arapovics mária - a közösség tanulása

7/27/2019 Arapovics Mária - A közösség tanulása

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$A"$ALM

1. BE&EE$ 7

2. A CI&IL $@"#ADALM # !EDAGGIAI A#!EK$%#AI 112.1. A CPCF N_LMFIG @IFGC GEdTFbNaMC 11

2.1.1. AT cEILC SdELE 122.1.2. A EFMMTCEOM EIL 122.1.3. A . MT_TC CPCF IHIFNIE 132.1.4. A CPCF N_LMFIG @IFG_HE LHMT_HMT 15

2.2. A JIF_L, T _FFGJIF_L, T OHCcM JIF_L 172.3. A N_LMFGC NjE m NjEaPa EIHPLN_FNc EJMIFNIE 182.4. A CPCF ENCPCN_M T_HEH 23

2.5. A N_LMFGC NjE @DFMTNaMaHE FNjMa m GIELNCEOM_FFGJIF_LM_L EaJTaM 25

2.6. \HEaHNMMa SLILMT_IH 26

3. A BLDG%L@# $ JA: A $%D@# FL'AMA$# B&$#E 273.1. FjTGaHSE 27

3.1.1. AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M @CFITc@C_D EOFNeL_HEH 273.1.2. A @FHjNNEILC NHOF_M HaJMTLlPa P_F_M 303.1.3. AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc IENN_M SdELC 313.1.4. ]D CGHTCc NHOF_MH: GLC IIE SNGM SCFNEITN 31

3.1.5. GTNEdTC @FHjNNEaJTaMC EIH@LHC_E 323.2. AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M @IFG T IENN_MfS EdTaJJIHND_H 363.3.1. AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M EIHJCc eDL@IFGT_M 363.3.2. AT . GTNEdTC #FHjNNIENN_MC CF_EIH@LHC, GOL 37

3.4. AT eD JLCG 383.4.1. A FCMMTIHC MNLNaC 383.4.2. aL@dFEj @FHjNNEaJTaMH:

GILHOG T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_MLc 393.4.3. A EOFMEIGJNHC_E 423.4.4. AT OLcJC EaJMbNaMC ELNLHMTL 43

3.4.5. AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M JLCG_D 443.5. HOF_M YFNH _ m SLILMT_ T TL@ILOFcH 463.5.1. A SL dTN_LMM_ ILG_HS_HE MNLNaC_D

T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_MLcF 473.5.2. AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M aF- aM @FNLHMTL

SLILMT_IH 483.5.3. Y: HOF_M aFNH _N 493.5.4. HHC_E @FHjNNEaJTaMH 51



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4. A NN!"FI$ #EK$" 534.1. A HIHJLI@CN MTENIL @IFG 534.2. A @CHbCcFEIN_M @IFSGN aM HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE CMGaLPC 54

4.3. IHJLI@CN FGaFNE 574.4. GTNEdTC EdLEaJ T TLPaC HIHJLI@CN MTENILLcF 614.4.1. A MTENILL_ P_F_M 624.4.2. A HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE @j NPaEHSMa 634.4.3. A MTENIL GLjMdaM 644.4.4. A DcFaNC MTIF_FNN_MIE aM T IENN_M IGCHHC_D 65

4.5. A qFI_FCM SMfFNC @ILLFIGp 674.6. A GSLILMT_C HIHJLI@CN MTENIL _FNF_HIM MNNCMTNCEC GONNcC 71

4.6.1. A MNNCMTNCEC CMGaLPE 724.6.2. A TC MTENIL @DFjaM 73

4.6.3. A MTLPTNE MT_G, DIC @ILG_D aM NPaEHSMa 734.6.4. A MTLPTNE PaNF aM NLfFNC GIMTF_M 754.6.5. A CPCF EOL_TMC FJD: OG_HLj@ILL_M 76

5. EG'N # $@"#ADALM 795.1. $TM_C aLEE: NHOF_M TM_NH 795.2. SaH aM EdTdMMa: EdTdMMaC GlPFjaM OLcJ_H,

NHOF_M CPCF MTLPTNEH 835.2.1. FOIE 835.2.2. MTCHcE 83

5.2.3. TEjGlPM J_IFSIE 845.2.4. FPMcEdLdE 855.2.5. Pa/MEHCH_P NHOFcEdLdE 865.2.6. OIG_HSIM CMGLNNLDMTNaM, MTSNGE,

LGCE EIL SNGC 875.2.7. aJ@jCMEIF_E 885.2.8. _H NLGFjCMEIF_E 91

5.3. A NJMTNFNC NHOF_M aM T dHEaHNM GOHE 925.4. PFaMFGaFNC MJENOMIE 935.5. A EdTdMMaC MTCGIFCE aM NHOF_M 96

6. DELFI K%$A$@# Q FELN$$K!K A K##GI $AN%L@#"L 996.1. A F@C GcMTL 99

6.1.1. A F@C GcMTL FHPTaM 1006.1.2. A F@C GcMTL LN 1006.1.3. A F@C GcMTL GHN aM PLC_HMC 1026.1.4. A F@C FD_L_M @FHjNNEaJTaMH 103

6.2. AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_MaM CPCF MTENIL EJMIFN_N PCTM_Fc EONN_M FjTGaHSC 1036.2.1. ONN_M EdTPNFH FjTGaHS 1036.2.2. A F@C EONN_M aFD aM EaLaMC 104



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6.3. F@C EONN_M CPCF MTLPTNEH GPFcMOFc CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_MLcF 1046.3.1. A EONN_M GcMTLC 1046.3.2. A LaMTNPPjE HaPMIL 105

6.3.3. A EONN_M GHN 1056.4. #j EdPNETNNaME, DPMFNIE 1066.4.1. TEaLNjC PaFGaHSE T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_MLcF 1066.4.2. A CPCF MTLPTNE EdTdMMaC NHOF_M GPFcMbNcC 1086.4.3. A CPCFE @FNC 1106.4.4. A MTfEMaM CHNaTEaME, SfNNGlEdaME 110

6.5. TEEaJTaMC JLILGIE 1116.6. A EONN_M dMMT@IFF_M 111

7. A K##G $AN%L@#A 113

7.1. AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M JLILGD EONN_M NfELaH 1137.2. A EdTdMMaC NHOF_M 1147.3. A CPCF-HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE MTLJ @FHjNNE NHOF_M_H 1157.4. A @FHjNNE CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_M aM CPCF MTLPTNE 1177.5. A EONN_M LGaHSC FaNTj CPCF-HIHJLI@CN MTEEaJTaMC JLILGIE

NLNFGC GeDbN_M_HE MTIF_FN_H 1177.5.1. A EdTdMMaC-CPCF MTLPTj @FMj@IEe MTEEaJMbNaMC JLILG 1187.5.2. IHJLI@CN GHTML aM HIHJLI@CN fSCHNaTj JLILG 120

I"DALM 123



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2. A CI&IL $@"#ADALM# !EDAGGIAI A#!EK$%#AI

A CPCF N_LMFIG TM_C, JIFCNCEC, CIFcCC aM GIL_FCM GEdTFbNaME dMMTMMaaN@IFFD G_H. A JIFCNIFcCC, @CFITc@CC, MTICIFcCC GEdTFbNaMC NdHSCL T

_FFGGF PFc PCMTIHSLHMTLH aLNFGTCE aM FGTCE T SaH aM N_LMFIG PCMTIHS_N. AT MTGNdLNaHNC dMMT@IFFcE CPCF N_LMFGN, HHE OLcJC P_FNIT_M_N HS NdLNaHNCEILMTEIEL IHNP DFFGTCE dLd GIEL_C_NcF ETP HJDCHE FI_FCM DFHaC(ALNI-IH 1988, FCGH 1992, 1997, AFRHL 1998, H 2004). AT F_CEHEFMMTCEOM MTLTjE, T GFbNNN aLNFGTj dMMTTj GOHE_E, PFGCHN TC dMMT@IFFcE

(ONC 1998, IHILIMC 1998, BLNF 2004, PFOME 1999 aM 2006) FJD_H EbMaLFG GGONNHC CPCF N_LMFIG P_FNIT_M_N aM aLNFGTaMaN.

A EFN-OLcJC P_FNIT_MIE EbMaLNaH eDD_MTfFNNN CPCF N_LMFIG @IFG_HEPCN_D. A EONN_MIE L_PCF_bNINNE LL, IS EfFdHdTj NdLNaHFGC, N_LMFGC aM TM_C@DFjaME LGaHSEaJJH FEOFN EC T SM ILMT_IE CPCF N_LMFG aM HIHJLI@CNMTENIL. A ECFHPHM aPEFC CPCF EONN_MIE EaN HS MIJILN IMTNNcE: SLaMTN EdTTM_C GEdTFbNaMl, T _FFGC aM JCC GFFNN GDFHj LGCE, HIHJLI@CNMTENILEaHN @CHC_FN GEdTFbNaMEL m FGIH, CMLI, HMGHH, BH L-$OCHaTNC m G_MLaMTN JIF_LC N_LMFIG aMTaHE eDLIHIF_M_N CHNLJLN_Fc HaTNEL m H IH, AHLQ ALNI, fLH LGM, CF FTL, IH H, LFM

SFIL, GLN OCLPLN (FGL m OCI@ 2000). IH H (1998) _LIG MIJILN MILIFD CPCF N_LMFIG GEdTFbNaMCN. AT

FMj MIJILN T GJCLCEOM-HFCNCEOM aLNFGTaME NLNITHE, GCHN T dMMTNNNN_LMFIGmJIFCNCEC PFcM_ C_FNbJOM_N GONND_E . TEEF MTGH G_MICE MIJILN CPCF N_LMFIG =* <=*= *=, *== PFc aLNFGTaMCN @ID dMMT, FCH-E_ CPCF N_LMFIG aM T _FFG EfFdHdTjMaCL @cEOMT_F. A LGCE CL_HSTNNLNITcE CPCF N_LMFIG GIEL_C_H NdFNdNN MTLJaN PCTM_FD_E, CPCF N_LMFGNLEdFMC @FMjLHlMaF LHFETj qINN DcHEp NECHNCE. FCGH (1992) LL bPD@F @CSFGN, IS CPCF N_LMFIG HFCNCEC aM HILGNbP MTGFaFN SL_HN DFH PH JIFCNIFcCC-MTICIFcCC CHNaTGaHSE (MTLPTNE) PCTM_FN aM T aLNaEE, CFFNP

GSjTjaME EONN_MC. A HIHJLI@CN FGaFNE SG_MN ECaMTbNP CSETNE G@IF-GTHC HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE HdPEPj MT_G_HE GSL_TNCN, TM_H NdFNdNNMTLJfE LjMdaMaN, MTENILIE EdTdNNC SfNNGlEdaME IECN aM FNjMaCN. JDCHE-L MTLPTNE DcFaNC _FFGaFC MTIF_FNNc MTLJaHE @FN_L_M GFFNN SL LjNFDMaP_FCE MTLPTNE N_LMFGC @OHECcD_HE PCTM_FN, qFI_FCM SMfFNC @ILLFIGpG@IFGT_M (FGIH AHCL 1995,1999).

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IE N_M_L IOMMO aM @FPCF_IMI_M IHIFEIcC HMeFSITN_E, IS T aMT _FNFPTaLFN eD N_LMFGC LHHE T CHCPCOFCTGOML aM DIIEL aJfFj N_LMFIG T FJD. A CPCF N_LMFIG EFMMTCEOM G@IFGT_M_N MEcN AG #LOMIH GlPCH NF_FDOE

G FjMTdL. AT HIF aM MEcN GILFCMN_E aM EdTTM_ NSD_HE NECHNNj AG GCN GIL_FCM CHCPCOOGHE N_LMFIGH GOHE_FEIc MTLPTjLDaN HMeFSITT_E aMOG aJJH TN EaLjDFTC G. A HS LHMTLEH IHIFEIc GGHOF HN@CFITc@C_D_H MTaNP_FCE DI HSCFP_HIM MT@aL_D, aM T LEdFM G_HMT@aL_D, HN JIFCNC-EC N_LMFIGEaHN aLNFGTNN _FFGIN FP_FMTND JIF_LC N_LMFIGNcF. TN IHIFNINEdPNC aM bL_FD F, GD @DFMTNC NIP_ LR. FHaF eD aLNFGTaMN HSL JIF_LC(CPCF) N_LMFIG @IFG: MF_, CFFNP T _FFG EdTdNN FFSTEj EILJIL_CcE PCF__NDFHNC, HG NLGaMTNC _FFJIN, HG NdLNaHFGC @DFjaM LGaHS. TLCHN JIF_LC(CPCF) N_LMFIG EFMMTCEOM MTGaD FNlHCE, OSHEEIL T _FFG @FIFcCE S PFcM_IMNCEC HNCN_MH, M CHHH T _FFG qGMTfHNNP GjLTjp NLGaMTN (FCGH, 1997:

63-64). LR EILC GOHE_CH EfFdHMaN NMT JIF_LC N_LMFGN FEINc qIOLICMpPCF_ aM JIF_LC EdTdMMaN (_FFGIN) FEINc _FFGJIF_LIE qCNISHp PCF_ EdTdNN. AEIH@FCENOMN JIF_L, GCHN dHTj SaH, PFGCHN T _FFGJIF_L, GCHN LEdFMC MTGaFS aM JIFCNCEC EdTdMMa ND FFHNaN IEITT. LRH_F JIF_LC aM JIFCNCEC N_LMFIG S-MbNaMaH, EIGGOHCTGOM PCF__H DdH FaNL GM MTCHNl NCEC SMa.

A CPCF N_LMFIG -. MT_TH GDFHj EFMMTCEOM @IFG_HE FJDCNHJDCHEH PFOME FaLC dN DFFGTj FJD_H @IFFD dMMT, TEN CaTTfE (PFOME2006:28):) * >>: T ONIHcG MFEPjEaHN aM GIL_FCM FaHSEaHN @F@IINN SaH;) * =< <: GCHN N_LMFGC LH FJD

) * < = < * < < : T LEdFM NLHMTHHN_FCM ( NONH, T GLCFaFEH FP GFaPj) DFF;

) * < <: T MTGaHSEH aM aLNaEEH IMTNITc CHCPCOOGIE dMMTMMa;) * =< = <><: T LEdFMC aLTfFNH, SfNNaLTaMH FJOFc EdFMdHdMMa,

A EFMMTCEOM EILMTE 19. MT_T EdTJaH FT_LOF, T SMaM PCF_EaJ @FIGFCE,GP_FNITCE NOIG_HSIEIT PFc PCMTIHS, FETjCE N_LMFGC @IFSGNIE MTICIFcCCDFFl PCTM_FN.

2.1.3. A !I!. < " %* $** %" A EJCNFCTGOM ECIHNEIT_M, HGTN_FFGIE ECFEOF_M aM JIF_LIMI_M EIL_H G_L

HG MTaFNfHE CPCF N_LMFIGLcF, GCHN SMaM IHIFNLHMTLLjF. AT SCE @j _LG-FN FCL_FCM-CHCPCOFCMN MTGaE PCF_, GFSN G_HMT@aL MTM_ aM T _FFG MEaFSMTLJP_FFF_M DFFGT, H CPCF N_LMFIG G_HMT@aL LaMT. A G_MCE MTFFGC _LGFN FC-GLRC IHIFNIN _NdLdEbNj MTICFCMN GIFF, GFSHE EdTaJJIHND_ T (_FFG)JIF-_LC DIIE ELfFHE, EfFdHdM NECHNNNF P_FMTNcDI EaLaMaL (FCGH 1997: 115-116).

A FCLFCTGOM DFM EaJPCMFjD, AFRCM IKOPCFF @LHC @CFITc@OM A *** bGl GOHE_D_H @IFGTT G GIELNCEOM N_LMFIG MD_NIMM_CN.SLaMTN ECGFC T GLCEC GIEL_C aLNaECN, N_LMFGC SHFjMaN, T dHEIL-G_HSTNCM_IN aM HNLFCT_CcN, G_MLaMTN L_GONN LL, IS GIEL_C G_HILITT NdGE aM EdTPaFGaHS OLFG_HE, PFGCHN NeFTINN ICTGOM PMTaFSaN.

qAT CHCPCOFCTGOM GIELNCEOM LNl, aM H GaLNaEH @DFjCE, IS FaN@FNaNFE SHFjPa P_FHE. A FaN@FNaNFE SHFjPa P_F_M_PF GCHHEC G@FFj

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LaMTH FNlHN, LaMTH J_LNN_ FEOFN, LaMTH qHSCF PS JIFCNCECF JLIMNCNO_FcINNp. AT aFNH GLN MTLPTNE FaNaLN EfTHE, GCEdTH EFN-OLcJC N_LMFIGCPCFCT_Fc_M FSNN CHE_ NIGCT_FcCE, eDL CTFGNFHM_ DFFGTC. SHEEIL T

OLcJC CPCF N_LMFIG JLILGD HG ONcJCMTNCEOM. A @IFIGGF MTGH S IFSH G-EdTFbNaM GFFNN aLPF, GFS CPCF N_LMFGN S P_SINN IFI GN@IL_DEaHN aLNF-GTC (CMTFCPNT 1999: 178-193, HMH-CMTFCPNT 2003: 82).

2001-2002-H _N@Ic qIHJLI@CN TENIL AHFbTCMp EaMTfFN, GFS GONNN CPCFMTLPTNE DIC EdLHSTNaN SLILMT_IH (BbLc 2002). A CPCF N_LMFIG @IFGCDFFGTjCN PCTM_FN HaS JIHNH @IFFD dMMT, GFSEN @CHbCcM PCN_E IE_H MTc MT-LCHN CaTfHE:1. A CPCF N_LMFIG MTGaFS- aM MTLPTNSMfFaME, PFGCHN dH_FFc MTLPTNE _FcTN,

GFS FaNLDdNN aM GlEdaM MD_NIM MT_FSC MTLCHN EfFdHdTCE N_LMFIG NdCCHNaTGaHSLHMTLaNjF.

2. G SHFj MG T _FFGGF, MG G_HMT@aL_PF, _L EJMIFc_MC GCHENNjdTEdTPNFHE aM MTLPME.

3. aNTaMaHE FPC FJDCN T GLC-_FFGJIF_LC DIIE aLPaHSMfFaM, DI_FFGCM_, TaLEJFOLFCT_Cc DFHNC.

4. A CPCF N_LMFIG LHFNNaM, IS T _FNF CTNIMbNINN HSCFP_HIMM_ aM aLELNCEOF_CceND_H MTGMbNM T _FFGC ELNIN T _FNF EaJPCMFN aLNaEEEF, NdLEPaMEEF aMSEILFNNF. (HHE F@IHNIM MTEdT oEdTdMMaC LaMTPaNFp, GFSHE NLNFG_N TOLcJC DINLfFNH T ALOMC STGaHS G_L CH LaMTFNMH ECIFITN. _LIG JCFFaLT CH@ILG_CcIT PFc DI, FMTcF_MC DI aM DIILPIMFNC DI. A _LIG JCFFaLN LaMTPaNFL EaJMbNaM CHNaTGaHSC aM CHNaTEaMC LHMTL aMTbNC EC.

A EONN_M ECNaL LL, IS FIFCT_CcM @IFSGNIEEF J_LOTGIMH T OLcJC HCcIEOGHNOGC eD MJENOMIEN PNHE @F CPCF N_LMFIG @IFG_N CFFNjH. ATOLcJC BCTINNM_ _FNF ECINN #aL dHSP ( 329) aLNFGTaM G_H @IFFD TeH. qMTIC_FCM JLNHLENp, TT MTEMTLPTNE aM GOHEcE MTLPTNCN, HGEILG_HSTNC MTLPTNE, MTEGC, ELCNNbP aM _TCMMTLPTNE, T _FFGJIF_LIEN FSC aFN EJMIFc MTLPTNE, CFFNP, MJC@CEOM ITT_D_LOF_MMF, T S_TE aM PFF_MC EdTdMMaEN.

AT OLcJC HCc $TM_C aM TIC_FCM BCTINNM_ A MTLPTNN CPCF N_LMFIG MTLJaM ITT_D_LOF_M T OLcJC EIHMNLOECcIT bGGF 1999. MTJNGL 22-aH F@IINN _FF_M-@IFF_M_H EdPNETj @CHbCcN D : q CPCF N_LMFIG IFSH N_LMFGC MT@aL, GFS

LFNbP @fNFH T _FFGNcF aM GFS HG GLfF EC JC MT_FSCH. A CPCF N_LMFIGIFSH FPEL N_GMTEICE, GCHN T ONIHcGC, JFOLFCTGOM, MTOMTCCLCN_M, MTIFC-LCN_M aM @FFjMMa. T S IFSH EIGGOHCE_CcM MT@aL, GFSH FfF @DFjN JIF_LIEMTHTCCFCT_F_M, GFS GIELNCEOM LaMTPaNFT PTNN. IGGOHCE_FHC aM MTIFC_LCMHMFEHC ME CHCPCOOGIE MIJILND_H FN.p (H BbLc 2002:1).

AT OLcJC HCc CHNaTGaHSC EdTJIHNe GEdTFbNaMN @IFGT G CPCF N_LMFIGaLNFGTaMEIL. A A EONN_M OSHEEIL ILF AFFCH @IL CNCTHLNCCJNCIH HPl PCF_MTLPTN (HG T CHNaTGaHSCH) FNLDN @CHCCcD_L CM @F-bPD @CSFGN, GFS MTLCHN CPCF N_LMFIGHE HGME MTLPTNN @ILG_E LaMTC,HG T _FFGJIF_LIE ENbP dHMTLPTjaMaHE _LGCFSH @ILG_D m JF. NfHNNaME,

IDEINNIE aM MIHFc GITFGC NPaEHSMaE CM. qA CPCF MTLPTNE aM GITFGEFEIND_E G_N CPCF N_LMFGN, GFS N_N GCHTIH MTLPTNC aM NPaEHSMaC

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JaF_H ELMTNfF TN GONND , IS qT _FFGJIF_LC LaMTPaNF HILG_CH aM _FcTNCHGNMNMfFj N_LMFGC NjE TM_C @DFjaM Fj@FNaNF, MEeS, GCHN NaEIHSEILG_HST_Ma.p A EdTdMMa JC EEIL NaEIHS, HG CTFGNFHIE SG_MIT T

GLE, GLN q CTFIG GIFDITT N_LMFGC aFNNp. A N_LMFGC NjE EdNFaEEjF,_FcTNIEcF _FF dMMT, EEIL GlEdCE DcF, EEIL SLJICE, MTH_FD_E. ONHG CM N_LM-FGC NjE aM TM_C @DFjaM EdTdNNC dMMT@faMEL PCF_bN L_. AT IENN_MMF EJMIFNIMHLL bPD @F @CSFGN, IS EaN SHFj MaFSEEF CHOFc @CNF EdTfF, T SCE FP_LIMC,GM _FFGJIF_LC LaMTPaNFFF LHFETj, HSI MaFFSF @DTC MCELMH T CMEIF_N. ATPCMTIHN, EC IFSH LaCcH FECE, IF N_LMFGC NjE HSNFcH PH, HSI MaFFSFFMT LI PS lHdTaM _FITN. A dFM _FFGPTNaM dMTNdHdTNC N_LMFGC NjEEaJTjaMaN (ONHG 1994).ONHG qMNMFFLLap FNN GOHE_D_H, BIQFCH FIH-H (2000) dMMTSlDNC N_LMF-GC NjE GONNcCN. A GaLaME FJD FN:

1. IFCNCEC LaMTPaNFC DFHcM_, JIFCNCEC aLEFjaM (LaMTPaNF P_FMTN_MIH, NCMTNMaNdFNaM MTLPTNH, EFOH, FPaFbL_M EdTaLEl NaG_H eDM_HE, JIFCNCEOMHE,F_bL_MSlDNaM, J_LNNM_, MN.)

2. CPCF MTLJP_FFF_M (HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE MT_G/ 1000@j, MTLPTNC NFaNMT_G, NCMTN-MaE NdFNaM CPCF MTLPTNH, dMMTDdPNFE SEILCM_, MN.)

3. FF_MC FJe MTLJP_FFF_M (S_TEdTdMMaC NM_, CMNHNCMTNFNL D_L_M )4. OHEFSC EJMIFNIE (MTEMTLPTNC NM_, GOHEEJMIFNIT EdNjj L_NM_,

EdFMdHdM MbNMaHSeDN_M PFcMTbHlMa)5. CH@ILG_FCM N_LMFGC EJMIFNIE (MF_C PMIL, L_NC E_LNSJLNC, MTIGMTaIF_M,

EdTdM E_PaT_M/MdLdTaM, MJILN, EOFNeL)

6. AFNLOCTGOM, dHEaHNMMa, @CFHNLcJC (dHEaHNM GOHE, EIT_M, PaL_M, MN.)7. CJLICN_M aM CTFIG (MfFNMMa, LaMTPaNFC DFHcM_ EaLjbPM PCTM_FNIH, EdT-

FEaMC MT_FSIE NLN_M)#LHCM #OEOSG (1997, 1999, 2000) GOHE_CH NdMTdL CM G@IFGTT N_LMFGC

NjE DFHNjMaaN. fFdHdMH HS @CSFGN MTHNFN CTFIG EaLaMEdLaL. TLCHN N_LMFGC NjE - HILG_E aM _FcTNIE dMMTMMaajF Lj EIFFENbP MFEN m EEIL DdHFaNL, CTFIG PH T GLE EdTdNN. A CTFIG SLaMTN T =*< + *, ISGHHSCL bTNOHE _FNF_H T GLEH, G_MCE NbJOM JC FST EdNdNN, <+ **, GFS dMMTNNN, HTH GaLNj, EdTdMMa, MTLPTNE, EdTCHNaT-GaHSE PNNN CTFIG (#OEOSG 1997). T ONcCL EaMjCEH PCMMTNaLfHE Ga.

CF_HE _LIG@aF N_LMFGC GEdTFbNaMN FEFGT, MTlE @CHbCcD MTLCHN N_LMFGC NjE T GLE INN EdTdMMaH FfFC EJMIFNCN aM EdTdMMa _FNFFCMGLN HILG_CN DFHNC, GFSE MIJILNEIaTCcN aM CHNCN_MN LGaHST. _ aLNF-GTaMH N_LMFGC NjE MIJILNIEIH FfFC aM MIJILNIE EdTdNNC EJMIFNIEN CMDFHNC. LGLaMTN JC N_LMFGC EdLHSTNN CM G_H @IFFD, TT EJMIFNIEIHEbPfF HILG_EN, NLbCcEN, MTIE_MIEN CM (ILFHE, CaTC X 2005: 26).

A GONNINN GlPE FJD_H EdTTM_NH EfFdHMaN NMT N_LMFGC NjE @DN_CEdTN, NNcF @fjH, IS GCFSH N_LMFGC EJMIFN GCHjMa, CL_HSOFNM_ aM LjMMa(C.G.). _LIG MJENOM_N HPTNDfE G, SLaMTN * N< = <O <<=*= = <**=N= (JaF_OF MF_IH PS NHCEC EdTdMMaH FfFC EJMIFNIE), G_MLaMTN ++

<<=N = <** =N=, GFS FCHE_ FEFGM EfFdHdTj N_LMFGC MIJILNIE, LaNEEdTdNNC EJMIFNNLGNaML, CHNL_CcL aM GICFCN_ML. LGLaMTN T <<*<

A &&) X/A!A),* Y "!A$[$&A& A"(A& 21



= <** =N= @CHC_FNDOE, GFS EILG_HSTN aM CPCF N_LMFIG PS G_M CLLC-EOMH FEfFdHfFj N_LMFGC MIJILNIE EJMIFc_M_N DFHNC.

A N_LMFGC NjE HG GCHH MNH JITCNbP DFHMa, FNHE HNbP CL_HSOFNM_C CM,

FN ECLEMTNj DFFl, M FN MNF G@@C PS EILLOJCc GF_S.SL EILG_HSTNC @FEaLaML EaMTfFN dMMT@IFFcH JaF_EN MILIF T FjHSdEL aM

_NL_HSIEL, GFSEN N_F_TN LHTNfHE. A DFHNaM MTLCHN qN_LMFGC NjEF@IHNIM JIFCNCEC @OHECcD CPCF N_LMFIG ECNLDMTNaMaH aM GLjMbNaMaHDFdFNj G. AENbP CPCF N_LMFIG HaFEfF HCHM GIELNCEOM JIFCNCEC LHMTL.p (C.G.: 24)

1. ?. ; A ; ;O O> ;>

A (\\Y$ A+)XA22

A A$AXAA

i AXA

S TM_CHdPEaM

AFMIHS MTCH-Nl lHdTaM

#IEITcc CMEIFCNFDMbNGaHS

IFFEC/aMTMaC_FFJIN

NaEIHSEdTCTN_M

MMTbHPIHFeEdTMTIF_F-NN_MIE

GIELNCEOMJIFCNCE

H@$"@N'

LNFFE EaJTjaMaN, HH@HNM CH@ILG_CcE NLDaMaHEHSIGIH EdPNNNFH GIT_M_N, M NaEIHSM_IN MdEEHNj, EIL_C JLNHLEN EaHSMTLlH dMMT@lTj EFCEEE ECFEO-F_M_N CM.

AT SG_MN _FFHcH @CSFj, T dHEaHNM LHjLC @FNIENqNeF@DFMTNjp MTIGMTaM_ aM MF_ dLNdHHa, FF_CM TCHCPCO_FCM FaNN, Nd@aFMaN LjMH EILF_NITc CHNaTGaHHSaP_FN.

AT LjM MF_C FFHjLTaM MdEEHNNC T CMEIFC CHHIP_CcE F-NjMaaN.

#FLjMdCE qG_MICEp (TM_, HSCFP_HIMM_, DILH, L-EdFM) MTLJ GCHHHJC aFN MTLPTjaMaH, CPCF N_L-MFIG D_LaEMTLTaM GF_S_P_ P_FCE, M CPCF N_LM-

FIG MTLJFjC (JF. T $-E) IFSH aLEMIJILNIEE_ FEOF-NHE, GFSE EdTdMMaC @ILL_MIEN G_HaFIEL MTHI-MbND_E.

N_LMFGC NjE MOJ_H T FCN EdLaH LjM, EEIL ECMTI-LbNND_E T FMIHS N_LMFGC MN_NOMTe MIJILNIEN TEaFPTNajF aM FaNLDdNHE GM aM FMIHS MN_NOMTeE MT_-G_L EfFdHdTj GCHjMal MTIF_FNN_MIEN CTNIMbNc EdTMTIF-_FNN_MIE

HG FEOF EC CPCF qECMPCF_IEp MIEM_ N_LMFIGNIGCT_FcCE, CHCPCOFCT_FcCE, T _FFG DcNPj CEN_NILEaHNETFNC FNNPFcCN. SHEEIL PH IFSH FGTaM, GFS QCGLC EdTN_LMM_ JaF_D_H CTIHSbND, IS GHHSCH TLjM CPCF N_LMFIGH HSGaLNaEH FNLD GIE-

LNCEOM JIFCNCEC CHNaTGaHSLHMTLLF MTGHC FaNFH-Ma, EEIL GIEL_C N_GMT_cF T dMMTIGF_M ENFCT_NI-L_P_ P_FN CPCF N_LMFIG (BLGH, 1997).

F<: &$KI ** A*< 2009

ELN'

A JCC EIILCH_Cc MIL_H @FGLfFj ELMaMC, CH-@ILG_CcM, FEO- aM dHNaMC, FFHjLTaMC aM ECEaHS-MTLbNaMC EdFNMaEN LjNFDMH MdEEHNC. AT CH-@ILG_FCM MNILH_E DFHNjM MTLJN D_NMTNHE fT-FNC FNjMaE GMTLTaMaH.

\MMTNLNc MTIGMTaM_IE @CSFG HdPFC l-HdTaM EIE_TN_N, MF_C aM MF_IE EdTdNNC DcEJMIFNIE FEFGME SLEE MTICFCT_C-cD_L

AT CMEIF aM MF_ EdTdNNC EIGGOHCE_Cc FjMbNC EdTdMH F@INc aLNaEE GNF_F_M_N aM ECGOHE_-F_M_N, GC NHOF_M NaEIHSM__N MbNC Fj. A MTfFjCGOHEEdTdMMaE MIEH L_ NOHE MbNHC T CMEIFCIENN_M MTbHPIHF_HE HdPFaMaL.

AT dMMTNLNc N_LMFIGH FMIHS T aLNaE-PMTNaM, FCHNNMa, T dHSCFEIMM_ SEILCM_-. FNLDNE T dHScSbN_M JITCNbP @ILG_C, -NMa GFjTaMaHE MaFS, T ILPIMMF PFc EJ-MIFNNLN_M FFEFGM GcDCHE GNF_F_M,T TIHIM NMaH MTHPjE dHMbNj MIJILND-CHE MTLPTaM. A N_LMM EdLHSTNH aFj CjME Ed-LaH FMMOF T dLEILC FaJfFaM @IFSGN, ECNL-DN EJMIFNIE HdPFCE T dHCTFIG, T Fa-NNMa, IFIM_aLTN GaLNaEaN N_LMFIG Ef-FdHdTj MIJILNDCH.

NaEIHS FSC dHEILG_HSTNIE FaNLIT_M, HNLFCT_FN CTN_M fLIELNCT_Fc_M_HE aM EILLOJCc ECFEOF_M_HE GE_FSIT_M. j T

_FNF_HIM CTFIG aM T _FFG FCNCGCN_M.

S FSC EdTdMMa CHNCN_M LjM, MD_N G-_aHE aLTNC FSC EdTMTIF_FNN_MIEN m T CM-EIF_H EbPfF CFSH PbTFF_N_M, T aMTMafSC FF_-N_M, T CH@LMNLOENeL m EaJM FN EdTdMMa N-DCN GITcMbNHC aJbNETaMET aM EaMj CM DIHfSF TE @HHNLN_M_L.

A CPCF N_LMFIG FFHMeFSITc MTLJN D_NMTCE T_FFGGF MTGH, PaC T _FFGJIF_LIEN T _F-FG NeFNFG_PF MTGH.



2.4. A += ;=; ?

SLILMT_ CPCF ENCPCN_M_HE GaLNaMaT HaFEfFdTNNFH N_LMFGC-NdLNaHFGC

_NNaL CMGLN. A GC CPCF MTLPTNE NdLNaHFGC FjTGaHSaHE NECHNNDfE TIEN DcNaEIHSM_C CHNaTGaHSEN, FJbNP_HSIEN, GFSE _FFGFJbNc MNP_H ECL_FSOHE OLFEI_MCDaNjF FaNTHE. A MTIC_FCM JLIFaG_E GIF_M_L S_TC, _FFGC PS G_HFJbN_Me,IG_HSIEN SlDNj dHEaHNM MTLPTNE GlEdNE, EILMTEIHEaHN P_FNITc L_HSeMTLJP_FFF_MMF, T OLcJC NHHC_EHE G@FFjH. A NdLdE PCF_ ETNaNjFSLILMT_ FHSIG_M FNN _FFN, GC L_HSIGN aFSaN CPCF ENCPCN_ML, OSHEEILECFEbNINN NeFaFaM aM MT_FSGELfFaM NHCE_CN.

A @FPCF_IMI_M aM L@ILGEILNcF ECFEOFc JIF_LIMIc N_LMFIG T SMfFNCGITFGN FFHTaEH MTLPTN. AT dHNPaEHS MTLPTjaME JIFCNCEOGGF _NMTjPDdNNE FaNL. A P_HILMTbHaMT-N_LMOFNIE, EMTCHcE, CM@FOS _LMM_, aSFN

EIH@FCENOMIE aM JMMTbP FFH_FF_M _L MTLPTNE T CHNCN_M G@IFGT_M_N aMLjMbNaMaN MTIF_FN_E, EOFNOL_FCM-NOIG_HSIM NPaEHSMa aCMT FNN aLEPaFGC@FNIEN F_NNE F, N_LMFGC JLIFaG_E GIF_M_N MTILFGTN_E. A ECSTaMNEdPNjH G_MICE PCF__ILeC PCL_Tc SMfFNC _FcTNIE, FJbNP_HSC DcNaEIHSM_CMTLPTNE MIL DdNN FaNL, GFS LaMTaPa P_FN T aFN GCHHHJDCHE, GCH L_MTILOFcE,GCH T IG_HSITcE, MbNjE IFF_LcF. d FGTaM CM ECGFC EILMTEL DFFGTjGM MTLPTNMT_GIN aM T SaHE GM LaMTPaNFC GONNcCN, CFFNP N_LMFGC IHIEGIF_M_H T _FFG aM DcNaEIHSM_C MTLPTNE SfNNGlEdaMaN (MCTGC 1977,IPFMCE 1986, LHC 1986, $FHMaL 1998, ONC 1998). BCc MNP_H L_PCF_bN, IS TdHNPaEHS MTLPTNEHE @fNFHMaN HaFEfFdTj ILMT_H, @O_FCM _FFGIEH,

EaMC JIF_LIMI_M, TM_C JLIFaG_E aM PFF_MC-NHCEC FFHNaNE EdTJNN EFFNNGIF_MIEN NF_FHCOE, GlEdaMfEN CTNIMbNHC (BCc 1986). A CPCF MTLPTNE dHNPaEHSaM ECMT_GbNNNFH MFEPaMC HG EPTNE T dHEaHSOLFGC LHMTLEHE, TaLN G_MICEPCF__ILe ON_H EIGGOHCMN J_LN NFIGL DON_M_N EdPNjH 1947-NjF @IFSGNIMHMILOFNE MTM_DIIE. AT FJbNP_HSC NPaEHSMaN MbL_D_H F@IDNINN_E, 1950-NjFT @ILG HG FaNTNN GSL DILHMTLH, Ha_HS NeFaFj SMfFN EdTJIHNCFFHjLTaM F_ ELfFN, CIFcCC PS _FFGC aLEEN MTIF_FN (JF. , T, dLdME-LMTN). FNIFc_MN DFHNNN, IS MIHFc IEIEcF MJILNSMfFNE EIGIFS N_GIN_MNEJNE. P_FNITINN DFHNaM qN_LMFGC GOHE_HEp, qEdTdMMaC GOHE_HEp GFSEdTJIHNC CHNaTEaML EdNFTj DFFlPa aM CIFcCC FJeP_ P_FN m GC LjMbNNN OSH

T FEdNFTNNEN m MIE MNH PCMTIHN NeFaFaMC, T FEFGTEI_MC aM ECeP_MC NHCE_EECFEbN_M_N LGaHSTN. AT _FFG, NFIG qGCp SaHE aM qjEp JIFCNCEC PTNjE, J_LN PCMTIHSLHMTLaH ELfFN, GCHN NdLNaHFG MIL_H HGSMTL, GFS DFHMa SeNNFHdPFN EdTCHNaTGaHSE CL_HNC _FNF_HIM CTFGNFHM_IN. HjNN T CH@ILG_FCM EJMI-FNIE DFHNjMa, @ILG_FCM EJMIFNIEH JC FGIMcINN N_L MTbPMMa aMT ONMbN_M EdTdNN. A @aFGIF_MIE, qG_MICE TM_p, qG_MICE N_LMFIG CHNaT-GaHS aJfFN EC (HECMM 1983). AT HSfFaMN MOJ_H HSIFPHM aPE DFHNNNaE, @IEIT-NIMH FEOFNE T FFHTaEC DFFl dHNPaEHS EdLdE.

