Tilletia spp. were detected only by seed washing technique.

Embryo count technique showed negative result.

Keywords: Seed-borne fungi, Wheat, detection method, Iraq

Reference :

Atroshi.H,H,I and Abdullah,S.K,(2016). Evaluation of different methods for

detection of seed-borne fungi on local wheat cultivars from Duhok

province,Kurdistan Region,Iraq. J.Univ.Duhok 19(1):578-584.

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جدول: الفطريات المعزولة من بذور حنطة الخبز وحنطة المعكرونة من خالل أربعة طرائق عزل

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New record of fungi on wheat grains from Iraq .SIV-2c

Samir Khalaf Abdullah and Halben Ismat Mohammad Atroshi

Abstract

The present study recorded eight fungal species on wheat grains for the first time

in Iraq. These included Arthrinium phaeospermum, Bipolaris sorokiniana,

Bipolaris spicifera; Chaetomium elatum; Emericella rugulosa; Eurotium

herbariorum; Nigrospora state of Khuskia oryzae and Ulocladium alternariae.

Brief descriptions with photographs are provided for the newly recorded species.

Five Mitosporic fungi and three teleomorphic ascomycetes have been identified,

briefly described and discussed as below:

1.Arthrinium phaeospermum (Corda) M.B.Ellis, 1965

Conidia & Conidiophores of Arthrinium phaeospermum from wheat seeds

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2. Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc. ) Shoem . Can ., 1959

Bipolaris sorokinianaاألبواغ الكونيدية للفطر

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3. Bipolaris spicifera (Bainier) Subram, 1971

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4. Chaetomium elatum Kunze, 1817.

وفيها الجسم الثمري المغطى بالشعيرات وفي األسفل أبواغ Chaetomium elatumتراكيب الفطر

كيسية مع عدد من الشعيرات

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5. Emericella rugulosa (Thom&Raper) E.R.Beng., 1955 الطور الجنسي

Anamorph: Aspergillus rugulovavus Samson&W.Gams. ,1984. الطور الالجنسي

والطور )فوق(Emericella rugulosaاألكياس البوغية وبداخلها األبواغ الكيسية للفطر الكيسي

Aspergillus rugulovavusالالجنسي

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6. Eurotiom herbariorum (WH.Wigg.), Link. 1809

Anamorph: Aspergillus glaucus (L.)Link . 1809و.

) أعلى( الجسم الثمري الكروي الشكل في طوري Eurotiom herbariorumتراكيب الفطر الكيسي

Aspergillus glaucusالحداثة والنضج ... أسفل : الطور الالجنسي

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7. Nigrospora state of Khuskia oryzae Hudson., 1963

Anamorph : Nigrospora oryzae (Berk.&Br.)Petch, 1924.

المعزول من بذور الحنطة . الطور الالجنسي للفطر Khuskia oryzaeطور نيكروسبورا للفطر الكيسي

Nigrospora oryzae

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8. Ulocladium alternariae (Cooke) Simmons, 1967

المعزول من بذور الحنطة Ulocladium alternariaeاألبواغ الكونيدية أو الكالميدية للفطر

Reference :

Abdullah,S.K and Atroshi,H.M.(2014).New records of fungi on wheat grains from

Iraq. J.Univ. Zakho.2A(2):37-46.

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المعزولة من بذور الذرة الصفراء المنزرعة في العراق تنوع الفطريات .SIV-2d

Diversity of fungal species associated with Maize ( Zea mayis)

cultivars grown in Iraq S.K. Abdullah and K.A.Y.Al- Mousawi

This work was conducted to obtain data on the mycobiota associated with grains

of corn inbreeds currently cultivated in Iraq.

Results and Discussion

A total number of 56 species of fungi belonging to 21 genera were isolated

from seeds of eight corn (maize) cultivars (Table l).Among the common genera

were Aspergillus (10 species), Fusarium (9 species), Alternaria (5 species),

Chaetomium and Penicillium (4 species for each), Bipolaris, Trichoderma and

Ulocladium were represented by three species for each. Cladosporium and

Mucor were represented by 2 species foe each. Other genera were represented by

single species (Table 1).

Seventeen species , Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A.

niger, A. ochraceus, A. terreus, Chaetomium elatum, C. Globosum, Fusarium

moniliforme, F. poae, Mucor hiemalis, Penicillium brevicompactum, P. expqnsum,

Rhizopus stolonifer, Trichoderma hamatum, Ulocladium atrum and U. chartarum

were isolated from almost every cultivar (table 1). The degree of fungal

contamination ranged between 10.33 to 62.0% of seeds infected and the

germination percentage of the seeds ranged from 56.50 to 99.0o/o (Table 2).Two

unidentified maize cultivars those have been collected from local markets showed

the highest fungal contamination (50 and 62%) and their percentage germination of

their seeds were were 69.0 and 56.0o/o respectively. Seed-borne potentially

pathogenic fungi were detected during this survey such as Acremonium,

Alternaria, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Curvularia, Exserohilum, Fusarium, Nigrospora,

Olpitrichum and Penicillium. Acremonium strictum (syn.Cephalosporium

acremonium). Nigrospora sphaerica (syn. Nigrospora oryzea) and Olpitrichum

sp., were detected only from unidentified cultivar (6) collected from local market

at Basrah.

Acremonium strictum is known to cause Cephalosporium kernel rot and black

bundle disease on maize (Shurtleff et a1.1993). Nigrospora sphaerica was found

associated with ear rots and stalk rots in maize (Francis and Burgess,1975.

MMYT,2004). Olpitrichum species is occasionally detected from soil of maize

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fields (Soonthompoct et a1.2001). More recently, a black rot in Zea mays

caused.by Otpitrichum tenellum was reported in China (Chen et a1.2005).

