Arabic Ontology Using Different Ontology Learning Techniques

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Mostafa Aref, Safia Abass, Dalia Sayed

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Outline

• Motivation

• Problem definition

• Objective

• Ontology Development Life cycle

• ARABIC LANGUAGE AND SEMANTIC WEB RESEARCH

• ARABIC ONTOLOGY RELATED WORK

• Conclusion

• Reference

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Why Arabic Languageإال • شخص، مليون مائتي يفوق العربية باللغة المتحدثين عدد أن من الرغم على

جدا قليلة الحاسوبية العربية اللغوية المصادر إنتاج في المبذولة الجهود .أن

أجنبية، • للغات إنما العربية، للغة األصل في تصمم لم الموجودة الجهود أغلب إن. فهيولذا العربي المجتمع احتياجات لسد كافية ليست

البيانات • تبادل إلى ليس ماسة حاجة األنظمة بين السهل واالتصال االنترنت َخCلق( البيانات هذه معاني حول اتفاق إلى أيضا بل تعتبر(. Data Semanticsفقط

على تحتوي حيث للبيانات الفعال و السليم للتبادل األساس الحجر األنطولوجياالتعريفات هذه وتكون تبادلها المراد للبيانات الداللي للمعنى دقيق تعريف

المنطق ) بالغة بل( Formal Logicمكتوبة وحسابها فهمها نظام أي يستطيع بحيثمنها واالستنتاج

فيها • تعتبر التي التطبيقات من الكثير األَخيرة العشر السنوات في ظهر لقدو اإللكترونية التجارة مثل األهمية بالغة البحث Bioinformaticsاألنطولوجيا و

التصنيفات من الكثير و البرمجيات وهندسة اإللكترونية والمكتبات واالسترجاعاألَخرى

أن • من التحقق تستوجب حيث شاقة عملية هي ما، أنطولوجيا بناء عملية إن( التطبيقات جميع على عام بشكل صحيحة المعرفة at the domainالمعاني

level).

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Motivation

• The Arabic ontology is a formal representation of the concepts that

the Arabic terms convey.

• For each term in the Arabic language, the set of its meanings (i.e.

Concepts) are identified, and semantic relationships (such as

subtype-of and part-of) between all concepts are introduced.

• For simplicity, the Arabic ontology is a tree of the meanings of the

Arabic terms. The Arabic ontology can be seen as an Arabic

WordNet; however its relationships are well-formalized, and glosses

follow strict formulation and ontological rules.

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Motivation

• Using the different languages in the study of Ontology can also be a challenge to the attempts of the Web designs.

.

• The availability of information related to the language that would be much preferable according to the user would be an increasing need of today.

• There is a strong need for Arabic language support since the ontology in English cannot be translated to Arabic.

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Problem Definition

• Arabic Language has a set of specialties made it difficult language and may obstruct the development of SW tools for it.

• Among these specialties, its complex morphological, grammatical, and semantic aspects since it is a highly inflectional and derivational language.

• Arabic is the official language of hundreds of millions of people in twenty Middle East and northern African countries.

• It is the religious language of all Muslims of various ethnicities around the world.

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Problem Definition

• Ontology is similar to a dictionary or glossary, but with greater detail and structure that enables computers to process its content by formalizing concepts and relations.

• There are a few types of ontologies which have different roles.

• Upper Ontologies are harder to design than domain ontologies in a certain respect they are generally both more granular and more macroscopic, and the concepts they define are more abstract and often epistemological in nature.  

• Ontologies provide structured descriptions of domain facts by representing a consensual agreement on the concepts and relations in that domain. 7

Objective

• The goal of this research is to discuss criteria for designing Ontology for Arabic language.

• It takes an engineering perspective on the development of ontologies in Arabic language.

• It investigates different types of the ontology development life cycle.