_LEIT_MIEEF aM LGaHSEEF NFC LHMTLP_FNc aPE EdPNETNE, eDL PCL_T_MHECHOFN CPCF MTENIL. CPCF N_LMFIG GMTCF_LOF_M FSNN MFc_MIE aPC DdNNE

F. A LHMTLP_FN_M HG ITN LGaFN P_FNIT_MIEN, S MIL N_LMFGC JLIFaG_PF (T-M_C P_FM_, GOHEHaFEfFCMa, MTaHSMa, FjbNaFNE) EFFNN CLNFH MTGMfFHC, GFSL

A &&) X/A!A),* Y "!A$[$&A& A"(A& 23



JIFCNCEC FCN HG EFFj NaEIHSM_F L_FN. A GIELNCEOM SEILFN C_HS, @aFL-MCEFINN GIF_MIE T _FFGJIF_LIE MFcINNM__N, GD EdTdGdMMaaN LGaHSTNaE. A JIFCNCEC FCN CMGaN qGCp aM T qjEp LF_CcD_ ELfFN. HECMM FGaL * <

(2002) bGl FGTaMaH G_FFJbND, IS SLILMT_IH GIEL_C FJPNj CHNaT-GaHSC G_L GlEdHE, GaCM MT_GIM IFSH DFHMaF EFF MTGMfFHC, GFS E_FSITT GIEL_C GMTCF_LOF_M_N. ]DL MILL PMTC N_LMFGC MJ_EN (1983) aM GSLN_LMFIG GIELNCEOM @CCNDaN:m HNLFCT_FN T ILMT_, SH JIFCNCEC HNLFCT_Cc, C_HSTCE FSC EdTdMMaE

_FcTN. A G@FFj CHNaTGaHSE C_HS_H T GLE NdMa JIFCNCEC JMMTCPC-N_M GHEfF.

m G G@FFj HSCFP_HIMM_, T _NF_NNcM_, NFGIH FaPjE MT_GIHEaLNjMa,GFSH MDNc MG EaJM P_FNITNNHC.

m AT GLC DIIE PaFG HG Fa LjM, EfFdHdMH L_MTILOFcE EdLaH, T GLE HG

NOD_E MD_N MILMOEN FEbNHC.m LHfFN T GLE CN T CTM_IM ILMT_H, GC PCMTIHN HG ENCP_FD CPCF

N_LMFGC LaMTPaNFN.m AT SaHC aLE aM EdT aLE FP_FCE SG_MNcF. C_HSTCE FIE_FJNLCINCTGOM,

NOFDIHIMC NON.m AT SCE FHSI @CCN: N_LMFGC MTLTjaM, EdTGSTaM, T PTN IT,

IS JIF_LIE CTM_NFHHE aLTCE N_LMFGC PCMTIHSCEN.m C_HSTCE N_LMFGC GaFN_HSIMM_ FP, N_LMFGC EIaTCc, MTIFCLCN_M. A N_LM-

FGC SHFjNFHMaE HdPENE, HCHMHE ECFEOFN GHCTGOMIE _NL_HSIMFSTNlE MaFSCHE HdPFaMaL.

LEC cL EdTdMMa@DFMTNj F@ LHIF@ TIH HaTNaL bPD @F @CSFGN mGFSN CN_HSC P_H CM Nd GOHE_D_H aLNFGTNN m IS GIELNCEOM _NFEOF_M NdMbEIH GS Pa, aM EfFdHdTj CjNLNGIN dFF @F. A NdLPaHSEN cHJIE FNN GFN P_FNITNNHC, TM_C _NFEOF_M aPE NFCE, T eD aLNaEE ECFEOF_M, CPCFN_LMFIG _NP_FNIT_M Nd aPNCTN PMT CaHS (LHIL@ 1990, CN_HSC 1981,LEC 2002:82). AT _FFGJIF_LIE LaMTPaNFaN Nd NaHSTj CM @IFS_MIFD, JaF_OF TSaH TM_C FSTN, CMEIFC PaTNNMa, aFNEIL, HG aM FEcFSaHE GaLN. d@FGaLaM MTLCHN GM DdPFGGF CFFNP GM CMEIFC PaTNNMaF LHFETjGLE MTbPMH PMTHE LaMTN dHEaHNM MTLPTNE GOHE_D_H (IQL 2003,LM 2004, TCE-ONC 2006), M T EfFdHdMH aLNNj L_@ILbNINN Cj NECHNNaH,

CMTH T dHEaHNM GOHE_PF NdFNdNN Cj FNN HCHM Gc DdPFGMTLTj NPaEHSMaNPaTHC. A @aL@CE ENbPE JIFCNCEC @cLOGIEIH. A FEcFS GaLN CM @IFS_MMF PH EdTdMMaC LaMTPaNFL, _FN F_H ECM NFJfFa MEH HSI EdTdMMaCdMMTNLN_M CaHS, HSI P_LIMIE CHE_ T CHCPCOFCMN aFNPCNFHE EPTHE.IQL PIFN MTICFCMN _FFGIE N_LMFGC LaMTPaNFaHE PCTM_FN MIL_H LL EdPNETNNaML DON, IS T ENCPCN_MN FJPNjH GFjTj LHMTLH_NaFN NJMTNFN N_LITT G, PSCM JMMTCPCN_MN FjCaTj aLNaEE, T NNCNldE, LdTfFN GNLN_MGCHN_E (IQL 2003).

A -N EONN_M HOF MNFFM (1997) _FFGJIF_LC CHNCN_M MTGJIHNLHMTLaNNIP_IHIFP T ENbP _FFGJIF_LIEN _LIG DFFGTj MIJILN IMTND, GFS FJD_H

N_GINc-EdPNj _FFGJIF_LIE, FONMbNc aM Nc, PFGCHN FNHE P_FNITNNc-_NFEbNc _FFGJIF_LIE.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA24



aM MTIFCLCN_M GLjMbNaMaL NdLEMTCE (C.G.: 203). AT aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_M SCE@IFSGN N_N, GFS T F_C aFIEL @cEOMT_F: LaMTPaNF, SfNNGlEdaM, N_LMFGCEIaTCc, ITT_@aLNjMa, GaFN_HSIMM_, FMT_GIFNcM_, MTIFCLCN_M.

2.6. ;/ M/>?/

A N_LMFGC NjE TbN_M_H, T _FFGJIF_LC NONIMM_ LjMbNaMaH HS MTLJ PHT dHEaHNM GOHEPaTaMHE. T_HEH PH SIG_HS DcNaEIHS MbNaMHE, EdTdMGOHE_HE, PS E_L EF_E_ MTLPTjj dMMT@I_MHE. AT dHEaHNMMa eD @ILG_D LHMTLP_FN_MN EdPNjH eDD_MTfFNj, HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNET PS S_TIT EJMIFccELCNNbP NPaEHSMa ECFHPHM aPENjF GDFHCE, GaCM SLILMT_IH FaHSaH _FNF GCLNNN \HEaHNME YPaNjF (2001) P_FCE MT_GINNPj NPaEHSMaa, _LGFCE

EdTHSFP T dHEaHNMMa @IFG. AT OLcJC YLNaE CTM_FN MTLCHN SLILMT_IH 2008-H @FHjNN HaJMMa EdTF

11%-, Nd GCHN 900 TL GL (901.545 @j) PaTNN dHEaHNM GOHE_N MTLPTNE MT_G_-L. T PCTM_FN DIC aM HG DIC @ILG_PF LHFETj MTLPTNEHE dHEaHNM GOHE_NPaTj 18 aPH @FfFC HaJMMa LJLTHNNbP GEaLTaM FJD_H NdLNaHN (BLNF 2010).

A 2008. aPC @FGaLaM GCHN_D FJD_H NCJCEOM GSL dHEaHNM IFSH 18-45 aPEdTdNNC Hj, EC P_LIMIEH PS EdTMaEH aF, CHE_ _TM, HS SEILCM_FFN DIH, CHE_ SLGEM, EC _FNF_H 2 SLGEN HPF, SEILC, ISSLGENFH, @FMj@IEe PS EdTaJ@IEe PaTNNMa PH. $TM_CF ENbP, MTIF_FNN_MDFFl, CFFNP @FMj@IEe EaJTNNMa dH_FFc FEFGT_M_N CaHSFj GOHEEdLH IFITCE,

G GcD_H PFF_MIMHE NLND G_N. XNFIM PC DdPFG CHE_ 75-150 TL@ILCHN EdTdNN PH, MIEEHE HHaF GM, 250-300 TL @ILCHN. FFGTjH T FGeFN10 aPH FNN dHEaHNM, MTLPTNEHaF PaTNN FSEILC dHEaHNM NPaEHSMa,IS LHTPaHSE, MGaHSE MTLPTaMaH aM FIHSIFbN_M_H PMT LaMT, PS JCGCHCMTNLNbP @FNIEN F_N F, PS JC SLGE- aM C@DeM_PaFGC JLILGIEHMaETCE (BLNF 2010).

GJCLCEOM EONN_MOHEH NdE EdTdNN TN CM PCTM_FNOE, IS T_HEH CPCF-HIH-JLI@CN MTLPTNE GCFSH GaLNaEH D_LOFHE ITT_ T _FFGJIF_LC EaJTaME GPFc-MbN_M_IT, ISH PFcMOF G T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M MTGaD SLILMT_IH.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA26



3. A BLDG%L@# $ JA:A $%D@# FL'AMA$# B&$#E

AT 1970-M aPENjF SL SELH MTH_FN * < = = =*= =*>< *=<< =*= =*>< @IFIG HJDCHEL G_L NF_H NeFM_IMH CM MIEMTIL

GFNNN @IFIGG_ P_FN. AT IENN_MC MTEGLE GFFNN HJC MTH_FN PNN TM_ aM JIFCNCE, GC GaLNaM aM aLNFGTaM FSNN FCHE_ @IFIG m T_FNF,MDHIM, IHIFN m FEIJNN_M_IT PTNNN. SHEEIL ENOFCN_M aM @IHNIMM_ .MT_TH @IFSGNIM NHCEC-NHIFcCC eDbN_MIE EdTJNN, @DFjj aM @DFNN

TM_F LHFETj _FFGIE FI_FCM SfNNGlEdaMaH GEaLjDFTNNFH. ANHOF_M HJDCHEL G_L HG JOMTN_H IENN_MfSC EaLaM. OFNCCMTCJFCH_LCM NLfFNN @I_N, GFS NHfS GFFNN EdTTM_NH, MTICIFcC, GIL_@C, lHGFjTaM, EdTaMTMafS MTEaLNjCHE PIH_M_N CM CaHSFC. aLH aM CjH CM ECN_OFN @IFIG,TaLN * < = = N =*>< G@IFGT_MN NLNDOE FSaHPFcHE. TGJIHN-LHMTLfHE EdTaJJIHND_H CPCF N_LMFIG aM NHOF_M dMMT@faMLHMTL _FF, PCTM_FN IEOGHNOGIEN CGHTCc FSTTfE.

AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M HaJMTLlPa P_F_M PCN_N P_FNINN EC @IFIG FEFG-TcCcF CM. aLaMMa P_FN, IS NPHM aPE PaaH, NPHM aPE FDaH EC FEFGTNFjMTdL IHIFN_N HGTNEdTC MTbHNaLH. aTNfHE MTLCHN HG FN S-S IENN_MJI-

FCNCEOM, PS JcCC MTEGLT EdNHC @IFIG PTNaMaN, CMTH T aMT aFNH_N NLNc NHOF_M SEILFN SCjM T GLC EOFNeL_PF. A NFDM NdLNaHFGC _NNaL GO-NN_M NeFGONNH DFH IFITN ELNCH, TaLN S-S EOFNeLNdLNaHNC JaF_H ELMTNfFONFOHE IHIFN LNaL, GD ECNaLfHE . MT_TPaC, LaMTFNMH .MT_T FDaH GDFHN HGTNEdTC NLHEL, ECGFP T OLcJC HCc IENN_MJIFCNCECNLHDCN.

3.1. EO?>

3.1.1. A &= =&& < "? "< '* ? '* < +" " <#" A GlPaMTN ALCMTNINFaMT MTLCHN GCGaTCM, PFcM_ ON_HT_M, IS TN IaNCE_H G@I-FGTT. TaLN JcCC GOHE_E FSNN T CLIFGC GlPET @ILOFOHE TeNNF,IS EdTdMMa HILG_CN, T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M SdELCN ELMMfE. G NdLNaHNC_NNECHNaM aFOHE, MOJ_H Ha_HS JaF @FGONN_M. OFNeLNdLNaHNC ONT_MOHEN ETNHaHET cEILC SCJNIGH, INN NO_M ME @_Lc aM PNINN JJIE ECP_FNM_ PIFN.CEaJJH T eD PCF_PFF_M JLc@aN_DEaHN @FFaJj cTMN CM NCNEIM NHIE PNINNDEaHNNLND_E MT_GIH. A BCFC_H LGNaM EdHSPaH GDFHN X_G aM YP NdLNaHN, GFSMTCHNaH NO_MIT EdNC T GLC HG NaHSFM HTCMaN. CaTNHaHE BO NHbN_MCN CM,CMTH MTLCHN MTHPaM FJPNj IE HG-NO_M, L_F_N_M C_HS, M ECHE

NHbN_MC T aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_M JaF_TNC CM. OLcJC EOFNeL_HE dFMjDaHE T cEILCdLd CPCFCT_CcN NLNDOE, T ITN F NHOF_M aM NO_M GIELNCT_F_M_N.

A B,)!,$)X ]'A: A !X #,)A*A, BiZY" 27



A dLd EOFNeL FJD_N GbNIMTIE, EIFFENbP aLPaHSl PCF_GSL_TNIE NLGNCEG, GFSE T GLE FJEaLaMCL D_E G P_FMTN. A dLd GCNIFcC SCE F-DFHNjM NLGNGaHS LIGaNOMT (GLIPMEg 1970), T j NdLNaHNaT PCMMTHSeFP

ONFOHE T aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_M SdELCL.LIGaNOMT NCN_H PIFN, T aIFNIN NLNc ANFMT aM T _FFNIEN NLGNj JCGaNOMT

@CPaL. LIGaNOMT PIFN FdFM NCN_HIE EdTN, dLd HP FjLF_N_MN DFHN ($LPM1985). FFMT ANaHaNjF GNHOFN T aJbNaMTNN, MCFF_MTNIN, GNGNCE_N; PFGCHN DcT_M, ScSbN_M aM @aGGlPMMa NOIG_HS_N, GFSEN _NINN T GLCMaHE. LIGa-NOMT, NLGNNN T GLEN T CMNHE EaJG_M_L. OMTN T SL DIH fbNNN aMF ELN JOMTNbNHC T GLEN, LIGaNOMT EdHSdLaMaL GESFGTNN. S FE-FIGGF CE_FITNIN ELNE GONNHC T CMNHEHE, HG NON_E FdHNHC, IS CEGFSCE LaMTaN EFF T CMNHEHE D_HFHC aM GFSCE LaMTaLN NLNND_E G GOEHE. LIGa-NOMT bPN_E MbNMafF. A NCN_H EEIL GHSeTINN aM @FLIFN S CE_N. aN TM_EIN PLLN

jLajF, T SCE NNN _DN aM MIHNIEN, G_MCE eM_N, TN FNELN SIGILLF. TON_H @FD_HFINN OMTHE, IS P_FMMT EC HEC NNMTj LaMTN. OMT jFN MFHE, MIHNIEEF NFC TM_EIN P_FMTNINN m TcN CM T FNN T CMNHEHE D_Lc LaMT. OMT,GCEIL L_DdNN, IS GPTNNaE, GaLaH GNN NfTN T GLCMaNjF. A GbNCEOMNdLNaHNH LIGaNOMT T GLE PaNFH ECMTIF_FNNINNM__N eS ELN GE_FSITHC,IS @FFIJcTINN T FfGJIMTL, aM FFIJN MT_GOEL NfTN T CMNHENjF. T_FNF SLaMTNHG PIFNE G_L PaNFHE T _FFNIEEF MTGH, G_MLaMTN PCMTIHN ITT_MbNNN T G-LEN NONIM aFNT, GNHbNINN HECE, ISH FN NlT T GL MTIF_FN_L, ISHIFPMMTHE @aGEN NlT MbNMaaPF, ISH EaMTbNMHE MTLMT_GIEN, TT GGONNN,ISH MD_NbNMHE F EfFdH@aF GMNLMaEN.

A IMMTe, JLMT, HG GLN F: OMT L_EfFN T GLCMaL T FMj MMTIHSN, M_LcF SeLN SdHSdLl HcL_N, EC MTFHaDajF T dMMTM DN T GLCMaL MTbNINN.LIGaNOMTN JC OMT TTF fHNNN, IS OE_MTIMT SaL PCNNN, aM S MTCEF_ITF_HIFN, IF S cLC_MC MM GCHHHJ G_D_N GLHIFN, GFS G_MHJ eDL PCMMTHjNN.LGCH aPPF EaMj OMT @aFC GL @C, aLEFaMT S JLcNaNF MIL_H FFjNN MMNaM GMTbNINN LIGaNOMTN MTHPaMNjF. A NCN_H PCMMTNaLNNN T FfGJIMTL, G_PF EFFNN OLIFHC MTCEF_N, GCT ITT_F_HIFN_E. LIGaNOMTN, GCaLN NlTSeDN_MNO_M_N GNHbNINN T GLEHE, aM T GCMGLNNN PFfE T _FITNGONN_MSEILFN_N, CPCFCT_Cc NSD_HE NECHNNNaE.

ACMTEfFIMT T C.. 5.MT_TH F_HIFN LIGaNOMT bGl L_G_D_H GONND

NdLNaHNN, CNN T CLIFIGNdLNaHN FMj NLaC_DEaHN MT_GIH NLNINN GlH NlTSeDN_MNO_M, GCHN qECHMp DFHCE G, GFS qGMNLMaL NHbNp. A MTCEF_IT F_HIFN LIGaNOMTSdNLFGM MTHPaMaHE MTGNHeD:

"=><: A + + =* * =. K* =N: % * <= *= <. "=><: % *=* <O = = . K* =N: H= <= * =O * *N +=*? "=><: < / <= < =*=.2

A (\\Y$ A+)XA28

2 ACMTEfFIMT, F_HIFN LIGaNOMT, @ILbNINN: LHMaHSC-FJ@F GL, $dLd L_G_E, OLcJ,1968, 14.I.



A LIGaNOMT T cEILC dLddE G@IFGT_M MTLCHN CM NlTTF NO_MN, NHOF_MN, @aHSN N T GLEHE, GFS IFIOF_MN MbNC Fj. A GCNIFcC_NGDFHbNj L_G_H GDFHCE FJIC DcM NHbN_M aM T FEFGTEI_ML PFc

OTbN_M, GCEIL [E_HIMT F_NIN F LIGaNOMTIT, EC bS MTcF ITT_: qMGLG NHG M P_FNITNMM FPH, LN P_FNITINN T eL T CMNHE @dFdNNp.3

LIGaNOMT NdLNaHN EOFNeL_HE LaMT FNN, MTCcIMT, ACMTEfFIMT, $IN,BSLIH, FFS, THNTECMT CM G@ILG_TN T CLIFIGH, BNIPH aM CMTN,EILN_LMCHE EdTfF JC LF L@@ THaH, CLI C IMCG PS CTCHI @MNGaHS,PS J_LCTMC JFIN_H GHSI NFGM @F@MNGaHS MG @FNNC, M HQ SILE-C IE@FFL HNL LHSMTIL CLNC, IS LIGaNOMT GITN NfTN T GLCMaHE.

AT GLCMa NdLNaHNaH @ILOFcJIHNIN DFHN NlTSeDN_M NHCE_D_HE FMD_NbN_M. ELMMfHE S G_MCE, qGLCp JaF_N T aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_ML! AT OLcJC

CLIFIG ETNaHE T cEILC dLd GIH_EL aJfFj GlPEN, HPTNMH NLcDC GIHEdLH D_NMTcc IGaLIMTC JIMTIE DFHNCE m T ZFC_MT aM T fMMTCMT_LHSFc RGNLC.

AT JIMT GCHC T aMT HaJL, EdTdMMaL ECNc, HS DFHNjMal MGaHSN IFIT@F, PS GF JIMTC GaLNlL T _L_TIF_M MIL_H. A IGaLIMTC JIMTIEN FDSTaM FjNN@FNaNFTNjH EdTdMH aHEFNaE, NdLNaHN HG PIFN CMGLNFH HaJ EdLaH. ATJIMT jM T CMNHE _FNF CM N_GININN, LHEbPfFC jM, ECHE aFN aM NNNC ECNHE EdTdMMaL. AT C.. 8. MT_TL EFNETNNNN fMMTC LcDC _ILecF TNaLj jM NbTaPC NLNc EFHIM ONT_M_N DFHbNC G, GFSHE MIL_H fMMTOMT DFFG GP_FNITCE.(A FFGaHSM jM OMT LD aM N_LMC FPMTNaM ON_H G_L cPNIM, HG P_SCE bLHaPL,

JaF_OF CLE_EN NLNc cL_M IFfJaGIMTHE G_L HG _LOFD F HPaN, HECM HaPHGONNEITCE . aMj JC_EIE @dFDaH CM ME GCEIL G_L CTNIHM_H PH, @C @FECFaNaN, aM GMaFC F EFHDCN, TNaLP NE_ JC T ONIFMc JCFFHNC m @FMaaLaM PSIH_L CaHSN NLNc EaLjE FSjTaMaC m CHEIHCNc GL.) fMMTOMT PCF_ DFH-MaC CL_HN HSCNINN aM @IaEIHS GL, EC EaJM MD_N MILM_N CL_HSbNHC. AT GL MILM IGaLIMTC JIMTH HG PaTNMTLl, HG FEbNNc aM CL_HSbNNc, M Gl TTF TaMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M @IFSGN_N CM GONND. 10 aPN dFF @F, GFS FNN qFFGa-HSMp fMMTOMT GNHOF FEFGTEIHC EdLfFGaHSET, G@IHNIFNN_ aM SLdFMa P_FCE. #IFSGNIMH NHOF MD_N aM N_LMC C_CcF.

AT JIMT ETj MILC CM TN @IFGTT_E G:

F / < , M <*, < / + == < <<* ==, / <= /*> & =, < <*= < <<= =*>=*, < = < < N< == =O= * <+,= * <* = =, = <* * *===. 4

A B,)!,$)X ]'A: A !X #,)A*A, BiZY" 29

3 ACMTEfFIMT, F_HIFN LIGaNOMT, @ILbNINN: LHMaHSC-FJ@F GL, $dLd L_G_E, OLcJ,

1968, 14.I.4 IGaLIMT: fMMTC . aHE, @ILbNINN PMLC $_IL, OLcJ, 7.I.



A G MILM_N FEbNc, MD_N NJMTNFNCcF NHOFHC EaJM, dHG_N GNLGNjfMMTOMT T jN MGaLFj SCE JC_E PLMHSTjdT bS MTcFN, EC@DTP T dHGlPFaMMTfEMaMMaaN:

H= <* * = * =N, **=, <= < <<< =>=. 5

A NO_ML EaMTNNaMN T cEIL EaMjC MT_TCcF H LEdFMC FPFCHE SCEaPF CMMTGFaFNNNDfE: q_N PH IFSH Cj, GCEIL HG EFF NHOFHOHE? - EaLT. aH TNP_FMTIFIG: HCHM.p6 _NNDOE, IS T cEILC OLcJ EOFNeL_C GOE @IFFN_E TaFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_M @IHNIMM__N aM MTfEMaMTLlMaaN.

A EdTaJEIL ELMTNaHS EOFNeL_D_H Dc CjL HG ( FEPaMa MG) PIFN EdTECHM GlPFNMa. A MIEMTIL GFNNN qc JJ IFNC NHOFp EdTGIH_M DFTC, IS DFH PIFNOSH T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M IHIFN, MOJ_H S MTlE LaN ECP_FNM_EaHN,GFS ECP_FNM_IN FNCH HSFPl bL_MFCMa ME NIP_ LjMbNNN. A L@ILG_Cc HSHSFPlMa

aM L@ILG_NOM EdHSPHSIGNNcE, PFGCHN T IFSH HS JcOMIE, GCHN JaF_OFIGHCOM MIEN NNNE EOFNeL GIELNCT_Fc_M, NO_M SHDIeMbN_M aLEaH.

FNL CLGH (1998) bPD @F @CSFGN JLGHHM NHOF_M, T aMT aFNH _N NLNcNHOF_M SCE GHSCFP_HOF_M_L (CLGH FMj HSCFP_HIM G@IFGT_MEaHN GFbNC). A @LHC@ILLFIG SCE MTFFGC PTaL ..A. IHILN 1792-H NNN EdTTa K=*=< =*< < <N < =<= < = ==. q@CSFaMfHE MTLCHN T IENN_MHE HG EFFPaN aLHC EEIL, GCEIL T GL @DTC CMEIFC NHOFG_HSCN. AT IENN_MHE GCHH EIL-IMTN_FSL EC EFF NLDHC. CHM IFSH EILIMTN_FS, GFSH NHOF_M MTNFH PS FNNFHFHH. LL G_MICE IENN_ML HH_F CHE_ CM MTfEMa PH, GCPF T FMjN MTlE EILF_NIEEdTa MTILbNINN_E.p (IHILN 1792 CH CLGH 1998:84) IHILN MTLCHN IFSH

LHMTLN EFF FaNLITHC, GFS q ECNLD T GLC NO_M NFDM LHMTLaLp aM FNjPa N-MTC, IS T GLE qGjLCTTaEp aM qHdPFDaEp NHOF_MC EaJMMafEN.

$IN M<= NdLNaHN OSHME T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M JaF_TN. AIHT_MIE aM NMTbN_MIE LaHSaH JC EdPNETj MTPEN D S MTaJ dFS N_LMM_CITT_MTcF_MEaHN: qFa D, IS GIMN G_L MGGCN MG FN S aMT aFNL GNHOFHC.FjCHE IT NLNINN_E GOEN, GCN C@DeEILOEH NHOFNE; HEfHE TIHH GIMNGCHH dN aPH eDL EFF _NPHHfHE, HG ELOHE aMTH FGLHC CPNNcF.p 7

3.1.2. A '&C * "< = & = << " AT CJLC @ILLFIG ON_H PM_LHJC CMEIF_E, CFFNP JIF_LIMI_M CDajF MT_GIM

CLIFGC JaF_N ITNH_HE ECIHNEITc MDNcIL_HOGIE EdPNETNaH GFEOFc dH-GlPFj IFPMcEdLdE, PS ECIHNEITc MTEjGlPM J_IFSIE, FaNLDdPj GlPFjaMCaFe aM PFF_MIM aLNaELHN EaJPCMFj SMfFNE aM EFOIE EdLajF. (TEL EaMjC @D-TNEH LaMTFNMH NaLfHE EC.) A GOHE_M aM MTEMTLPTNC GITFGE, $LOHNPC NPa-EHSMa, HaJ@jCMEIF_E FNLDaM OLcJ_H GCH FjLFaJaM @FHjNNEaJTaM GHCJ_-

A (\\Y$ A+)XA30

5 IGaLIMT: fMMTC . aHE, @ILbNINN PMLC $_IL, OLcJ, 7.I.6 H: LEdFMC FPFE, 36. FPaF, @ILbNINN OLT XHM

7 .. $IN (1809) IHT_MIE aM P_FMTN_MIE H: $IN _FININN GlPC (1963) aHSE, OLcJCc, 149.



H @IFSGNH T GL MD_N HPFaMaHE NPaEHS LaMTM q HPFaMHE, GFSMGGCEaJJH HG EILF_NITcN T CMEIFEdNFTNNMa CjMTE_L, EC EFF NLDHC T aFNPFGHHSC CGHTCcD_L, NO_M aM SEILFNC CMGLNE GCHH _TN_L, EfFdHdTj MTEdTdE

LaPaH CTNIMbNHC EFF, aM GCHH @DFMTNaMC FNjMa @FMTH_F_M_PF Fj EFF MbNHC MTGaFSCMa ECIHNEIT_M_N. A HPFaMC @IFSGNIEN, GFSEH T aFNfHE MIL_H SLGEE, @CNFIE aM EfFdHdTj EILe @FHjNNE _LGCFSH @ILG_H LaMTN PMTHE, SMaM aMTEaHNEFF @[email protected] (O.I.)

A NIP_CEH @FHjNNIENN_M NLNFG_L PIHNEITcH D_HF_MN @IFGTNE G EaJPCMFjE TTF EJMIFNIMH, IS @FHjNNEaJTaM NPaEHSMaaN HG FN GN_-LITHC, GLN q @DFjaM, EdTdMMaC aFNH PFc LaMTPaNF aM T SaHC ECIHNEIT_MMIL_H ECFEOFc MD_NIM MTfEMaFNE N_LITT_E G, T aFN PFGHHSC IFF_N T CMG-LNE GCHH NLfFNaN aLCHNCp. A F_NL_HSIM MIJILNIEHE PCMTIHN MTfEMaMFMjMaN CTNIMbNHC. NN CM IGCH_HMH GDFHCE T IHIFN, IS ELCNCEOM

IHIFEI_M FjMbNaM T SCE aFD @FHjNNE IENN_M_HE. pAT _FFGJIF_LC, JIFCNCEC,MTEMTLPTNC aM MTdPNMaC HPFaMC NPaEHSMaHE LL EFF NdLEHC, IS FjMbNMT dH_FFc aM ELCNCEOM bNaFjEaJMMa EC@DFjaMaN, IS ECFEbNM aM NIP_@DFMMT TIENT CMGLNEN, GFSE GCHH GL MT_G_L MTfEMaME, IS EfFdHdTj MTCHNldHNaME GITNF_HE @IFSGN_H aM N_LMFIG fSCHE CTN_M_H PFcNaHSFM LaMTPaNF LaPaH T aFN aM GOHE @FNaNFCN @IFS_MIFc P_FNIT_MIEEF FaJaMNNLNMMIH. /../ A GlMTEC aM MTEGC IENN_MHE T _FNF_HIM aM _FFGJIF_LC EaJTaMN CMG_H EFF @IFFHC.p (O.I. 79).

1985-H _LCTM, T EdTJIHND FNN . GTNEdTC #FHjNNIENN_MC IH@LH-C FSMTbH, 122 N_FFG aM GCHNS 60 HG EILG_HSTNC MTLPTN EaJPCMFNNN G_N.

(LCHMTES 2005). A EIH@LHC FDFHNjM GITTHN T, IS EaJPCMFjE G@IF-GTN_E, GlPFjaM, NHOF_M FJPNj GLC DI. jF LjH EOFMEaLaMMa P_FNE _NL_HSIM FSTNl LaNE JLIFaG_C, EEIL ELfF HJCLHL FjMTdL q@OHECIH_FCMHF@aNCTGOMp @IFG, M NHCEC @DFjaM aM MTCj EaLaM EJM_H ELfFEdTaJJIHN N_PIENN_ML.

A IEOGHNOG ECHSCFP_HbNINN, IS q NHOF_MIT PFc DI T GLCMa @HHGL_-M_HE FJPNj MTEdT.p \MMTNPjC T bLHC-IFPMHC NO_M DI, EaJTFN aM FEIN_MDI, N_DaEITINNM_ aM N_DaEITNN_M DI, T IENN_ML @ILbNINN HSC @ILL_MIEcF PFcLaMTMaM DI, PFGCHN T SaHC aM EIFFENbP EaMTMaE EC@DFMTNaMaHE DI.

A J_LCTMC EIH@LHC GLjMbNNN, IS T GLCMa HG @DFjN NHOF_M HaFEfF,

GLN TN ELDOE, IS PCF_ HaJC dHFF_NcE FSHE, aEaH aFDHE, Dc aMT-MaHE dLPHDHE, EEIL EOFMMTc NHOF_M ( 1985 CH LHC 1998:85).LCHMTES _MTFc ECGFC IEOGHNOG TIH G_FFJbN_M_N, IS @FHjNNE NHOF_MdHGPFcMbN_MOE HaFEfFdTNNFH MTEdT, @FHjNNIENN_M @DFMTNaMaHE FJFPJC, GIELNCT_Cc. TaLN EfFdHdMH @CSFHC EFF TM_C FHSIG_M F_NL_HSIMFSTNl _FITNCL: T bL_MNONFHIEL, HjEL, MTaHSEL, T dLEL aM @C-NFIEL. (LCHMTES 2005: 87).

A EIH@LHC_E N_N @IFSGNIMH @IFGTN_E, LjMbNNNaE NHOF_MIT PFc DICTNIMbN_M_N, T MaFSSHFjMaC FPE aLPaHSMfFaMaN @FHjNNE EaJTaMaH. CHHNF_FEITc @IHNIM fTHN S-S IFSH, T aMT GLCMa MILM_N GN_LITc EaLaM,

GCHN aE CTNIHM_ aM GIEL_C EaLaM, GFSET NO_M DFHNC T ONN.

A B,)!,$)X ]'A: A !X #,)A*A, BiZY" 35



3.2. A? /? ; ; ;; ;< / ? ;;/>?;

A HGTNEdTC EIH@LHC_E PTNNaE *< <, * =<< =*= =*=<, *>< <, CFFNP GOHE ON_HC NHOF_M @IFGCN CM, TM_C MTfEMaMTLlMaJC SEILFNN_ NNN @FHjNNE NHOF_M_N. AT 1970-M aPENjF PCMTIHN NOIG_HSIM CMG-LNE jPfFaM, T TTF D_Lc SILM GlMTEC-NHCEC P_FNIT_MIE, T eD NHIFcC_E FMD_-NbN_M, PLMHSEaJMMaL NdLEPaM EdPNETNaH ELfF HJCLHL @FHjNNEaJTaM, M SdE-LMCE G T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M @CFITc@C_D. CFCJ . IIGM, FI@ FG, OFHLH, L #OL SL_HN @FbPD_E @CSFGN @FHjNNEaJTaMLjF FEININN MTG-FaFNGc P_FNIT_M_HE MTfEMaMTLlMaaL.

AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M FI_FCM EIHJCcD_HE FNLDaM T 1970-M aPE FDaLNNj (aGN 2004). T MT_GIM IEOGHNOG ITT_D_LOFN aM T, IS T

1970-N HGTNEdTC HPFaM aPaHE HSCFP_HbNINN. H T aPH N EC T OLcJ H_M "*< < EIHJCcD_N, T dH_FFcH CL_HSbNINN NHOF_M IHIFN_N. aL@dFEjHENECHNNj OF HLH MTGFaFN, EC JLGHHM NHOF_MN GCHN aFN@ILG_N N_LITNG, GFS MIL_H NHOF_M aFNGc_ P_FCE. A JLGHHM NHOF_M TIEHE T GLEHET aFNGcD, ECE @IFSGNIMH N_DaEITINNM_L, NHOF_ML NdLEMTHE, M T_FNF IFIOFHET aFNH (HLH: 1970). A HLH _FNF PTNNN MTEaLNjC MIJILN EIHJCcD NdPCN_N P_FNINN EC. AT SCE FCMGLN NCFNEIT_M PH FFC aMC @CFITc@OM D< %= bGl GOHE_D, GFS N_LMFGC SHFjNFHMaE eDLNLGFjaM aM EIHNLIFFFELfFaM PaNN N_LMFGN GHNMbNHC EbP_HD T CMEIF_NcF. FFC MTLCHN HG CMEIF_L,HG NHOF_MC FNjMaEL FHH CHE_ MTfEMa (FFC 1971).

1972-H T ECN L* = +. & @ / >*= =* * =@ (NHOFHC FaNTHC. A G aM IFHJ IENN_M) bGl DFHNaMaN, GFSN L#OL HPaPF CM MTIE_M DFTHC. A NHOFc N_LMFIG @IFG aM T aMT aFNH _N NLNcIENN_M EIHJCcD DFHN G IEOGHNOGH, GFSH T aMT aFNH _N NLNcIENN_M HG LHMTL, HG FJFP, GFSL T aMT LHMTL aJfF.

1973-H T $>= >*=: * <=*= / /- * (CMMTNaLjIENN_M: MNLNaC T aMT aFNH _N NLNc IENN_M MT_G_L) DFHNaM TM_ PL-MHSEaJMMaaHE, @IFFEITNNNcM_ aM NHOF_M EJMIFN_HE PCTM_FN_L aJfFNJLILG PIFN.

A @IFIG EdTNON ELfFaMaN MbNNN Fj T &. H><: L* %= m A

NHOFc N_LMFIG (1974), CFFNP J. B=: =< = *: B = >* *. A = = = C>+ / $ (1979) m A NHOF_MHE HCHMHE N_LC: T GLC Lj@IL-L_MMTfEMaFN JcNF_M. J=< * $* K>+ bGl GOHE CM.