اسماء الفطريات المعزولة من بذور الذرة الصفرار

Acremonium strictum Alternaria alternata; Alternaria chlamydospora; Alternaria citri; Alternaria

longipes ; Alternaria tenuissima .

Aspergillus candidus; Aspergillus flavus; Aspergillus fumigatus; Aspergillus niger

Aspergillus niveus; Aspergillus ochraceus; Aspergillus oryzae ; Aspergillus

parasiticus; Aspergillus terreus; Aspergillus versicolor.

Bipolaris australiensis ; Bipolar hawaiiensis; Bipolar maydis.

Chaetomium atrobrunneum ; Chaetomium globosum; Chaetomium sp.

Cladosporium cladosporioides ; Cladosporium herbarum

Curvularia lunata

Eurotium amstelodomi

Exserohilum rostratum

Fusarium chlamydosporum ; Fusarium culmorum; Fusarium equiseti; Fusarium

graminearum; Fusarium moniliforme; Fusarium oxysporum; Fusarium poae;

Fusarium semitectum; Fusarium solani.

Gliocladium viridi

Melanospora zamiae

Monodictys sp.

Mucor circinelloides; Mucor hiemalis.

Nigrospora sphaerica

Olpitrichum sp.

Penicillium brevicompactum ; Penicillium chrysogenum; Penicillium expansum;

Penicillium oxalicum.

Rhizopus stolonifer

Scopulariopsis sp.

Trichoderma hamatum; Trichoderma harizianum; Trichoderma viride.

Ulocladium atrum; Ulocladium botrytis; Ulocladium chartarum

Reference :

Abdullah, S.K. and Al-Mousawi, K.A. (2006) Diversity of fungal species

associated with Maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars grown in Iraq. Proc.12th

Cong. Medit.Phytopath.Union. Rhodes, Greece.69-72.

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SIV-2e .الفطريات المصاحبة لبذور األصناف المنزرعة من زهرة الشمس في العراق

Fungi associated with seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

cultivars grown in Iraq

S.K. Abdullah and K.A. Al-Mosawi

Abstract

Mycobiota associated with seeds of nine sunflower cultivars/inbreed (Helianthus

annuus)viz. ‘Akmar’, ‘Eurofflore’, ‘AS 508’, ‘Mannon’, ‘AS 615’, ‘Florasol’ and

three unidentified local cultivars were studied. The seeds were associated with 48

species of fungi belonging to 19 genera. The broadest species spectrum on most

cultivars consisted of the genera Aspergillus (nine species), Alternaria and

Fusarium (six species each), followed by Penicillium (four species),

Chaetomium, Trichoderma and Ulocladium (three species each). Aspergillus

niger, Aspergillus flavus, Chaetomium globosum,Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus

fumigatus, Chaetomium atrobrunneum, Alternaria terreus, Penicillium expansum,

Penicillium brevicompactum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Rhizopus

stolonifer, Mucor hiemalis and Aspergillus ochraceus were the most frequent

species. The species composition, percentage of seed infection and seed

germination percentage differed among cultivars. ‘Akmar’ cultivar showed the

lowest number of detected species (17 species), whereas the highest number (48

species)was isolated from the unidentified local cultivar 3. The highest fungal

infestation was recorded in unidentified local cultivar 3 (45%)and the lowest – in

‘Akmar’ (10%). Maximum seed germination was observed in ‘Akmar’ (100%)and

minimum in unidentified local cultivar 3 (38%). Seed-borne pathogenic species

Macrophomina phaseolina was detected in the three unidentified local cultivars

with low percentage occurrence.

Key words: mycobiota, sunflower seeds, Iraq

الفطريات المعزولة:

Alternaria alternata ; Alternaria chlamydospora ; Alternaria helianthi ; Alternaria

longipes ; Alternaria raphani ; Alternaria tenuissima .

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Aspergillus candidus ; Aspergillus flavus ; Aspergillus fumigatus ; Aspergillus

niger ; Aspergillus niveus ; Aspergillus ochraceus ; Aspergillus parasiticus ;

Aspergillus terreus ; Aspergillus versicolor .

Bipolaris hawaiiensis ; Bipolaris spicifera.

Chaetomium atrobrunneum ; Chaetomium elatum ; Chaetomium globosum

Cladosporium cladosporioides ; Cladosporium herbarum .

Curvularia lunata .

Doratomyces microsporus .

Emericella quadrilineata .

Fusarium culmorum ;Fusarium graminearum ;Fusarium oxysporum ;Fusarium

semitectum ;Fusarium solani ;Fusarium verticillioides .

Macrophomina phaseolina .

Mucor hiemalis.

Myrothecium roridum .

Oedocephalum glomerulosum 0.0 0

Penicillium brevicompactum ;Penicillium chrysogenum ;Penicillium expansum

;Penicillium oxalicum .

Rhizopus stolonifer .

Scytalidium sp.

Stachybotrys atra .

Trichoderma hamatum ; Trichoderma harzianum ; Trichoderma viride .

Ulocladium atrum ;Ulocladium botrytis ;Ulocladium chartarum .

References

. Abdullah, S.K.and Al-Mousawi,K.A.(2010) Fungi associated with sunflower

(Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars grown in Iraq. Phytopathologia 57: 11-20.