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Ontology development life cycle

• There are six parts in the life cycle in the development of ontology:

• Creation

• Population

• Validation

• Deployment

• Maintenance

• Evolution

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Ontology development life cycle

• The ontology learning process is useful for different reasons.• First, speeding the process of knowledge acquisition.

• Second, it make the time for the updating of an existent ontology less.

• Finally, it accelerates the whole process of ontology building.

• There are a few types of ontologies which have different roles. In some cases, discussion goes to a mess because of the ignorance of what type of ontology is under consideration.

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Arabic language and semantic web research• Arabic ontology is the foundation of the creation of Semantic

Web in Arabic language.

• Basic categorization of terminologies and meanings in a domain give the semantics.

• The interrelationship between one word to the other words that matches to its meaning can also result to the stems and branches of semantics.

• The goal of ontology learning is to automatically extract relevant concepts and relations from the given corpus or other kinds of data sets to form Ontology .

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Ontology in ecommerce domain

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Arabic ontology related workMANUALLY DEVELOPING ONTOLOGIES•The first and the most obvious way to build Ontology from "scratch", i.e. to define classes, relations instants and so on.

An Ontological Model for Representing Semantic Lexicons: •An Application on Time Nouns in the Holy Quran. Although Arabic is the language of over two hundred million speakers the achievements is very small in computational Arabic resources, especially lexicons. Most of what has been developed was originally taken for Roman languages, and is not fit very well for the Arabic community. In this research, they introduce a computational model for representing Arabic lexicons using ontologies. Al –Khalil: •The Arabic Linguistic Ontology Project. This paper presents a project to building an ontology which mainly for Arabic resources and applications. The core of this infrastructure is a linguistic ontology that is founded on Arabic Traditional Grammar. They reuse an existing ontology, namely the Gold linguistic ontology. They discuss the development of the ontology and present our vision for the whole project which aims at using this ontology for creating tools and resources for both linguists and NLP researchers.

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Arabic ontology related work• SEMI-AUTOMATIC DEVELOPING ONTOLOGIES

Ontology Learning from Textual Web Documents:• Aannotating web resources with proper semantic information affected by Domain ontology. The underlying assumption behind this work is that the noun phrases appearing in the headings of a document as well as the document’s hierarchical structure can be used to discover the concepts and is-a relations between them in the documents’ domain. In order to verify this assumption a methodology was proposed, and a system was implemented and applied on a set of Arabic agricultural extension documents. Arabic WordNet Current State and Future Extensions•AWN is a very famous free lexical resource for modern standard Arabic. It is basically based on the design and contents of Princeton WordNet (PWN) and also can be mapped onto PWN as well as a number of other wordnets, enabling translation on the lexical level to and from many other languages. It is also can be mapped to the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) provides opportunities to use the semantic side in some Arabic NLP applications. AWN presents challenges at the construction not encountered by established wordnets. 14

Arabic ontology related work

• AUTOMATIC DEVELOPING ONTOLOGIESAutomatic construction of ontology from Arabic texts

•This work proposes an approach of automatic construction of ontology using statistical techniques to extract elements from Arabic texts. They use two techniques; the first is the “repeated segment” to identify the relevant terms that denote the concepts associated with the domain and the second is the “co-occurrence” for linking the new concepts extracted to the ontology by hierarchical or nonhierarchical relations. They use Arabic corpus that formed and prepared in advance. They use statistical methods, since these methods do not require these types of annotated corpora and NLP1 analyzers (such as the lexical analyzer and parser).

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Conclusion• The increasing interest in Ontologies for many natural

language applications in the recent years has led to the creation of ontologies.

• These Ontologies are for different purposes and with different features systems. Also the recent work in Artificial Intelligence is exploring the use of formal ontologies.

• here are various studies conducted on Arabic language in Semantic Web. The propose of this studies is to improve the Arabic information retrieval on the web.

• The ontology development life cycle had many questions around it in the last few years. We have discussed some of these criteria’s and methods.

• This paper is part of an ongoing research to develop a frame work for building an Arabic ontology 16

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