H T CjMTEH @FHjNNE IENN_M _FFN @IFIG aM HGTNEdTC IEOGH-NOGIE EdTaJJIHND_H, P_FNIT_MN ECFHPHM aPE ITN_E G, GCEIL T IENN_MFSNN NHOF_M (ONCIH FSNN FLHCH), M T_FNF T SaH ELfFN JLILGIEEdTaJJIHND_.

3.3.1. A &= =&& < "? "< $& $*? + " ' "" < " AT 1990-M aPENjF GOHEHaFEfFCMaN MdEEHNHC CPNINN IENN_MJIFCNCE_E aM

PLMHSEaJMMa HdPFaM aLEaH eDOFN G T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M PSMTCHIHCG_DEaHN T aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_M @CFITc@C_D.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA36



MTCHNl CL_HSFPE FCMMTIHC MNLNaCEaHN ELfFNE EdTNON. A F@j aF T PIFN, IST OLcJC HCcN 2010-C q PCF_ FCHGCEOM aM FPLMHSEaJM NO_MFJeTM__P_p NSaE. A EIHELaN aFECNlTaME EdTN MTLJF 3%-IM TM_C HdPEaM,

GFS 20 GCFFCc eD GOHEFS FaNMbNaMaN NMTC FNjPa 2010-C. ($_M:2005) HHE aLEaHaFITN_E G, NdE EdTdNN, FMj JC ECNFDMbNaMaN, PFGCHN EONN_M-@DFMTNaM aM TIENN_M PFc @ENNaME MTCHNDaHE DFHNjM GFaMaN. (QQQ.O.O) A FCMMTIHC MNLNaCSCE F@j aFD N_N @IFFEITNNINNM_ HdPFaM. A @IFFEITNN_M aM EaJTaM NLaHEIHELaN m HJDCHEL NODOE, FaLNNFH m aFIE CM G@IFGTcNE: 2010-L NFDM@IFFEITNNINNM_C L_N_N 63-LcF 70%-L EFF HdPFHC, HjC @IFFEITNNINNM_IN 55-LjF 60%-L,T 55 aPHaF CjME L_N_D_N JC 40-LjF 50%-L EFF HdPFHC. 2010-L 50%-EF MdEEH-NHC EFF 18-24 aPM EILIMTN_FScF TIE MT_G_N, ECEHE ME FMc EdTaJCMEIFC EaJTNNMaPH, PFGCHN F EFF NLDMTNHC T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M EOFNeL_D_N MTIC_FCM JLNH-LE MbNMaaPF.

A FCMMTIHC MNLNaC 2004-H, CG IE SEILC IFFH GCHCMTNLFHdE PTNNCTINNM_ ELCNCEC DPMFNC FJD_H DFHNjM CTbN_MIEIH GHN ELMTNfF. A DFHNaM Fj-NaL FSTC @IFFEITNN_M JLIFaG_D_N, GONNP GIL_@CC FjLDFTaMEjF c-c @IFFEITNNN_MC qECbP_MIENp. TE MTLCHN 2030-L T 25-H 110 GCFFCc FMT 65 aPH @FfFC FEIMM_ MT_G (2000-H 71 GCFFCc PIFN). CEdTH T CjMEILC @fjMaCL_N 2000. aPC 23%-LcF 2030-L 39%-L Hj, EdTH 2030-L GOHEP_FFF_MC EILeHaJMMa 2000. aPC 303 GCFFCcLcF 280 GCFFCcL MdEEH. _N MTIFeN aLNaEH EEILCM DFHNjMH PCMMTMCE @IFFEITNNINNE MT_G, 2010-L MCELfF FaLHC 70%-IM@IFFEITNN_MC MTCHNN. AT CC HSIF aFNLfFN FSNN HdPEaMN aM @IFFEITN-NINNM_IN FSTNaE FjNaL NO_MFJe N_LMFIG aM -TM_, T SMaM JC

ECNFDMbNaM DSaH. PLMHSEaJMMa EPaMa HMeFSIM MTLJ ELfFN. G_L NODOE, aFECNlTaMEN HG MCELfFN NFDMbNHC, $_M _HIM MTLCHN FCMMTIHC @IFS-GN EJM_H T OLcJC HCc NdLNaHNaHE SCE FHSI EOL_N MTHPN F($_M 2005).

3.4.2. M= '@% C " '&C = =#&: M& " % " &= =&& < "? "< ? A FCMMTIHC @IFSGN OSHEEIL DFHNjM LGaHSN ITINN T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_MJLCG_D_HE ECFEOF_M MTGJIHND_cF. HHE GONN_M_L TaLN LaMTFNMHNaLfHE EC. AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_ML PIHNEITc EONN_MN EdPNjH TOLcJC H_M DPMFN_L T OLcJC BCTINNM_ 2000 IENcLaH M*>= INN

EC A < = = =*= =*><. A GILHOG N_LMFGC PCN_D ON_H T OLcJCHCc HSCNINN EIILCH_CcM GcMTLaHE EdMTdHNjH CM HaJMTLlPa aM F@IINN_ P_FN N_FFGIE, CFFNP MNFEITHC EbP_Hc _FFGIE EdLaH.

A MNLNaC OLcJ_N PCF_ FPLMHSEaJM aM FCHGCEOM NO_MFJe N_LM-FIGG_ P_F_M_N NlTN aFOF. HHE aLEaH T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M NLaH N EOFM-@IHNIMM_e @FNIN @IFGTINN G:

1. <= < < < += <= <* <*. A NHOF_MIT PFc SNGM aM @I-FSGNIM ITT_@aLaM CTNIMbN_M NO_M N_LMFG_H PFc @HHNLNNc LaMTPaNFTMTfEMaM CMGLNE aM EaMTMaE GMTLTaM aM GeDbN_M aFD_cF.

A B,)!,$)X ]'A: A !X #,)A*A, BiZY" 39



3.4.3. A $ && $* <2000-H T OLcJC H_M FCMMTIHC NF_FEITcD_H SIG_HSIM EaMTMaEH NeF (GCHN TbL_M-IFPM_M aM MT_GIF_M), G@IFGTNE dN eD FJEaMTMaN.9 XFF_MJIHNDOE MTLCHN T CH@IL-

GNCEC D_LNMM_, T CHHSFP-CMGLN, GlMTEC/NHIFcCC EOFNeL CMGLN, P_FFFEITcCCMGLNE aM N_LMFGC EIGGOHCE_CcM EaMTMaE FMD_NbN_M DFHNC . MT_T EdMTdH-NaPF T FHNNFHfF MTfEMaM CPCFCT_CcM EIGJNHC_EN. A G@IFGTINN EdTFGaHS@FbPN @CSFGN T OLcJC CGHTCc HMeFSIMM__HE LjMbNaMaL CM. A EOFMEIGJNH-C_EcF _FFc ELNLHMTL aM T SM NLfFNET NLNITc CMGLNE, EaMTMaE aM NNCNl-dE LaMTFNTaMaL aM ECIFIT_M_L H_M S GOHEMIJILNIN ITINN FaNL, GFSH2003-NcF T_HE CM LaMTN PNN. AT OHCcM MTEaLNjE EdTdMMa >< = = @C-HC_FN: T HSHSFPC EIGGOHCE_CcN, T CH HSFPC EIGGOHCE_CcN, GNGNCEC GlPFN-MaN, NLGaMTNNOIG_HSC aM NHIFcCC DFFl FJEIGJNHC_EN, T CH@ILG_CcM aM EIGGOHCE_CcM NHIFcC_E FEFGT_M_IT EJMIFcc EaMTMaEN, NHOFHC NO_M-

IT, MTGaFSEdTC aM _FFGJIF_LC EIGJNHC_EIT, P_FFFEITcC MTFFG FGaFSbNaMaT aMPafF EOFNOL_FCM NONIMM_ ECFEbN_M_IT EJMIFNc EaMTMaEN aM EaJMMaEN. AMCELM dHGPFcMbN_M aM GOHELj-JCC FP_L_MIE @CSFGPaNFaPF _LIG IFSHMTGJIHNIN DFdFN G GOHEMIJILN, GFSEHE @FNaNFHfF NFDMfFHCfE EFF NHO-F_MH. AT FMj MTGJIHN T eSHPTNN >=>< =N P * * <=< < /N<. T TN @IFFD G_H, IS EOFMEIGJNHC_EHE EaJMMa EFF NHHCfE T SaHENT aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_ML aM LL, IS MD_N aLEFjaMfEHE G@FFj, SaHC a-FIE FaLaMaL NdLEDHE. A G_MICE MTGJIHN, T eSHPTNN = <** =N, * * * *-= * < aM @I_M NLfFN. EOFMEIGJNHC_E FMD_NbN_M NMTC FNjPa, IST SaH ENbP _FFGJIF_LEaHN PSH LaMTN N_LMFIG aFNaH. A LGCE MTGJIHN *

> =N P * /*=*=*= < , T TN DFHNC, IS EOFMEIGJNHC_E CLNIE_HT SaH EaJMMa P_FCE LL, IS G@FFj GOHE_N NF_FDIH G_HE. A N_FFGIE TH IE-NN_MC FPEN aLPaHSMbNCE HGTNC @DFMTNaMC NLPE ECIFIT_MEIL (ALJIPCM:2005). AEIGJNHC_ELcF, EOFMEIGJNHC_ELcF T OHCcM IEOGHNOGIE GDFHaM cN CTCM NHOFG_HSIE MILITN F_NINN HJPCF_IN (C_FS 2002, 2003, NaHSC 2003, _FG_H 2005,GNL 2006, S cTM@ 2007, LCCHa 2007, BDOMT 2008, FCMT 2008 aM G_MIE) NdHL_GONNHE: HG MT T IENN_MC aFIE MTCHIHCG_DEaHN MTH_FHC [email protected] ($LFS 2004, MIG 2008). AT OLcJ H_M D_HF_M MTLCHN qEIGJNHC:

A (\\Y$ A+)XA42

9 A EOFMEIGJNHC_E GN_LIT_M_L G_L T OLcJC HCcH EbPfF G_MIE CM NNNE EbMaLFNN (CLCMN1997), F@IINN JaF_OF T GOHEMIJILND_HE GN_LIT_M CM (@CHCNCIH H FNCIH I@ S IGJNHCM, I).

10 MIG $SOF @FbPD @CSFGN EIGJNHC @IFGC GN_LIT_MCHE aM EIGJNHC-FJeEaJTaMMF EJMIFNIM MTECLIFIG CTIHSNFHM_CL (MIG 2008). $LFS $SOF OFMEIGJNHC_EJC HCHMHE bGl NHOFG_HS_H L_GONN, C FHH EOFMEIGJNHC_ELcF GCHN dHGOEHFaNTj, FEfFdHbNNj EaJMMaELjF IHIFEIHC, GCPF _FF_MJIHND MTLCHN T CMGLNE EaMTMaEEF aMEaJMMaEEF CLLCEOMH MTLPTjj LHMTLN FEINHE. CHN bLD qEIGJNHC_E GNLC_FCMHdHGOEH MCHMHE, M HG ME dHGOEH MTLPTjj LHMTLE. S cTM@ EC@DNC, IS MTGa-FSCMa GCHN EIGJIHHMLHMTL T dLdEFdNN aM NHOFN EIGJIHHMLHMTLE @IFSGNIMH MTLPTjjLHMTL, GFS MTIC_FCM EdLHSTNNF EdTPNFH EIHNENOMH PFc FEFGTEI_MH CMGLNEEF aM

NJMTNFNIEEF TICE. $LFS D_HFD, IS FICECF MTaNP_FMTNNc, SaEaHN LHMTLN FEINcEIGJNHC_EN MIM NECHNMfE GNLC_FCMH FaNTj IDENCP_CcEHE ($LFS 2004).



NO_M, EaMTMaE aM MTGaFSM, MTIC_FCM aM/PS GcMTLNHC EaJMMaE MTH_FN_HE CTI-HSbNINN EaJMMa GOHEFSC PS NHOF_MC FSTNEH MTEGC aM MTGaFSM @DFjaMaLEaH.p AT OLcJC aJMbNaMC LNLHMTL EIGJNHC_N @FFjMMa aM T

ONIHcGC MTGJIHND_cF bLD F ( 2008). A GaLNjMa MTGJIHND_cF @IHNIM, IS 2002-H T OLcJ H_M MTEaLNjC ECIF-

ITN_E T aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_M GCHjMaC EdPNFGaHSCHE CHCE_NILCN, GFS T E>* $= #>*= I*=< / L/ L* FHPTaMMF DFHN G. AIEOGHNOG dN aF NFDMbNaMaN NlTC EC EaJTaMMF @IFFEITc CHNaTGaHSE MT_G_L, TE: EaMTMaE, EaJMMaE, EIGJNHC_E @DFMTNaM; T IENN_MC L_@ILbN_MIE jPbNaM; N_LM-FGC @I_M aM @FT_LEcT_M @FNaNFCHE GNLGNaM; T aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_MMNLNaC_CHE, NHOF_MCL_HSbN_M aM T EELCN_Cc @FNaNFCHE ECIFIT_M; PFGCHN TNMTIF_FNN_M aM T dMMTMIHFbNNcM_ EdPNFGaHS.

A EOFMEIGJNHC_EN T OLcJ H_M 2006/962/ D_HF_M @CHC_FD. A EIGJ-

NHC_EN IEOGHNOG INN FSTNH G@FFj CMGLNE, EaMTMaE aM NNCNldEdNPdTNEaHN N_LITT G. CGFDfE MTIC_FCM aM _FFGJIF_LC, ETGaHSTj aMP_FFFEITcC, PFGCHN EOFNOL_FCM NONIMM_ aM EC@DTjEaMTMa @IFIG GN_LIT_M_N,GLN TE FMD_NbN_M_N PCTM_FDOE CPCF N_LMFGC ENCPCN_M, CFFNP HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNEGlEdNNaM MIL_H.

A MTIC_FCM EIGJNHC_E GOE @IFFD_E MTGaFSC, CHNLJLMTIH_FCM aM CHNLEOF-NOL_FCM EIGJNHC_EN aM GN_LITT_E PCMFEaMN N_LMFGC aM MTEGC aFNH.#FPaLNTCE T SaHN EdTfSEH PFc LaMTPaNFL, GIELNCEOM IHIFEI_ML. AMTIC_FCM EIGJNHC EJMIFcCE T SaHC aM N_LMFGC DcF-FaNT. AT _FFGJIF_LC EIG-JNHC m IEOGHNOG G@IFGT_M_H m T CTM_IMM_, T SHFjMa, T _FFG-

JIF_LM_ aM T _FFGJIF_LC DIIE @IFG_HE CMGLNaH FJOF A ETGaHSTjEaMTMa aM P_FFFEITcC EIGJNHC T SaH TIH EaJMMaaL ONF,

IS FEaJTFaMCN G NOD PFcMbNHC, GLN dNFNT, CHHIPNbP, EFF, EIE_TNP_FFFc,NLPTHC EaJM. A EOFNOL_FCM NONIMM_ aM EC@DTjEaJMMa JC T aFGaHSE, FEaJTFa-ME, aLTaME ELNbP EC@DTaMaHE FCMGLaMaN DFHNC. _ @IFFD m NdE EdTdNN m FSC, HGTNC aM OLcJC EOFNOL_FCM dLdEMaCHE GjLTaMaN.

3.4.4. A & ? "* = & >= * & & &% & A ELNLHMTL ECFEbN_M, GOHEP_FFFcE GICFCN_M_HE FjMbNaM ETNENjF T OHCcMN_FFGIE PCNNaG_D. AT 1957. aPC cGC TLTjaM G@IFGTT GICFCN_M MT-

M__N. A 60-M aPE FDaH NNNE EbMaLFNEN MTEEaJTaM MIL_H GMTLTNj MTEEaJMb-NaME LGIHCT_CcD_L, 80-M aPEH T dMMTMIHFbNNcM__L, 90-M aPEH T_NF_NNcM_ CTNIMbN_M_L m Nd EPM MCELLF. 2005-H * J**<*= * < = ==*= =*><= < > * <= < = < **= <* bGl IEOGHNOGaFOF NlTN EC HGTNC aM _TNC MTCHNl EaJMbNaMC ELNLHMTLE SG_MIT CFFMTEaMaN,IS GEdHHSbNM EaJMbNaME _NF_NNcM__N aM FCMGLaMaN PFGCHN, IS FjMbNM NHOFcE aM GOHELj HGTNEdTC GICFCN_M_N. A GICFCN_MHE, GOHELj MT GIT_-M_HE SCE FHNNFH @FNaNF, IS N_FFGIE FCMGLDaE G_M N_FFGIEHGMTLTNN CJFIG_EN, CTIHSbNP_HSIEN, NHeMbNP_HSIEN.

AT OLcJC LFGHN aM H_M 2008. _JLCFCM 23-_H F@IINN dHNaM FJD_H T OLcJC

aJMbNaMC LNLHMTLH LdTbNNN FPE aM GcMTLNHC FD_L_MIE @CSFG PaNFaPF 2010-C N_FFGIE dMMTEJMIFD_E MD_N HGTNC EaJMbNaMC ELNLHMTLCEN T OLcJC

A B,)!,$)X ]'A: A !X #,)A*A, BiZY" 43



2.?. ;. A? E< % ;<;< ; ; ? /? ; ; ;; ;<

aGN BF_TM MTLCHN qA NdLNaHNC JaF_E ME F_N_GMTND_E, IS 20. MT_T G_MICE@FaH GLjMdj FIHIF_MIE, @IFSGNIM IENN_MN, EaJTaMN (=> >*=), JLGHHM IENN_M aM HPFaM fSaN (*= >*=), GOHE ON_HC IENN_MN(<=-@ >*=), PCMMTNaLj IENN_MN (>= >*=), EdTdMMaC IENN_MN(>= >*=), GDFHbNj IHIFNIE TaLN EJNE IFS HS DFHNjMaN aM P-TNNE F #$ A$ NHOFcEdTJIHNe EIHJCcD_IT, GLN T T EIHJCc, G_ NON dNPdTHC NdLNaHFGCF DcF @FCaTNj FIHIF_MIEN,

DFHEIL TM_C aM JCC ECbP_MCcF @Ec @IFSGNIM NO_M, MTECMGLN aM EIG-JNHC jPbNaMaHE EaHSMTLaN, PFGCHN GILH GL PCF_EaJaH NHOF_M L-GaHSEaHN MTFFGC P_FNIT_M EdPNETGaHSCN. T T EIHJCc, GFS n80-M aPEPaaNjF SMaMfFaMC @IFSGNIE ETj OLcJ_H GN_LITc aM EIGJFR @IFF-EITNN_MJIFCNCEC, IENN_MC m EaJTaMC aM EOFNOL_FCM IHIFNLHMTLLa P_FN. G PaFNFH,IS T aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_M fS IFPMTNINN SMTLL G_ @IFFEITNN_MJI-FCNCE MT_G_L FMjFM CHHIP_Cc aM GM @IEe MTENO_M FGCN, N_LMFGC mEdTdMMaC MNCFCT_Cc JIFCNCE_D_N, PFGCHN MTFFGC GeDOF_M, TT ELNCPCN_M aM TCaHSMMa FNjMaaNp (aGN 2002).

SHEEIL LcNC AHIL, GSL aM HGTNEdTC HLcOM MTEG FCMGLN

MTEGL LL bPN @F @CSFGN, IS: qFMMH H_FOHE CM JcCC EdTFFSa P_FCE TaFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_M, HaFEfF TIHH, IS aLGH @IFS_MIFH_ NHbN_M-NHOF_M

A B,)!,$)X ]'A: A !X #,)A*A, BiZY" 45

A A ZA

1. TLETNC JIFCNCE

2. LNFGC @DFMTNaMCJIFCNCE

3. cMTLNHC@DFMTNaMC JIFCNCE

4. _LMFIGJIFCNCE

5. H@ILG_CcM aMEIGGOHCE_CcM JIFCNCE

6. #CHHMTbLIT_MCJIFCNCE

A \ Y

d@aF SaHC NHOF_MC eNFaNLIT_M

AT FJPNj EaMTMaEeDL@CHC_F_M

HHIPNbP JcC_EFEFGT_M_HE NLDMTNaM

IF_LC ENCPCN_MaM N_LMFGC EIaTCcLjMbNaM

AT SaHE aM CHNaTGaHSE N_-DaEITcINNM__HE HdPFaM

AT GLC Lj@ILL_MIEPFc CHPMTN_F_M LjMbNaM

A AAA \\

JF. G_MICE MaFS CMEIF_D PTNaM;GIOF_LCM JLILGIE; PCTM aM EP-FC@CE_CcM LHMTLE L@ILGD

JF. @DFMTNaMC JLILGIE; aLNa-EFaMC LHMTLE L@ILGD; eD S-EILFNC-MTEGC ILCHN_CcDe JLIL-GIE PTNaM

JF. JcOM NIP_EaJTaM; N_PIE-NN_M PTNaM, GOHE aM NHOF_MEIGCH_CcD; CHHIPNbP GIF_MIEPTNaM T CMEIFC EOL ETFa-MaL

JF. ; CMEIFC EOL FFHC aF JLI-LGIE; T CMEIF-EdLHSTN EJMI-FN LjMbNaMaN aFTc CHNaTEaME; _-FcTNIE N_GIN_M

JF. J_FSP_FMTN_MC NH_M_M@DFMTNaM

JF. @ILL_MIE @DFMTNaMC JLIDENEL;EIFFENbP MTLTjaME DIC ELNCHE_NFEbN_M



EJMIFN_N. SNFH SEILFNC PIHTN F_NNc: @FHjNNEILC NHOF_M NLGaMTNMMa P_F_M,FCMGLaM, FF_CM GOHELj-JCC MTfEMaFNEHE [email protected] (LcNC:2002)aGN BF_TM Ha_HS aPPF EaMj T -JLCG MD_NIM NaHSTjDEaHN GFbNN, IS

T @FaLNaEFC TIEN T MTEdTdEN, GFSE NHOF_M LGaHSMMaaN @IFS_MIFD_E.CGFC TE EdTfF T FJEaMTMaE @DFMTNaMaN, T eNGONN_MN aM NH_M_MN, GeDOFcNHbN_MC GcMTLEN, T GLC Lj@ILL_MIE @DFMTNaMaN, NHOF_MHE T INNIHIEITNdLNaHj EdTF PCNFaN (aGN 2007).

[CS AHL dMMT@IFFD HGTNEdTC FC@FIH FLHCH EIHJCcE MIHFcM_CNaM EfFdHMaCN. dTdM FGEaHN GFC EC, IS EfFdHdTj GEdTFbNaMCE FFHaL ,PFGHHSC HGTNEdTC IEOGHNOGH EdTdM qEIHJCcGp, GaJC T, ISJcCC JLCG FNN T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M. dTdM DSEEaHN GFbNC MT DdPj aFECNlTaMaN, NHOF_MC @IFSGN EdTaJJIHN FSTaMaN, T dHCL_HSbNINNNHOF_MMTLPTaMN, GP_FNITINN NH_LC MTLJN. CGFC, IS IEOGHNOGIEH

NHOF_M F@IHNIM NLNFG NHOF_MC EaJMMaE @DFMTNaM, T IENN_MC LHMTL CHNaT-GaHSCHE HSCNINNM_ aM dMMTEJMIF_M PFGCHN, IS @CTNNN GOHE_N N_LMFGCJLNCCJ_Cc F@IHNIM Fj@FNaNFaHE aM SH MTGaFSCMa @IHNIM, NF_H F@IHNI-M LaMTaHE NECHNCE.

. LOM HaTN FJD_H [CS T OLcJC FC@FIH FLHCH-EIHJCcE EfFdHMaCEaHN ECIFITc MTLPTNE aFDCHE FNaLaMCN DFdFC G: T FMjMILH EOFNOL_FCM aM JIFCNCECaFIEN, CFFNjF GCHHEFjNN TM_C aFIEN EdPNj MTLPTNE MIJILND_HEEIHJCcCN (LOM 2001).

SNaLNfHE [CS AHL TIH HaTNaPF, GFS MTLCHN FC@FIH FLHCH EIHJCcDG FMjMILH TM_C, CFFNP N_LMFGC-JIFCNCEC aFIEN CPNINN GPFcMbNHC. A EIH-

JCcIT EJMIFcc EaN F@IHNIM aFECNlTaM: GIEL_C_L HPFaM aM T GLCLj@ILL_M, TT OG_HNjE @DFMTNaM. OLcJ_H NHOF_M MTGaD ETNENjF @IPLjMH dMMTEJMIFcINN GIEL_C_L HPFaM C_D_PF. A NHOF_M @IFG G_H@IFFN MTM_ (dH@FMTbN_M) GITTHN_N HGME @CFITc@CC aM HNLIJIFcCCMbEIH, HG N_LMFGC MTGJIHNcF CM. T T aLNFGTaM 20. MT_TH aLN F NNjJIHND_N, GCEIL CM N_LMFGC MaFSSHFjMa CTNIMbN_M T IENN_M _FNF PCF_MTLNFCMGLN JIFCNCEC aFECNlTaMMa P_FN.p ([CS 2006).

A @HNCEH _NNECHNNNfE, IS T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M _N@Ic MTEdT N_LMFIGJIFCNCEC aM TM_@DFMTNaMC aFIE GPFcMbN_M_HE, ECGFN MTEdT

@IFFEITNN_MJIFCNCE_HE. FjMbNC T SaHC aFNGCHjMa aM P_FFFNC-HGTNC PLMHSEa-JMMa DPbN_M_N CM, EILHM MNLNaCEaHN SMa @IFFD @ILG_FCM, HG-@ILG_FCM aMCH@ILG_FCM NHOF_MN.

3.5. $< ; $ - M/>?/ ? ?<

A GONNINN HGTNEdTC NJMTNFNIE, JLGHHM EaJTaM, T aMT aFNH _N NLNcNHOF_M IHIFN T_HEH CM @IFSGNIMH DFH PH HaJGlPFaM aM GOHEfS MT-ENLfFNCH GlEdj FGaFNC aM SEILFNC MTEGLE @IFSGNIMH LaMTN PNNE aM LaMTN

PMTHE HGTNEdTC NF_FEITcEIH, TE LGaHSCN MTdPSlDNGaHSE, NHOFG_HSIE aMSNGC Fj_MIE LaPaH EdTPNbNNNaE T_HEH.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA46



AT OLcJC @FHjNNEaJTaMC aP aM GOLC CF_NF_FEITc N_M_L SLILMT_IH CM P_FNIT_M DFC GONNEITNE. 1998-H ELfFN FjMTdL EILG_HSJLILG @FHjNNEaJ-TaM. IMMTM FjEaMTbNaM ON_H GSL ILMT_SlFaM F@IN 2001. aPC . NdLPaHSN @F-

HjNNEaJTaMLjF, GFSN Nd PaLDN_MC LHFN EdPNNN. A @FHjNNEaJTaMC NdLPaHS F@jPbPG_HSC EdTa NLNITCE @ISMTNcPaFG, GCHjMaCTNIMbN_M aLEaH @FHjNNEaJTa-MC HSCFP_HNLN_M, @FHjNNEaJTaMC MTLTjaM, T EELCN_Cc PTNaM aM @CHHMTbLIT_MCLHMTL F@ENNaM. A EdTIENN_MC, @FMjIENN_MC, MTEEaJTaMC aM MTEEaJTaMC ITT_D_LO-F_MLcF MTcFc NdLPaHS, PFGCHN TE PaLDN_MC LHFNCPF SfNN 2005-L T aMT aFNH_N NLNc NHOF_M @FNaNFLHMTLaHE, GlEdaMaHE, @DFMTNaMaHE, @CHHMTbLIT_MC EaLaMC-HE DIMT_FSC _NNL FaHSaH NFDMMa P_FN, M @IFSGNIMH ECNFDMCE @FHjNNEaJTaM CH-NaTGaHSLHMTL CM, GFSN G_L T IENN_M eD, dH_FFc LHMTLaHE NECHNNfHE. A HG-TNC @DFMTNaMC NLPEH aM T IJLNbP JLILGIEIH ELMTNfF EfFdHdMH N_GININN_ P_FN @F-HjNNEaJTaM, FMjMILH @IFFEITNN_MC aFe EaJTaME.

3.5.1. A M" " K@< " < K<<" "= * < +" " &= =&& < "? "< ? A @HNC LGaHSE HSIG_H 2005-H FEaMTfFN T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_MLcF MTcFcEILG_HSMNLNaC, GFS 2007-2013-M CjMTEL N_LITT G T GLC Lj@ILL_M@DFMTNaMaHE CL_HSCN. A MNLNaC NHOFc _FFGJIF_LN, NHOF_MN, T SaHC EIGJNH-C@DFMTNaMN _FFbND EdTaJJIHND_. ]DMTLlMa SE EdTdNN H _FF, IS NeFFaJ TCHNaTGaHSLHMTLT EdNjj _TNC MTGFaFNH, aM LHMTLMTLl @DFMTNaMC GIFFNP_TIF @F: qAT IENN_MLcF PFc IHIFEI_M aM T IENN_M GMTLPTaMaHE EIL_C GIFFDCT CHNaTGaHSLHMTLN aM ITT_DOE EJMIFcc FP_L_MIEN FSTNaE @DFMTNaMCJIFCNCE_E EdTaJJIHND_. AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M @cEOMT_H NHOF_MHE, NHO-

F_MC @IFSGN MTGaFSL MT_M_HE, NHOFHC ELc SaH MTfEMaFNCHE aM EaJMMaCHEEFF _FFHC. CHHECN aLEFNNa EFF NHHC NHOF_MH, aM EaJMMa EFF NHHC NHOF_ML.p(SL dTN_LMM_ 2005:13).

A MNLNaC dN JLCILCN_MN DFdFN EC:r T IENN_M, EaJTaM MaFSNLGNj MTLJaHE LjMbNaM;r T IENN_M, EaJTaM aM TM_ EJMIFNCHE LjMbNaM;r eD EILG_HSTNC GcMTLE, EdTJIFCNCEC FD_L_MIE FEFGT_M;r T IENN_M, EaJTaM NaEIHSM__HE DPbN_M, dMMTN_LMFGC L_@ILbN_MCHE HdPFaM;r T IENN_M, EaJTaM GCHjMaaHE DPbN_M.

AT dN JLCILCN_M GHNaH aN IFSH @DFMTNaMC EOFMNLfFNN DFdF G, IF MTfEMaM PNEIT_M:r FJEaMTMaE aM EOFMEIGJNHC_E @DFMTNaM EdTIENN_MH;r MTaFM aM T EbH_FN MTEEaJTaMH, @FMjIENN_MH aM @FHjNNEILC NHOF_MH;r @IFSGNIMH jPfFj NHOF_MC FNjMaE (, GOHEFSC NHOF_M, CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_M);r J_FSILCHN_Cc, NH_M_M aM J_FSEdPNaM;r T CH@ILG_FCM aM HG-@ILG_FCM NHOF_M FCMGLaM;r _NL_HSIM FSTNl aM GOHELj-JCC MTGJIHNcF PMTaFSTNNNN MIJILNIE N_-

GIN_M (FGILTMIFc_M GFjTaM, MaFS T - PFc EJMIFc_ML);

r eD@DN NHbN_MC-NHOF_MC EOFNeL GIHIMbN_M (eD JcOMMTLJE, GCHjMa-EOFNeL).

A B,)!,$)X ]'A: A !X #,)A*A, BiZY" 47



1. ?. . A? /? ; ; ;; ;< ;;/ +?

F<: @@@...>(2009)

A MNLNaC LdPC N_PIH CSEMTCE DPbNHC DFHFC IENN_MC LHMTLN GOHELj-JCCFP_L_MIE TIHHFC ECFabNaM aLEaH. HHE MTEdT EfFdHdMH @FHjNNEaJTaMHPFc LaMTPaNF HdPFaM, T FMIHSEaJTNNMalE EaJTaM- aM NIP_EaJTaM, T 55 aP@FNNCE EaJTaM. IMMTeN_PIH FjMbNC S EIGJNHC-FJe EaJTaML aJfFj eD NHOF_MCEOFNeL ECFEbN_M_N. A @FHjNNEILC NHOF_MN HG SMTLlH @IFFEITNNNcM_ DPbN_M_NMTIF_Fc MTEdTHE NECHNC, HG T aFNGCHjMaN GCHH aFNEILH aM aFNFSTNH

_NNc qdHG_aLN PFc DcEaHNp. A MNLNaC @FbPD @CSFGN T CHNaTGaHSLHMTL @DFMTNaMaL. aTP: qT aMT aF-NH _N NLNc NHOF_M NLfFNaH GlEdj CPCF MTLPTNEN T _FFGC N_GIN_MC LHMTL-HE JL@L_FHC MTfEMaM, EfFdHdMH TIEN, GFSE _NL_HSIM FSTNl SLGEE,@CNFIE aM @FHjNNE IENN_M_N-EaJTaMaN MbNCE, CFSH aFe JLILGIEN PFcMbNHEG.p (SL dTN_LMM_ 2005:9).

3.5.2. A &= =&& < "? "< $=- = '& "%" &% & & M" " < _L _MTFc MTLCHN S ILMT_ @DFNNMaaN T IENN_M aM EaJTaM _FFGC N_GIN_MC LHMT-LaHE ECNLDNMa CM GONND, NdE EdTdNN T, IS T _FFG CTNIMbND- G@FFjEaJJH

T IENN_MC aM @FHjNNIENN_MC CHNaTGaHSLHMTL @HHNLN_M_N, N_GIND- @DFMTNaMEN.TfEMaM NIP__ T SaH EdTPNFH aM C@@LHC_FN N_GIN_M/dMTNdHTaM aFJLIL-

A (\\Y$ A+)XA48



GIE, cEPTGaHSE, EdFNMaNaLbNaME @ILG_D_H, CFFNP FaHSM T _FFG @IFS_MIFcMTLJ DIMT_FSC _NNaL GNLGNaMaH, EPTGaHSE ECFEbN_M_H(_L:2008:24). _L NHOFG_HS_H HGTNEdTC aM TC EdPNFGaHSE FJD_H

dMMT@IFFN T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M aF- aM @FNLHMTLaN. _LIG MJENOMcFLHTC DFFGTjEN, T FJFPE NHOF_MC aFIE aM T _FFGC N_GIN_M @FNCHEdMMT@faMaH (3.MT. N_F).

3. ?. ;. A? /? ; ; ;; ;< +- ;? M/>?/

F<: * 2008.

3.5.3. TT: T"< =&& <B_L NHOFG_HSOHE bL_MEIL T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_MLcF MTcFc CaTNN EILG_HSMNLNaCCPNFIM aLNaEFaM, T NIE dMMTPNaM Ga HG _FF LHFETaMfHEL, MNLNaC EJM_HELCNCEC HIE G_L NdMTdL GDFHNE. fFdHdMH H NECHNNH, IS GP-FcMOF_M NeFM_IMH @IFFEITNN_MJIFCNCEC aFIEN MTIF_FD, T_FNF HMeFS MTEGC, GOHELj-JCC aFIEN MTIF_Fc EaJTaMEL NPjCE bS TE F_LHFNMaa ELfFE T

_FNF_HIM EaJTaME, EdTGlPFjaMC aFIE, CPCF N_LMFGN LjMbNj EaJTaME, PS T CjMENHOF_M (LcNC 2002, LM 2004, T. IFH_L 2005, Nj 2006, ALJIPCM 2007,2007 aM G_MIE).

aGN BF_TM GLE_HM ELCNCE_N @IFGT G EILG_HSEIHJCc EJM_H. q#IHNIMFMTdTHfHE, IS SLILMT_IH FC@FIH FLHCH MNLNaC_D aM MNLNaCFEIN_MC@IFSGN HG EFFj FJIMM_F PMT NOIG_MN G_L FaNTj OHCcM ETGaHSTaMELjF,JaF_OF NHOFc LaCc GIFFDaLjF, GFS GINILD FNH FIE_FCM aM LCIH_FCM NHOF_MNN_GINc MTIF_FNNcE SfNNGlEdaMaHE. SHEEIL HG EaJPCMFC T FNLHNbP NHOF_MC@ILG_EN aM T CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_M FNjMaCN MG, eS PaFG N_N, IS EFL_FNMT_HaEIE FFHaL SLILMT_IH MTGFaFNGc Ga LjMH EdTIENN_M-, @FMjIENN_M-,

PFGCHN @IFFEITNN_M-HNLCEOM, OSHEEIL @FMjIENN_MC NaG_N MTCHN qFNODp BIFIH-MNLOENeL PTNaMaPF.p (aGN 2006).