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Seed Mycoflora of Sorghum bicolor in lraq. SIV-2f

Samir K. Abdullah and Suad A. Kadhum

Abstract Seeds of 9 cultivars of Sorghum sp. (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) were

screened for their mycoflora. The seeds were associated with 38 species of fungi

belonging to 22 genera. Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus

niger, Aspergillus flavus, Curvularia lunata, Drechslera spicifera, Drechslera

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australiinsis and Fusarium moniliforme were the most frequent species. The

blotter method detected more species than the agar plate method .From 29

to92.6% of the seeds were infected with fungi ، and their percentage germination

ranged from 2l lo 85.6%. The species composition and percentage germination of

sorghum seeds differed among cultivars. Fusarium moniliforme and. Aspergillus

fumigatus were recovered from seed embryos. Discolored seeds had a higher

incidence of fungi and lower percentage germination compared to clean seeds.

و (BM)ورق ترشيح جدول: الفطريات المعزولة من بذور زهرة الشمس وتكرار ظهورها على الوسطين

(AM)آكر

X: BM: Blotter Method , AM: Agar Method

Y: % of appearance

Z: Thermophilic Strain (Isolated on agar at 45C)

29

Names of Sorghum Cultivars used: 1: G:516, 2: G-522, 3: G-642, 4: Brefes, 5:

Kafer, 6-9: Unidentified Sorghum Local Cultivars…

References:

Abdullah, S.K. and Kadhum, S.A. (1987). Seed mycoflora of Sorghum bicolor

in Iraq. Arab. Gulf. J. Sci. Res. 5, 401-410.

30

. SIV-3على الحشرات الفطريات المتطفلةEntomopathogenic Fungi

.SIV-3a الفطريات المقيمة في التربة

31

32

33

Reference:

Abdullah,S.K and Mohamed Amin,M.K.(2009). Occurrence of insect-

associated fungi in cultivated soils in Basrah,Iraq. Proc.1st.Sci.Conf.Biol.Sci.

Section Zoology.Mosul University,22-23 April,2009. P.222-227

34

SIV-3b

Association of Entomopathogenic and Other Opportunistic Fungi

with Insects in Dormant Locations

Lazgeen Haji Assaf ; Raed Abdulljabar Haleem; and Samir Khalaf Abdullah

35

الحشرات الممسوكة لعزل الفطريات أسماء

Results A total of 149 cadavers belong to seven insect species were examined for the

presence of fungi. Approximately 226 fungal colonies assigned to 12 different

species and sterile mycelium were isolated (Table 2). The highest number of

isolates (184 and 25) was detected from Dolycoris baccarum and Eurygoster

integriceps, respectively.

Aspergillus flavus (33.70%), Aspergillus niger (26.63%), Beauveria bassiana

(10.33%) and Alternaria alternata (9.78%) were the most common fungal species

isolated from Dolycoris baccarum, whereas Beauveria bassiana showed the

36

highest isolation percentage (36.00%) on Eurygoster intergriceps, followed by

Ulocladium atrum (20.00%) and Rhizopus stolonifer (16.00%). Fungi isolated

from Coccinella novemnotata were in descending order, B. bassiana (33.33%), R.

stolonifer (22.22%), followed by Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus flavus,

Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma sp. (11.11% each). Beauveria was not isolated

from the other four insect species. Beauveria brongniartii was isolated from the

sunn pest Eurygoster integriceps for the first time in Iraq. The newly recorded

species is described and illustrated.

Beauvaria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch. 1924

Fungal colony on PDA reached a radial of 37 mm after 25 days: floccose, velvety

to powdery, at first white, later often becoming yellowish to pinkish. Reverse

yellowish to orange. Hyphae hyaline, smooth-walled, 2- 4 μm wide, bearing

groups of swollen lateral cells, globose, cylindrical to sub-cylindrical.

Conidiogenous cells are arranged in small groups or solitarily along the hyphae

consisting of globose to sub-globose basal part 3×3 μm and terminal cell; terminal

cells mostly slender, rachis well developed 20 × 2 μm geniculate or irregularly

bent, denticulate, denticles thinner than rachis. Conidia oblong to ellipsoidal,

hyline, smooth-walled, base slightly apiculate, 2.5–4.8× 2.5–3 μm.

Chlamydospores not observed. This description was in agreement with de Hoog

(1972) and Tzean et al., (1997).

Reference:

Assaf, L.H. Haleem. R.A. and Abdullah, S.K. (2011). Association of

Entomopathogenic and other opportunistic fungi with insects in dormant

locations. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences 4(2) 87-92

37

SIV-3c

Comparative pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana, Clonostachys

rosea, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Lecanicillium lecanii to

adult,alfalfa weevil Hypera postica Gyllenhal

(Coleoptera:Curculionidae)

Rebwar Ahmed Mustafa, Lazgeen Haji Assaf, and Samir Khalaf Abdullah

Abstract

Alfalfa weevil Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) is a

destructive pest on alfalfa Medicago sativa L. Pathoginicity test with conidial

suspension of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium

anisopliae, Lecanicillium lecanii and Clonostachys rosea isolates had a significant

effect on Hypera postica adults and the mortality percentage caused by them

significantly differed from the control treatment. Isolates of Beauveria bassiana ,

Metarhizium anisopliae, and Lecanicillium lecanii were the most effective species

on adults, in contrast with the isolates of Clonostachys rosea which they had a

slow effect on adult and recorded the lowest mortality percentage.

Keywords: Entomopathogenic fungi, alfalfa weevil,pathogenicity.