A B,)!,$)X ]'A: A !X #,)A*A, BiZY" 49

ALA!EL&EK

HOF_MCaFIE( NO_M

@DFMTNaM)

XFFGCN_GIN_M@FNC

E#L'EG'ENL#GBI$#$@#A

AFJEaMTMaE@DFMTNaMm IFPM_M

m bL_Mm MT_GIF_Mm NHOF_MC EaJMMa

NaEIHS @FHjNNEaJTaMCLHMTL CTNIMbN_Mm FJIENN_M @DFMTNaMm EdTaJ aM @FMjm @IEe IENN_M @DFMTNaMm CMEIFLHMTLH EbPfFC

EaJTaM @DFMTNaM

EG'NI AD$$#@GK$@MGA$@#A

OFMEIGJNHC_E(MFEPaMC EaMTMaE)@DFMTNaM

m EIGGOHCE_CcMEaJMMam CHm HSFP CMGLNm CH@ILGNCEC D_LNMM_m GlMTEC aM P_FFFEOT_MC

EOFNeL

NaEIHS GcMTLEFNLDMTNaMaHE dMTNdHTaMm HSCNINN NHOF_Mm N_PIENN_Mm -FLHCHm INNIHC NHOF_M

#LE# K!#I K-N@LA$ BI$#$@#A

SfNNGlEdaMCEaMTMaE @DFMTNaMm dHELCNCE

m dHaLNaEFaMm GJ_NCm NIFLHCm SfNNGlEdaMC

EaMTMa

#IFSGNIM CH@LMNLOE-NOL_FCM N_GIN_Mm _FFGC @ILL_MIE

HdPFaMm TM_C MTLJFjE

dMTNdHTaM

m NHCECMTEdTN_GIN_M



_MTFc PCMTIHN GaFNND GPFcMOFN # aM X JLILGIE @DFMTNaMCN,ECGFP TIE LaMTLGaHSCN ( 2008). TLCHN 1996-2008 EdTdNN qcLC_MC P_FNIT_MIEN@CSFNfHE Gp, GFSEHE TIHH HG NdLNFH T bP, CHE_ S OFF_GTc dLaL

GFaETNN qIF @F@Fa bPFj MTEMTIE GCHC PFGCFSH EfFMj N_M- _FNF_H HCcMJIFCNCEC dHNaM, _FF_M@IFF_M m EdPNETGaHSaHE NECHNNjEp (C.G. 53). aTN MTLCHN qMTEG 2005-2006-L G_L NFDM GaLNaEH @FIFITN CF_EIH@LHC EIL_H GaeDMTLlHE F_NMTc MTGFaFNGcD_Np aM qECFEOFN S @DFNN GOHELj-JCC CHNaTGaHS-LHMTL, GFS EaJM PIFN GOHELj-JCC @MTfFNMaE ETFaMaH T ENbP CHNaTE-aME GM MTbHPIHF_N CTNIMbNHC.p (C.G.57).

2008-H #A BOJMNH LHTN PCF_EIH@LHC FjEaMTbNj NF_FEITcD_N,GFS FEFG_cF A H_Mc BCTINNM_ MTLPTjdNN T_HEH. A CTINNM_ @FPNN T X_G $SdLS EaGCEOM HSFPC @ILOFN_HE EdMTdHNjH (X_G 2008, 2008)PTNNN &*>< = = (Y) @IFGN, M HHE MTH_FN_N. A Y CTINNM_ DPM-

FNIEN @IFGTINN G EILG_HSMNLNaC GPFcMOF_M_PF EJMIFNIMH, aLNaEFP TCC FSTNN. _FFJbN_MCE MTLCHN qT OLcJC aM TC JLCILCN_MIE FFHaL @DFMTNaM SEILFN_H T FPE ME EILF_NITINNH aLPaHSMfFHEp TaLN CTINNM_ MTLCHNEIILCH_FN aM NaEIHS JLILGIEL FHH MTfEMa (Y 2008: 27). LCNCE_N @IF-GTHE G H NECHNNH CM, IS T ]D SL #DFMTNaMC LP H MOJ_H T_N@Ic aFDC EdTdNN ONFDIH T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M MTfEMaMMaaL. ME LaMT-FM GIF_MHE NECHNCE X aM _FNF EbH_FN ELNEN, EIHELaN CHNaTEa-MEjF HG NfELdTjCE T _N@Ic EIHJCc. A CTINNM_ CHIEIFNHE NLND HG@ILG_FCMNHOF_M FCMGLaMaHE @DFMTNaMaN, @FHjNNEILC NHOF_M N_GIN_M_HE MTaFMbNaMaN. A NHOF_MCENCPCN_M aFD_cF eD F@NCT_CcM JLILGIEN DPMIF, GFS CCN_FCM bL_MNO_M aM HSFPN-

HOF_MC JLILGIE @DFMTNaMaN CM MTIF_FD. qHHE FJPNj MTbHNLC T CMGLNNLDMTNaM aM Gl-PFjaM LCIH_FCM aM FSC MTCHNDCH GlEdj dHEILG_HSTNC, CPCF CHNaTGaHSC FNHE, GFSEEaJME GNLGNHC HIH-@ILG_FCM aM CH@ILG_FCM NHbN_M-NHOF_M FNjMaCN.p(a:2008:28) SeNNF DPMFNIN @IFGTNE G LL PIHNEITcH, IS GCPF T_HEHEaN EfFdH N_L CTND EdTGlPFjaMC aM @FHjNNEaJTaMC MTbHNLEN, T ENN_MC aMOFNOL_FCM CFFNP TIC_FCM aM OHEfSC CHCMTNaLCOG MTILIM SfNNGlEdaM NdJLILG EJM_H CM CHIEIFN FHH (JF. AA m LILG @IL HNLHNCIHF AMMMMGHN I@ AOFN IGJNHM, CFFNP @FHjNNEaJTaM EdTGlPFjaMC @OHECcCHE aJbNaM MNLNaC,TT T # ELNC EdTa) . AT A BCTINNM_ m GFSH HaJ@jCMEIF_E aM NOIG_HSIM CM-GLNNLDMTNj MTLPTNE EaJPCMFjC CM DFH PHHE m #CSFGL GaFNc, q EIGJNCCFCMp

D_HF_MN @IFGT G EILG_HSTNHE: qA DFHFCHaF FaHSMH HSI MTLJNEFFH HC CPCF MTENILHE, GCHN FNMaM MTLJFjHE, JINHC_FCM @DFMTNaMC aM GIT-cMbNc NaHSTjHE, LjMbNP NHOF_MN MTIF_Fc CPCF ETGaHSTaMEN. MNfEH PH FHSI @IaEIHSM_ T eDL, EbMaLFNTaML, IF T Lj@ILL_MIE GITcMbNNcM_ CMLOFGM GCHN EILG_HSTNC MTCHNH.p (O.I.29).

aHS, OSHEEIL, IS SLILMT_ @IFFEITNN_MC aM NHOF_MH PFc LaMTPaNFC NCGMMT HG aLCE F T OHCcM _NFIN. A 25-64 aPM EILIMTN_FSH T 25 NHOF_MC LaMTPaN-FC L_HS 42% PIFN, Gb T_HEa GCHdMMT 12% T OLIMNN 2005. aPC NC FJD_H. T NHHC TcN MG MIEN P_FNITINN.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA50



2. ?. . A? E%25 ?/ ;< = ?=; > ? ?;, 2003.

F<: E><=*=: L/ L* E>, 2005.

3.5.4. T& %& $* < " '&C = =#&B_L T aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_M @IFG ELfFN EdTNON, GaLNaM Ga @FMTbHM. AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M JLCG_D MTLCHN NHOF_M T CMEIFC FjEaMTbNaMNjF HSObD ON_HC EILC NLDjH G_H @IFF GCHH @ILG_FCM, HG-@ILG_FCM aM CH@ILG_FCMNHOF_MN, GCHH IFSH NHOF_MC NPaEHSMaN, GFS MTGaFSM, _FFGJIF_LC, N_LMFGC,@IFFEITNN_MC MTGJIHNcF NO_M, EaMTMaE aM EaJMMaE @DFMTNaM aFD_cF NdLNaHCE. AT aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_M TM_C MTGJIHNIE EdPNETNaH ELfFN T OLcJCIENN_MJIFCNCE EdTaJJIHND_ T_FNF, IS CMMTIHH G@IFGTcINN T GCC-cTOM, OSHEEIL FP EOL bNaFN aF, IS OLcJ P_FDIH PCF_ FCHGCEOM aM

FPLMHSEaJM NO_MFJe TM__P_. #IHNIM PCMTIHN, IS DFHNjM GIEL_C-@CCNNF LHFETj OHCcM NILMT_IE T IENN_MC IEOGHNOGIEH ENNjM @FNIN_FFbNHE T aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_M GPFcMbN_M Fa: @IFFEITNNNcM_ aM T _FFG -JIF_LC NONIMM_ HdPFaMaN. A MNFEITc SLILMT_ HHE G@FFjH FEINN GT GTNC #DFMTNaMC LPN, NLNaC_N T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_MLcF, GD T ]DSLILMT_ #DFMTNaMC LPN, ECFEbNP T OHCcM N_GIN_MIE @I_M_L T IJLNbPJLILGIEN. A @FHjNNEaJTaM N_GIN_M OG_H Lj@ILL_M-@DFMTNaM JLNbPLILG J_FS_TNCH, GD _LMFGC eDOF_M aM _LMFGC H@LMNLOENeL IJLNbPJLILGIEIH ELMTNfF HSM_LHEEF GHdPENN @FHjNNEaJTaML @ILbNNcN_GIN_MIE dMMT.

A B,)!,$)X ]'A: A !X #,)A*A, BiZY" 51



MTENIL CHNLCMTCJFCH_LCM EONN_MC LGaHSCN (IQFF 1987). A HGTNEdTCF F@IINN@CHbCc FEIN_M T 1990-H CHOFc, FNCGIL-C m IH IJECHM HCPLMCNS HMNCNON @ILIFCS NOCM GOHEN_LMC, MNL FGIH aM FGON AHCL _FNF PTNNN HGTNEdTC

JLILGD_H PFcMOFN G. A PCTM_FN ( IHM IJECHM IGJLNCP IHJLI@CN NILLIDN) FjMTdL NNN EbMaLFNN NOIG_HSIMH GFJITINN, STNNNN @IFGEIH aMSMaM GcMTLEH FJOFc HGTNEdTC dMMTMIHFbNc EONN_ML. (FGIH m AHCL1994, 1995, 1999; FGIH m IEIFIQMEC m CMN 2003).

AT 1990-H G_DOM_H FCHbNINN IHM IJECHM EONN_MC JLILG PCF_ 12 ILMT__NEaJPCMFj EONNcE SfNNGlEdaMaPF PFcMOFN G S EdTdM @IFIGLHMTL FEFGT_M_PFGONNP aM FGTP PCTM_FN ILMT_IE HIHJLI@CN MTENIL_HE F@IHNIM DFFGTjCN.11

A PCTM_FNIN Nd FaJaMH PFcMbNINN_E G, 1991-H 12 ILMT_IN, 1995 FMj EdLaH22 ILMT_IN, GD 35 ILMT_IN PIHNE @FGaLaM.

A HIHJLI@CN MTENIL GaLNaHE, MTLETNaHE aM JaHTfSC FJDCHE HGTNEdTC

dMMTMIHFbN_M_L CL_HSOFc HGTNEdTC EONN_M MNL FGIH aM FGON AHCLPTNaMaPF S IFSH HIHJLI@CN @CHbCcN IFITINN EC, GFS NFDM T aM TOLcJC HCc HGTNTM_C MT_GFLHMTL _FNF FEFGTINN GN_LIT_MH_F (FGIHm AHCL 1992). AT dMMTMIHFbNc JLILG aFDCL ECFEbNINN MNLOENOL_FCM-IJLCIH_FCM @C-HbCc MTLCHN HIHJLI@CN MTENIL TIE MTLPTNE NLNITHE, GFSE CHNaTGaHSMfFNE(CPNFIMH DSTNNE), G_HMTENIL NLNITHE (T _FFGNcF MTLPTNCF @fNFHE),JLI@CNDOEN HG IMTND_E MTaN, dHEILG_HSTNNF LHFETHE aM CTIHSIM GaLNaEC dHEaHNME.B_L @CHbCc ELCNaLCOGCHE T S_TE aM JIFCNCEC J_LNIE CM FN NMTHE, TEN EONN_MC JLILG HG NECHNNN HIHJLI@CN MTENIL LaMTaHE. CFEbNINNE S IFSH IMTN_-FSIT_MC LHMTLN, GFSHE MbNMaaPF GPFcMbNNc HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE FbLc DFFl

aM FGTaMC aFe MIJILNIMbN_M. _FFJbNINN_E, IS HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE PaNFCMTLETN NECHNNaH _LIG HS MIJILNIN EfFdHdTNNNfE G: T _FFGC N_GIN_MIEN, G_HIG_HSIEN aM NPaEHSMaF dMMT@fj MD_N PaNFEN. A MTENILGaLNaHE aM MTLETNaHE GN_LIT_M_IT MFaMC GcMTLEN FEbNINNE EC. ATINN ILMT_ HIHJLI@CN DFFGTjCHE G_FFJbN_M_H_F dN @j MTGJIHNIN PNNE @CSFG- EONNcE: NLIHCN_MN, DcFaNC _FFG @DFNNMaaN, T ILMT_ TM_C @DFNNMaCMTCHNN, DIC ELNEN aM NdLNaHFGC SIG_HSIEN (FGIH - AHCL 1995).

AT 1992-H T dMMTMIHFbNc aFe NSlDNaMaT FGIH aM AHCL HPaT@lTjj @CHbCc FF@IINN m EIHMTHTOMIH FJOFc m @IFIG GN_LIT_M. ALaMTNPPj ILMT_IE EONNcC FGTNaE HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE FbL_M_L ILMT_CEH MT-

H_FN FHPTaMEN, aM GPCTM_FN_E MTENIL MILIFN CHNaTGaHSE NbJOMCN. T FJD_HdMMTSlDNdNNaE TIEN DFFGTjEN, GFSE GCHH ILMT_H GDFHNE. ZS dN EOFM-FGN TIHIMbNINNE, (GFSE EdTfF T FMj _LIG F_FNF_HIM), TE:

A +,+/,#& "(,/ 55

11 TNENjF EJMIFcINN JLILG SLILMT_, T 1989-H FJbNINN IHJLI@CNONNcMIJILN GOHEN_LMC _FNF (ONC 1998, 11. I.) EEIL SLILMT_IH MTENIL PCTM_FN_HE GaHG FEOFN EC G CMGLNM MNNCMTNCEC NSlDNaM. A LHFETaML _FFc SMfFNC NIE GFFa

IHJLI@CN ONNcMIJILN MD_N @FGaLaMN PaTNN. A JLILG ITT_D_LOFN IT, IS EaMjCEH dTJIHNC NNCMTNCEC CPNF SlDNMdH NIEN GSL HIHJLI@CN MTENILLcF.



*) < == <, = <= <,+) * /= <=<=< =**) < =, * *= * / = <

) , < *=*) =< <.

") S&& & =, *==& B = A HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE @ILG_FCM, MT_FSITINN, MNCF MNLOENeL_PF LHFETHE. -NdMTdL T DIC MTGaFSCMa FHSLaMaN, @ILG_FCM DSTaMaN DFHNC, GC SfNN D_LGlEdaMC MT_FSIE GFEIN_M_PF. G NLNITHE HIHJLI@CN MTENIL T CCFHM,CH@ILG_FCM, LdPC aFNNLNGe, FT FMj MTLETNl PS PTNaMl GLMIJILNIE,GITFGE, ECcE.#) P '* =< *"" AT SCE F@IHNIM CMGaLP, IS HG JLI@CNaFIE _FNF PTaLFN MTLPTNE, N_N

JLI@CNMTaNIMTN_M NCFFG PIHNEITCE L_DOE. A HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE T_FEI_MOE, MNFMP_FFFEIT_MOE LGaHSaN MTLPTNT NLNITcE (FJbNcE, NOFDIHIMIE, NIE, PTNjE)EdTN HG IMTNND_E @F. FMjFM aFDOE HG CM DdPFGMTLTaML, fTFNMTLl TM_CNPaEHSMa PaTaMaL CL_HSOF, HG PFGCFSH EdTdM aF FjMbNaMaL. AT MNFMPaNFN PCMMT EFF @ILNHC T FJNPaEHSMaL. AFJPNjH H EfFdHdTHE HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE G_HMTENIL NdC MTLJFjDaNjF, G_HP_FFFNIENcF. $) &= & =, 'B && = " <"? A MTLPTNE FEfFdHfFHE T _FFGC-EILG_HSTNC MTLPENjF, HG LaMTC T _FFGC CHNaT-GaHS_FcTNHE. A *== = / N < =, TT MG CHNaTGa-HSMH, MG DICF HG NLNITHE T _FFGC MT@aL_, GC HG T_LD EC, IS _FFGC N_-

GIN_MH PS EILG_HSTNC GLHFaMEH LaMTMfFDHE. PaEHSMafE @dFdNN EILG_HSTNC MTLPTNE ME NdLPaHSMMaC FFHjLTaMN SEILIFHE.

XFFHc EaLaMN DFHN, IS GCFSH GaLNaEH @fHE T _FFGNcF T e.H. KOHcE(>*< -=* **=) - TC JaF L_ EdTFJbNP_HSIE, EdTNMNfFNE, EN-E FaNLDdNN.

CGLNE T _FNF_HIM @CHbCccF EdPNETj DFFGTjE, GFSE CTIHSIM MTLP-TNEN ECT_LHE, TIHH MTEGLE NdMa H Ga SNaLN, IS TE FaHSM aMNdMaaH F@IINN CMGaLPE:

%) " @ +?, @= %& <""T ELCNaLCOG JaF_OF T HIF SIG_HSIE MTLCHN FHNNFH, G_M ILMT_IEH

GCHTIEN MTLPTNEN ECT_LH_ HIHJLI@CN MTENILcF, GFSE ECT_LcF MD_N NDCEHEHSeDNHE MTIF_FNN_MIEN, aM HG N_ EdTdMMa (FSC, NFJfFaMC, HGTNC, PSS-S aFMIJILNIN JF. ECMGG_E, HSObDMIE) aLECN MTIF_FD_E. T_HEH TEN MTlEbNj DSEN (aM PF D_Lc EPTGaHSEN aM EdNFMMaEN) ILITT G_H EdTMTHe aM ECGFEjH EdTMTHe DIC MN_NOM, GFSN T 1997. aPC . EdTMTHeMTLPTNELjF MTcFc NdLPaHS MT_FSIT.&) @ =& = IE MTLPTN PaNFCHE MT_GINNPj LaMT dHEaHN @FD_HFINN G_HIG_HSIEcFMT_LGTCE, NPaEHSMaaN NIE aM N_GINcE dHEaHNMH P_FFFN GOHE_D_L FJITPPaTCE. FGCFSH @ILG_H FNd MTLPTNHaF GDFHCE T dHNPaEHSMa, OSH-

EEIL MIE HG FOFLcF MTLPTjj, @HNC ELCNaLCOGIEHE G@FFj MTLPTNN ECT_LH DFFGTj.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA56



SL NdH P_LN_E ECPTNj ONN GCHC CM DFHFPj, EPaMa GN_LITc LGCEMTENILNcF. fFdHdMH DcFaNC MTIF_FNN_MIE aM MTIC_FCM NLfFNH _LIGMTENILIMSfNNGlEdaM SL NaEIHS GlEdaMHE CHOFN (BLNF 2005: 47).

A LGCE MTENIL MTLJaLjF SL Nd EdTTM_NHC aM GOFNCCMTCJFCH_LCMFGaFN aM aLNFGTaM F_NINN HJPCF_IN, S LaMTfE HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE MTLJaPF@IFFEITc ELMFNC aM EbH_FNC GIFFEN, G_M LaMTfE MTLPTNE PCMFEaMaPF @I-FFEITc FGaFNEN, T IJNCG_FCM aM NaEIHSM_C GIFFEN @IFFD S MIJILN(BLNF 1999: 36). AT F_CEH LdPCH GONNDOE BLONIH A.CMLI NLIHCN_M-FGaFNaN, HLS HMGHH CTFIGFGaFNaN, MNFF GM EbH_FNC FGaFNaN, MNL .FGIH T dHNPaEHSMa EOL FGaFNaN.

A IH #. HHS aM SHIH B. IHMIH FHdE NH_McDEaHN CM ENbP MTLJN P_FFFcGLCEC B>= <+ = =<= N T FMj DFHNjM GSL_TN_N HIH-JLI@CN MTENIL ECFEOF_M_HE. 1975-H DFHN G A <=< ** <+* ON

= /= <= = / bGl NHOFG_HS, GFSHE F@j IHI-FN T, IS MG JC, MG T _FFG HG NOD ECFabNHC EdTDPE CL_HNC N_LMFGCMTfEMaFNN (CMLI 1975, 1991). A EdTDPE ( G_HDPEEF MTGH) IFSH DcMT_IE(DPE), GFSE, FaNLDdNNE, Nd @ISMTNc MTH_FD jEN (CFSH EdTPCF_bN_M JaF_D). A EILG_HSIE @FN T, IS Fj_FFbNM_E EdTDPEN. CMLI FGaFN MTLCHN GIE-L_C_EH EdTDPE EILG_HSTNC Fj_FFbN_M_HE SCE FJ@FNaNF T, IS T c@CTNj_FFGJIF_LIE EdTdNN SNaLNaM FEOFDIH EC CTIHSIM EdTDPE Fj_FFbN_M aM @ISMT-NcE ELMFN EdTdNN. CMTIHN EILG_HSIE T _NFIM MTPTcJIF_LIE PaFGaHSaN PMTCE@CSFG, TaLN FEIMM_ S LaMT GCHC FaNFH FMT EILG_HSTNIE _FNF CT-NIMbNINN EdTDPE aM @CTNHj cE GaLNaEaPF. HHE EdPNETNaH EdTDPE CL_HN

LTCO_FCM (ECFabNNFH, GLP_HS) ELMFN DFHNETCE. AT _FFG EOL, EILG_HSTNCFaNFHMa - TT, IS T _FFG HG NO GCHH SM @ISMTNc SaHC ELMFNaHEG@FFj EbH_FNIN NLGNHC EdTDPEcF m INN DFHNETCE, IF NLIaH JIJOF_Cc. A FEIMM_ NLIHCN_M INN HS, IF HSIE T FNaLaME DdPFGC aM PSIHC PCMTI-HSIE, PFF_MIMM_, T CMEIF_TINNM_ NECHNNaH, GLN FNaLj PaFGaHSE FEOFHE ECLLcF, IS EdFNMaPNaMC MTENIL GHHSC aM GCFSH EdTDcN _FFbNMIH Fj. AT FaNFHMacF CM L, IS GCHC PHHE qJINSONMp (@L LCL) _FFGJIF_LIE, ECE ITT_D_LOF_MHaFEfF, PS EPaM @CTNaMMF aFPTCE EdTDPEN. CMLI MTLCHN @ISMTNcC JL@LHC_EMTGJIHND_cF CM _NL_HSH PHHE EdTDPE G_HDPEEF MTGH, T PaFGaHS-EfFdHMa MTOPLHCN_MH, MTIF_FNN_MIE NMNL MTINNM__H aM GCHjMaaH @INc

G. A GCHjMaF FaNFH @ISMTNcE FSEL P_FMTN_M G_HMTENILL MCE. AJLI@CNILCHN_FN P_FFFEIT_MIE MTIF_FNN_MC MTaFM EbH_FNIN HSeDNHE, PCMTIHN TE NFDMEdFNMaaN _N_LbND_E @ISMTNcEL.

A = =< = <= == * * < * >** == =N < = * - /= < = = < . SHCM HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE ECaMTbNNCE T _FFG_FNF HSeDNINN MTIF_FNN_MIE EbH_FN_N, aM bS MdEEHNNCE T CaHSENjF FGLc EIL-G_HSTNC EbH_FN _NL_HSIM N_MCN, T_FNF FNLHNbP_N DFHNNHE JC _FNF Fj_FFbNINNG_HDPEEF MTGH CM. q T dHNPaEHS MTLPTNE PFcH EIFFENbP DPENHSeDNHE, EEIL P_LNcH JaHTfSC HaTMaEEF ELfFHE MTG, GCPF T GLEDFHE LL, IS JINSONMEaHN PCMFEDHE, HaFEfF PSaE CaHS EIFFENbP

DPEN, IS IT ITT_D_LOFH_HE. CPF TIHH ECFabNNFH ELMNl @ISMTNcEMT_G_L EbH_FEITc NdC GIF_M MG NaEIHS, aLGM FN T dHNPaEHS

A (\\Y$ A+)XA58



@F @CSFGN, IS * * >** * = <** = < = = <* * , OSHCM T _FFG FMMH aM EdFNMaMH NMT FaJaMEN T eD MTfEMaFNEGDFHaMEIL. A HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE N_N NaEIHSH NOHE P_FMTIFHC T

SHFjNFHMa ECbP_MCL. AT _FFG ME EEIL ET F MFEHC, GCEIL G_L DFHNjMN_LMFGC MIJILN _FF JLIFaG_E _NNLaH, NdMaC dHNaM, NdLPaHSETaMC @IFSGNFT_LOFN. TTF MTGH T dHNPaEHS MTLPTNEHaF S ECM MIJILN EaJM TIHHFCMFEPaML. TaLN T _FFGC MTENIL aLE, IS H MTILbNM PCMMT TN T dHNPaEHSMaN,HG N_GIMM MTLTjaMM PCMTIHS @ILG_D_H. FGIH MTLCHN T dHNPaEHS MTENILCM MbNMaL MTILOF, CMTH HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE NPaEHSMaaN HaS NaHSTj CM EILF_-NITND. LIR GcIH T FjHSCE DFHNCE _NL_HSCEN CM SH. FMjEaHN T **-< *= < = = %**. A EdTDPE Fj_FFbN_M_IT MNFM @ILL_MIEEFLHFETCE OSH MTENIL, HCHMHE NdLPaHSM MTEdTC cPaNFEL, GCHNT _FFGHE. #FGLfF JINSONM JLIFaG CM, PFGCHN NLfFNC MTaNMTcLc_M. _MLaMTN

*=>*>< GFbNNj, T, IS HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE MJC_FCM aFIEL DdNNE FaNL,ECM MIJILNIE CaHSCHE ECFabNaMaL, T_FNF G_M MIJILNIEN ECLEMTNHE MTIF_FN-N_MIEcF. LGLaMTN /*= *=*>< FHN EIGIFS E_FSN, T, IS T I-G_HSIMTNcE, DcNaEIHSEIcE aLECN EFF PFGCFSH @ILG_H MTIF_FHC, aM HG EPTGaHSTNNE PS EdTdMMa aLECN. T ECMTIF_FNNINNM_IN LGaHST. SLaMTNJC @CFHNLcJ GNdLCTGOM CM DFFGTC MTLPTNEN, GC FaNLIT_MOE FHSIGINCP_CcD, PCMTIHN Dc MT_HaEe MFEPaMT HG GCHC J_LIMOF MTEGC ITT_aLNaM.TaLN _FFbND FGIH, IS EaN MTENIL JLNHLC PCMTIHS HaFEfFdTNNFH, CMTHSG_M SHMaCN aM LjMMaCN aMTbNCE EC MTENILIE.

A EILG_HSTN JINHC_FCMH GbTNc JLNHL HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE _FNF HSeDNINN

MTIF_FNN_MIE @ILL_M NECHNNaH, MTIF_FNN_MC JLCILCN_MIE GIELNCT_F_M_H, T F-F_N_MIE _FFGJIF_LC DIEaHNC CTNIMbN_M_H, GCHjMa CTNIMbN_M_H. A HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNEPCMTIHN FEFGME LL, IS qNMNL MTD_Ep aM MTGaFSMMa NSaE MTIF_FNN_MN,LOFGMH FEFGTEIDHE N_LMFGC CaHSET aM NIP_C PLMHSFSTNN NLGN-MHE MTIF_FNN_MIE JC_H.

FGIH FGaFNaN, JLNHLC PCMTIHS ECFEbN_M_HE GSLILMT_C FNjMaaN ONCYP FGTN aM G_L CPNEITINN 1998-H GDFHN H > =* /=*S bGlGOHE_D_H (ONC 1998).

4.4. N?;? ? ?=/ ; ?; A MTENIL HGTNEdTC MTCHNl GONN_M_L m GCHN IS @HN GFbNNNfE m 1991-H 12ILMT_ PIH_M_PF, GD 1995-H MTaFM 22, CFFNP LGCE EdLH ECFHPHM aPEPaaH 35 ILMT_ PIH_M_PF ELfFN MIL IHM IJECHM \MMTMIHFbNc GTNEdTCIHJLI@CN TENIL LIDEN ELNaH. AT T EJMIFcc MTECLIFIG FJD_H GONNDOE LGCE MTENILN DFFGTj NLHEN. A EONN_M GCHH @_TCM_H SLILMT_ CMEJMIFcINN, T LGaHSEN Nd HSFPH aM Nd EdNNH DFHNNNaE G EONNcEJF.: & < / = /= <= (%** 1994), G+* C %= (2003) G+* <=: D<< / = /= <=, = == %= <= I-II, A

= <** =+, G+< = <**: A /= <= bGGF JOFCE_FN_E, TEL, CFFNP ITT_@aLNj MNNCMTNCEC NIEL N_GMTEIP

A +,+/,#& "(,/ 61



EaMTfFN T F_C dMMT@IFFc FGTaMfHE (FGIHmAHCL 1994, 1995, 1999, FGIH-IEIFIQMEC-CMN 2001, AHCL-$FMCOM-FIL 2004).

4.4.1. A & < <<1991-H 12 ILMT_L NLDN EC PCTM_FN, IS FGTTaE HIHJLI@CN MTENIL MTLJaN,GaLNCN, MTLETNaN aM JaHTfSCN. GJCLCEOM NSlDNaML T AGLCEC SMfFN XFFGIEH,T SMfFN CL_FSM_H, #LHCILMT_H, aGNILMT_H, FMTILMT_H, J_HHaM S PIFN MTICFCMN ILMT_H, SLILMT_IH ELfFN MIL, FSC EONNcE MbNNNEEaJN FEINHC BLTbFC, $H, SCJNIG, C@dF aM HC HIHJLI@CN MT@aL_D_LcF.

AT SCE aF T PIFN, IS _N@Ic EaJN EJDHE PCTM_FN ILMT_IE HIHJLI@CNMTENIL_LcF aM TM_C MTLJaLjF. A MTaFMEdLl EONN_M IENN_ML aM DFH @FGaLaMfHEMTGJIHND_cF LFP_HM LGaHSCN GFDfE EC @DTNfHEH, T F_CEH GCHHN IH IJECHM LIDEN dMMT@IFFcCcF aM ILMT_CMGLNNjCjF MT_LGTCE

(FGIHmAHCL 1994, 1995). A EONN_M MIL_H G_FFJbNINN_E, HIHJLI@CN MTENIL MTLPTNE MTaFM ME_F_D_N

@IFFD G_H, TE EdTdM HPTjD T CHNaTGaHSMfFNMa; EILG_HSTNNcF PFc MTLPTNCFEfFdHfFNMa; HG JLI@CNILCHN_FN GlEdaM; MD_N PTNjMa aM CTIHSIM @IEe dHNPa-EHSMa, dHEaHNMMa. A PCTM_FN MTLPTNE EdLajF ECT_LN_E T S_TEN aM EC@DTNNHJIFCNCEC MTLPTNEN. AT bS GN_LITINN HIHJLI@CN MTENILLcF G_FFJbNINN_E, ISEIGIFS TM_C LjN EaJPCMFN, CMTH 1991-H GCHH OMTCE _FF_M HIHJLI@CNMTENIL NLNITINN. (EdTF 12 GCFFCc @IFFEITNNINNF), MTIF_FNNc _TNIEH JCGCHH HSIFCE FEFGTINNN HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE @IFFEITNNNE. A MTLPTNEGOHE_D_N JC dMMTMMaaH 4,7 GCFFCc NFDM GOHECjM @IFFEITNNINN GOHE_D_PF

SHaLNaEl dHEaHNM MbNNN. A HIHJLI@CN MTENIL @IFSc EC_MCHE dMMT aN ILMT_ dMMTMbNNN LONNc TC

NLGaEaHE EdTF 5 MT_TFaE_N NNN EC. A EONN_M G_FFJbNINN, IS HIHJLI@CN MTENIL HGME HS, HdPEMTCE CM.CTM_FN_E T ILMT_IE EdTdNNC EfFdHMaEN CM. F_H HG GFJj, IS 1991-H

GCHH NECHNNH T AGLCEC SMfFN XFFGIEN DFFGTN FHSI HIHJLI@CNMTENIL: T dMMTM GLCEC @IFFEITNNINN 6,8 MT_TFaE PIFN HIHJLI@CN MTLPTN FEFG-T_M_H. #LHCILMT_H, aGNILMT_H aM T SMfFN CL_FSM_H T T L_HS 3m4MT_TFaEIM. cPF Nd GLN @IFFEITNNINN DJ_H HIHJLI@CN MTENIL, _L DJ_HTM_ aMTaT EaJMN ECM MTFNN NMT EC, MTIFeN MT_GIEH GaLP G_MICE

FHSI MTENIL PCTM_FN ILMT_IE EdTN. T_HEH EEIL G_L Nd GCHN 20 TL (!)DSTNN MTLPTNN NLNINNE HSCFP_H, T FEFGTINNC FaNMT_G FaLN MTIF_FNN_MH@IFFEITNNINNE 3 MT_TFaE_N.

A HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE MT_G SCJNIGH 20 TL @dFdNN PIFN, BLTbFC_H DcPF 200TL @FNN, Gb NC@dFC HIHJLI@CN MTENILH 15 TL DSTNN MTLPTN aM MT_GNFHHG LCMTNL_FN @FOMC aM ECMEdTdMMaC SMfFN NLNINNE HSCFP_H.

A PaNFE dMMTPNaMEIL LL T LGaHSL DONINNE, IS HIHJLI@CN MTENILPaNFCHE _NFIMH ME 10 MT_TFaE (!) MT_LGTINN G_HIG_HSIEcF, GC GaT AGLCEC SMfFN XFFGIEH MG FN G 20 MT_TFaEIN. A F@IHNIM -PaNFC @ILL_MHE _NFIMH MD_N PaNFE (NjEITG, MTIF_FNN_MC bDE, _LPaNFE,

P_FFFEIT_MC PaNFE) MT_GbNINNE 1991-H. _MICE F@IHNIM PaNFN T _FFGCN_GIN_MIE DFHNNNaE, MD_N PaNFE L_HS _NFIMH 47, T _FFGC N_GIN_MIEa

A (\\Y$ A+)XA62



43 MT_TFaE PIFN 7 ILMT_ NECHNNaH. AT _FFGC N_GIN_MIE aGNILMT_H aM#LHCILMT_H HIHJLI@CN MTENIL F@IHNIM PaNFC @ILL_M_N DFHNNNaE, TdMMTM NdC ILMT_H CM DFHNjME. A HaGN HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE PaNFCHE 68,

@LHC_EaHE 59 MT_TFaE MT_LGTINN T _FFGC N_GIN_McF. AT FJNPaEHSMajFMT_LGTc MD_N PaNFE HS MTLJN D_NMTHE T fTFNC aLEEaJPCMFNN FF_Nc, EOFNOL_FCM, LEL_CcM, IENN_MC aM FE_MfSC MTIF_FNN_MIEN HSeDNc, PFGCHN EdLHSTN-PaFGC MTLPTNE T_FEI_M_H. AT _FFGC N_GIN_MIE L_HS EfFdHdMH GM TaMTMafSC, MTIC_FCM, PFGCHN DI- aM aLEPaFGC MTLPTNE PaNFC EdTdNN.

A EONN_M @IFGTN G FjMTdL TN, IS G_HIG_HSIE ME HGTNEdTCMaFSMTLPTNE MT_G_L DFHNCE F@IHNIM PaNFC @ILL_MN.

4.4.2. A '* && && 'C## &= & = & A HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE dMMTM EC_MCHE _NFIMH _LIGHS HaS @j NPaEHSMaC

NLfFNL dMMTJIHNIMOF: 1. IENN_M-EONN_M, 2. aMTMafS, 3. MTIC_FCM FF_N_M aM 4. EOFNe-L-JCHaM. AT ILMT_IE EdTdNNC EfFdHMaE PCMTIHN CH FNaLjE. J_HH aM T SMfFNCL_FSM_H T IENN_M HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE F@j NPaEHSMaC NLfFN, aGNIL-MT_H aM T X-H T aMTMafS, #LHCILMT_H aM T FMTILMT_H MTIC_FCMFF_N_M PTNj _TN, SLILMT_IH JC EOFNeL aM JCHaM. A @DFjj ILMT_IEHT _FNF_HIMH q@DFMTNaMC MTLPTNEp SlDNjMIJILND_ NLNITc $-E PHHE DFHFHSI MT_GH.

A EONN_MC LGaHSE MTLCHN T IENN_M aM EONN_M NLfFNaH dMMTJIHNIMOF MTENILEC_MCHE EdTF HS, TH FfF FHSI LaMT @FMjIENN_M @CHHMTbLIT_M_NMTIF_FD, T FJ- aM EdTaJ@IEe IENN_M EC_MC CM MT_GINNPj HSM_eE.

3. ?. . 7 ?/ ; ?; ?;; ;=>/ ;< ?;

A +,+/,#& "(,/ 63



XFFGIE; dTaJ-OLcJ_cF M dTN_LMM_, SLILMT_, IG_HC aM TFIP_EC;NCH-AGLCE_cF JC ALHNbH, IFOGC, RCEc aM LO, PFGCHN aF-A@LCE.(FGIH m AHCL, 1999) EEIL G_L PCTM_FN_E PFF_MC MTLPTNE NCN CM, GFSN T

aLNaEET HG ITT_P, EfFdH NfHNNNE @F. A EONN_M aFD, T PIFN, IS PCF_ NdGCHN eMT ILMT__H @FGaLD HIHJLI@CN MTENIL GaLNaN aM MTLETNaN, MTENILLDFFGTj @DFjaMC GCHN_E EdTdNNC FNaLaME IECPF @IFFEITTIH DIC, NdLNaHFGC aM MTaFMaLNFGH PNN N_LMFGC PIHNEIT_MIE NfELaH; PFGCHN, IS MTENIL NFDMbNGaHSaN@IFFD dMMT. A NHOFG_HS HIHJLI@CN MTENIL GaLNaL, MTLETNaL, JaHTfSCL aMMTLJaL PIHNEITc F@IHNIM G_FFJbN_MC T F_CE:m FHNjM TM_C NaHSTjPa P_FN MTENILm LMT_IHEaHN aM LaCcHEaHN DFHNjME GaLNFC EfFdHMaEm A DcFaNC MTIF_FNN_MIE IGCHHC_D DFFGTjm A PaNFE HS LaMT MD_N @ILL_McF aM _FFGC N_GIN_McF MT_LGTCE, G_HDcNa-

EIHSM_ HG DFHNjMm A MTENIL GCHN @IFFEITNN_M-aFaHEbNj NaHSTj PH DFH TM_H.