Infection of adult of alfalfa weevil by entomopathogenic fungi: Beauveria

bassiana

38

Results and discussion The results in Table (1) showed that there were significant differences among

the fungi effect on adults mortality percentage. M. anisopliae Am2 and B. bassiana

Ab1 recorded the highest mortality percentage after two days of treatment which

reached 66.667% and 66.667% respectively, followed by B. bassiana Fb1and M.

anisopliae Pm1 which recorded 53.333% and 46.667% respectively and did not

differ significantly from mortality percentage that caused by C. rosea Bc1 as

43.333 % after the same period. Also the results showed that M. anisopliae Am2,

M. anisopliae Pm1, and B. bassiana Ab1 recorded the highest mortality percentage

after 4 days of treatment which reached 100% for the three fungi mentioned, in

spite of that it did not differ significantly from the mortality caused by B. bassiana

Fb1as 90.00 %. The lowest mortality percentage was recorded when the adult

treated with C. rosea Bc2 and C. rosea Fc2 suspension after the same period (4

days) as 66.67 % and 40.00% respectively and significantly differed from the

mortality caused by control treatment 0.00 %.

The mortality percentage of adults treated with L. lecanii Pl2 conidia suspension

after 6 days of treatment, reached 100%, in contrast with the C. rosea Fc2 and C.

rosea Bc1 which they had a slow effect on adults and recorded the lowest mortality

percentage as 55.172% and 89.655 % and 58.620% and 96.55% after 6, 8 days

respectively.

These results indicated that the conidial suspension of fungi used have a significant

effect on H. postica adults (Fig. 1) and the mortality percentage caused by them

significantly differed from that of control treatment(Table 1). Also we showed that

M. anisopliae Am2 and M. anisopliae Pm1 and B. bassiana Ab1 were the most

effective species on adults.

Burdeos and Villacarlos [5] stated that M. anisopliae was more pathogenic to

sweet potato weevil Cylas fornicarius F. than B. bassiana and Paecilomyces

lilacinus under laboratory conditions. Moino et al. [6] mentioned that the infection

process varies among the fungi and added that penetration, colonization and

sporulation occurs faster with M. anisopliae (Metsch.) than with B. bassiana,

resulting in the earlier death of hosts infected with the former fungus.

The entomopathogenic fungi M. anisopliae process a chitinolytic syste, which is

believed to have a role in the digestion of insect's cuticle during the development

of diseases [7]. The results also agreed with Shams et al., [8] who mentioned that

the mortality percentage for adult C. maculatus after (3-5-7 and 9 days) of

treatment with B. bassiana was 50%. Kram [9] mentioned that nut-leaf weevil

Strophosoma melangrammum (Forster) infected with entomopathogenic fungi

began to die (2-11 days) after inoculation with Metarhizium spp and B. bassiana

39

isolates. The two species found to be highly virulent with mortalities of 93-91%

respectively.

Infection of adult of alfalfa weevil by entomopathogenic fungi

Metarhizium anisopliae

Infection of adult of alfalfa weevil by entomopathogenic fungi Lecanicillium

lecanii

40

Reference:

Mustafa,R.A.,Assaf,L.H and Abdullah ,S.K.(2014). Comparative

Pathoginicity of Beauveria bassiana, Clonostachys rosea, Metarhizium

anisopliae, and Lecanicillium lecanii toadult, alfalfa weevil Hypera postica

Gyllenhal(Coleoptera:Curculionidae). 3rd International Conference on

Applied Life Sciences (ICALS2014) Bangi, Malaysia, September 18-

20,2014.

41

SIV-3d

Isolation of Entomopathogenic and Opportunistic Fungi from Soil

in Duhok Province,Kurdistan Region of Iraq by Different

Selective Isolation Media

Samir Khalaf Abdullah; Rebwar Ahmed and Mustafa Lazgeen Haji Assaf

Abstract

Soil is a natural habitat for several important insect pathogenic fungi which play a

key role in regulating populations of soil dwelling insect pests. Forty soil samples

were collected during 2012-2013 from different agroecosystems at Duhok

governorate were screened for the presence of soil dwelling entomopathogenic

fungi using four different selective isolation media. The four isolation media

were prepared by modifying previously prepared DOC2 medium and a selective

medium based on the use of Cetyletrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) with

oatmeal agar (OT) as a basal medium. The percentage occurrence of fungi and

number of detected species was significantly affected by the type of isolation

medium. The least number of recovered species (5 species) was on DOC2 medium,

whereas, the highest number (14 species) was displayed by CTAB+OT medium.

The two true entomopathogenic species Lecanicillium lecanii and Metarhizium

anisopliae were successfully recovered only with our new formula by combination

of DOC2+CTAB and OT+CTAB media, whereas, DOC2 and DOC2+OT media

failed to recover the two species. This result indicated that addition of CTAB to

media was a vital factor for the recovery of the two entomopathogenic species. L.

lecanii and Metarhizium anisopliae have been recorded for the first time from Iraqi

soil. Several other opportunistic pathogens were also detected. These include

Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Clonostachys rosea and Fusarium

species. The distribution of entomopathogenic and opportunistic fungi is discussed

in relation to different agro ecosystems and to some physical and chemical

characteristics of soil samples.

Key words: Entomopathogenic fungi, soil, Iraq.

42

األوساط الغذائية اإلنتخابية المستعملة لعزل الفطريات المتطفلة على الحشرات

Results and discussion

Table (2) showed the evaluation of four different media for isolation of

entomopathogenic and opportunistic fungi from soil. The various media were

prepared by the modifying previously prepared DOC2 media (Shimazu and Sato,

1996) and a selective medium based on the use of cetyle tri methyl ammonium

bromide (CTAB) as introduced by Posados et al., (2012).

The result of the present study showed that we were able to isolate native strains of

entomopathogenic fungi from soil in Duhok province, Kurdistan region of Iraq.

The percentage of occurrence and number of detected species was significantly

affected by isolation medium. The least number of recovered species (5 species)

was on DOC2 medium, followed by DOC2 +OT medium (9 species) (Table 2).

The two true entomopathogenic species Leccacillium lecanii and Metarhizium

anisopliae successfully recovered only with DOC2 +CTAB and OT + CTAB

media, whereas, DOC2 alone and DOC2 + OT medium failed to recover the two

species. This result indicated that addition of CTAB to media was vital factor for

the recovery of the two entomopathogenic fungi. Our result supported the finding

of Posados et al. (2012) who found that OT medium amended with 0.6 g/L CTAB

allows the recovery of M. anisopliae and other entomopathogenic fungi. However,

in our study, B. bassian was not detected by any of those four media.

43

Our new formula by combination of CTAB (0.6g/L) with the previously described

DOC2 medium resulted in the detection of the two entomopathogenic species L.

leccanii and M. anisopliae.The two media also showed a selective recovery for

several opportunistic entomopathogenic fungi. These include Alternaria alternata,

Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus parasiticus, Clonostachys rosea,

Fusarium spp.,

Mocur spp., Penicillium spp. and Trichoderma spp.

Clonastachys rosea and Fusarium spp., the two well known opportunistic

entomopathogens were detected by all media used. C. rosea has been reported to

be pathogenic to Oncometopia tucumana and Sonesimia grossa (Hemiptera:

Cidadelidae) (Toledo et al., 2006).

The genus Fusarium showed high percentage of occurrence varying between 75.0 -

100 % and was detected by all media. Several species in Fusarium have been

reported as weak to virulent insect pathogens (Claydon and Grove, 1984; Ali-

Shtayeh et al., 2002; Ameen, 2012).

Data on the distribution of entomopathogenic and opportunistic fungi in soil in

different agroecosystems are presented in Table (3). Metarhizium anisopliae was

isolated from soil in alfalfa, onion and berry fields. This result agreed with reports

by several authors that M. anisopliae preferred cultivated soils (Mietkiewski et al.,

1991; Rath et al., 1992; Vanninen, 1996; Bidochka et al. 1998). None of the true

entomopathogenic fungi were detected from soils in, fig, walnut and roses fields.

However, the true entomopathogen, either alone or both were detected from soil in

fields of alfalfa, pine forest and pear. L. leccanii was isolated from soils under fruit

trees and pine forest. Several studies indicated that permanent habitats support

more diverse and stable insect communities. Plough the cultivated soils may also

prevent the buildup of high population of insect pathogens by disrupting infection

foci, exposing pathogen to adverse environmental conditions on the surface of soil

or by burying them away from potential hosts (Chandler et al.,1998).

44

النسب المئوية لتكشف الفطريات من التربة بإستعمال أربع أوساط غذائية إنتخابية

Reference:

Abdullah,S.K., Mustafa,R.A.and Assaf,L.H (2015).Isolation of

entomopathogenic and opportunistic fungi from soil in Duhok

province,Kurdistan Region of Iraq by different selective isolation media.

Journal of Biology,Agriculture and Healthcare 5(4):73-79.

45

Coprophilous Fungi in Iraq . SIV-4

Arnium arizonense . الفطر الكيسي SIV-4a

46

الموسوعة العربية ألمراض النبات والفطريات

الذي Arnium arizonense (Griffiths) N. Lundq. & J. C. Krug 1972 ينتمي الفطر الكيسي

ة من منطقة سلمان باك/ وسط العراق ، للعائلة الكيسي (Coprophilous Fungi)عزل من روث األغنام

Lasiosphaeriaceae ضمن الرتبة ،Sordariales،الكيسي الصف و Sordariomycetes أحد صفوف ،

بينها النوع الحالي ذكرت نوع من 34ضمن مملكة الفطريات. يضم الجنس Ascomycotaالقبيلة الكيسية

. Index Fungorumفي المصنف

وفيها األجسام الثمرية والشعيرات الموجودة على جدران األجسام Arnium arizonenseتراكيب الفطر

والكيس البوغي والبوغ الكيسي ذو الزوائد الطرفية

47

تبدأ من األجسام الثمرية ذات Arniumومن الجدير بالذكر بان المواصفات الرئيسية لفطريات الجنس

جزئيا بكتلة من الغزل الفطري ه، مغمور(µm)ميكروميتر 600 -350وتتراوح أقطارها الكمثري الشكل

(Mycelium) ، 500، وقد يصل طول عنق الجسم الثمري بشعيرات فطرية اةمغط سطوحهاكون توقد

وهي النازلة من العنق Periphysesالخيوط العقيمة ن من ميكروميتر. يوجد داخل الجسم الثمري نوعي

- 200األكياس البوغية . تتراوح أبعاد (Asci)التي تتواجد بين األكياس البوغية Paraphysesو لألسفل

300 X 32 -44 ميكروميتر عندما يكتمل نضج 75وقد يصل قطر أو عرض الكيس إلى ،ميكروميتر

ألبواغ الكيسية إسطوانية إلى هراوية الشكل مع نهاية مستدقة عند حواملها أو األبواغ الكيسية. تكون أشكال ا

لون بني ذات ميكروميتر ، X 18-24 40-31وتكون نهاياتها مدورة . تبلغ أبعاد األبواغ الكيسية سيقانها

. ومن وتكون في أحد طرفي البوغ (Germ pore)بفتحة إنبات كل منها غامق ، ناعمة ، غير مقسمة مزودة

الزوائد الجيالتينية المتصلة تعتبرالجدير بالذكر بأن الطور الالجنسي ألفراد الجنس المذكور لم يعرف بعد.