4.4.4. A +?=* <"< = " "< %*" $* < +"1995-H HIHJLI@CN MTENILH @IFFEITNNINNE EaNLG _LIG SIG_HSIM DcFaNCMTIF_FNN_MH DFHN G: 30 MT_TFaEOE T IENN_M, 20 MT_TFaEOE T aMTMafS, 18MT_TFaEOE MTIC_FCM FF_N_M NLfFNaH IFITCE A @HNCENjF HG GL F DFHNjMH MTCj aM EOFNeL NLfFNaH @IFFEITNNINNE L_HS MG (14 MT_TFaE). AGHHSCH@CSFG PMMTfE T dHEaHNME MTLJaN, EEIL PCMTIHN GcIMOF EaJ, GLN T dHEaHNME55 MT_TFaE EaN FJPNj NLfFNH, MTCj aM MTIC_FCM FF_N_M NLfFNaH HSeDN MbN-

MaN, aM HS MT_GH PMTHE LaMTN EdLHSTNPaFGC, DIPaFGC aM TM_@DFMT-NaMMF @IFFEITc MTLPTNE GOHE_D_H.

LCIH_FCMH PCTM_FDOE HIHJLI@CN MTENILN, DFHNjM FNaLaMEN aMTFFfHE. SO-N-OLcJ ILMT_CH HIHJLI@CN @IFFEITNNINNE _LIGHS T IENN_M, TaMTMafS aM MTIC_FCM FF_N_M NLfFNaH IFITCE. T MT_GL_HS EONNcE G_FF-JbN_M MTLCHN ENIFCEOM aM JLINMN_HM S_TEHE T IENN_MH aM MTIC_FCM FF_N_MHNdFNdNN aPMT_TIM, NdLNaHFGC MTLJaN NfELdTC. aF LL ZLILMT_, IF ENIFCEOMS_T N_M EfFdHdMH LjM T IENN_MH, HdPFP T_FNF NLfFN @IFFEITNNINNCHEMT_G_N. aGNILMT_H, IFFHC_H aM BFCOGH, PFGCHN ECM GaLNaEH AOMTNLC_H aM JHSIFILMT_H MTOMTCCLCN_M FPaH HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE LjNFDMH

DFH PHHE MTIC_FCM, DcFaNC JLIFaG_EEF @IFSNNINN EfTFGH, aM S MNFM_FFGC PNEIT_M CM PFfE SfNNGlEdP, LDNOE ELMTNfF NdLNaHCE. TEH T ILMT_-IEH CHE_ T dHEaHNME MT_G_HE NECHNNaH DFHNjM MJILN aM LEL_Cc, PF-GCHN DIPaFG NLfFN.

dTaJ-OLcJ_H NIP_L CM MTCj aM EOFNeL NLfFNaH LjNFDM DFHFaN, LaCcH HIHJLI@CN MTENIL MT_GbNINN @j_FF_Me @IFFEITNNINNDCHE Nd GCHN SLGEOFNOL_FCM aM LEL_CcM SMfFNEH IFITCE, EdMTdHNjH MTICFCMN SIG_HSIEHE,CMTH TE T SMfFNE LHMTLP_FN_M CDaH FjHHSF, MNHEaHN MD_N NOFDIHeP_P_Fc m EIL_H _FFGC NOFDIHH FaPj m CHNFHHF LHFETNE. SHME DFHNjM TfTFNC, GOHEP_FFFcC aM MTEGC aLEEaJPCMFNEH NFDM HIHJLI@CN @IFFEITNN_M. A

EfF@dFC N_GIN_M LjMbNC PCMTIHN EdLHSTNPaFGGF aM DIPaFGGF @IFFEITcHIHJLI@CN MTLPTNEN. A SIG_HSIM DcFaNC MTIF_FNN_MIE m aMTMafS, IENN_M,

A +,+/,#& "(,/ 65



A 3.MT. N_F_TNH LHMTLTC, IS GFS ILMT_L GFS L_HSIE FDFFGTjE. ATIENN_MC IGCHHC PCTM_FN 22 ILMT_ EdTfF HSIFL DFFGTj. BFCOG, ZLILMT_, SMfFNCL_FSM_, ALHNbH, BLTbFC, LO, RCEc aM TLF NECHNNaH, GCHN F_NNc, FG-

M @IFFEITNN_MC L_HS T IENN_M NLfFNaH, T FEFGTINNE _NFIMH 48 MT_TFaEIFITCE T IENN_MH. LjNFDM ENIFCEOM S_T DFHFaN FNCH-GLCEC ILMT_IEH,BFCOGH aM ZLILMT_H, EfFdHdMH T FJ- aM EdTaJ@IEe IENN_MH. TLFHMIHFcH T IENN_MHE T S_TIT PFc PCMTIHS N_LITT G T IENN_MC NLfFNH HIHJLI@CN MTLJP_FFF_MN. AT SMfFN CL_FSM_H G_L GONNINN @FMjIENN_MC MTLJT CHIE. AT ILMT_IE NLGaMTNMH H EfFdHdTHE, IS GFS Sa NLfFNH Lj-NFDM HIHJLI@CN DFHFaN.

A EIL_CEH G_L GFbNaMN NNNfHE NdC GIFFLjF, eD ENcLC_N DFHN PCMTIHN TqSHMeFSC GIFFp, IF SNFH NPaEHSMaC MIJILN MG GFECE EC DFHNjMH. NLNITCE AOMTNL_FC, IFOGC aM #CHHILMT_, IF T IENN_M, T aMTMafS aM MTIC_FCM

FF_N_M NFDM HIHJLI@CN @IFFEITNN_MIH FfFC LaMTL_HS SHEaHN HG GFECE 26MT_TFaE @dFa.

\MMT@IFFcH FGIHNc N_N, IS HIHJLI@CN MTENIL CHGCEOMH @DFjCE, GCHH ILMT_H FNaLj fNGH, FSC EOFNOL_FCM, NdLNaHFGC, JIFCNCEC aM TM_C PC-MTIHSIE @fPaHSaH N_LMFGC-TM_C CaHSEHE G@FFjH. qA CPCF MTLPTNE JIF_LIE MTcMdPC, MT_GIFNNND_E EILG_HSIEN, NFJfFaMEN N_GINNHE, ECFab-NNFH MTfEMaFNEL CL_HSbNND_E @CSFGN aM _FNF_HIMM_H DPbNND_E T aFN GCHjMa-aN. A MTENIL FSaHE PCF_ MTFFGC NaLEaJaH NdLNaHj ECDFdFaM TaLN LHEbPfF [email protected] (FGIH-AHCL 1995:37).

4.5. A S/ />; R

IHM IJECHM \MMTMIHFbNc FGTaM LGCE MTEMT FMjMILH A@LCE, dTF-FNaM aF-XTMC 15 ILMT__L @cEOMT_FN aM 13 eD ILMT_ HIHJLI@CN MTENIL_HE FbL_M GFFNNdMMTMIHFbNc FGTaME CM EaMTfFNE EIL_C EONN_MIE LGaHSC aM LGCEMTEMT LGaHSC FJD_H. ZS @FGaLaM PCF_ 35 ILMT__HE CPCF N_LMFG_LcF aMHIHJLI@CN MTENIL_LcF INN _N@Ic EaJN. AT ILMT_IEcF 16 @DFNN CJLC, 14 @DFjjILMT_, 5 JC EdTaJ- aM EFN-OLcJC _FFG. A EONN_M LGaHSCN @IFFD dMMT AHCL,$FMCOM aM FIL _FNF MTLEMTNNN G+< = <** I-II (AHCL-$FMCOM-FIL

2002, 2004) CFFNP FGIH, IEIFIQMEC aM CMN _FNF EaMTbNNN CPCF N_LMFIG PCF_-HaTNH bGGl NHOFG_HS (FGIH-IEIFIQMEC-CMN 2003). A EONN_M SCE FJNaTCM MTLCHN ELCNNbP, HG EILG_HSTNC MTLPTNE GlEdaM

HG eD DFHMa, PCMTIHN TE MT_G aM NPaEHSMaC EdL OL_MMTLlH GGFENN TFGeFN aPEH. qA MTLPTNN G_H aM dHEaHNM NPaEHSMa HS GaLNaEl FjLNdLaM, S-@DN CTC nFI_FCM SMfFNC @ILLFIGn F_NMTCE ECIHNEITHC PCF_ MTCHN GCHH N_D_Hm YMTE-AGLCE @DFNN ILMT_CH, SON-OLcJ_H, XTMC_H, dTaJ-FN OLcJ-MTLN, CFFNjF @DFjj ILMT_IE NdMaaH. jN, CPCF N_LMFIG GLjMdaM OMTCE MT_T G_MICE @FaH aM OMTIHSCE MT_T FMj @FaH IFSH DFHNjM@DFGaHSHE CTIHSOFN, GCHN HGTN_FFG ECFEOF_M PIFN NCTHECFHCE MT_T

G_MICE @FaH, OMTCE MT_T FDaH.p(FGIH- IEIFIQMEC-CMN 2003:9). HHEGSL_TN, NdE EdTdNN, IS SMTLlMddNN HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE FaNLIT_M, GC

A +,+/,#& "(,/ 67



@OHECcEN F_ND_E F, Gb T dHEaHNME @jF EaJPCMFNC @OHECcEL EIHHNL_FHE. TTFMTGH @DFjj aM _NFEOFcH FaPj ILMT_IEH T dHEaHNME NPaEHSMaaHEFHSI LaMT MTIF_FNNc @OHECcEL CL_HSOF. A EfFdHMaHE PFcMTbHlF T T IE,

IS @DFNN ILMT_IEH G_L _FNF_HIMM_ P_FN LGCE MTENIL _FFGC N_GIN_M.MIHFc GaLNaEl EILG_HSTNC @CHHMTbLIT_M C_HS_H @DFjj PCF_ CPCF MTENILCH MTIF_FNNc @OHECcEN CM T dHEaHNMEHE EFF FF_NHCOE.

A EIL_C JLIDENET EaJMN eD LGaHS, IS @DFMTNaMC aFe HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNEMIEEF Nd GOHELjN PIHTHE @DFjj (11%), GCHN @DFNN ILMT_IEH (5%), TEfFdHdMH DFHNjM A@LCE_H, IF FaLC 24%-IN. TN EC EFF GFHfHE, GLN THMTLPTNE NdLEPaMC EaJMMa- aM EaMTMa@DFMTNaML, TT IENN_MC NPaEHSMaL PS @HHNLNNc @DFjaM FCHbN_M_L CL_HSOFHE, M T GEfFdHdTNNC jEN G_MIF IGC-H_HM MTIC_FCM DFFl MTIF_FNNc MTLPTNENjF.

G aLPaHSMfF MTIF_FNNc IGCHHC MEHCH_P aM EdTaJ-EFN-OLcJC

ILMT_IEH MG, PCTM_FN #CHHILMT_, ILPaC, PaILMT_ CFFNP M dTN_LMM_,SLILMT_, TFIP_EC aM HSFILMT_ MNaH EaJPCMFNC NPaEHSMaEN PaTjMTLPTNE @IFFEITNND_E CPCF MTENILIT EdNjj GOHELj HSI _HS_N. TFCHE_ TTF GSL_TNc, IS T _FFG GCHEaN LaCcH IGCH_HM JITbCcN NdFN DcFaNC MTIF_FNN_MIE @CHHMTbLIT_M_H aM Fj_FFbN_M_H, bS HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNEEPM MTIF_FNN_MN NOHE _NPHHC. A PIFN MTICFCMN ILMT_IEH NFDM GaLNaEH _FFGC@FN PIFN MTIC_FCM MTIF_FNN_MIE CTNIMbN_M, OSHEEIL, GCHN LL G_L ONFNOHE EILF_NI-TINNH OSH, CTIHSIM MTEGC aM MJILN MTLPTNE GlEdaMaN HG NCFNINN_E, GFSETN_H NIP_ aFNE LHMTLP_FN_MN EdPNjH CM.

_M IEIEEF GSL_TNc MEHCH_P ILMT_IE EaJPCMFNC @OHECcD_HE LjNFDM

DFHFaN. H NaLMaH G_L NCTHECFHCE MT_T PaaL ECFEOFNE T FOFLcFMTLPTjj GOHE_M- aM N_LMFGC MTLPTNE aM T _FNFOE PTNNN GITFGE, GFSE . MT_TH ECEaHSMTLbNNNaE T _FFGNcF DcFaNC JLILGIE CHbN_M_N. T MTIF_FNN_MC MT@aL_HMdEEHNNN OSH T ENbP N_LMFGC LaMTPaNFN, GC PCMTIHN ECNFDMNN T aLEEaJ-PCMFN, PFGCHN MTCjM aM EOFNOL_FCM NPaEHSMaEH FfF. A IJECHM LIDENEONNcC TIHH GDSTCE, IS EdTaJ- aM EFN-OLcJC ILMT_IEH qMTIPDN-NbJOMe LTMCGE OE_M ON_H GDHG S aPNCTF CM GFNjMH ECMCp, TTFMTGH EHCH_PC_H PCMTIHSF HS HIHJLI@CN MTENIL.

4. AGFFNN, IS MTENIL TM_C LD HjNN, @IHNIM, GCHN GOHE_FNNc aM DFHNjM, GCHNMTIF_FNNc, G_FFJbNNc, IS CPCF MTLPTNE m @CHHMTbLIT_M NECHNNaH EfFdHdMH m

== <= * *= <==. A 35 ILMT_L ECNLDj NSlDNaM LL GFJjLGaHSL PTNNN, IS G_HIG_HSIE CPCF MTLPTNE PaNFaHE T _FNF_H @FNa-NFTNNHaF DcPF ECM LaMTaN NMTCE EC aM m MTIF_FNNc MTLJjF ccH m * O< /-= <*++ / <= * <* = += =. ATT PCTM_FN ILMT_IE Nd GCHN @F MTIF_F-NN_MCEaLN @FMT_GbNINN bDEcF, NbDEcF, PFGCHN JaHT@ENNaMET aM P_FFFEIT_-MC NPaEHSMaT EJMIFccHE. J=N < * * = *= <, G_MICE F@IHNIMPaNFN DFHNCE. CF_GaLNH T dMMTM PaNFHE _NFIMH 35%- MT_LGTCE _FFGC @ILL_-MIEcF (N_GIN_MIE, MTLTjaM FJD_H @IFScMbNINN dMMTE, PS EILG_HSCPNFIE, CFFNPEP_TC-HGEILG_HSTNC MTLPTNE _FNF @CTNNN PCMMTNaLbNaME, JF. N_LMFIG- aM aMTMaCT-NIMbN_MC FJIE). A * * < < >* * <++ @FNaNFTNNHaF. AT

SaHENjF, FJbNP_HSIENcF aM TM_C P_FFFEIT_MIENcF EJINN IG_HSIE T dMMTMPaNFHE EPM GCHN 12%-_N NMTCE EC.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA70



2011-H P_FNIT_M FjNN _FF MTENIL, eD NdLPaHS, _NFEOFc MT_FSIT_M P_LNc, GFSSMTLL DFHN FNjMaEN aM EILF_NIEN MTLPTNE MT_G_L.

4.6.1. A "** "* *=& @DTNH TC HIHJLI@CN MTENIL F@j MNNCMTNCEC DFFGTjCN @IFFDOE dMMT, HHENON_H, IS _L MTENIL HG HPTNj IGIaHHE, F@j MNNCMTNCEC GONNcEGaCM aLTaEFNNCE NLfFN N_LMFGC aM TM_C MeFS_N. MNaHS MNP_H N_F_TN SlD-NdNN MTENIL FGTaMaT MTH_FN @j MNNCMTNCEC CMGaLPEN (5. MT. N_F), EdTHLL bPN @F @CSFGN, IS _LGFS, T aMT MTENILL PIHNEITNNINN G_FFJbN_MaLPaHSMMa MOJ_H PCMTIHSFIM (MNaHS 2003).

4. ;. A ; ?; ?? ?; O ;;?; =

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A dTJIHNC NNCMTNCEC CPNF ECFHPHM aPE FDaNjF PaT N@FPaNFN HIHJLI@CN

MTENLfFNLjF. AT F_CEH 2009. aPC NIE (2011) aM NNCMTNCEC fEdLH (2010)EdTLINN L@CE_C FJD_H _FFbNINNOE dMMT DFFGTjEN.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA72

$ #A

A*= P (G_H)

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P SMfFN P EdTNMNfFN P MTEMTLPTN

P MTEGC,GOHE_FNNcCaLEEaJPCMFN

P EdTMTHeN_LMM_

P HIHJLI@CNCHNaTGaHS

P JIFCNCEC J_LN, P S_T, P dHEaHNM CT-

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P JIF_LPaFG,NlTIFN_M

P EdLHSTNPaFG P NFJfFaM@DFMTNaM P TM_@DFMTNaM P DIPaFG- EdTCT-

NIHM_ PaFG P NdaFe

IG_HSIMTN_M,HIHJLI@CNMTdPNMaE

P HGTNEdTCEJMIFNIE

P MTEGC, TM_CaLEEaJPCMFN

P JIFCNCE

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P S CHNaTGaHSN_GIN_M,EIHELaN aFFaLaM

P ECM FEc-,GOHEFSCEdLTN

P S NFJfFaM-Nd NFJfFaM

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P @jP_LIM P GSMTaEFS P Sa P_LIM P EdTMa

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P 50 TL #N FNN P 50 TL P 500 TL #N P 500 TL P 5 GCFFCc #N P 5 GCFFCc (m50

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4.6.4. A && && #&=&& = " & B&* &< "2009-H MTLPTNE PaNFCHE dMMT GFN T 1114 GCFFC_L @ILCHNIN (GC 2000. aPC 495 GCFFC_L @ILCHNIT EaJMN @IFSc _LIH Nd GCHN 125 MT_TFaEEF HjNN.). A

HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE EdTF 90 MT_TFaE_HE PIFN DFFGTj JaHT@ILFIG, 7 % HG@IFSNNINN JaHTfSC NPaEHSMaN, MG PaNFfE, MG JC EC_MOE HG PIFN.

A NLfFNC GIMTF_M NECHNNaH L_HSNFHM_IE DFHHE G, PaNFE NLfFNCFIMTF_M @jP_LIML EIHHNL_FcCE, DcPF Nd GCHN MTLPTNE @F OJMNC (OSH-EEIL EIL_C aPET EaJMN T SHFjNFHMaE GaLMaEFjaM aMTFFNj).

A EfFdHdTj GaLNl NFJfFaMEH GlEdj HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE FNaLj @IFFEITNN_MCFNjMaEN EbH_FHE. A HSP_LIMIE (@jF BOJMN) HNL_FCM MTLJaPF, GMFEIMM_MT_G_PF, JINHC_FCM @ILL_MIE EdTFMaaPF GSL_TNc, IS FHSIL_HSH @jP_LIMH aM GSMTaEFSEH NF_FNc MTLPTNE HS MT_TFaE.T_GIM LHSjMTLPTN, aLEEaJPCMFNC MTdPNMa, HGTNEdTC MTLPTN BOJMNL aM

HSP_LIMIE FSTC MTaEFSaN.

6. ?. A ; ?=; =; /? ?;, 2009

F<: K%H 2010

2009-H NFDM MTENIL PaNFCHE 44 MT_TFaE MT_LGTINN _FFGC PS dHEILG_HSTNCEdFNMaPNaMjF, 28 %_N MD_N PaNFE NNNaE EC, 17%-_N MTLPTNE T_FEI_M aMMOJ_H 13 % PIFN G_HN_GIN_MIE L_HS.

2009-H EdTF 13 TL MTLPTN DONNNINN F JaHTFC PS NLGaMTNHC IG_HSN FEIMM_, CFFNP EfFdH@aF MTLPTNE LaMTaL. A HIHJLI@CN MTENIL 149 GCFFC_L @ILCHNHSC(jF 139 GCFFC_L JaHTFC) N_GIN_MN HSeDNINN, 4%-EF NdN, GCHN FjTj aPH.

AT IG_HSIE HaSdNd MTLPTNEHE, NdC 20 MT_TFaE G_HMTGaFSEHEDONINN.

A +,+/,#& "(,/ 75



4.6. 5. A $** < * "" +": " <&C ' <2009-H 130 TL @j IFITINN HIHJLI@CN MTENILH, @j_FF_MH, NFDM GOHECjH@IFFEITNNINNE FaNMT_G EdTF 90 TL @j PIFN. IP_C EdTF 42 TL GOHEP_FFFcN

LaMTGOHECjH FEFGTNE. A @CTNNN FEFGTINNE EdTF EaNLG_HE @jP_LIMH aM GSMTaEFSEH GlEdj HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE CTNIMbNINNE _FF_MN, EdTMaC MTLP-TNEHaF FC 8 MT_TFaEOE IFITINN. A @CTNNN GOHELjN FMjMILH MTLPTNC MTG-JIHNcF CHNaTGaHSMfFN HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE EaJME G@CTNHC, FCHE_ NjELjMTM_@DFMTNaMC MTLPTNE, HIHJLI@CN MTdPNMaE, T aLEEaJPCMFNE TIEIH FSEH, IF ECNLDN GCHCMTNL_CcL PH MTfEMa, PS JC EIILCH_CcM @FNIEMIEM_ CHIEIFD T _FFHc GOHEP_FFFc FEFGT_M_N.

A MTENILH GaLN _NFIM, 1,9 GCFFCc @ILCHNIM LONNc aPM HGTNTM_H GaLN_NFIM ELMN 80 MT_TFaE_N NNN EC.

7. ?. . A ; ?; /?;;;; O ;-/ <;;, 2009

F<: K%H 2010

A MTENIL HSI GaLNaEl @IFFEITNN_M_N LjMH HTbNCE LaMT-GOHECjM@IFFEITNN_M GCHCMTNLNbP NLC, ECMT_GbNNNFH J_FS_TNC FJe aL@CTNaM, HGPLMHSEaJM aLE aM @CTNaMC EIHMNLOECcE, @NaLC C_HS aM LOFGM GOHECj.

CHTE GM @FOENO_CcIT PTNHE (BLNF-S-MNaHS 2011) A NC MTLCHN 2009-H MTENILH NPaEHSEj dHEaHNME MfFN MT_G

427 TL @j PIFN. AT _FNFOE NFDMbNNN EdTF 60 GCFFCc GOHEcL Nd GCHN 28 TL @j_FF_Me@IFFEITNNINN GOHECDaHE @FFN G. TE T dHEaHNME m MCELM GOHE LGa-HSEaJJH m MIEMTIL MTLPTNE @CTNNN FEFGTINNCP_ P_FHE.

aT NLHN ECGONNHC LaMTNPPjE MT_G_HE NECHNNaH, OFF_GTc GaLNaEHMbNNN FEIMM_ MTLPTNEN.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA76



8. ?. . A? ; ? < 2003-2009. ?;;

F<: K%H 2011.

A CPCF N_LMFIG aM T CH@LMNLOENeL_D_HE NECHNNj HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE MTENILL_MTLPTjaMaHE GONN_M ON_H EdPNETj @DTN T SaH aM N_LMFIG PCMTIHS_L@cEOMT_F.

A +,+/,#& "(,/ 77



1. AT IENN_MC EdFNMaE aM DdPFGHdPEaM PS @CTCEC NjEEaJTjaM EdTdNNCdMMT@faME GN_LIT_M S CTIHSIM ILMT_H aM S CTIHSIM CjNLNGL PI-HNEITcH.

2. CT_L_MIM GEdTFbNaM HHE GN_LIT_M_L, IS T IENN_M GCFSH L_HSHD_LOF ITT_ HGTNC DdPFGT.

3. AT IENN_MC EdFNMaE ITG_HE GN_LIT_M.4. GTNEdTC dMMTMIHFbN_MIE EaMTbNaM T CMEIF_TNN_MC L_HSIEL aM HGTNC

DdPFGL PIHNEITcH.IFcHSC dMMT@IFFD, IS G_M MIJILNIMbN_MIE T GLC Lj@ILL_M TM_C

MTLJaPF @IFFEITc GEdTFbNaMEN _LIG HS PIHOFN MILIFD_E (C.G.)1. A + =N=, GFS MTLCHN T (IENN_MC, aMTMafSC MN. EC_MIEcF

MT_LGTc) GLC NjE @FFGITc_M GCH T SaH, GCH HGTNTM_ MT_G_LGNaLfF. (@HN GONNINN GIFF)

2. A <ON (<) =, GFS GEdTFbNaM MTLCHN T IENN_M HG D_LOF ITT_ NLGFaEHSMa HdPEaMaT, PCMTIHN EaJTaMH PFc LaMTPaNF CH@ILG_CcEN MTIF_FNN GOHEP_FFFcELcF. AT CMEIF_TINNM_ Dc EaJMMal SaHE FjMTlLaMaN DFHNC. (JHL1973, ALLIQ 1979) ZS GOHE_FNNcE T IENN_MC LHMTL CH@ILG_CcC FJD_H MTlLCE EC GM NLGFaEHSMal GOHEP_FFFcEN.

3. A >*N-< <= ** > =<, GFS MTLCHN TM_C HdPEaMTGN_LITINN @IFFEITNN_MC aM EaJTaMC DFFGTjDl GOHELjL PH MTfEMa.

A GSL MT_LGT_Me GLC-C EdTT_MT . _FIL G_L 1964-H T _LCTMH LHTNN EIH@LHC_D_H DFTN, IS HG FN GP_FMTIFHC TN EaLaMN,IS GEEIL N_LMFGC oGNaLfFaMp PH ( TM_C @DFMTNaM fNGaHE HdPEaMaH

GaLP) EONN_ML, T IENN_ML MN. @ILbNINN EC_MIEHE. (_HC 1975: 36).IFcHSC L_GONN LL, IS FJPNj JLCGP_FN_M F_NMTCE ECIHNEITHC T IENN_M

EdTTM_C GEdTFbNaMaH (IFcHSC 2002). #FbPD @CSFGN LL, IS IQL$FHHLMNL MTLCHN T 1950-M aPE EdTJaNjF T 1970-M aPE FDaC NLNc CjMTE TIENN_M TM_NH_HE PCL_EIL, LL ONF JOFCE_CcE MIEM_ CM, TIHH PCF_P_FM_CDaNjF NaG @DFjaM GLEN. ( EdTIENN_M EdFNMaPNaM CM MNH_FN GCH TSMfFN CL_FSM_H GCH T A-H.) A EdTT_MTIE MTLCHN HS EC_L_HOF_M EdPN-ETNN: TM_CF WFMT_GIFNEV T IENN_MMF. AT IENN_MC EdFNMaPNaM GMTILbN_M EONN_MC EdFNMaPNaME MTlEbNaMaN CM DFHNNN. IFcHSC $FHHLMNLN CaTC, EC MTLCHN T IENN_MTM_NH_H TIHH E_LIE MIEEF HSIE PIFNE: JaHTfSC PCMMTMaM GFFNN

MTFFGC PCMMTMaM EdPNETNN . ($FHHLMNL 1999: 317). AT GLC NjE DFFl GEd-TFbNaMEN NdH bL_FN_E, HSIFPHM aPENjF TE T FONMbN_MIE SL LjNFDME.#OFFL aM OCHMIH L_GONN qJLIR GcIH, G_C EPMN NOOHE LLcF, IS GCFSHCHNaTGaHSE aM TM_C LjE ITN_E FaNL aM dMTNdHTCE NIP_L CM GILH CMEIF_T_MG_FFbNNNFH NLDaMaN. s CHNIS IFSH LjMH CMTfHE T CMEIF_T_M G_CEOMLDaH, HGCH EaLjDFTNfE G T CIFcC_E aM MTLPTNE LDaN, GC _FFbNcF TIENN_M ECNLDMTNaMaL dMTNdHdTp (#OFFL m OCHMIH 1999: 301m302). qAT OLcJC aM SMfFN_FFGIEFC EILG_HSIE CSETHE, IS GCHaF Nd SLEN CMEIF_TTHE GCHaF IMMTCjL: EfTHE TaLN, IS FMdEEHNMaE EdTaJCMEIF_EcF FGILTMIFccE MT_G_N, IS MTICFCT_Cc fLIELNCEOM ELNC EdTa PIHD_E ECMSLEEN, MjN, Ga T WS aFNH

_N NLNc (NLGaMTNMH T CMEIF_EH TDFc) NHOF_MV MTFFGC aLNaEaLjF JLaCE_FHE. AJIFCNCEC CL_HSbNcE LHMTLMH eS NECHNCE T CMEIF_N, GCHN S CHNaTGaHSM FFHMTLN

A (\\Y$ A+)XA80



EfFdHdTj N_LMFGC NMaE FFH, aM GCHN IFSH MTbHNLN, IF HSONC MTGaHSEaM LEdFMC FEdNFTNNMaE GPCNNNcE aM LCNO_FCMH aFN FaJNNNjEp (#OFFL mOCHMIH 1999: 303m304 CaTC IFcHSC 2002:81).

AT IENN_M aM TM_ EJMIFNLHMTLaHE FGTaMaH SL DFHNjM MTLJNEJNE G_M GEdTFbNaME, GFSE T IENN_MC EC_MIEN JaF_OF @ISMTN_MHE NECHNCE,PS IFSH FGaFNE, GFSE N_LMFGC IPNLNIT_M eDLNLGFaMaL, PS MN_NOMEIH@-FCENOMIEL bPD_E @F @CSFGN (IFcHSC 2002).

qAT GLCNjE-FGaFNL aJfFj TM_@DFjaMC NcLC, T IENN_M aM TM_ EJMI-FN_HE @F@I_M N_N HSIFPHM aPE G_MICE @FaL DcFaNC _FFG NcLC_D_HE m aMSEILFN_HE m GLIJJH_M_PF PaaLPaHSMH NeFDONINN THCNDaH, Ga EEIL CM, TIENN_MC aM NOIG_HSIM MT@aL EaJPCMFjC NIP_L CM FjMTLNNNF CPNEITHE LLEdFNMaPNaMC aLECE aLPaHSMbNaM MIL_H. SHCM T IENN_M aM TM_ JITCNbPEJMIFN_N HMeFSITc EdTTM_C FGaFNE _NNaL MTILOF_M HG DFHNC @FNaNFHfF T

IENN_M JIFCNCEC MTLJaHE _NNaL MTILOF_M_N. /s/ ALLcF PH N_N MTc, IS EdTT-M_C FGaFNE @j PIHOFN_cF SL CHE_ ECMTILOFHE T IENN_M aM TM_ CLEN EJ-MIFN_N HMeFSITc FGaFNE, OSHEEIL JIFCNCEC J_LNIE, dHNaMITcE aM fLIE-LN_E MTcMTH_FN_cF S_FNF_H HG EIJINN EC TH FGaFNE @LTIFcC_D. _M IFFLcFPCMTIHN DcFaNC _FFGHE m LaMTCHN EdFNMaPNaMC @ILL_MIE EILF_NITINNM_, LaMTCHN T _FFGC@FNFF_N_M JLCG_D_HE P_FNIT_M GCNN EdPNETj m @IEITNIM PCMMTMTILOF_M_PFT IENN_MC L_@ILbN_MIE HdPEaM G_FFN, M SL HSI NLN EJHE IFSH EaLaMEGCHN T FMT_GIFNNNcM_, GCHjMa, NaEIHSM_. G EFF N_N NNcF NLNHOHE, IS DdPjH T IENN_M-TM_NH ECMTILOF EdTTM_NHcF, OSHEEIL PFcMTbHl,IS NaG_D HdPEaMC FGaFNNjF SL CHE_ T IENN_MC LHMTL, CFFNP FLHMTLC

@CHHMTbLITNcM__HE, @CHHMTbLIT_M GcMTLCHE, EdFNMaNaEIHSM_HE MN. FG-TaM @Fa NIFcCE F.p (O.I:82).

IFcHSC MNP_H FjLDFTaMaN CTIFD, IS T TL@ILOFcH SL Nd EONN_M CL_HSOFNLL, GFS HG EdTPNFH @IFFEITNN_MJIFCNCEC MTH_N PCTM_FD OG_H Lj@ILL_MPFc @ENNaMHE, HG LL CL_HSOF, IS T IENN_M ISH NaLfF G G_M _TNIEH(aMTMafS, lHGFjTaM) PS T _FFGJIF_LC NONIMM_, LaMTPaNFC GIEL_CNLfFNaH.

AT 2001-H & -B *=<. & $ / H>* * %* C*=*. E>*= * %< (J= = <***, + < = <** =N < , =*=< << < ) bGGF @IFFN dMMT N_LMFGC NjEaPF EJMIFNIM @FGaLaMaN ( 2001).

TN GFjTjH CF_HE EaMTbNNN @FGaLaMN N_LMFGC NjEaLjF, GFSH G@IF-GTN_E, IS @CTCEC, JaHT aM GLC NjE EdTdNN N_LMFGC NjE qC_HSTc EJIMp($LIINL 2001).

AT ECP_HS N_LMFGC aM TM_C PFGCHN T GLC aM N_LMFGC NjEdMMT@faMaH PCTM_FD T IENN_MJIFCNCE_N. A DcFaN @IFGC DFHNaM P_FNITCE, aLNaEP_FN_M@CSFNj G: TM_C, N_LMFGC, T _FFGJIF_LC DIIE, lHdTaM FELfFaM, EdLHSTN GcP_M, T aMTMa GCH FNLNITCE @IFIGEdL. A NHOF_M HGTM_C ITaE N_N FF_ IFSH @IHNIM, GCHN TM_C. A DFHNaM JaF_ENGFbN, GFSE MTLCHN T LjM EdTdMMaE, MTfFjE aM T CMEIF_E EdTdNNC Dc EJMIFNIEMbNCE NHOF_MN, NHOF_M PCMTIHN MbNC DcF GlEdj EdTdMMaE FaNLIT_M_N, MTIE_MIE,

MTIC_FCM EaMTMaE, EaJMMaE aM NNCNldE @DFMTNaMaPF aM ECFEbN_M_PF. A _FcTNIE, DcFGlEdj N_LMFGC CHNaTGaHSE, T CMEIF_TINN GOHELj JC FjMbNCE T LjM TM_

"$Y+ Y X/A!A),* 81



FaNLDdNNaN, EdLHSTN GcP_M_N. AT DFHNaM @CHCCcN CM NLNFGT, GFS MTLCHN N_LMFGC NjE TIH _FcTNIEN DFHNC, IF EdTdM HILG_E, aLNaEE GHNaH MbNCE TSG_M EdTdNNC SfNNGlEdaMN. A CTFIG m T SaHE aM EdTCHNaTGaHSEEF MTGH m

@IHNIM NaHSTj, GFS SMTLL N_LMFGC NjE @ILL_M aM EdPNETGaHS. A CTFIG GaLa-MaL m T FjTj @DTNH GONNINN, N_LMFGC NjE GaLaMaL ONGH _FNF @F_FFbNINN CHRaM #OEOSG CTFIG GaLaMaL @F_FFbNINN GaLjMT_GIE FJD_H m ILF FOM NOS, TTHGTNEdTC aLNaEPCTM_FNIN NLNINNE 1997-H. LL CPNEITCE T NHOFG_HS, GFSTN CM GaLN, T GLE _HS MT_TFaE bTCE G_MCE GLH. A EONN_M MTLCHN ILPaC_-H 65, PaILMT_H 60, OSHEEIL SLILMT_IH MOJ_H 24% bTCE G_MCEH. AN_LMFGC NjE LjMdaMaN MF_, T CMEIF, FSC N_LMFIG, CPCF MTLPTNE, EdTdMMaE, MTIGMTaM_IE, dHEaHNM MTLPTNE, SMfFNE MbNNCE Fj, N_N CPCFN_LMFIG. AT GLC NjEaN aM N_LMFGC NjEaN FjMbNj JIFCNCE_N N_GINHC aLGM,GFSHE HG LdPC, HG IMMTe N_Pe GNaLfFaM FN. TaLN EFF N_GINHC T aMT

aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_MN, EfFdHdMH NHOF_M dMTNdHTaMaPF, GcMTLE DPbN_M_PF, TCHNLJLMTIH_FCM EaMTMaE @DFMTNaMaPF.

AT D_HF_MIEN G@IP, eD EONN_MN @CHHMTbLITINN T . 2004-2006 EdTdNNPaTNN '<=* = %* !>=< / L* (%!L, P A =*>< = <** - = <) bGl PCTM_FN_L ( 2007), GFS NHOF_M LGaHSMMaaN TaMTMafS aM CPCF N_LMFGC EdNFTNNMaE @fPaHSaH PCTM_FN.

A @FGaLaMH LaMTN PNN OLcJ_cF AOMTNLC, BFCOG, SMfFN CL_FSM_ (AHFC,EcC), IFFHC, H, ORGIOL, ILPaC, PaILMT_, P_D, NIP__ ]D-aFHPFGCHN H aM T AGLCEC SMfFN XFFGIE. A EONN_M aFD m NdE EdTdNN m T PIFN,IS ECN_bNM TN @DN IHIFEI_MGcIN, GFS MTLCHN NHOF_M, OG_H Lj@ILL_M-

PFc LO_T_M GOHELj-JCL NNN N_M_PF TM_C HdPEaMT D_LOF ITT_.\MMT@IFFP F@j LGaHSEN, EONN_M F_N_GMTNINN TN CJINaTCMN, ISSLaMTN T aMTMafS, T GLE aMTMaC _FFJIN_N, G_MLaMTN T ENbP _FFGJIF_LM_EaLaMaN JITCNbPH @IFS_MIFD NHOF_M, T IENN_MfSC LO_T_M. A JLIDEN eD GcMTLNIFITINN EC, _LIG GIFF _FFbNINN @F NHOF_M N_LMFGC LGaHSCHE GaLNjMaaFD_cF. AT MTIFeN GIFF NHOF_MHE T SaHL SEILIFN N_M_N GaLC, LFNbP GIFFN, T SaH N_LMFGC CLLC_H NdFNdNN FSaN aM T IENN_M EJMIFN_NGONND G, LGCE, EOGOFNbP GIFF TN GONND EC, IS NHOF_M _FNF T SaHGCH EfFdHdTCE MIHFc MIJILNIT NLNITc IMTN_FSN_LMEEF, NHOFc MIJILNaFCN_LMCPF dMMTPNP.

AT IENN_M aM T aMTMafS LF_CcH PCTM_FN MIL_H G_FFJbNINN_E EONNcE, IST IENN_MC LO_T_M _LIG NECHNNH CM GNaLfFaMN DFHN. SLaMTN PH T IENN_MHES EdTPNNN N_M, GFS JaF_OF DdPFGE NLaH DFHNETCE. A GM DdPF-GGGF LHFETj _FFGJIF_LIE NdN EdFNHE MD_N aMTMafEL. A G_MCE MJENOM EdTPNFH N_MIE DFHNCE, OSHCM NHOF_M EaJM GP_FNITNNHC T GLE aMTMaFEJMIFNIM EIGJNHC_CN. A LGCE MJENOM dMMTNNN, HL_CcEIH _NHSeFc G-EdTFbNaM, GFS MTLCHN EaJTNN GLE MTfFjEaHN Dc N_MMF PHHE SLGECE aMT-MafSC MTIE_MCL, CMGLNCL. A EONN_M N_N CTIFN, IS T CMEIF_TINNM_ aM DIaMTMa EdTdNN ECGONNNc JITCNbP dMMT@faM ( 2007).

AT CMEIF_TINNM_ aM CPCF N_LMFGC MTLJP_FFF_M NLaH MTCHNaH JITCNbP dMMT@faMN

GONNINN EC EONN_M. A NHOF_MC NJMTNFNIE Nd NLfFNH CM FjMbNCE MFEPj_FFGJIF_LM_IN:

A (\\Y$ A+)XA82



m T IENN_M NLNFG ITT_D_LOF, T CMGLNE aM NJMTNFNIE GMTLTaMaPF CPCFN_LMFGC EdNFTNNMa NONIMbN_M_IT

m (MTIC_FCM, _FFGJIF_LC, EIGGOHCE_CcM, MN.) EIGJNHC_E FEFGT_M ITT_D_LOF

N_LMFGC LaMTPaNF, N_LMFGC EdNFTNNMaE SEILF_M_IT- T aLNaEE, T NNCNfdE, CN, GINCP_CcE FjMbNCE CPCF N_LMFGC EdNFTNNMaE

SEILF_M_Nm NHOF_M HdPFC N_LMFGC MN_NOMTN.

5.2. E/> ?/: ?/ P=O E<,;< += ?=?;

lPFjaMNdLNaHNC GEdTFbNaMjF FGIHNc, IS @OFCTGOM GLP IG_CN

@FP_FNc @FPCF_IMI_M MTaFMEdLl GIELNCT_Fc @IFSGNIEN CHbNINN F EdTIENN_MCHNaTGaHSMfFaMaPF, OSHEEIL NOIG_HSIE GCMGLaMaL HSCNINN dHEaJTj NHOFcEdLdEPCMTIHN JIF_LCMI_M FNLDaMaT D_LOFNE ITT_. A @FPCF_IMOFN JIF_LM_ GCHHSI MTLJN D_NMTINN N_LMFIG _NFEbN_M_H. \HMTLPTjaME, NHOFc EdTdMMaEFEOFNE GIELNCEOM FPE, MTM_ m SHFjMa m NMNPaLCMa IHIFN_HEMTFFGaH aM HaJMTLlMbNNNaE NHOF_M MTfEMaMMaaHE IHIFN_N. TE -.MT_TC SdELE HJDCHE OLcJC N_LMFG_L aM GlPFjaMaL CM ECNHE, GN_LITPMIE @FHjNNEaJTaMN MTIF_Fc CPCF-HIHJLI@CN MTLPTN GOHE_D_N G CM. A MIEMTbHlMa DFFGTC EdTdMMaC NHOF_MC NPaEHSMaEN, TaLN C_HSNFHOF HG CM FNH MT_G PHHC TEMIEM__N, Ha_HS DFFTNM aM _FNF_HIMH FNLDN EdTdMMaC NHOF_MC @ILG_N GONNOHE,

aLTaEFNNP, IS T CFSH NbJOMe CPCF MTLPTNE GCFSH DFHNjM MTLJN NdFNdNNE aMNdFNHE HG@ILG_FCM NHOF_M NLaH m DFHNjMH TbNP N_LMFGC NjEaN, HdPFPT GLE EdTdNNC CTFGN aM MTIFCLCN_MN, M EdTdMMaCEEF LjMbNP N_LMFIGMTdPNaN aM EIaTCcD_N.

5.2.1. K# AT HIF JIF_LIMI_M FJD_HE NECHNNj N_LMM SMfFaM EFO, GFS MIHFc aLEFj-aMl, GlPFNMal PS @IFFEIT_Me GLE N_LMM aM N_LMFGC aFNaN, EdTdM MTcLEIT_M_N,CMGLNMTLTaMaN CPNINN MTIF_FHC. A @LHC @ILLFIG ON_H NLDNE F OLcJ-MTLN EFMMTCEOM, MTCILe FJMT_FSIE MTLCHN GlEdj EFOIE. A FO HIFOF @jF N_LMM_IN,

N_LMM EdLN, T_LN EdLN DFdF, PIHNEITN FSMTbH GDFdFaMaL, FN T EMTCHc FS-Ma, _T, PS G T SFN, SMfFN, MTdPNMa EC@DTaM. A GC HSFP aM @IFIG-MTH_FN MTLCHN MTCj FNdFNaMaL MTIF_Fc CHNaTGaHSE MTaFM EdLaN aLDfE FNN JF.@CFGEFOIEN, MJILNSMfFNEN, NOLCMTNCEC SMfFNEN, HSObDM EFOIEN. (IPFMCE1987:39-44)

5.2.2. K" *?T_HEH GTNC MTCHc FaNLDdNN TaHSC MNP_H HPaT @lTjCE, EC T HFCCeND_LcF TNaLP ETGaHSTN N_LMFEIc EdLdE FEbN_M_N. #fFdJ $aT (1978) EMTCHcEFJMT_FSCHE PCTM_FN_cF G_FFJbNINN, IS q EMTCHcEN GlPFjaML, EdTdM

IFPM_ML, EdTMTHe CMGLNE NLDMTNaMaL, Dc aM MTaJ CL_HNC aLTaM @FaLMTNaMaL aMNLDMTNaMaL, EdTaLNFG FjGITbN_M_L, PaFGaHSH aM FSTNH EfFdHdTjE

"$Y+ Y X/A!A),* 83



EdTFaMaL, MCHIM aM EFFGM N_LMFEI_ML aM Sa MIHFc GlPFjaMC aM N_LMFGC@FNIE aFD_L ITN_E FaNLp. IPFMCE cTM@ (1987) CM GONND EMTCHcE N_LMFGCLaN MTLCHNC C@@LHC_Fc_M_N, GTNC MTCHc GFFNN IF_LC EMTCHc, GD

JLMTNC eH. qO_M EMTCHcEp aM GOHE_M EMTCHcE FaNLDdNNaN. cN XLJ_ (2005) dHMTL-PTjj JIF_LIELcF bLN FJIM GOHE_D bPD @F N_LMM @OHECcEL @CSFGN, F_N_GMTN-P TaHSC HJFcD_HE PCMMTNaLj DSTaMaL, IS q MCHcH aFNG.p

cEC cL 1870-H GDFHN #EN SaG_HNIE LaHSjMaHE BLH P_HHE EMTCHc D_L_MC MTIE_M_N CM. cEC bS DFFGTC EILFC N_LMM MTbHNLEN: q EMTCHcHE dNPCF_LaMT PH, GCHN @dFHE, M FEcC, GCHN FJCIJNL_E, _LIG IMTN_FSIT NLNITHE:HJJFC JCFFHcE, MNFC FJEaE M aDDFC JCFFHcE. JJF EdHSPN_LN eP_LEID_E NOcMNIE, GFS SCE FaLEM aM MM EdHSPN_LHE, MN NNcF HSIFC INNQCMNMTHE aM JIFCNCT_FHE MJNGPCLE aM @CME_FCMIE, HSIFNcF aD@aF ON_HC PaL F@IFFD NaLN GM MICNM. AHH_F@IP GMCE, IS EaN GL GCHHHJ FD_L EMTCHc,

HaFEfF, IS PF SG_MMF NF_FEITHaE.pJDCHEL m _L MT_GOE DFHNjMH HjNN m GP_FNITINN EMTCHcE @OHECcD aM

FEPaMa MG T dHGlPFaM CL_HS_. cEC MTPCPF aFP G G_L ME qGM MICNMpF_NIND N_LMM_C EdLdEN.

5.2.3. S"#"% C& < A EFOIE T_LN, CHCCNCEOM EdLaN FEIND_E EFOIE GCHN_D_L FEOFN, T qdHGlPFaMCMEIF_CEaHNp CM GFNNN MTEjGlPM J_IFSIE. AHHE FFHaL, IS T aJbNjaEC,MjN aMT LGNCEOM NHIEC PCMMTHSeFCE MTEjGlPMMa LN, G_L 1663-LcFPHHE NCHE. A MTEjGlPMMa ETNaHE CPNFIM _NOG 1717. DeHCOM 24., GC-

EIL CM IHIHH HaS EjGlPM J_IFS NDC SlFNE dMMT S @IcH aM GFJbNINN_E IHIHC SJ_IFSN. AT AHLMIH _FNF 1723-H bLN FEING_HS GC HJC @OHECIH_F,GFS MTLCHN LH aFD T, IS qT SMMa EdTJIHND_P_ P_FDaE, aM MTEdT CT L_NM_EdNaMaL IFSH MTGaFSE EdTdNN, ECE HaFEfF dLdEdM N_PIFM_H GLNE PIFH.p FcMTb-HlF EEIL HG MDNNNaE, IS . MT_T PaaL G_L OLcJ GCHH HSP_LIM_HHSJ_IFS @I GlEdHC, MjN T aPTL PaaH G_L T aMT PCF_IN _NMTdPC MTEjGlPMNMNPaLCMa.

A NIE @FNC EdTa NLNITCE T SaH NdEaFMaML PFc NdLEPaM, T GLMTLNNSEILF_M aM @FPCF_IMI_M MTFFGaHE GPFcMbN_M. A J_IFSIE LCNO_FCMH GlEdHE,dMMTDdPNFfE FNN NFDMH ECT_LD_E JLI@_H PCF_IN. A J_IFS F@IHNIM FSCMa

NGJFIG, GCN NaNFMH LdTbNNN @FMTLFaMMF LHTHE . A NGJFIG _LIG IMTFIJ TCMNHC NLGNj SMaaN, dFMMMa, Lj, MTaJMa _LGMM__N MTCGIFCT_FD, @jGMNLqNLcHOM_ITp T dHGlPFaMN aM NdEaFMaMN CM MTCGIFCT_Fc aN FaJMj, dFMMMa aNFaJMj@IE PTN. A EaTGlCJLIMM_ FMj LHDaT CTIP _LIG @IEITN aLNj F: CHM,FaHS, GMNL, GFS @IEITNIE FaLaM SeNNF @IFSGNIM NHOF_MN CM FjMbNC. A MT-EjGlPM CM aJbNjGMNL: PCF_IN, N_LMFGN aM T SaHN aJbNC aM NdEaFNMbNC m PCF_IMM_ NHC MTLCHN (ALJIPCM 1997).

A MTEjGlPM TCHTS #LH ALHE $SdLSdT bLN 1790. G_LCOM 25-aH bLNFPFaH bS @IFGTT G, GCN DFHN MT_G_L NM_. qYH HEG EjGlPMMaIFS N_LMM_, GFS S ECM ELCE_N MCH_F FDIMTbPl GLEjF, GFSH T GL

F@FDNC TN HS SHNFHMaN, GFS EfFMj PCF_H PH, GFSH T GL ECL_FSN aM FFMIHS LHl GLN NMNPaLaHE HaTC, GFSH F@FETCE

A (\\Y$ A+)XA84



PCF_ SHNFHMaC @FjF, M TN F_NP_H, IS GCHH NH S FaFE, N. C. DcHE MTLNNFEITCE, dLdGEdHHSEN MbL; GFSH MIEEF CTNIM L_NIEN FF, GCHN EfFMj PCF_H, GFSH EC-EC CSEMTCE GLN_LMCHE HSIGILeM__N MTLCHN, GCHN NNMa

HC, EdHHSbNHC, GFSH ECEC .... MTLTNM NS@CCN GOHE_C, JaF_C _FNF NHbNHCNLNITCE.... PSIE SjTjP, IS T FNdEaFNM CMEIF_D T GLC MTbPHE."(TCHTSN CaTC jH 2000) MIHFcEaJJH, A@C DIM . MT_TPaC @jGMNL CM ECGFC,IS S@DN NHOF_MC @IFSGN MT_G_L EjGlPMMa. qA J_IFS HGME N_LMM EdLEaHNaM OGHCN_LCOM SMfFNEaHN HSeDNINN E_LJcNF_MN, HGME MTc FHGM aLNFGaHT dHGlPFaM CMEIF_D_N EaJTN, HG SMTLMGCH FDI FjEaMTbNj CMEIF_D PIFN T_FFGaFN GCHH MTEG_C LaMTaL.p (A@C 1900, 1993:16). aFN aM PFcM JIFCNCEC LDaHaF@IP OLcJ-MTLN MIEMTIL N_GN_E PS NCFNINN_E J_IFSIE GOHE_D_N, GC HHEFFHaL GC HJC, SIG_HSC GNLN_M GFFNN GGLN. A LHMTLM dMMTDdPNFEFEFG_PF J_IFS NDC N_LMFIG aM NLGaMTNNOIG_HSC, @CFITc@CC PS MTCGcFOGIEN

GONNc Fj_MIEN NLNHE SG_MHE, GFSEN EdTdMH GPCNNHE, CFFNP EdPNP TqMGL G dHGp FPaN, dHCMGLNL EaMTNNCE NIEN. A MTCGIFCEOM (HIF) LbNOMHGlEdj $FCFC _IFS IHFJD MTLCHN DFHF PCF_IH GEdTFbNjF 6 GCFFCc MT-EjGlPM IFITCE, SLILMT_IH NFaNMT_G MT_TM HSM_LHl. A @LHC LbNOMeJ_IFSIE MTdPNMaaN FEINc SL SILCHM @IFGT_M MTLCHN qA MTEjGlPMMaMTGaD aM aFD T, IS FjMbNM MTGaFSM @DFjaMN aM HGMaMN, HG dHG,HG G_MIE aLEaH.p (QQQ.HSILCHM.O).

5.2.4. O" ? @ @ A . MT_T G_MICE @FaH AHFC_H EFOIE S MD_NIM @ILG_D NLDN F, GFSE

EIL IFPM_MC CaHSCN CSETNE ECFabNHC. A HJCFJIE aM NCFJIE, CFFNP TTF J_LOTGIMH EdHSPEFOIE, IFPMcEdLdE, Fj@CTNaMM EdHSPN_LE SL HaJMTLla P_FNE. A EOFNeLMLHIECN GONNc IPFMCE cTM@ OML ALHIFIN CaTP DFFGTC TEHE EdLdEHE N_LMFGC-JIFCNCEC dMMTNLNc LDaN. qA FCL_FCM EILG_HSTNC JIFCNCE aM T HFCE_H S_TPCF_C MTGFaFNGcD ME NfHNC PIFNE @FPCF_IMI_MHE, GFS PCMTIHN HG PIFN Sa,GCHN @OFCTGOM @FIGF_M_HE aM EdTaJLaNE @FGFEaMaHE CIFcCC [email protected] HHE ECGONN_M, IS JLINMN_HM JJM_ PCF_C CLIFIG NLDMTNaMaHaM T eD IFPMcEdTdHMa ECFEbN_M_H IFSH DFHNjM MTLJN D_NMTINN, T eD CLIFIGMTI-CIFcC F@IHNIM LGaHSC EdTa NLNITCE. q(OML CaTC IPFMCE 1987: 43). SL-ILMT_IH @FPCF_IMI_M aM L@ILGEIL CDaH LCE_FCM JIFCNCEC MTFFGN, GD JC

GSL HSFP fSaN CM EaJPCMFNaE T IFPMc- aM dHEaJTj EdLdE. A @FPCF_IMI_M CDaH JIFCNCECNdLEPaME MTbHNLaPa CM P_FNE TE EdLdE, IFSH N_LMOF_MIE PIFNE, GFSE T IFPM_MN aMGlPFjaMN N_LMFGC _NFEOF_M aM T IMTNL_E NFIG FFHC F_T_MEaHN aLNFGTNaE. AHGMC FFH_FFcEH_F LCE_FCM IHIFEI_Me, JIF_LC _FF_MJIHNIN EaJPCMFj, LaMTHHGMC, LaMTH JIF_LC MT_LGT_Me HIFOF aM @LHC_OF CM NOc eD aLNFGCMaC LaN FEININNIFPMc MIJILNIMOF_MIEN (#fFdJ: 1978).

AT IFPM_M HaJMTLlPa P_F_M_PF aMT OLcJ_N _FcTN_E T IFPMcEdLdE. A MEHCH_PNHOFcEdLdE NOFDIHEaJJH TEjF MTLPTNEjF HjNNE EC . MT_T FDaH, TTF aFFF, IS NHOF_M NLaH CM GPFcMbNM_E T SHFjMa FPaN.

AT IFPMcEdLdE . MT_T EdTJaC HaJMTLlE PIFNE, EdTEdHSPN_LC GITFIGIT

MNFEITNE. A NdGEOFNeL P_FNIT_M_PF, GITcEaJ OLFEIcP_ P_F_M_PF TIHH . MT_T PaaL PCMMTMNN T IFPM_M CL_HNC CaHS. JDCHEL EdLdE DcME_H PMTbNNNE

"$Y+ Y X/A!A),* 85



HaJMTLlMafEjF, aFDOE CM _NFEOFN, T IFPM_MC CaHSE @DFMTNaMaL, @HHNLN_M_L @cEO-MT_FHE aM dMTNdHTCE EdHSPN_LE MTH_FN_N. 2001-H T GCLNN TIFPM_M aPaN, TaLN, IS GaC@CSFG @FEFNaMaPF @DFNN NHCEC PbPG_HSIE

GFFNN CM HaJMTLlMbNM T IFPM_MN.

5.2.5. S=%/" %*< "? @ @ A . MT_T EdTJaH-PaaH PaILMT_H NCFNEIT_MIE CHOFNE T FFH, IS NHOF_MCFNjMaE GlPFN FCN CLNIE_H PIFNE. A MPa GOHE_M-MTdPNMaE, @fNFHS_TE aM G_M MTLPTNE NdGGITFGE T SHFjMa G@IFGT_MEIL HGME P_FMTNcDIC EaLaMEL, HG T IENN_ML CM HMeFSN @ENNNE. AT FMj NHOFcEdLFJbN_M ML FMMIH HPaT @lTjCE, EC 1902-H GMTLPTN T FMj NHOFcMTLPTNN. A NHOFcEdLdE IFSH dHMTLPTjj ECM MIJILNIE, IF LaMTNPPjE STNNNN LHMT-LMMaF dMMTDdHHE, IS T _FNFOE GN_LITINN NLP MTLCHN NHOFDHE, PCN_TTHE

INN NaG_LcF, PS EOFNOL_FCM NPaEHSMaN PaTTHE. AT dHEaJTj EdLdE GOHE_D NIE NJMTNFN_L aJfF, aFDOE T, IS SG_MNcF NHOFDHE, SfNN IHIFEIDHE T_FNFOE P_FMTNINN NaGEdLH. A MPa NHOFcEdLdE NDC LHMTLMH NF_FEITHE, NHNFF_ SMTL, M S-S FEFIG 1-3 cL_M CjNdFNaMN DFHN. SfNN NLPTCE G NHOF_M GHNaN, ECP_FMTND_E G@FFj NHHSIN, GFSN NF_FEITcEN GFjTjHFIFPMHE, GD EdTdMH IFITHE @F. CHH NHOFcEdLHE PH S PTNjD, ECHG @FNaNFH MTEEaJTNN PTNj, @FNC CHE_ MTLPTjGOHE_L NLDHE EC. A PTNjC@FNIN EdL FCMGLN ND MTIEN @FP_FFFHC, EdL NPaEHSMa NIE ENbP LaMTPa-NFaNjF @f. ($FLCN: 1990, BSMNLdG 1996).

A EdLdE MTGH _FFHE CLLCEOM GIFFH FJOFc SIG_HSIM IENN_MMF, TTF,

IS NH_L FSH NO_M CLNIEIM, NjF @fDHE NHOFcE. A NHOFcEdL IFSH SfNN-GlEdaMN DFHN, GFSH GCHH LaMTNPPj @aF SHFj. T JLMT HG T_LD EC TN, ISS NHOFcEdL GbPDIH S FjcN, PS HSFPNH_LN, N_HNH_LN, NPaEHSMafENH@IFSGC DFFl.

A GIELNCEOM GlEdaM, N_LMFGC JLIFaG_E CL_HNC HSCNINNM_ DFFGTC EdLdEN, MIEMTIL JOMTN_H MTCj ENbP FNdFNaM GINCP_FD LaMTNPPjEN. IEH JOMTN_H TaLNP_FHE N_, IS G_MIEEF NF_FEITTHE, PS PFGCFSH EOFNOL_FCM NPaEHSMaN @IFS-NMMHE. A NHOFcEdLdE D_E T FJD_N MPa GNjL GlPaMTNHE, PFGCHN EaTGl-PMMaHE, aM SIG_HSjLTaMHE (A 1994).

CPCF MTLPTNE, HaJ@jCMEIF_E, ENCPCMN_E, MTEMTLPTNE, S_TE @ID_E dMMT

NHEdLdEN, GFSE SLaMTN _FFGC N_GIN_McF, G_MLaMTN FSC aM LCIH_FCM dHEILG_HSTNIEN_GIN_MCcF, LGLaMTN NHOFcC NbDEcF NLND_E @HH GOEN. PaILMT_H 9 HSNHOFcEdLdEN GlEdNNj ILMT_IM MTdPNMa PH, GCHSCE NdMT_T NMTLPTNNF. AT_FFGC, LCIH_FCM aM FSC N_GIN_MIEcF aM NbDEcF NLND_E @HH GOEN.

FHF FHSI MPa @FHjNNEaJTaMC MTLPTN, NOCL@dLOHN IRHMEIFH12

NC MTLCHN aPHN dMMTMH E 1.5 GCFFCc GL PMT LaMTN PFGCFSH @ILG_H NHOFc-EdLdM NPaEHSMaH, 15 aPMHaF CjM FEIMM_ Nd GCHN 50%- ND NHOFcEdLHE.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA86

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GCHN @F TEHE GlPaMTNC NPaEHSMaN @IFSNN, MIEH HSFPC EaJTaMH PMTHE LaMTN. LGCE F-HSI NPaEHSMaC EdLfE qCPCFp NHOFG_HSIEEF EJMIFNIM.



5.2.6. T %< *& && +&=, "#"%&&&&, "" %* &&&&* A MTSNG NOIG_HSIM CMGLNNLDMTNaM NGNCEOM, GM MTCHNl Fj_MIEN, Fj-_MMILITNIEN HSeDNc CHNaTGaHS. aFD EILMTLl CMGLNE CL_HNC CaHSE @FEFNaM aM T

CMGLNNLDMTNaM N_LMFIGNOIG_HSIE, NLGaMTNNOIG_HSIE, NHCE, GlPaMTNENLfFNaH, GCHHHJC aFN FSTNCHE GIF_M_L CM T aMTMaPaFG, EdLHSTNNO-NIMM_, GIEL_C PS E_L lHGFjTaM NaG_D_H. OIG_HSIM CMGLNNLDMTNjN_LMM_IE, HaJ@jCMEIF_E, CPCF MTLPTNE _FNF EPFN NHOF_MC @ILG, GLN T Fj_MIEL,PaTNNMaL PFc NECHNN HaFEfF _LEC CLNEITN, EaJTaM CJFIG, @FMj@IEe IEFPaFGMTLTaMaL HG FNjMaN. CF_MTLN SL HaJMTLlE HSObDM MTS-NGE, ** =. #LHCILMT_H IOFIOM-H 1972-H CHOFN S HS_LCMTSNG (HCPLMCNa O LICMCG A), GFS EC@DTNNH HSObDMIEHE MTLPTjdNNaM MCEL F_NN_H GL NLDHC ETNN G_MONN CM. 1978-H DdNN FaNL T SMfFN CL_FSM_H HCPLMCNS I@ N CL A (3A) MTLPTN, GFS _NFEbNINN @LHC SEILFNIN.

#LHCILMT_H T SNGE EdLa MTLPTjNE HSObDMIE SNGC, AHFC_H,GLC-H PCMTIHN m T HSC N_GIN_M C_HS GCNN CM m qMbNM-GIH FPpMTfFNNN G. ZS G@IFGTN_E, IS _LIF FaNLITNc 3A, GPH ITT_ MT_HaE aM FSC MTLPTjLj.

AT aMT HIFMT_MT PCF_H HaJMTLlEEa P_FNE 3A JLILGDC, GLN T dHEaHNME_FNF GlEdNNNN MTLPTN DFFGTjH HG EfFMj FjcEN bP G, HG NIEMD_N MTEG_DOE CMGLNHS_cF NLNHE SG_MHE Fj_MIEN. A NFDM _FF_MH G_L HGIFITc CjM NIE MD_N GOE GHTMFCE MTaFM EbH_FNNF LHFETj aM FSC MTCHNHMTLPTjj LGCE EIL SNGCN, SfNNGlEdaMMF, NJMTNFNCE _N_M_PF MbNPSG_MN. A NH_LIE SMTLL NHbNHE aM NHOFHE, CMTH CNN LaMTNPPjE SG_MNcF

NHOFHE, JOMTN_H MD_N EPNFaMfEL, HG CTIHSbNP_HS GMTLTaM aFD_cF. CHMEELCN_Cc, HCHM PFC_Cc, PCTM_TNN_M, PS G@FFaM, JOMTN_H NHOF_M dLdG! XFNF_H S CFSH MTSNG 250 NIN MT_GF_F, 12 @jMNjF aMTH EaNTL @jMSMfFNC GlEdjEaJMHE CTIHSOFHE. A 3A CPNFIM IHFJD MTLCHN HJDCHEHS-BLCNHHC_H DFHF 700 LGCE EIL SNGaH 207 014 N IMTND G SG_MMF NHOFcC NJMTNFNCN. (QQQ.O3.IL.OE)

SIG_HSIM @ILG_D_N NMNMbNCE G GSLILMT_C HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNEHE NOIG_HSIM N_LMM_IE, T CMGLNNLDMTNj SMfFNE. A . MT_TH L@ILGIHIFNDSaH MT_GNFH NOIG_HSIM EdL, HaJGlPFj MT_HaEe CMGLNNLDMTNj N_LMM_ DdNNFaNL. AT 1841-H FJbNINN CL_FSC SL LGaMTNNOIG_HSC _LMOFN 1901-H FEOFN

_LMFIGNOIG_HSC MGLNNLDMTNj _LMOFNN_, GD DIONcDEaHN 1953-H, GD1958-H aM 1990-H FEOFN eDD_ OIG_HSIM MGLNNLDMTNj _LMOFN HaPH. FHFMTdPNMaEaHN GlEdP DIFjdE NCECF CNFM SIG_HSCN @IFSNNP aM GeDbNPILMT_IMH HIFD dMMT aM EaJPCMFC NOIG_HSIMH GFJITINN FGaFNC aMSEILFNC CMGLNE, GNLN_M- aM MFEPaMGCHN_E EdTPNbNaMaN N_LMFIG GCHH LaNMT_G_L. A _LMOFN GCHH GSaH DFHFaPj, @jEaHN NOIG_HSIM CMGLNNLDMTNaMLFEOFN dH_FFc DIC MTGaFSCMal N_LMFGC MTLPTNE (NSMfFNE) ILMT_IM MTdPNMa._LNIENcF @fNFH, ECGFEjH EdTMTHe MTLPTN, MTIF_FNN_MCN _LEC CaHSPNC. dTMTHe aFD GPFcMbN_M aLEaH, TIEN HG PMTaFSTNNP P_FFFEIT_MCNPaEHSMaN CM @IFSNN. A MD_N MT_GIFcD MTLCHN LaMTN PMT NOIG_HSIM NPaEHS-

MaEH aM EONN_MIEH, FaLNP @FHjNNEaJTaMC EONN_MIEN; NPaEHSMaC EdL ECNLD HPFaML aM IENN_ML, EaJMMa@DFMTNaMH; EOFNOL_FCM NPaEHSMaH, EOFNOL_FCM

"$Y+ Y X/A!A),* 87



aNETaMN, NHOF_M aM MTCj SfNNM FNdFNaMaN DFHNCE. A NH@IFSGIE 8-40 NM Cj-NLNGIN dFFHE @F, DFFGTjH 4-5 cHJIME. B_L HaJ@jCMEIF_E _FFGC N_GIN_MHCM LaMTMfFHE, LaMTPaNFC bDN CM EFF @CTNHC.14fFdHdTj NaG_EH FN NHOFHC (dFMaMTN,

N_LMFIGNOIG_HS, MJILN, GlPaMTN, NLGaMTNNOIG_HS, GlMTEC, GaC, JIFCNCE, aMT-MafS aM MTIF_FNNcCJL) eS, IS HCHMHE PCTM_E. cCC MTM_ PH, FNjMaHSbFCE MTGaFSCMa@DFMTNaML, MTIC_FCM EIGJNHC_E PFGCHN T _FFGJIF_LC LaMT-PaNF aM GIEL_C_L PIHNEITc CMGLNE FMD_NbN_M_L. A NHOF_M @CFITc@C_D_N NECHNP LTCF IFc #LCL @FMTbNc JcC_D (#LCL 1972) aM T CHCC IF-bDM EdFNjCHLHN IL OG_HOM MTFFGCMa DFFGTC T CMEIF_EN, GFSE EJOC HSCNP _FFHE EfF@dFC C_EIE MT_G_L CM. A HaJ@jCMEIF_E CTNIMbND_E @IFSGNIM NHOF_MIT MTfEMaMJ_FSILCHN_CcM aM ELLCLNH_M_M @FNaNFCN, GHNILIE MbNCE NHOFcEN.q#IFEIDMEIFLHM #ILHCH C HGLE" ( AMMICNCIH I@ #IFE C IIFM CHHGLE) TT aJ@jCMEIF_E _HCC SMfFN 80 @fNFH, HIHJLI@CN @ILG_H

GlEdj _H HaJ@jCMEIF_N @I dMMT. AT CMEIF_E 50-200 @FHjNN m 17,5 aP @FNNC, @jFeMTM aPCH D_Lc m NHOFcN EaMTbNHE @F T aFNL, HGTNC aM HGTNEdTC MTCHNH S-L_HN. A NHOFcEHE S@ILG DICE PHHE, EILNcF, HGNjF, PFF_MNcF, NHCEC MIJILNNcFaM HGTNC IPNLNIT_MNcF @fNFHfF. AT SfNNGlEdaM, NH_L aM NHOFc CFFNP LaMTN-PPjE EdTdNNC J_LMTa, NIFLHC HaJ@jCMEIF_E GCHHHJC SEILFN. GLN EdTdM aHEFaME LOHNPCC SIG_HS CM. A DFFGTj NPaEHSMaE EdTa NLNITCE EfFdHdTj JLIDENE ELNCH FfF GPFcMOFc GIEL_C_L HPFaM, T _FFGJIF_LCCMGLNE _N_M. A NHOFcE, NH_LIE aM dHEaHNME MT_GIM OLcJC, @LCEC aM SaHGTNEdTC SfNNGlEdaMH PMTHE LaMTN, T OLcJC HCc N_FFGCcF DdPj NHOFcEdMTNdHbDEH LaMTMfFNHE. A _H HaJ@jCMEIF_E HMeFSITT_E, IS HG SNGC

PS G_M NHOFG_HSIEIT MIHFc PaTNNMaN PS EaJMbNaMN HE, aM HG CM TIEGMTLTaMaL EaMTbNCE @F NHOFcEN, HG T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M @CFITc@C_D_NPFcMbND_E G. SHEEIL GaCM ELLCLFNjMaEN HSeDNHE IFSH HSIH CM MTLN_TcMTEG_E FMD_NbN_M_IT, GCHN MTbHaMT, LHjL, _JIFc, eDM_bLc, aJbNaMT, MN. A _H HaJ@jCMEIF_E qOGHCMN aFN GlPaMTNaLp EaMTbNCE @F LaMTNPPjEN, TT PFcH T aFNL HPFHE([email protected]).

A HaJ@jCMEIF_E MEHCH_P ILMT_IEH EfFdHdMH HaJMTLlE FNNE, EdPNP _HGIFFN, ILMT_IHEaHNC MD_NIMM_IE ECFEbN_M_PF. A ILPa ENN_MC aM ONN_MCCHCMTNaLCOG EdTFaM MTLCHN T FMj HILPa HaJ@jCMEIF 1864-H HSbFN G, G 77HaJ@jCMEIF GlEdCE ILPaC_H. YPHN GEdTFbNjF 6 000 NHOFc D_L HaJ@jCMEIF_E-

, @jEaHN TIE 18-25 aP EdTdNNC @CNF @FHjNNE, ECE EdTaJCMEIF_N G_L FPaTNaE. Nd HaJ@jCMEIF LdPC NH@IFSGIEN CM EbH_F CjMEILeE MT_G_L, M PHHE CMEIF_E,GFSE @ISNaEEF aFj MTGaFSE LaMTaL MJC_FCM NH@IFSGIEN CLNHE. A HaJ@jCMEI-F_EIH LaMTNPPjE EdTF NbT MT_TFaE EfF@dFC C_E. A HILPa HaJ@jCMEIF_E HNFE_MIME, TCTNIMbND T CMEIF_E _FNF_HIM HPFaMC JLILGD_N, GLN IFSH ECM NHOFcEdTdMMaEN FEb-NHE EC, GFSEH C_EIE SfNN FEHE S GJOMIH. AT IENN_MC JLILGIE IFCMT-NCEOM MTGFaFNN EdTPNbNHE, aFDOE, IS C_EIE GOE FEbNM_E MD_N MTGaFSCMafEN,LL dMTNdHdTP jEN, IS GPFcMbNM_E dHGOEN aM EdTH HSCNINN_ P_FDHE N_LMFGC

"$Y+ Y X/A!A),* 89

14 A IMMT EOLTOMIEL NHN EdLfFFfF 1200 _H EILIH_N. A FF_ 12 NM EOLTOMIEL dMTNdHbDEaLNj.



aM NOIG_HSIM EaLaME CL_HN CM. A HaJ@jCMEIF_E ECM FaNMT_GeE, aPHN _NFIMH 60 aM100 EdTdNN PH CLNEITINN C_EIE MT_G. A HILPa HaJ@jCMEIF_E MG HE CJFIG_NaM HG MTLPTHE @ILG_FCM PCTM_EN. ATIE C_EIE, ECE FPaTHE S HaJ@jCMEIF_N,

NHeMbNP_HSN EJHE OSH, TIHH TE HG SHaLNaElE T _FFGC (@ILG_FCM) IENN_MCLHMTLH GMTLTNj IEFPFEEF. A HaJ@jCMEIF_EIH IENNINN @IHNIM NHN_LSEEdTdNN MTLJF TH aM G_M FjcGlPaMTNE, NLGaMTNCMGLN, GaC, CH@ILGNCE,EaTGlPMMa, HGTNEdTC MTIFCLCN_M aM MJILN. AT CMEIF_EHE S@DN ELNN EdNFTjNHN_LSE MIL HS MTM_OE PH P_FMTNNc N_LSE MNaH.

ILPaC_H HaJ@jCMEIF_E NdMaaN HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE, FJbNP_HSIE GlEdNNCE,NbT TIHH GSC, CFFNP EdTMaC NOFDIHH PH. A HaJ@jCMEIF_EIH HCHMH NHbD, C_EIEHE GaFNaMC EdFNMaCEN, ECL_HOF_MIEN, CMEIF_H EbPfFC NPaEHSMaENaM MTGaFSM NLNITaECEN, NHMTLCEN GOEHE EFF @CTNHCfE. AT XFFGC C_ECNF AFJ N_GIN_M _FNF HaJ@jCMEIF_EIH NHOFcE CM LaMTMfFNHE CNFH PS dMTNdH-

bDH. A GCHCMTNaLCOG MTLCHN HaJ@jCMEIF_E HSIH HaJMTLlE ILPaC_H, @jEaHNS@DN _NGHNC-, PS ECaMTbNj EaJTaMC FNjMaN HSeDNHE TIE MT_G_L, ECE EdTaJCMEIFC NHOFG_HSOE @DTaM ON_H MTfHNN MTLNHaHE NLNHC @FMjIENN_MCNHOFG_HSCE GETaM FjNN, PS TIE MT_G_L, ECEHE CjL PH MTfEMafE IT,IS J_FSP_FMTN_MC, GOHEP_FFF_MC NLPCE aM FNjMaCE ECFEOFDHE (QQQ.HILPC.O).

PaILMT_H 1868-H DdNN FaNL T FMj HaJ@jCMEIF, CNN NFDM aMTaH JLMTNCETGaHSTaMMF MTLPTjNE, HSC N_GIN_MN MG T S_TNcF, MG T _FFGNcFHG EaLNE, ECT_LcF JLMTNC MTLPTNE @TNaE EC_MIEN (IPFMCE 2001:165)2008-H G_L EdTF 150 HaJ@jCMEIF GlEdCE ILMT_MTLN, @jF PCaEH, SELH CHN_PIFC PCaEEH. #jF HG@ILG_FCM aM T CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_MH P_FFFHE MTLJN TE

T CMEIF_E. A NHOF_MH PFc LaMTPaNF CHSHM, NHOFcEHE ME HNFE_M EdFNMaCN, aMHa_HS HG MTILIMH NHOF_MIT EJMIFcc MTIF_FNN_MN EFF EC@CTNHCfE. A HaJ@jCMEIFFPaTaM ON_H FNjMa HSbFCE SNGC NHOFG_HSIE GETaMaL (# 2008).