باألبواغ الكيسية البنية أحد الصفات المميزة ألفراد الجنس . يكثر عزل أنواع الجنس من مخلفات حظائر

. الخيول بشكل رئيسي

48

.SIV-4bالفطر الكيسي Coprotus duplus

49

بوغ كيسي مع خيوط عقيمة 16وفيها كيس بوغي وفيه Coprotus duplusمخططات لتراكيب الفطر

متفرعة ومخطط لشكل البوغ الكيسي

الموسوعة العربية ألمراض النبات والفطريات

المعزول من روث أبقار Coprotus duplus Kimbr., Luck-Allen & Cain 1972ينتمي الفطر

(Coprophilous Fungi) من منطقة واقعة في مدينة الديوانية / وسط العراق، للجنس الكيسيCoprotus

Korf & Kimbr. 1967 ضمن العائلة الكيسية ،Thelebolaceae كما وجد في المصنفIndex

Fungorum والرتبةThelebolales والصف الكيسي ،Leotiomycetes أحد صفوف القبيلة الكيسية ،

ألن Pezizalesجنس الفطر الحالي ضمن الرتبة Mycobankوضع المصنف في مملكة الفطريات.

نوعا من ضمنها الفطر 30مايقارب Coprotusيضم الجنس . (Incertae sedis)عائلته غير مؤكدة

الحالي.

50

Coprotusأجسام ثمرية ,الكياس بوغية ألحد فطريات الجنس الكيسي

51

Delitschia winteri الفطر الكيسي.SIV-4c

52

Delitschia winteri مخططات تراكيب الفطر

الموسوعة العربية ألمراض النبات والفطريات

الذي Delitschia winteri (W. Phillips & Plowr.) Sacc. 1882 ينتمي الفطر الكيسي

، ضمن Delitschia Auersw. 1866، للجنس الكيسي (Coprophilous Fungi)عزل من روث الخيل

Mycobankولكن المصنف ، Index Fungorumإستنادا للمصنف ، Delitschiaceaeالعائلة الكيسية

، إحدى Pleosporalesوكالهما ينتميات للرتبة الكيسية Sporormiaceaeقد وضع الجنس ضمن العائلة

ضمن القبيلة الكيسية في مملكة الفطريات. Dothideomycetesرتب الصف الكيسي

Delitschia winteri أجسام ثمرية معنقة وأبواغ كيسية للفطر

53

SIV-4d . الفطر الكيسي الجديد

Iodophanus basraneous Abdullah, Ismail & S. S. Rattan 1977

Iodophanus basraneousاألكياس البوغية واألبواغ الكيسية للفطر الجديد

في (Coprophilous Fungi)أسفرت دراسة مسحية عن الفطريات المصاحبة لروث الحيوانات

مناطق مختلفة من العراق ، عزل سبعة أنواع ستة منها تعزل ألول مرة في العراق ونوع واحد أعتبر نوعا

Iodophanusسجل تحت إسم: Iodophanusأضيف ألنواع الجنس الكيسي (.sp. nov)جديدا

54

basraneous Abdullah, Ismail & S. S. Rattan,1977 . توصف تراكيب الفطر الجديد

غالبا ما يكون مغمور في الوسط المتواجد و، من النوع الجالس ، (Ascocarp)بأن الجسم الثمري الكيسي

وجدت في أحد مناطق البصرة (Sheep dung)غنام أفيه أو شبه مغمور، عزل الفطر من تحضين روث

ميكروميتر 450-250. تتراوح أقطار الجسم الثمري (basraneous)ومنه أشتق إسم النوع جنوب العراق

(µm) بلون أصفر ، قرصي عند النضوج ، ناعم الجدران ، كروي الشكل عندما يكون حديثا ثم يصبح

الثمري األكياس البوغية . يوجد داخل الجسم (Ochre-yellow)شاحب إلى أصفر مائل للرصاصي

(Asci) بأشكال هراوية أو إسطوانية(Clavate-Cylindrical Asci) 140-125بأبعاد X 30

(nonamyloid)غير متفرعة وال تتصبغ بالصبغة الزرقاء (Paraphysis)ميكروميتر ، وخيوط عقيمة

ميكروميتر ، شبه X 14 20-18. تتراوح ابعاد األبواغ الكيسية s reagent’Melzerعند إستعمال محلول

. (nonamyloid Ascospores)ر أيضا ومال المحلول المذكشفافة والتتصبغ عند إستع

الموسوعة العربية ألمراض النبات والفطريات

بأنه نوع جديد أضيف ألنواع الجنس الكيسي Iodophanus basraneous الكيسي يصنف الفطر

Iodophanus Korf 1967 الذي ينتمي للعائلة الكيسيةPezizaceae ضمن الرتبة الكيسية ،

Pezizales والصف ،Pezizomycetesات، أحد صفوف القبيلة الكيسية في مملكة الفطري) Fungi

(Ascomycota / وفقا للمصنفIndex Fungorum ينضوي تحت الجنس األنواع التالية وبضمنها .

وكما يلي: *النوع العراقي

*Iodophanus basraneous Abdullah, Ismail & S. S. Rattan 1977; Iodophanus

bermudensis (Pers.) Kimbr. & Korf 1967; Type Species: Iodophanus

carneus (Pers.) Korf 1967; Iodophanus carneus var. carneus (Pers.) Korf 1967;

Iodophanus carneus var. sublividus (Pers.) Korf 1977; Iodophanus

crustaceus (Starbäck) Kimbr. 1969; Iodophanus crystallinus Kimbr. 1970;

Iodophanus difformis (P. Karst.) Kimbr., Luck-Allen & Cain 1969; Iodophanus

durbanensis (Van der Byl) Kimbr., Luck-Allen & Cain 1969; Iodophanus

granulipolaris Kimbr. 1969; Iodophanus helotinus Cain 1969; Iodophanus

hyperboreus T. Schumach. 1992; Iodophanus kimbroughii K. S. Thind & S. C.

Kaushal 1979; Iodophanus magniverrucosus Aas 1992; Iodophanus

sarcobius (Boud.) Kimbr. 1969; Iodophanus subgranulatus (Berk. & M. A. Curtis)

Pfister 1979; Iodophanus testaceus (Moug.) Korf 1967; Iodophanus venezuelensis

Jeng & J. C. Krug 1978; Iodophanus verrucosporus (P.W. Graff) Kimbr., Luck-

Allen & Cain 1969.

Reference:

Abdullah, S.K., Ismail, A.L.S. and Rattan, S.S. (1976). New or interesting

coprophilous fungi from Iraq. Nova Hedwigia 28, 241-250.

55

Iodophanusتراكيب أحد أنواع الجنس الكيسي

56

New and Interesting Coprophilous Fungi from Iraq

Podospora inaequalis الفطر الكيسي .SIV-4e

57

وفيها الجسم الثمري القاروري Podspora inaequalisمخططات لتراكيب الفطر الكيسي

(Perithecium) (21)وأبواغ كيسية مع الزوائد (20)والعنق (19)وأجزاء من جدار الجسم الثمري

المسوعة العربية ألمراض النبات والفطريات

المعزول من روث اغنام في Podospora inaequalis (Cain) Cain 1962ينتمي الفطر الكيسي

، ضمن العائلة الكيسية Podospora Ces. 1856منطقة الشيب / الديوانية وسط العراق للجنس الكيسي

Lasiosphaeriaceae والرتبة ،Sordariales في الصف الكيسي ،Sordariomycetesفوف ، أحد ص

بضمنها الفطر الحالي. نوع 190القبيلة الكيسية في مملكة الفطريات . يضم الجنس مايقارب

58

Podosporaتراكيب أحد أنواع الجنس

59

Preussia fleischhakii . الفطر الكيسي SIV-4f

وفيها البوغ الكيسي المفصص والكيس Preussia fleischhakii مخططات لتراكيب الفطر

Peridium Angular)ابواغ كيسية وخاليا زاوية لغشاء الجسم الثمري 8البوغي مع

Cells)

60

الموسوعة العربية ألمراض النبات والفطريات

الذي عزل من روث Preussia fleischhakii (Auersw.) Cain 1961ينتمي الفطر الكيسي

,Preussia Fuckelفي منطقة سلمان باك في وسط العراق ، للجنس (Coprophilous Fungi)أغنام

، إحدى رتب الصف الكيسي Pleosporales، والرتبة Sporormiaceae ةالكيسي ة، ضمن العائل1867

Dothideomycetes مملكة الفطريات. يضم الجنس في القبيلة الكيسية ضمنPreussia 80مايقارب

. Index Fungorumنوعا بضمنها الفطر الحالي أقرت في المصنف

61

Preussia fleischhakiiاألبواغ الكيسية للفطر

62

Preussia typharum SIV-4g الفطر الكيسي .

63

وفيها الكيس البوغ وبداخله ثمانية أبواغ رباعية الخاليا Preussia typharumمخططات لتراكيب الفطر

)تفصص( مع خاليا زاوية لجدار الجسم الثمري.

الموسوعة العربية ألمراض النبات والفطريات

الذي عزل من روث Preussia typharum (Sacc.) Cain 1961ينتمي الفطر الكيسي

,Preussia Fuckelفي منطقة سلمان باك في وسط العراق ، للجنس (Coprophilous Fungi)أغنام

، إحدى رتب الصف الكيسي Pleosporales، والرتبة Sporormiaceae ةالكيسي ة، ضمن العائل1867

Dothideomycetes في القبيلة الكيسية ضمن مملكة الفطريات. يضم الجنسPreussia نوعا 80مايقارب

. Index Fungorumبضمنها الفطر الحالي أقرت في المصنف

64

Preussia typharumتراكيب الفطر

65

Rhytidospora cainii SIV-4h. الفطر الكيسي

Ascospores of Rhytidospora cainii

66

الموسوعة العربية ألمراض النبات والفطريات

& Rhytidospora Jengللجنس Rhytidospora cainii Guarro 1983ينتمي الفطر الكيسي

Cain 1977 ضمن العائلة الكيسية ،Ceratostomataceae والرتبة ،Melanosporales كما في

عائلة الفطر ضمن الرتبة الكيسية Mycobank، بينما وضع المصنف Index Fungorumالمصنف

Hypocreales وكال الرتبتين ضمن الصف الكيسيSordariomycetes أحد صفوف القبيلة الكيسية ،

Ascomycota في مملكة الفطريات . توجد أربعة أنواع أخرى ضمن الجنسRhytidospora :وهي

.Rhytidospora bispora J. C. Krug & Jeng 1979; Rhytidospora citriformis Valldosل

& Guarro 1994; Rhytidospora inordinata (Malloch & Cain) J. C. Krug & Jeng

1979; Rhytidospora tetraspora Jeng & Cain 1977.

األربعة وأحد وفيها األكياس البوغية ذات األبواغ Rhytidospora cainiiتراكيب الفطر الكيسي

الشعيرات التي تتواجد على غالف الجسم الثمري

Reference:

Abdullah, S.K. Al-Saadoon, A.H. and Guarro, J. (1999). New and Interesting

Coprophilous ascomycetes from Iraq. Nova Hedwigia 69: 211-216.

67

Strattonia dissimilis الفطرالكيسي .SIV-4i

Top of ascus with imature ascospores , Mature ascospore& lower part of

ascospore (Strattonia dissimilis)

Reference:

Abdullah, S.K. Al-Saadoon, A.H. and Guarro, J. (1999). New and Interesting

Coprophilous ascomycetes from Iraq. Nova Hedwigia 69: 211-216.