A = /N< G_M @DFjaMNdLNaHNH GHNE ELMTNfF. A _H GCHN, .MT_TC CMEIF_H EbPfFC @FHjNNEaJTaMN aFOF ECNlTj HaJGlPFaMC GITFGE aM MTLPTNN@FHjNNEaJTaMC CaHSE dNPdTNEaJJH . MT_TH, T FMj PCF__ILeN EdPNjaPEH, DdNN FaNL HaGN HaJ@jCMEIF_E, CHNaTGaHSM _FcTN. TE m @jFHSP_LIMIEH FaNLDdPj - HaJ@jCMEIF_E EfFdHdTNE _H GTjTM_C CMGLNEN_N_M_L NdLEPj GIFFNjF, aM H, IS HG HNFE_MIM FPH GlEdNE. AT_FFGMTICFCTGOM EdTJIHNIMbNINN aM OHC@ILGCT_FN TEN T CHNaTGaHSEN. 1945 ON_H

QCGLC MTFFGCMa NINN_ _N T CMEIF_EN, GCHE T 1960-M aPEFC qLFCMN@ILOFNp T qeD NbJOMe HaJ@jCMEIFp SIG_HSIM _FNF_HIM GlPFjaM FSNN SaFILCHN_FN MTLETNlPa P_FNITNN, JLILGEbH_FNIN GNLNP TN SIG_HSN,IS NIP_L MG CTIHSbNP_HSN. A @FHjNNIENN_M aGNILMT_H FJFF_N_MHEGCHjMfF, bS FSC dHEILG_HSTNIE N_MEdLa NLNITc @FN, TaLN T ILMT_IN -_FcTc HaJ@jCMEIF_E @HHNLNcC NdHSCL T dHEILG_HSTNIE. A DIC MN_NOMT_N NECHNPSLaMTN EdTPNFHfF dHEILG_HSTNC CL_HSbN_Me CHNaTGaHSEaHN GlEdHE, G_MLaMTNdH_FFc dHEILG_HSTNC HaJ@jCMEIFEaHN, GFS T dHEILG_HSTN MD_N @HHNLN_MeN_LMFGC CHNaTGaHS, LGLaMTN dH_FFc, DSTNN HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNEaHN,HSLaMTN EP_TC HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNEaHN, GFSN T dHEILG_HSTN FJbNP_HSEaHN

PS EdTMTHe N_LMM_EaHN GlEdNN. 1953 cN HaJ@jCMEIF_E EIGIFS _FcTNINFEINHE, MTEGC, GcMTLNHC EdTJIHNNF, aGN aJ@jCMEIFC TdPNMaF. A

A (\\Y$ A+)XA90



<= < = E==O < I= = (/) HS MbNMaN HSeDNINN T@LCEC ILMT_H T bL_MNONFHM_ @FMT_GIF_M_N aFTc JLILGIE GPFcMbN_M_IT,T _N- aM NIP_EaJTaMT, PFGCHN MTfEMaM IENN_MC HSIE EC@DFMTNaMaT, CFFNP

NHOF_MIT MTfEMaM HSIE FEaMTbNaMaT. T_FNF eSHPTNN /N< =*EaJTaME MTLPTaM CHOFN, GFSN GSLILMT_C NPaEHSMaL CM ECNLDMTNNNE GSLJIFCNCEC LHMTL P_FNIT_M_N EdPNjH DFHNjM N_MN SEILIFP TC HaJ@jCMEIFCNPaEHSMaL (CHTH 2001).

SLILMT_IH m S-S EILC FjTGaHSNjF FNECHNP m T 1910-M aPENjF MTLPTjNET FMj HaJ@jCMEIFC NH@IFSGIE, GD ETGaHSTaM T 1930-M aPEL T CMEIF_H EbPfFCHaJGlPFaMHE, JLMTNC@DeM_ EaJTaMaHE m ELMTNaHS MTFFGCMal m GITFG_P_ P_FN.TFFGC aM HSC N_GIN_M_H, PTNaMaH LaMTN PNNE T S_TE, GOHE_DOEEF NPaE-HSH MbNNNaE HaJC bLcE. AT 1949-H JIFCNCEC IEIEcF @FMT_GIFN HaJ@jCMEIFC aFN T1980-M aPEH aFN eDD_, aM 1989 ON_H FCNCG_FcINN. LHC _MTFc G@IFGT_M_H qA

HaJ@jCMEIF_N NHOFHC ELc @CNFIE aM CjME HG EJD_E, HG MD_N GOE MCH_FD_E,ITT_E FaNL. A GOE dLdGaL, GOE nMT_D bTn MTLCHN. A HaJ@jCMEIF CPCF ETGaHSTaM,HHE GCHH dLdGaPF aM HSIGILeM__PF SfNN. ILH, GLN nHIH-@ILG_FCMn FaNaHaF@IP @FRCCFCM, L@FRbP, CHGCEOM, SILMH P_FMTN ECbP_MIEL. CHN FfFLjF, nFOFLcFnDdPj MT ETGaHSTaM FNFDM dMMTHH PH T CaHSEEF, MTfEMaFNEEF.HOFcEdTJIHNe NHOF_M.p (LHC: 2003).

FCMGLNMa MTGJIHND_cF EaJPCMFjCE @IHNIMHE NLND_E FCNCG_CcDOE G_MICE HSFaJaMaN, IS HaJ@jCMEIF @IFG ELfFN T 1997. aPC EOFNOL_FCM FJFF_N_MLcF MTcFcNdLPaHS, T_FNF HaJ@jCMEIF_E aPHN EdFNMaPNaMC N_GIN_MIT CM DONHE. 1997. aPC. NdLPaHS GOT_FCM CHNaTGaHSELjF, HSCFP_HIM EdHSPN_LC FF_N_MLcF aM EdTGlPFj-

aMLjF T 1. MT_Ge GFFaEFNaH bS N_LITN G HaJ@jCMEIF_E @IFG_N: qIFSH@FHjNNIENN_MC aFe NH@IFSGIEN MTLPTj, FSC dHMTLPTjaM FJD_H FaNLDdNN MTLPTN,GFSHE JcCC JLILGD MTECMGLNE _N_M_H NeF MTGaFSCMa@DFMTNj(_FFGJIF_LC, EdTaFNC) FGN CM NLNFGT, M GFSE FIHSIFbN_MC, IENN_MC LHMTLaN,GcMTLCN LaMTNPPjE GOE CM FEbNND_E.p

2004-H 68 HaJ@jCMEIF_N LCMTNL_FN, HaJ@jCMEIF_EN NdGdLbNj 4 MTdPNMaCMTLPTN m SL aJ@jCMEIFC _LMM_, T \LdEMa aJ@jCMEIFC TdPNMa, A, SL aJ@jCMEIFC IFFaCOG TIHH HHaF Nd NMTLPTNN NLN HSCF-P_H. AT 1988-H FEOFN SL aJ@jCMEIFC _LMM_ 2004-H 124 NMTLPTNLjFNMT GFbNaMN MNNCMTNCEC DFHNaMaH, _L MNNCMTNCE_IT ME 55 MTLPTN MTIF_FNNINN

NIN ([email protected]). AT OLcJC @FHjNNEaJTaMC NLHEHE G@FFjH HaJ@jCMEIF_E SL HSI MTLJN P_FFFHE MTEEaJTaM, HSFPIENN_M aM T CH@IL-GNCEC @FEaMTbNaM NLfFNaH.

5.2.8. D< &&C* < A GOHELj-JCC EaJTaME FjNaL ELfFaM @IFSN_H IFSH GIFFE, FNLHNbP @ILG_EGPFcMbN_M_N P_FFFN_E @F HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE, GFSE eD GIF_MN EbH_FNE N_LM-FGC JLIFaG_E ETFaMaL. HHIPNbP aM OLcJ-MTLN SL CMGLN ETGaHSTaM _H NLGFjCMEIFC GIFF, GFS L_MTILOFc N_LMFGC MIJILNIE MTEEaJTaMaL FNLHNbP_N. A NLGFjCMEIF_E (JLIOENCIHMMEIF) FSC ETGaHSTaML FaNLDdNN

G_HFJbNP_HSIE _FNF GlEdNNNN CMEIF_E, GFSE T 1970-M aPE PaaH DdNNE FaNL_HC_H. 1985-H NdLPaHSC FJL FSTNaE NLGFjCMEIF_E _FNF EbH_FN qG_MICE

"$Y+ Y X/A!A),* 91



MaFSp EaJTaMC JLILGIEN IFSH 25 aP FNNC @CNFIEHE, ECE FMIHS CMEIFC PaTNN-MaF LHFETHE, bS NLNcM GOHEHaFEfFCMa PMTaFSaHE PIFNE/PHHE ECNaP. ATCMEIF_E MTGaFSCMa@DFMTNaM aM MTEEaJTaM CHNL_CcD_L aJfFNE. TE T CHNaTGa-

HSE MTICFCT_F_MN, GNLN_MC PCHC_E, CFFMTEaMC TPLIE FEfTaMaN, PSCM @CNFIE NHOF_ML aM GOHEPaTaML FEFGMM_ NaNFaN NECHNCE FMjFM @FNOEHE,T _FNF CTNIMbND_E @CNFIE CMGLNJcNF_M_N, NIP_NHOF_M_N, MTEEaJTaMaN aMGOHELj-JCC MaFSCE DPbN_M_N. OLcJ_H LL T SCE FaFNEaJM GIF_M _H NLGFjCMEIFC GIFF, GFSHE FaHS, IS _L CMEIF_HE HPTCE, GaMG GSL NLGCHIFcC MTLCHNC CMEIFC LHMTLl IENN_M. _HC_H, GFS SLIL-MT_H_F ECM ILMT_, 100 CHNaTGaHSH PaTCE HILG_F CMEIFLHMTLjF ECOFFINN@CNFIE MTICFCT_F_M_N, GOHE_L aM NHOF_ML PFc FjEaMTbNaMaN. AT CMEIF_EN FSCdHEILG_HSTNIE aM T _FFG @CHHMTbLITT_E, GNLGFN NLGaEE aLNaEMbNaMajF,CFFNP FSC P_FFFNIEEF EdNdNN MTLTjaME _FNF CM @HHNLND_E GOEN. A NHOFcE

G_L T CMEIF_H GCMGLEHE T _FNFOE P_FMTNINN MTEG GOHE@IFSGNCPF,bS T CMEIF FPaTaMaPF GCHH GOHE@_TCMN GCMGLP ELfFHE EC GOHELjJCL. AT CMEIF_E HNFE_MIM aM D_LcM GIFFEaHN CM GlEdHE. A GIFF MCELaN CTIHSbND,IS G_L G_L aGNILMT_H, AOMTNLC_H, ILNO_FC_H, ZLILMT_H, S-BLC-NHHC_H, IFFHC_H, ILPaC_H, PaILMT_H, #CHHILMT_H, TFIPaHC_H,HSFILMT_H, MILMT_H, LIMTILMT_H CM GlEdCE NLGFjCMEIF, IMTI-PcH JC HJDCHEH @IFSCE @FNaNFCHE GNLGNaM. SLILMT_IH 5 aPDdNN FaNL FLMTH T FMj SL-_H LGFjCMEIF, TcN aMNN CM GCHb-NINN_E SL JLMTdPNMa ENN_MC dTJIHN AFJbNP_HS aMC LGFjCMEIFJLILGD_N, CT GSL PCMTIHSIE MTLCHN TE T CMEIF_E T _FFGCF FCMGLN

MTEEaJMbNaM EC_M_PF EdTF _FFHE T CMEIFLHMTLl IENN_MIT (ALH LFMFH2002, _F@SmBDTCEm_E 2001, IFH_L 2007).

5.3. A ;?;; ;< ? ; <

A NHOF_M PCMFEaMP_FNIT_MN DFHN. A @FHjNNE NHOF_M FNaL SLEEaNjF m G_M NHOF_M GINCP_CcD, G_MIE EdLfFGaHSE. A @FHjNNE NHOF_M_HE SCE F@jDFFGTjD, IS @FHjNN aFNNJMTNFNIEEF LHFETCE, GFSEL aJbNHC NO NHOF_M MIL_H. LENCEOMH IHIFEICE @FHjNN NHOFc, TaLN IFSN NHOF MTbPMH, GC

aLEFC, M GCHE MTHIMOF_M_N TIHHF @FCMGLC. A NHOF_MC NJMTNFNIE SILM_,SMTLla NNCE NHOF_MN.#LHT dFL @FHjNNE aFNEIL_HE MTEMTCN aM NHOF_M dMMT@faMCN PCTM_FN.

YFNEIL@F@I_M_H NJMTNFNMTLTaM, EaJTaM aM N_LMM EJMIFNIE SfNNM DFHCEG. A HG@ILG_FCM aM T CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_M FCMGLaMaPF SL HMeFSIM_ P_FCE HG CMEIFLHMTLl EaJTaMH GMTLTNj NO_M. AT NO_M, GC SEILFN MIL_HMD_NbNNc F, GCN GNJMTNFOHE. A. IF NJMTNFNC NHOF_MC GIFFDaH NHOF_MC@IFSGN HaS FaJMjH TDFCE: T FMj T aMTFFaM m EIHELaN NJMTNFN, G_MICE G@CSFaM m IHIFEIc G@CSFaM, LGCE IHIFEI_M m T MTNLEN @I-FIGFEIN_M, HSCE MFEPaM m T ENbP EbMaLFNTaM @IFSGN (LcNC 2005).

A CPCF MTLPTNEH CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_MC EdLHSTNH T dHEaHNM GOHE MIL_HMT_GIM SEILFNC NJMTNFN MTLTNj G.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA92



< < /<=N PS GIL_FCM EIGJIHHM aM T /<=N, T aFNPTNaM MCELaN CTNIMbNcdMMTNPj. AT SaH aM N_LMFIG PCMTIHSLHMTLaHE _FNFOHE ELMNN P_FMTCN, EdTdMMaaM NHOF_M, T LL PFc @FEaMTbNaM FNjMaCHE FJDCN @IFGTT G, GFS MTLCHN

MTIC_FCM aM CHCPCO_FCM MTGJIHNcF SL_HN NFDM aLNaEl aFNPTNaMT GCHEaN dMMT-NPj EC@DFMTNaM FHNNFH, CMTH T FPIHN aLNFGH SIFFeH FNLOCMTNCEOMSaH TCMTNHC_FCM IHDC GCNN HG P_FCE MTIC_FCMH aFNEaJMMa, ME dHaLPaHSMbNjaFNPTNaM JC T ICMTNCEOM _FFbNc_M SIFFe LjMbNaM IMMTe N_PIH MTIC_FCM EIH@FCE-NOMIEN LGaHST. AT OLcJC GLEaJ FJPNj DFFGTjD N_N *=< < * < <= < < < .

B_IMCE MNP_H dMMT@IFFD GIL_FCM GNLN_M aM NPaEHSMa@ILG_E, PFGCHN TdH@DFMTNj GNLN_M- aM NPaEHSMa@ILG_EN. CGFC, IS T OLcJC HCc MNLNaCCIEOGHNOGC T LEdFMC HPFaM @FNEdLa ONFD_E T F_C dN ( jPbNNj) @ILG_N:m MTFFGC, @CTCEC PS EdTaFNC GOHE

m T aLNaEcPc GNLN_M, EdTdMMaC MTFFGC, EOFNOL_FCM aM NLGaMTNC aLNaECHE PaFG,cP_M

m MbNjEaMTMa PS ELCNNCPCN_Mm NIFL_HM GNLN_Mm @SFGTNNMa.

AT dH@DFMTNj GNLN_M- aM NPaEHSMa@ILG_E EdTdNN T aFNPTNaM LGaHSMMaaN aMMCELaN FjMbNj aLNFGC, T MTNaNCEC aM T aMTMaM aFNGcL HPFaM @FNCN HPTCG, eSGCHNm CHNFFENO_FCM-GlPFjaMC NPaEHSMa

m MTNaNCEC NPaEHSMam T aMTMaM aFNGc HILG_CN EdPNj GNLN_M.

A @FMILIF_M TE NECHNNaH CM jPbNNj, _LGFSCE FS_M MNCFCN_MN PMTa-FSTNNHa.

AT GLC ENCPCN_M GN_LITINN MTGaFSCMaFC @FNaNFLHMTL MT_FSIT_M FNN_FF, TaLN T aFNPTNaML, TT GNLN_M- aM NPaEHSMaLJLNI_LL MTGaFSCMaFC @F-NaNFLHMTLaT CTIc MTIC_FCM GCHjMal @DFMTNaMMF FN NHC. A EIHMNLOENbP aFNPTNaMFJD_N GNLN_M- aM NPaEHSMa-LJLNI_L GFFNN T aFNPTNaM MTCF_LM__N aMEdPNETNMMaaN, ONIHcG DFFaN CTNIMbNc dMTNdHTj GINCP_CcM MTGaFSCMaEIGJI-

HHME (MTIE_MIE, JaFEaJE-MTGaHSEaJE, GSjTjaME) FEIND_E. A B_IMCE MNP_H _FNF MTGaFSCMaEIGJIHHMEaHN DFdFN NLGCHOM JcCC MTE-CLIFIGH DFFG, aLTfFN, NdLEPaM, ONIHcG GIL_F, MTCF_L ELNC CL_HS, MTIE_M,GSjTjaM, MTGaHSEaJ, CL_HSOFNM_, _FFbNc_M, GINbPOG, MTfEMaFN GDFdFaMMF aMNd@aF GSL_Tc FP GHNaH DFHCE G, @OHECcDOE FaHS TIHIM: q GNLN_M INNNdLNaHFGC aM N_LMFGC FP_L_MIEHE G@FFj, NLNcM ONIHcG MT_FSIT_Mp (C.G..:32). A GNLN_M aM NPaEHSMa@ILG_F_M MTGaFSCMa@DFMTNaMMF SMaH NdLNaHCE. ATSaH ENCPCN_M_N MTGaFSCMa SG_MMF MTILIM EdFMdHN_MH _FFc EaN @j @OHECIH_FCMEIGJIHHM MT_FSITT: T <=N-> <* =< << = aM =, * * < N-*= <* =< << = (CMGLNE, D_LNMM_IE, EaMTMaE, EaJMMaE MIJILND_N).

B_IMCE ECGFC T CMGLNE EdTfF HILGCMGLNN, EaJMMaE LHMTLaHE FGCEdTfF T ==> < < < = (aLTaEFaMN, aMTFFaMN, @CSFGN, GFaETNN, EaJTFNN,

A (\\Y$ A+)XA94



IHIFEI_MN), EIGGOHCE_CcM EaJMMaE MIJILND_N ( MTa, IFPM_M, bL_M EaJMMa-aHE MIJILND_N), MFEPaM EaJMMaaN (TH FfF GIT_MN, Lj@MTbNaMN, FSM dHaLNa-EFaMN) aM MTIC_FCM EaJMMaMIJILNIN ( GIL_FCM HNCCJ_Cc, T LEdFMC bNaFjEaJMMa, T

LEdFMC dMMT@faMF_N_M, HILGEdPNaM, G_MIE aLECHE @CSFGPaNF, T SfNN-GlEdaM, EJMIFN@FPaNF- EJMIFNNLN_M EaJMMaE MIJILND_N), GCHN GFSE HSN_MN SEILIFHE T aFNPTNaML. (C.G. 34.)

#IHNIMHE NLNDOE T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M aM CPCF MTLPTNE PCTM_FNEILECGFHC, IS JLI@MMTIL G@IFGT_M MTLCHN q EdTdMMaC NPaEHSMaHE N_LMFGCF aLNaEM GNLN_M- aM NPaEHSMa@ILG_E ECFEbN_M_H D_NMTINN HaFEf-FdTNNFH MTLJ G GFNjMH _FNF_HIMH FCMGLN.p (B_IMCE 2004: 68) SEIL_C NHOFG_HS_H ONF LL CM, IS MJIHN_H ECLEMTNjaM SCE IE T CMEIF_EMTlE NPaEHSMaLJLNI_LD_H ELMHj. qA EdTdMMaC NPaEHSMaLHMTL EOFM@IH-NIMM_e MTLJN NdFN , GC TIHH HHE PaCIHIF_M_L CM EaMTNN HHfHEN,

IS T CMEIF GFFjTC EdTdMMaC NPaEHSMaLHMTL NFDM aLNaEl ECaJbNaMaN, T EdTdMMa@DFMTNj aM dH@DFMTNj GNLN_M@ILG_E SEILF_M_N, MTIE_MMTLlPa NaNFaN,PFGCHN MTIC_FCM EaJMMaE @DFjaMaN CTNIMbNc FJPNj @IHNIMM_e N_MSfNNMEECMaMaN DFHNC HPFaMC N_MLHMTLjF, M HHE @FNNjH MIEIFFe, HNbPEdPNETGaHSC PHHE.p (B_IMCE 2004:69). #IHNIM MTLJN NdFN T CMEIFCC_EdHEILG_HSTNC NPaEHSMa GMTLPTaM aM EFOIE, JLILGIE GPFcMbN_M,PS EdTdM @CTCEC GOHE_E, SfGdFMMTaME, PS FIEFCN_MN LjMbNj FSNdLNaHNCPNaFEjE FaNLIT_M NHOFcEaHN. A SLGE- aM @CNFEILC EdTdMMaC NPaEHSMaEFjMbNCE @FHjNNEILC N_LMFGC ENCPCN_MN, ECFEbNP GIELNCEOM NNCNldN, GMTLTPMT_GIM MTIC_FCM, EIGGOHCE_CcM aM EOFNOL_FCM EIGJNHC_N. CHTEEF SMH

EdTdMMa@DFMTNj SMfFNE _FNF G@IFGTINN HGTNEdTC HSCFNEITN: qA EdTdM-Ma@DFMTNaM IFS GcIH LjMbNC G CPCF N_LMFGN, IS EdTdMMaC MFEPaMN aM EdTdMMaC JLMJENbP_EN FSTC FjNaL N_LMFGC-, TM_C- aM EdLHSTNPaFGCCL_HSFPE ECFEbN_M MIL_H. A EdTdMMa@DFMTNaM FSC EdTdMMaE EaJMMa NaNFaLNdLEMTCE, FaLNP @dFLDTCF GN_LITINN, EdTdM aLEE PS TIHIM CHNCN_M,CFFNP EIHELaN NaG_E aM ETGaHSTaME FJD_H MTLPTjj EdTdMMaEN CM. A EdTdM-Ma@DFMTNaM EdTdMMaC MIJILNIEIH, MTLPTNEH aM _FcTNIEIH ELMTNfF @DFMTNC TGLE EaJMMaaN LL, IS ENbP NDC FSHE N_LMFIGHE, PFGCHN @FEaMTbNCT CHNaTGaHSEN aM T _FFGC, G_H aM HG EILG_HSTNC MTLPTNEN LL, IS J_L-MTaN FEbNMHE EC FEIMM_F T jEN aLCHNj P_FNIT_MIE EdTdM GN_LIT_M_H aM

PaLDN_M_H. A EdTdMMa@DFMTNaM EOFM@IHNIMM_e N_GINcD T ENbP aM GIELNCEOMN_LMFGC LaMTPaNFHE, N_GIND _NL_HSIM FSTNl aM ECMTIF_FNNINN FSTNH FaPjEdTdMMaE ONIHcG PaFGaHSHSCFP_HbN_M_N. FSH aLNaELH aM FJFPE GHNaH N_-LITT G dHG_N, GCHN T GLC DIIE, N_LMFGC PIH_M, T SHFjMa aM MIEMTbHlMa F@I_M, GFSEN GN_LITINN MTEdT- aM CMGLNLHMTLH ELMTNfFaLPaHSMbN.p (BOJMNC SCFNEITN 2004).15

"$Y+ Y X/A!A),* 95

15'BOCFCH CPCF ICNS CH OLIJ NLIO IGGOHCNS PFIJGHN' - HNLHNCIHF IH@LH -BOJMN 25-28 L 2004



5.5. A ?/ ? ;<

A GONNINN aLNaEE, T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M @CFITc@C_D_N, B_IMCE MNP_H _FNF

GONNINN SaH aM EdTdMMa@DFMTNaM SMaaN, SaH aM N_LMFIG LGcHC_D_N GO-NNINN aLNaEE aMTaN EHC IENN_MC MTEGLE _FNF EC@DFMTNNN aMT aFNH _NNLNc GIFFH NF_FNOE G. H @Ic HGTNEaHN, NIFL_HM P_HILFcEaM aLNaENCMTNFj T jMFEIMM_F MTGH. A @fNFH HIHJLI@CN MTEGC NMNfFN, HCH IOHCF IH LHCH HGTNCMaE MTEGC MTLPTNCHE PIH_M_PF_LIG GIFFN IFITINN EC F<= *=, M=< aM T I>= H<= L/ M-NT jMFEIMIE, GaNCM CHC_HIE aM T CHOCN MTECGcE MT_G_L, IS aLNNjPa NS NHOF_M MTfEMaMMaaN. A JLILG MIL_H eD NHOF_MC aM GaLaMC GcMTLE @DFMTNaMaLELfFN MIL, @ILG_FCM, HG@ILG_FCM aM CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_M GaLaMaL CHCE_NILIEN IF-ITNE EC. AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_MN MTGFaFNM _L_PF, S NHOF_M MTEMTCN

_L_TIFc PCF_@, S DOL@, CFFNP S NHOF_MC MTECGcJIELc _FNF NNNaE aLNNjPa aM@INcP_.

9.?. . A? SEO N?;R SM;R SI<;R ?;< ;< =?</;

CH_LIG _L aFEdTdHMa EOFNeL_D_HE G@FFj MTCGIFCE_PF NMTC aLNNjPa aMMTLNNjPa T aMT aFNL ECNLDj NHOF_M IHIFN_N. AT FMj GIFFHaF @ SdELC

NHOF_M @ILL_MPCaEaN DFdFCE, FIGEILIH_D JC JIFCNCEC, TM_C, MTIC_FCM aMEOFNOL_FCM PCF_IN, GFSN NO_M _FNF FaLNfHE. A SdELEjF GLbNDfE NO_MN, dHGOHELDajF, MF_, T jMdE, ECM aM HSEdTdMMa, HGTN aM G_M HaJE _FNF, NLGaMTN,MTIE_MIE aM fHHJE, CFFNP HSFPE LaPaH (@ SdELC), GFST EfFdHdTj MbNjE, MTfFjE, NH_LIE, T CjME aM G_M GHNILIE (MJJE) MbNHE. ZS aLNDfE F EdTdM DcF-FaNN. MIHFc FP FJD_H, ME G_M HaTjJIHNIN DFHbN G T CHC_HIE @_D,CFFNP T MTECGc aLNaELHN GONNc HGT, M T TN EdLfFdFFj, S-S aLNaEN EaJ-PCMFj SaHEjF _FFc EdTdMMa (JILN IH LHCH CH H 2007).

A FSC EdTdMMaE JLIFaG_CHE GIF_M_H PFc ENbP MTLJP_FFF_M MIL_H FaNLDdHS@DN < < =*><, GC T aFGaHSE, NJMTNFNIE MNLOENOL_FN @FIFIT_M_H

ELMTNfF PaGHj NHOF_MN DFHNC. A EdTdMMaC LaMTPaNF SLaMTN T SaH CMGLNMTL-TaMaT D_LOF ITT_, NaHSFM N_LSC NO_M_N HdPFC N_LMFGC @IFSGNIELcF, G_MLaMTN

A (\\Y$ A+)XA96



FJEaMTMaEN @DFMTN (EIGGOHCE_Cc, N_LMM PCMFEaM) NJMTNFNMTLTaM, T FMD_NbN_MeND_H, NIP__ NNCNl@ILG_FcE CM FNHE EdTdMMaC aFGaHSE. A EdTdMMaC NHOF_M IFSHEOFMEIGJNHC_EN @DFMTN, GFSE SeNNF FNjPa NMTCE GOHEP_FFF_MIT MTfEMaM

NIP_C FJEaMTMaE (JF.: MIJILNGOHE, ELCNCEOM IHIFEI_M, MTLPTjEaMTMa, MNFP_FFEIT_MC CMGLNE, MN.) GMTLTaMaN.

A EdTdMMaC NHOF_M HG @ILG_FCM NHOF_MC NPaEHSMa. AT CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_MN BHE AHL_M SL CLNO_FCM HCEFIJaC_D_H EdPNETjEaJJH @CHC_FD qNHOF_ML,NO_ML CMGLNE MTLTaMaL aM FEFGT_M_L CL_HSOFc HG CHNaTGaHSC MTLPTNC EL-NEH GPFcMOFc NPaEHSMa. A MF_H aM EILN_LMMIJILNIEH, PFGCHNCH@IEIGGOHCE_CcM MTEdTdE MbNMaaPF SaHC GcIH CM GPFcMOFc CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_M EaJMMaE FEbN_M_HE, MTGaFSCMa@DFjaMHE (MTICFCT_Cc) FJPNj @FNaNF,MTEdT. AT CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_M HG TIHIM T IDENbP NLNFGE LHMTLaHE, FICECMNLOENeL_D_HE GLP EdPNaMaPF, HG DFFajF ccH LOFGMM_IN @FNaNFT.

FFGTjD NHOF_MH LaMTNPPjE aFNEILC MD_NIMM_CHE, SaHC EfFdHMaCHE C@@-LHC_FNM_, EfFdHdTj CH@ILG_CcM @ILL_MIE CaHSPaNF, T aFN EfFdHdTj MTbHN-LCH MTLTNN NJMTNFNIE @FMTH_F_M. A LaMTNPPjE aFNEIL_N NECHNP T CH@ILG_FCMNHOF_M SL @CNF EILH ETjCE aM SL CjM EILC NLN. AT CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_MNHCEC @FNaNFLHMTL T CH@ILGNCE NaLcbN_M_PF, MTaFMM_Pe CHNLHN aM GICF-_FcTNIEIT PFc ITT_@aLaM jPfFaMaPF @IFSGNIMH _NFEOF. A MT_GbNcaJ MbNMa-aPF GPFcMOFc SaHC NHOF_M GFFNN SL HSI MTLJN EJ GICF NF-EIGGOHCE_CcM MTEdTdEEF, M PCTOFCN_M eD NHIFcC_CPF (PCTOFCN_M T IENN_MH)NdLNaHj EIHCNbP GCMGLaM.p (QQQ.H.O).

A EdPNETj @DTN HG@ILG_FCM aM T CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_MC EdLHSTNH GPFcMOFc NHOF_M, CPCF MTLPTNE MTLJaN PCTM_FD T aMT aFNL ECNLDj NHOF_MH S F@C GcMTLLFPaTNN EONN_M LGaHSCHE GONN_M_PF.

"$Y+ Y X/A!A),* 97



A (\\Y$ A+)XA98



6. DELFI K%$A$@# Q FELN$$K!KA K##GI $AN%L@#"L

A @FHjNNEaJTaMC HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE EdLaH, SIG_HSIM MTICIFcCC Gc-MTLEEF m IEOGHNOGFGTaM, EaLjbPM @FGaLaM, CHNLDeE FJD_H m 2007-H

PaTNN GJCLCEOM EONN_MOHE HG PIFN NFDMH FEFGM LL, IS G@FFj GaFSMal,EPFCNNbP LGaHSEN EJDOHE EdTdMMaC NHOF_MLcF, CPCF MTLPTNEH G-MTLTNj EIGJNHC_ELcF (ALJIPCM 2007). AT CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_M HG NONIM NHOF_MCNPaEHSMa, TaLN GaLaM CM HaTMaEEF D_L. A MTLPTNC PTNjEEF aM @FHjNNEaJ-

TaMC MTEGLEEF @FPNN CHNLDeE HSGaLNaEH ITT_D_LOFNE NLfFN FJIMGCMGLaMaT, CPCF MTLPTNE CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_MH NdFNdNN MTLJaHEPCTM_FN_IT aFMTLlHE F_NMTINN F@C EONN_MC GcMTLN P_FMTNHC. A GcMTLFNjMaN NLGN LL, IS GEaLTNN MTEGLE eD DPMFNIEN CM G@I-FGTTHE NaG_PF EJMIFNIMH. A F@C GcMTL S G_MCE aF FaLaMaN CM FNjPaNNN: MbNMaaPF CPCF PTNjEHE PaFGaHSfE EC@DNaMaL aM NdC PTNjPF NdLNaHjEdFMdHdM GPCNN_M_L HSbFN GcD. FSH GaFSMal MTGML NLGaMTNM EdLfFGaHSEEdTdNN HG CTNIM, IS GPFcMOFH. aFOHE PIFN, IS EILG_HSTNC MTEGLEPIH_M_PF EdTF ITTOE MTEGLE aM dHNaMITcE PaFGaHSaN, CFFNP eD@cLOG NLGNaMaPF FjMbNMfE EdTdNNfE EIGGOHCE_CcN aM T CH@ILG_CcE MLaDaN,

TTF CM MbNP N_LMFGC NjE SLJI_M_N. A EONN_M LGaHSCN, DPMFNIENFEFGMHE NLNDOE LL, GCHHHJC GOHE_H NeF NIP_EaJTaMC, JcCC JLILGIEELNaH FfFC MTHIMOF_ML. A F@C GcMTL HG FNLDN T_HEH, TaLN HHEGONN_M_L LaMTFNMH NaL EC @DTN.

6.1. A ?

A F@C GcMTL NLIaH CPCF MTENILH GDFHj MIE@aF, SG_MHE MIEMTILFFHNGIHc HaTjJIHN MTGMbNaMaL, dHNaME FjEaMTbNaMaL FEFGM EPFCNFbP

PCTM_FNC GcMTL. #ENaHa TEIM YP EdTFGeFNH PaTNN @FHjNNEaJTaMC EONN_M MIL_H F@C GcMTLN FEFGTN, FjTNMH dMMT@IFFP, IS GCFSH MNEH aLGMTTF NHCE_PF @FGaLaMN PaTHC (#ENaHa TEIM 1998). AT _FNF GDFdFN, F_CEHCHIEIFN MJENOMIE MTCHN GCHSCE CFFMTENN IFITNOHE PTaLFPaT, M T EdLfF-GaHS GLjMbNNN MT_HaEOHEN F@C EONN_MC GcMTL FEFGT_M GFFNN. AT CFSH NbJOMeEONN_M, GIHNH_HE G CM NHOF_M, M SH EIHMTHTOMNLGNj @IFSGN, IS TNT F_C dMMT@IFF_M CM NfELdTC: P A +* <= = * = == *=<.m A (@FHjNNEaJTaMC) CPCF-HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE aM T _FFG EJMIFN_LcF FFHNaNMH

IHIFEIHE Nd EaLaMH CM CPCF MTLPTNE aM EILG_HSTN EaJPCMFjC.

SLILMT_ _NJIFCNCT_FN N_LMFG Nd NECHNNH CM GIMTNINN TaLN * <=N *- <O /=*=* *= >= + **= < (@FGaLaM) .

!")#& (AX m #")+i(Yi( A (\\Y$& A+)X/[) 99



6.1.3. A %&'* ?% & &&& = " * < "*JIC DcM_IT T cEILC dLddE EEIL @ILOFNE, GCEIL MILMdHNj EaLaMH (JF. MNFjNN) DdPHdFaML PIFN MTfEMafE. A NOIG_HSIM GcMTL CM qDcM GEaLTaMaLp

CL_HSOF, TT MTEaLNjC PaFGaHSE GCMGLaMaL. A EFMMTCEOM F@C NHCE S@DNEIGGOHCE_CcM GcMTL S EIGJFR JLIFaG GIF_M_L, S EIHMTHTOMIH FJOFcPaFGaHS G@IFGT_M_L LaMTNPPj MTEaLNjE EdTPNFH fNEdTNNaM aM MTGNjFMTGHC EIH@LIHN_Cc FELfFaMaPF (F 1999). A GcMTL FjHS, IS IFSH eDMTLlPaFGaHSE CM @FMTbHL ELfFNHE, GFSE IGCH_HM SaHE, PS MTEaLNjC MIJILNIE@IFS_M MNaH _NNaL MTILOFH_HE. A EIGGOHCE_Cc EdNdNN LH MTLCHN NdLNaHCE,Nd@ILOFcM bL_MIM @ILG_H. A ECP_FMTNINN MTEaLNjEN @FEaLC EONN_MN PaTj MIJILN,IS GINN NaG_H EaLaME FJD_H HaPPF PS HaPNFHfF (NdHSCL bL_MH)EdTdFDaE PaFGaHSfEN, NSHE DPMFNIEN, @IFGTTHE G @CHbCcEN, qDdPH-dFaMENp. A @ILOFcN EdPNjH EIILCH_NILIE PCMMTDFTaMN HE LaMTNPPjEHE,

EIHMTHTOMIM PS T _NFIMNcF FNaLj PaFGaHSEN, MNNCMTNCEC LGaHSEN EdTdFHE,PS EdPNETj @ILOFcH TEL EaLTHE L_. A G_MICE @ILOFcN EdPNjH EON-N_MPTNjE CMGaN PCMMTMNIF_MN EfFHE ECMMaC PaFGaHSE CMGLNNaMaPF, GFSE_NIHIF_M_L eD @ILOFcN ETGaHSTNHE EIHMTHTOMIM PaFGaHS ECFEbN_MaLEaH.

AT LNC (1960-M aPEFC) GcMTL MTLCHN ECP_FMTNINN MTEaLNjEN Nd@ILOFcMPCN_N @IFSNNNE GCMGLHC EbP_HN NLfFNLjF, LLcF, IS GCFSH MGaHSE aM TIEHEGCFSH EdPNETGaHSC P_LNcE DdPjH. AT FMj @ILOFcH MTEaLNjE S EaLaM-MILN EJNE, T TEL INN P_FMTCEN MTEaLNjC MIJILN IFITN @F aM T LGaHSELjFDFHNaMN EaMTbNNN. A DFHNaM FJD_H EaMTbNNN eD EaLjbP (GCMGaNFN aM eD EaLaME)

GFFNN DFHNaMN CM GEJN_E LaMTNPPjE. _LIG CFSH @ILOFcL ELfFN MIL, PaaHdMMTTNaE T_LcDFHNaM @ILG_D_H @FGaLaMN. A GcMTLN <=>< /NHCE_HE HPTNaE F. HHE aFD JLIFaGGIF_M aLEaH PFGC@aFEIHMTHTOM ELMaM.