68

Ascomata scattered, semi-immersed, pyriform to obpyriform, 1100-1250 X 520-

750 mµ; neck cylindrical, papillate, 300-340 X 300-325 mµ, black; Peridium

membranaceous, semitransparent, brown. Paraphysis filiform, septate,4-4.5 mµ.

wide.

الموسوعة العربية ألمراض النبات والفطريات

الذي عزل من Strattonia dissimilis Barrasa, Soláns & G. Moreno 1985ينتمي الفطر الكيسي

Coprophilous)روث أغنام في منطقة بدرة /الكوت )وسط العراق( ألحد أجناس فطريات روث الحيوانات

Fungi) Strattonia Cif. 1954 ضمن العائلة الكيسية ،Lasiosphaeriaceae تبة ، والر

Sordariales في الصف الكيسي ،Sordariomycetes.أحد صفوف القبيلة الكيسية في مملكة الفطريات ،

من ضمنها النوع Index Fungorumذكرت في المصنف على عشرة أنواع Strattoniaيحوي الجنس

الحالي وكما يلي :

Strattonia borealis N. Lundq. 1972; Strattonia carbonaria (W. Phillips & Plowr.)

N. Lundq. 1972; Strattonia dissimilis Barrasa, Soláns & G. Moreno 1985;

Strattonia grandis A.E. Bell & Mahoney 2005; Strattonia insignis (E. C. Hansen)

N. Lundq. 1972; Strattonia karachiensis S. I. Ahmed & Asad 1968; Strattonia

mesopotamica Abdullah 1983; Strattonia minor N. Lundq. 1972; Strattonia

oblecythiformis A.E. Bell & Mahoney 2005; Strattonia tetraspora (R. Stratton)

Cif. 1954.

69

References:

Abdullah, S.K. (1983). New and noteworthy ascomycetes from Iraq. Trans.

Brit. Mycol. Soc., 81, 392-395.

Abdullah, S.K. ; Al-Saadoon, A.H. and Guarro, J. (1999). New and Interesting

Coprophilous ascomycetes from Iraq. Nova Hedwigia, 69: 211-216.

Abdullah, S.K. Al-Saadoon, A.H. and Guarro, J. (1999). New and Interesting

Coprophilous ascomycetes from Iraq. Nova Hedwigia, 69: 211-216.

Abdullah, S.K. and Al-Mousawi, K.A. (2006) Diversity of fungal species

associated with Maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars grown in Iraq. Proc.12th

Cong. Medit.Phytopath.Union. Rhodes, Greece.69-72.

Abdullah, S.K. and Atroshi, H.I.M (2016) Mycobiont associated with grains of soft

wheat (Triticum aestivm L.) cultivars grown in Duhok Province, Kurdistan Region,

Iraq. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 12(1):91-104.

Abdullah, S.K. and Kadhum, S.A. (1987). Seed mycoflora of Sorghum bicolor

in Iraq. Arab. Gulf. J. Sci. Res., 5: 401-410.

Abdullah, S.K., Ismail, A.L.S. and Rattan, S.S. (1976). New or interesting

coprophilous fungi from Iraq. Nova Hedwigia, 28:241-250.

Abdullah, S.K.and Al-Mousawi,K.A.(2010) Fungi associated with sunflower

(Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars grown in Iraq. Phytopathologia 57: 11-20.

Abdullah,S.K and Atroshi,H.M.(2014).New records of fungi on wheat grains

from Iraq. J.Univ. Zakho.2A(2):37-46.

Abdullah,S.K and Atroshi,H.M.(2016). Mycobiota associated with grains of

soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars grown in Duhok

Province,Kurdistan Region,Iraq. Journal of Agricultural Technology,

12(1):91-104.

Abdullah,S.K and Mohamed Amin,M.K.(2009). Occurrence of insect-

associated fungi in cultivated soils in Basrah-Iraq ,Pagee 222-227 In:

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Proc.1st.Sci.Conf.Biol.Sci. Section Zoology.Mosul University,22-23

April,2009.

Abdullah, S.K.; Mustafa,R.A. and Assaf, L.H (2015).Isolation of

entomopathogenic and opportunistic fungi from soil in Duhok

province,Kurdistan Region of Iraq by different selective isolation media.

Journal of Biology,Agriculture and Healthcare 5(4):73-79.

Abdullah,S.K.; Mustafa,R.A.and Assaf,L.H (2015).Isolation of

entomopathogenic and opportunistic fungi from soil in Duhok

Province,Kurdistan Region of Iraq by different selective isolation media.

Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 5(4):73-79.

Assaf, L.H.; Haleem, R.A. and Abdullah, S.K. (2011). Association of

Entomopathogenic and other opportunistic fungi with insects in dormant

locations. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences 4(2) 87-92 .

Atroshi, H. H. and Abdullah,S.K. (2016). Evaluation of different methods for

detection of seed-borne fungi on local wheat cultivars from Duhok

province,Kurdistan Region,Iraq. J.Univ.Duhok, 19(1):578-584.

Mustafa,R.A.; Assaf, L.H and Abdullah ,S.K.(2014). Comparative

Pathoginicity of Beauveria bassiana, Clonostachys rosea, Metarhizium

anisopliae, and Lecanicillium lecanii toadult, alfalfa weevil Hypera postica

Gyllenhal(Coleoptera:Curculionidae). 3rd International Conference on

Applied Life Sciences (ICALS2014) Bangi, Malaysia, September 18-20,2014.

The Dictionary of Fungi, 10th edition, 2008. By P.M.Kirk, P.F. Cannon, D.W.

Minter & J.A. Stapers.

The Index Fungorum database by Royal Botanic Gardens Kew,a UK non-

Departmental public body.

Www. Indexfungorum.org/Genera of Fungi

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