AT 1970-M aPENjF CHMNIH aM OLI@@ ECIFITN JIFCNCEC F@C GcMTLaN, GFS HaTNE MIE@aFMaaHE @FNaLEaJTaMaL FEFGM (CHMNIH-OLI@@ 1975, 2002). HHE PLC_HMHE T aFD, IS Nd MTEaLNjC MTGJIHN ELfFDdH HJPCF_L, E_L SG_MHEFFHNGIHc PaFGaHSE CM, IS FNLHNbP_N FMMH EbH_FHC dHNaMITcEHE, LFC N_MIE GPCNN_M_L CM MIL ELfFN. AT MNFM HIHCGCN_M CNN MTaFMEdLlHaTNE _NL EC@DTaMaN NMTC FNjPa (#ENaHa TEIM 1998, 2002).

LGCE NbJOM =< /, GFSHE aFD dHNaM FjEaMTbNaM, PS dHNaMGITNF. T MIHFbN T FjTj NbJOMIT, H NaL F NjF, IS P_FMTcE HS_HS_N IFSH MTEaLNjE FEIND_E, ECE GOE CM JIFCNCE @ILG_FcC, N_N dHNaMITcJITbCcH FaPj MTEGLE. A LaMTNPPjE CFS GcIH HGME FbLD_E PCTM_FN PFc-M_IN, HG EdTdM dHNaMfEEF GOE ITT_E FaNL. H @ILG_H DPMIFN qEP_TC-HIHCGCN_Mp FEFGT_M, T, IS LaMTNPPjE HaPMIL_N HSCFP_HIMM_L ITT_E EONNcE, TN, IS T SM PaFGaHSE ECNjF MT_LGTHE, TN HG. A LaMTNPPjENbS EPaMa @IFS_MIFD T, IS ECNjF MT_LGTCE T INN HaTN, IDENbP G-bNaFaM F_ MN HHE F@I_M PS FONMbN_M. TN T FD_L_MN, T dNFNdLT (LCH-MNILGCH) FGN TM_C DFFl EONN_MIE MNaH MIEMTIL FEFGTN_E G_L

(O 1979).

A (\\Y$ A+)XA102



6.1.4. A %&'* & +< < " '&C = =#&#ENaHa TEIM YP, EC @FHjNNEaJTaM EIHMNLOENCPCMN MJENOM_HE PCTM_FNEIL GCM FEFGTN J@C GcMTLN, @FbPN @CSFGN Nd IFSH @FHjNNEaJTaMC EONN_ML,

GFSH F@C NHCE_N FEFGTN_E (#ENaHa TEIM 2002).TN GcMTLN FEFGTN_E JaF_OF HSIFPHM aPEH @FHjNNEaJTaMC NLfFNH

NLIIGL _FNF PTNNN IFFH EONN_MH, GFS 110 MTEaLNjN PIHNE . A EONN_MSCE G_FFJbN_M T PIFN, IS EaN HS q_LGFNp PFcMTbHlMbNNj @FHjNNEaJTaMH, qMTEG- aM EaJMbNaMEdTJIHNep aM qMTp _FNF_HIM GlPFNMaN c HPFaM. A @F-GaLaM MTLCHN T EaN _LGFN ME @FHjNNE FJIENN_M_H @I NF_FEITHC. (NLIIGLaM N_LMC 1987 CH CLGHH 1998: 127) EFF DSTHfHE, HSIFPHM aPE TH JLI-HIMTNCT_CcD DFHfHE PFcM__N bLN F. FNL CLGHH Nd FD_L_MH CM LaMTN PNN, TONcC EaN aPNCTH HGTNEdTCF CMGLNNa P_FNE JaF_OF F %*+*N 2000-+,'+* * N+, IN+<=< * <=><=< = <**+*, PFGCHN A /N== <

N+ = bGl JLIHIMTNCEC F@C EONN_MIE (CLGHH 1998, TEIM 2002).SLILMT_IH TEIM YP_HE EdMTdHNjH SL NdH @CSFHE @F T FD_L_ML @FHjNNEaJTaM NLfFNaH, NdE EdTdNN #FOM P_H, FE MNP_H, TIFM YP EPFCNNbP GcMTLEN GONNc GOHE_CH ITN_E EdTF GcMTLN JcCCEONN_MIEIT (#FOM 1993, FE 1997, TIFM 1999).

6.2. A? /? ; ; ;; ;< += ?; +;;=?/ <;; O?> 17

6.2.1. K"< @&& &C=&2007-H @FGaLaMN EaMTbNNNfHE HIHJLI@CN @FHjNNEaJTaMC MTLPTNELjF, GFSFCHE_ LL CL_HSOFN, IS MTLPTNEHE GCFSH MTLJ PH HG@ILG_FCMNHOF_MH. A @FGaLaM LGaHSCN FN== < /= < = bGHLaMTFNMH EdTLNOE (ALJIPCM: 2007). A EONN_MH 145 MTLPTN PNN LaMTN,TE EdTfF 139 MTLPTN EaLjbPN NdFNdNN EC @FHjNNEaJTaMMF EJMIFNIM NPaEHS-MaF aM MTLPTN GlEdaMaPF EJMIFNIMH. A PCTM_FN HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE_FNF PaTNN HG@ILG_FCM EaJTaME @FGaLaMaL CL_HSOFN. B_L 15 GaFSCHNLDeL CM MILELfFN, GFS Nd@aF EaLaM aLCHNaMaL INN FEFGN, EONN_M SCE LGaHSEaJJHTN @IFGTNOE G, IS S eD @FGaLaM ELNCH FfF, G_M GcMTLLF EFFH

PCTM_FHC CPCF-HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNEH GPFcMOFc CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_MN aM TN,IS GCFSH CMGLNEL, D_LNMM_IEL, NNCNlL PH MTfEMa, HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNEGlEdNNaMEIL. A @FGaLaM EONN_MC NJMTNFNCHE N_M_L ETNfHE N_N eDGJCLCEOM EONN_M, EdTF dNPH MTEGL GEaLTaMaPF. A LaMTNPPjE MTEN-LfFNfE NECHNaFSM EaJPCMFjC, TaLN PaFGaHSfE GN_LITc PCTM_FN NaG_H.

!")#& (AX m #")+i(Yi( A (\\Y$& A+)X/[) 103

17 A EONN_M GPFcMOF_M_N SLS IFN_H #FMjIENN_MC dTFJbNP_HS qOG_H Lj@ILL_M @DFMTNaM

CPCF MTENILHp IENILHOMT dMTNdHbD aM T cCC aM MTCIFcCC L PFaMNOIG_HSCMEIF_D_HE NLNaCC @DFMTNaMC J_FS_TNC N_GIN_M NNN FNjPa.



A PCTM_FNC GcMTLfF P_FMTNINN F@C NHCE SeNNF S G_MCE aF FaLaMaN CMFNjPa NNN: CPCF PTNjE PaFGaHS @FHjNNEaJTaMH aM MTECTN_MH D_LNIMMTEGLE PaFGaHSaPF NF_FEITNINN. A EONN_M @j LGaHSCHE CMGLNNaM FjNN

aLGM ECNaLHC PCTM_FNC GcMTL LNaL aM MD_NIMM_CL.

6.2.2. A %&'* "< $= +" = = %= &* A F@C EONN_M aFD) AT eD GJCLCEOM EONN_M aFD T CPCF-HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNEH FMD_NbNNc HG-

@ILG_FCM aM CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_M PCTM_FN T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_MH.) A PCTM_FN LL CM ECNLDN, IS GCFSH EIGJNHC_E MD_NbNNcE F CPCF ENCPCN_M,

PS S HIHJLI@CN MTLPTN GlEdNNaM MIL_H, CFFNP GCFSH EIGJNHC_E MTfEMa-ME S HIHJLI@CN MTLPTN MTEMTLl GHTMFaMaT, GCL EFF @FEaMTbNHC FHj GOHEN_LMEN, dHEaHNMEN MTEGC EaJTaME, NIP_EaJTaME MIL_H.

) CTM_FHC EbP_HNOE, GCFSH @FNC FNHE CPCF-HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNEHE @FHjNNEaJTaMH CFFNP T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_MH.

) #FNOF NlTNfE EC HHE @FN_L_M_N CM, IS GCFSH DdPjHC CHNaTEaME, GCFSHEILG_HSTNC aM CPCF SfNNGlEdaME, GCFSH EIHELaN FaJaME MTfEMaME EJMI-Fc_MC JIHNIE LjMbNaMaL aM HHfE LDFj FNjMaE ECIHNEITNN_M_L.

) A EONN_M SCE aFD PIFN NIP__, IS FaNLITTIH PFGC@aF EdTPNbNNN J_LMTaN@FHjNNEaJTaMMF aM HIHJLI@CN CMGLNEEF @IFFEITc MTEaLNjE, CPCFE aM EILG_HSTNCdHNaMITcE, FGaFNC EONNcE aM SEILFNC GPFcMbNcE, @CNFIE aM CjME, EIHTLPNbPaM MTFPl IHIFEIcE, @jP_LIMH aM ECMNFJfFaMH CFFNP SLILMT_IH aMEfF@dFdH aFj MTEGLE EdTdNN.

6.3. D <;; += ?=?; /=< ;<

A GcMTL ECP_FMTN_MEIL dMMTPNNNfE EPHNCNNbP aM EPFCNNbP EONN_MIE FjHSCNaM _NL_HSCN (TIFM 2001: 23-24), GFS MIL_H LL EdPNETNNaML DONINNOHE, IS PCTM_FHc NLfFN ( CPCF-HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE PCF_) aM T GLC PCF_ OSH GJCLCEOMHG@CSFNj PIFN, IDENbP NdLPaHSMTLlMaE GONNNcE PIFNE, NIP_C PCTM_FNINaLGM NHHC. FDM EdLl GEdTFbNaM TaLN MTfEMaM, GLN CPCF MTENIL LaMTNPPjC

MTLPTNEaHN aM EdTdMMaEaHN, N_N N_LMFIG EIHMNLOECcDEaHN CM GDFHHE. ACPCF N_LMFIG aM HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE PCF_ aLNaEE GHNaH aJfF @F, aFD_H CM aLNaE-ILCHN_FN, GIL_FCM GINbPOGIEEF bL, TaLN HaT NaHSE aM T aLNaEE FP_FMTN_M. IL_CEPHNCNNbP GaLaMfHE MIEM_L PIHNEITINN, GNGNCEC MNNCMTNCEC @FIFIT_MMF D_LN, TCHNLDeE L_PCF_bNINNE, IS aFMTLl ECGFHC ECMMT_Ge SC MNEN, MNNCMTNCECFHG GaLNj MTGJIHNIEN. A @FHjNNEaJTaMC HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE SLaMTN EIGJFRLHMTLEaHN GlEdHE, OSHEEIL IHSIFOFN TM_C, N_LMFGC, EOFNOL_FCM, JIFCNCECEdLHSTNH NPaEHSENHE, M HHE N_M OSHME MIENaHSTjM.

6.3.1. A "< ?% & &* = =&C*

A CPCF MTLPTNE aM T CH@IG_FCM NHOF_MH NdFNdNN MTLJaHE PCTM_FN_L eH. F@CGcMTLLF ELfFN MIL. A F@C FD_L_M =< , =* /<=N P_FNITN_HE FEFGT_M_PF

A (\\Y$ A+)XA104



PaTNG, EdTF dNPH MTEGL PIH_M_PF. T EPFCNNbP EONN_MC GcMTL, FNjPaNNN, IS E_L FFHNaNM HaTNEN PFFc MTEGLE m ECE MTEG_DOEH_F, JITbCcDOEH_FPS JIFCNCEC HaTNfEHaF @IP SG_M PaFGaHSaPF LCNE_H MTGMfFHE m EIILCH_CcPF

SfNNGlEdDHE, T_FNF GCMGLDaE TIEN HaTNEN CM, GFSEEF SaEaHN LCNE_HMTGMfFHaHE. A PCTM_FN MIL_H @aFHIHCG NHCE_N FEFGTNG, bS LaMTNPPjEdHNNNE HPfE MTLJFNNaMaLjF, LLcF HG EJNE CH@ILG_CcN, IS GFSCE PaF-GaHS ECT NLNITCE. A F@C GcMTL _LIG @ILOFcM PIFN, GFSL @HN GONNINNHGTNEdTC (CHMNIH, .A..,OLI@@, . 1975, CLGH,. 1998) CFFNP TC(#ENaHa TEIM, Y. 2002) @FHjNNEaJTaMC EONN_MIE N_E GCHN_N.

A @FGaLaMN T FENLIHCEOM FPFTaM FNjMa ECN_bNINN, bS SLILMT_L@cEOMT_FP, GSL GOHEHSFPH IFITP AOMTNL_FC_H, S BLCNHHC_H, #LHC- ILMT_H, IG_HC_H, TFIPaHC_H, aFj MTEGLE PIH_M_PF HGTNEdTCMTCHNlPa P_FN. A LaMTNPPjE ECP_FMTN_MH_F T PIFN aF, IS MTEaLNjC MIJILNH

PSHE LaMTN @FHjNNEaJTaM aM CPCF MTENIL FCMGLN MTEGLC aM FSH DFH EILG_HSTNC dHNaMITcE EdL CM.

6.3.2. A =&C = "

6.3.3. A "< &&& A NFDM PCTM_FN FIHSIFbN_M_L 2007 GL aM 2009 @LO_LD EdTdNN ELfFN MIL.

AT FMj @ILOFc CHbN_M_L 2007 GLaH IHJLI@CN aJTaMC lFS NF_FEITcDINN FEFGN, TN EdPNjH FPaFH (GCFH) EaLNG @F MTEGLEN EdTL-GlEdaML, ECE 2008 G_LCOM_C NE MMTaMTLl, PS @FMILIF_MMTLl P_FMTIEN EaLaMEL.

!")#& (AX m #")+i(Yi( A (\\Y$& A+)X/[) 105

L. BE cTM@ L. BLNF AHH _LCBHa L. $FHMaL NFCHBIL_N LCEL. BcC $SdLSBLCHL G_MBLfFF CNL. TCE F_LM_ES IT_FC_Ha CIL _FG_HNC PHM#ENaHa L. TEIM YPL. $LM FCEc$CTS aNL$IH FaLC$SHM MOTM

HS cTM@ L. HTC DIML. _FG_H AHCEcJ CFCIMS #LHL. ONC YPL. ELIPCNM FPCLIPMHa APNc OCNL. SL CEFcML. _LEOM CHL. LcNC AHILL. LNCHEc cTM@ cT cLGI MNP_HCT_E aNL

SaEC-jLdMS _LCL. PFOME FaLCaNL@C #LHL. Nj _MTFcCEc MOTMMNaHS MNP_HCG_HC TCFPCL. NLCEL _HILTcHa L. IFH_L AHHTHNCLGC OCNL. TCLNM _LCLHC MNP_HcN cTM@ dLdE AHL_M^LdCHa XM AHCEcL. LM FIH+ 1@j (HIHCGCN_MN EaLN)



A EaLjbP EaLaMC (1. @ILOFc)1) M= = * < = = =*= =*> <?2) <= **= =><, =*, <=, =*< <, < <, *===O

<* ==*= *) * *==<, * = <** <= <?+) * /= < = O== < <?

3) A -/= < = <=+ *=, <= =*= =N * /N== < ==? <= < = * -/= < = * < = = =*= =*><+*?

4) M = < = <*<= < =?

A P_FMTIE FJD_H T LGaHSE MNNCMTNCEC aM NLNFGC dMMTMbNaM ON_H ELfFN MIL G_MICE @ILOFcL 2008 G_DOM aM MTJNGL EdTdNN, eS IS LaMTNPPjE T FMj

EaLjbPL, _LIG MMTaMTLl EaLaML INN P_FMTIEN (1, 3, 4.) CM GEJN_E NFDMNLDFGH, SSlDNP. A G_MICE EaLaML @FMILIF_MIE aLTNE, TaLN G_MICE@ILOFcH TE LHMILIF_M_L, aLNaEMILLH @F_FFbN_M_L NNNE DPMFNIN MTEaLNjE. A @FGaLaM MIL_H LL CM CL_HSOFN EaLaME, IS GbNaFaMfE MTLCHN P_FNITINN- PaFGaHSfE NdC P_FMT FIFPM_M_HE N_M_L.

A LGCE @ILOFcL 2009 @LO_LD_L ELfFN MIL, GFS T LGaHSE EdTFaMaH NeFS ONIFMc PCMMTMNIF_MC FNjMaN EbH_FN @F. AT NIE @FIFIT_M EPFCNNbP aMMNNCMTNCEC GcMTLEEF (_NF-, MTcL_M- aM SEILCM_MT_GbN_MIEEF, ELMTNN_F FG-TaMMF, EILLF_CcMT_GbN_MMF aM EFMTNLHFbTCMMF) NdLNaHN, MT_GbN_MNHCECMTI@NPL MbNMaaPF.

6.4. FO =;?;;, =;

6.4.1. S"=C* =&=& " &= =&& < "? "< ? AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M @CFITc@C_D JcOM-HLcOM MTEG FGaFNCMTEGLC aM LaMTNPPj MTEGLE MT_G_L F@IINN JLCG_P_ P_FN. A LaMTNPPjMTEGLE _FNF INN @CHbCcE EdTF @F T OHCcM IEOGHNOGIEH G@IFGTINNCMGaLPET _FFN EdTF. dH ECGFNaE, IS HG ME GOHELj-JCL PFc FEFGMM_NaNFN aLNHE @IFGIH aM HG ME CMEIFLHMTLl EaJTaMN, OSHEEIL LaMTNPPjE

HS _HS MTEGC EaJTaMEN, MTEGMJC@CEOM NHOF_MN, T _N- aM NIP_EaJTaMEN, GOHELj-JCC FEFGMM_ NaNFN HMeFSITN T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M MNaH.IFN, EC @IFIG FMTH_Fc_M_L, NeFTINN MTH_FN_L bPN @F @CSFGN.

AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M G@IFGT_M_L T FMj EaLaM CL_HSOFN, M GCHHLaMTNPPj GP_FMTIFN EaLaMN. A LaMTNPPjE NdMa CMGLN HGTNEdTC @CHbCcEN,NdH HHE G@FFjH @IFGTNE, PIFN, EC ONFN CM P_FMT_H T OLSCE EONN_ML.

AT aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_M EJM_H FNdN GFbNNN @IFGE: aFN (79), =*><(68), (29), < (27), (22) = <** (21), <= (21), >* (15), =>< (15), /<=(<) (15), /< - /< - /< (14), =*=< (10).

$SELH GFbNNN @IFGE: GOHELj- *(9,) < < (9), =* *<=**= (9), < < (8),

C (7) ***< (7), < (6, )<** (6), ** < (5).&++ < ===: === <, <, /N< <, < * .

A (\\Y$ A+)XA106



A P_FMTcE EdTF @F MTLCHN T aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_M @IFG EdTF _FF T OLcJCOHCcM IEOGHNOGIEcF CMGLN @CHbCcEIT, TT CMGLNE, EaMTMaE, EaJMMaEGMTLTaMaL CL_HSOF, GFS T aMT aFNN _N@Ic, @ILG_FCM, HG@ILG_FCM aM CH@ILG_FCM

NHOF_M NLfFNCL, SM G@IFGT_MIE MTLCHN MTICFCT_CcL ECNLDj NHOF_MC@IFSGNIN DFHN, GFS FjMbNNC T SaHC aM N_LMFGC aFNaFIE FaLaMaN, LGI-HCEOM aFN GPFcMbN_M_N. qAT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M @IFG_H T S INN aFNMT-EMTH EfFdHdTj @ILG_H PFc NHOF_MC, GlPFjaMC NPaEHSMaN; PFGCHN T aFNeNMIL_H @IFSNNcc EfFdHdTj MTCHNl NHOF_MC NPaEHSMaEN aLNG. AT aMT aFNH _NNLNc NHOF_M @IFG_H NHOF_M @IFGN CH N_H aLNFGTG, GFSH T CH@IL-G_FCM, HIH@ILG_FCM aM @ILG_FCM ELNE EdTdNN FMD_NbNINN CMGLNE, aLNaEE, EaMTMaE@DFMTNaM SL_HN @IHNIM.p S S EIGJFR GEdTFbNaMN MTGFaFNN T F_CPaFGaHS: qAT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M.: GCHH IFSH NHOF_MC @IFSGN, GFSEPTj FN, T GL GCHN MTGaFSCMa CFFNP GCHN GLC Lj@ILL_M @DFjaMaL.

dTJIHNC FG T GJIQLGHN. AT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M qNLGaMTNMp NHOF_MC@IFSGN aJfFaMaN DFHNC GCHHHJC aFN, ,FJD aM GlEdNNjD . @DFMTNNjaFNEaMTMa, (NHOF_M) GFS T CL_HSbNINN MTGaFSCMajF dHCL_HSbNINN MTGaFSCMaN FEbNEC. A aF @IFSGNIM @DFjjEaJMMa ECFEbN_M aM @HHNLN_M P_FNIT_M, FEFGTEI_MNHOF_M @IFSGN_HE CTNIMbN_M_PF. (s) AT SaHC aLE aM MTLPTNC aLE EdTdNNCLGcHC GELMaM, G@FFj GINCP_FNM_ ECFEbN_M, LjNLE GCMGLaM, [email protected] IFN, EC EC@DTNNH T CMEIFLHMTLH EbPfFC PIFN_N GFN EC: qAT SaHFNjMa, EaJMMa aM MT_HaE, IS SLEEIL_NcF aMT aFN MIL_H LHMTLMHLaMTN PSH EfFdHdTj NHOF_MC @ILG_EH. TLCHNG dHNjH HG T CMEIFLHMTLTEdNdNN, HG EdTdMMaC ELNE EdTdNN TDFCE (MF_, L_NC EdL, GOHEFS, MN.) G

ECT_LcF IENN_MJIFCNCEC N_MEdL, CL_HSbN_MC MTfEMaFN _N@ID N_LMFGC, TM_CMT@aL aMTaN.p

dH ECGFNaE, IS HG ME GOHELj-JCL PFc FEFGMM_ NaNFN aLNHE @IFGIH aM HG ME CMEIFLHMTLl EaJTaMN. qAT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M(dFMjNjF MbLC) NLNc aFNEILC CGHTCcIT GCHC ITT_aLNG T aFN GCHH NLfFNaLNLDj NHOF_MN, N_N MTEGC _N- aM NIP_EaJTaMH EbPfF T aMT MTGaFSCMa DI-FaN aLEaH @IFSNNINN aFNGCHjMaDPbNc @OHECcN NdFNj @ILG_FCM m HG@ILG_FCM aM CH-@ILG_FCM NHOF_MN.p A LaMTNPPjE 17%- PCMTIHN MTEGC EaJTaMEN, MTEGMJC@CEOMNHOF_MN, T _N- aM NIP_EaJTaMEN, GOHELj-JCC FEFGMM_ NaNFN GFN EC TaMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M MNaH. q= TM_ _FNF GINCP_FN, T TCMTNHC

GNLGNaMaT MTfEMaM EIGJNHC_E GMTLTaM, GFSjF MTCHN NFDM aMTaHC_HSTCE @FHjNNHPFaM aM T MaFSMbNaMC @OHECc (N_N GFNjMH MTL_Fc,qJaHTFJep, N_LMFGC MTEaEIN GaFSbNj NHHC=EC FdF PH G FjLDONN, EC _NOF PH, HHE _NLPNNNMa Hj).p IFN, EC GCHdMMT eS @CHC_FNq_FFHc NIP_EaJTaMp, PS TM_C GEdTFbNaM @FjF EdTFbNNN G NaG_HEN.qA OG_H Lj@ILL_M CLNIEIM (GOHELj) _FFHcH FaNTj @IFSGNEaHN aFC G T_N- aM NIP_EaJTaMEN, NECHNNNF OG_H Lj@ILL_M GCHjMaaL.p d LaMTNPPj TM_C, TCMTNHC_FCM GINCP_CcEN, qEaHSMTLNp CM GFbNNN P_FMT_H. qA @IFS-GNIMH aM SL SILMH P_FNITc EdLHSTNT PFc FEFGTEI_M GCHN EaHSMTL aMFNjMa.p A P_FMTcE EdTF 20%-_HE G@IFGT_M_H ECbP_MIEL, G@FFaML,

FEFGTEI_ML PFc EaJMMaL, EaJMMa NaNFL aM HSCNINNM_L, ELNCPCN_ML ELfFN HMeFSN. qAT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M aFD, IS T SaH GCHC EaJM FSH

!")#& (AX m #")+i(Yi( A (\\Y$& A+)X/[) 107



G@FFHC PF MTGH N_GMTNINN ECbP_MIEHE aM EdPNFGaHSEHE. A ECbP_MIEaLETNHE N_LMFIG @FjF, cNHE T SaH GOHELj-JCC aFNeND_cF, aLE-FjaMajF PS N_LMFGC NPaEHSMaajFp. _M MTLCHN qCHHEFjNN GNHOFHC

FEFGTEIHC EdLfFdNNfHE LIIc PCF_ SILM P_FNIT_MCIT. T MTfEMaM G_L TcPI_H-CMEIF_H FETHC GNHbNHC TN, IS ISH NHOFDOHE.p S MTEGLjMTCHNaH aMTLPaNFTN, IS ELfFC T aMT aFNH _N NHOF_M @IFIG q@FFjNFH, NLNFIGHaFEfFC MTH_FN_Np, GLN ECfLMNN DFHNaM. A JIFCNCE MTH_FD, qMTaJH HTCE, HCHM GddNN JLILGp, HG PFcMOF G SLILMT_IH. TTF PaFGaHHSFMTCHELIHCT_F S G_MCE MTEaLNj G@IFGT_M: qAT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M TIH-H /s/ EEIL FMT PFcM_IM SEILFN, LHMTLLa P_FCE, PSCM T SM LaMTESG_MN EaMTbNCE Fj. ZS JaF_OF @FHjNNE NdMa HG FMT NHOFHC, GlPFjHC ELc, @CNF EILOEH T CMEIF HG NMTC HSCNINN_ jEN JLIFaG_E PCTM_FN_L, M HG@DFMTNC EC HHfE LHMTLM N_DaEITc_M CaHSaN. A G_MCE EdPNFGaHS, IS T aMT

aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M MTfEMaMMaaN HGME GFNHC EFF, HG TN CM G EFF@IFGTHC, IS SEILFNH GCN FN aM EFF NHHC TaLN. YM LLjF MIEMTIL, MIE@aF@ILG_H EFF N_DaEITNNHC T GLEN, IS G_NcF aLNNjjPa P_FDaE, T EILOHEGFFjTNNFH EdPNFGaHS. IS FaLNjE FSHE LHMTLM NHOF_M, GlPFjaMFEFGC, CPCF MTLPTNEHE EFFH TEN T FEFGEN GNLGNHC, _FFHcHGlEdj NHOF_MC EdTJIHNIEEF, PCaEH FF_ CM ECMNaLMaC EdTJIHNIEH.p SHEEILPIFN, EC bS @IFGTINN: qA NHOF_MN aFNNPaEHSMaEaHN aLNFGTG.p _M CM MIHFcHGLE_HMH: qA NHOF_M HaFEfFC FaN PN_F_M.p

A EONN_M ETNaH TN @FNaNFTNfE, IS PFGC@aF PCN FEOF EC LaMTNPPjE EdTdNN.LL HG ELfFN MIL, PCMTIHN S @CSFGLGaFNc aMTLPaNF aLETNN.

qI C CM F@ING, IS HG MT_HaEIM qNLGaMTNM NHOF_Mp CM NHOF_M,T GFJNN, IS P_FMTIFcE EdTdNN GCFSH MIEH HMeFSITT_E HHE T FCMGLaMaN.T LL EaMTNNNN, IS FJIMH PSG @IHNIFcL, T GCFSH GaLNaEH TIHIMbN-Nc NHOF_MMF. ]S IHIFIG, IS HG GCHH aFGaHS, NJMTNFN, CH@ILG_Cc, GCaL HHfHEN, dHG_H NHOF_M. FF ITT_ T SaH NONIM PCMTIHSOF_M, GFSHELGaHSEaHN PFGC GP_FNITCE HHfHE. ME GFaPj @F@I_MOHEN NLNcMbND_ETE, EEIL T N_M FC HPTNj NHOF_MHE. MIHFc FSTN S EOFNOL_FCMMGaHSH PFc LaMTPaNFHaF PS PFGCFSH SEILFNC NPaEHSMa PaTaMaHaF. ATMGaHS GHCEOM NOIG_MOF PaNF, NPaEHSMaH FEFGTINN GITTHNIE LONCH-MTLl PaTaM MGGCPF MG jPbNC T SaH NO_M_N. TH HPTNj NHOF_MHE T,

PFEC EaNMa PIHNNFH PCHC_EH IHIFEICE, M JLIFaG_N LJNMTLlFD_L_MIEEF ELD GIFHC.LMT, NaHS, IS T GL ELNFHOF CM P_FNITCE aMT aFNaH, aM HGME NMNC

aLNFGH, CMTH HHfHEN aLN HSIG_MIE NHE L_HE, IS @FIFITTOE TIEN. XG, TN P_FNIT_MN CM NHOF_MHE NECHNG, EEIL SLaMTN MGGCN MG EFF NHHC TaMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_MaLN, GLN T MJIHN_H GeS CM GNdLNaHCE, G_MLaMTN ECDFHN-Nj, IS GCcN GL aF #dFdH T aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_M GPFcMOFN. a LLCM CPNEITNOHE, IS T _NaFN MGaHSE S LaMT GGL T GL GFaETNaH,N_N T CM CTIHSbND, IS SLJICE T GL NO_M. TE EdPNETNNaME LL@CSFGTNNNHE, IS JIHNIMH EFFH GN_LITHOHE, GCN CM aLNfHE NHOF_MIH

aM GCN HG, aM T aFN EfFdHdTj FSTNCL PFc L_F_MOHE GCFSH aLNFGH MILIF-Nc NHOF_M @IFG F_.p

A (\\Y$ A+)XA108



6.4.2. A $** && && " @ @ = * "< &"? >?* A EPFCNNbP @FGaLaMH FJOFc EONN_M SaLNFGlH CTIHSbNINN, IS -- /= < = * /< =*>< < < *, * < = * < < =*><

* <=. A MTGaFSCMa aMTaN aLCHNj NHOF_M T NNCNldE, aLNaEE, D_LNMM_IE aM NO_MFMD_NbN_M HJC NJMTNFNIEIH aM EdLHSTNfHEH PaGHj N_MIEIH ELMTNfF GSPa (IIGM, 1973). A /< =*><* EaN NLfFNaN GFbNNNaE MTEaLNjE, CPCFENCPCN_MIT, HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE GlEdNNaMaT EdNNj NHOF_MN, GFS MIEMTIL MJIHN_HNHOF_M, HG GIHNc MTLPTNN NHOF_MHE, CHE_ qGOHEPaTaMTp, NJMTNFNC NHO-F_MIT EJMIFcCE. _MLaMTN T SaHC, dH_FFc NHOF_MN, T dHEaJTaM (C MILIFP qMIJILNIMp,EdTdMMa@DFMTNj EaJTaMEN), GFSE NONIM NHOF_MC @IFSGNIN DFHNHE, Ga HG CMGCHC EdNNjE GN_LITINN aFIEIT. AT CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_M N_LMM, MTGaFSM EJMIF-NIEIT EdNNj, @IHNIM MTLJ PH HH TIEHE T SaHEHE, ECE MTbPMH GIMTND_E NO_MOEN, EaJME TE _N_M_L, NH_M_ML. G PaFNFH, IS N_LMM EJMIFNIE aM

T SfNNGlEdaMC EaMTMaE aM EaJMMaE GFbNaM IFSH SEILC PIFN @FGaLaMH. b @ILG_FCM NHOF_ML FCHLCN_M, T FjLF_M DFFGTj, C T CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_M CHE_GITTHNIMH, ECMT_GbNNNFHOF DFHCE G T GL aFNaH. IEMTIL DFFGTj L_ T _NINNNO_MFGE LHTNFH GcD, NdLaEMMa (cN, Y. 1998, 2005). Fj@ILOFN, IS T CFSHONICEN GcIH FMD_NbNINN NHOF_M MNaH NO_MFGE MTEITINNH PHHE DFH, TcN EfFdHdTj GOHE@_TCMIE SM LaMTCHE PaTaMaNjF, T _Nc HG MTEMTLl NHC-E_D_cF PS SILM aM MJIHN_H FMD_NbN_McF. jF LN OSHEEIL CPCF MTLPTNE dH-EaHNMCHE GNjLCTGOM CM, GC MTLHMaM, MNEH aFTINN CMGLNMTLTaMMF CM ECaMTfF.

A PCTM_FN MIL_H CTIHSbNINN_ P_FN, IS CPCF ENCPCN_M LaPaH m FMjFMH SHIHJLI@CN MTLPTN GlEdNNaM MIL_H m MJIHN_H GcIH < < < * , -

><, * >< = <* ==*= * , GFSE N_GIN_M_N T OLcJCHCc IEOGHNOGC ECGFCE (2006/962/).

A @FGaLaMH LaMTN PPj MTEGLE MTLCHN CPCF ENCPCN_M MIL_H FMjMILH TSfNNGlEdaM NHCE_C MD_NbNNcE F, GCMGLNj CPCF N_LMFGC aFN, N_LMFGC@IFSGNIE, @DFjCE EIGGOHCE_CcM EaJMMa, _NaFDfE EdTdMMaC aFGaHSEN, aM EaJMEFMTfHE TIE @DFMTNaMaL, FMD_NbNNc T aLECHE EaJPCMFN, D_LNME FMTfHE JLIFaG_E ETFaMaH. A CPCF N_LMFGC FaN HdPFC @FFjMMaaLTNN, NHOF_MC EaJM-MaN, EIH@FCENOMETFaMN, T dHCMGLNN, MFEPaMC NHCE_E FMD_NbN_M_L NHbN aMGaLNNC T dHEaHNM GOHE dLdGaN.

A CPCF ENCPCN_M IFSH dHaLPaHSMbNaMT MTfEMaM EIGJNHC_EN @DFMTN, GFS T

SaH IFIOF_M_N MbNC Fj T aFN G_M NLfFNCH, aM GFS EdTdMMa, N_LMFIGDcF-FaNaN MTIF_FD, GFS LjMbNC MTIFCLCN_MN. A @FGaLaMH P_FMTcE SNaLNaM EdPNETj EIGJNHC_E FMD_NbNNcM__H PIFN FHSI ( MILLH MTLCHN):EIH@FCENOMETFaM, JLIFaG_E ETFaM, NHOF_MC EaJMMa, @FFjMMaaLTN. aLEE ETFaM,dHEaHNM GOHE, CPCF MFEPaMC NHCE_E, dHCMGLN, MTLPTjEaMTMa, EOFNOL_FCM LOFGMM_,EdTdMMaC aFGaHS aM IHIFEI_M.

A P_FMTcE EdTdNN SNaLNaM GONNEITINN H, IS HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNEGlEdNNaM EdPNETj EIGJNHC_EN @DFMTNC ( @FGaLaMH ECFEOFN MILLH MTLCHN):@FFjMMaP_FFF_M, PTNaMC EIGJNHC_E, P_FNIT_MIE ETFaM, JLIFaGGIF_M, MTLP-TjEaMTMa, J_FS_TNbL_M-JLIDENGHTMGHN, EIGGOHCE_CcM NHCE_E, dHNaMITNF,

ELNCPCN_M, MTLPTN GlEdNNaMaPF EJMIFNIM T_FEI_MC CMGLNE, EdTdMMa@D-FMTNaM, DIMT_FSIE CMGLN.

!")#& (AX m #")+i(Yi( A (\\Y$& A+)X/[) 109



6.4.3. A $**& '& "%""* A EONN_M L_GONNINN LL CM, IS * /= <*++ / **= * -/= < = <* * = = =*= =*><+*. TE @FMILIF_MMTLlH:

r A CPCF N_LMFIG LjMbNaM, CPCF MTLJP_FFF_M HdPFaMr HOF_M-GcMTLNHC MbNMaHSeDN_M, qNHOF_M NHOF_M_HEp CTNIMbN_Mr dTdMMaC aFGaHSE _N_M, EdTdMMaMTLPTaM aM m @DFMTNaMr XFFGJIF_LC EaJTaME MTLPTaM, GIEL_C NHOF_M, GIELNCEOM EdTaFN,

N_LMFIG GlEdaMaHE GCMGLNNaMr A FIE_FCM IHIFEI_M GPFcMbN_M, FSC CaHSE @FGaLaM aM ECFabNaM, @FHjNNEaJ-

TaMT EJMIFcc Sa MTIF_FNN_M HSeDN_Mr SfNNGlEdaM, SfNNaFaMC NHCE_E, MIJILNGOHE, HNQILE FMD_NbN_Mr SCNINN EaJTaME, HSCNINN IHIFEI_M GNLGNaMr ANNCNl- aM NON@ILG_F_M, GNLN_MC HILG_E NHOF_M, EOFNeL P_FNIT_M_HE FjM-

bNaMr aMTMa aM EaJMMa@DFMTNaM, EIGJNHC_E jPbNaM (_FNF_H)r CPCF-HIHJLI@CN MTEaLNjC ON_HJcNF_M EaJTaM, CPCF CMGLNE _N_Mr \HEaHNME, NIE EaJTaMr A _NL_HSIM FSTNl, qFMTEcp LaNE EaJTaM (CjME, GOHEHaFEfFCE, @ISNaEEF

aFjE MN.)

6.4.4. A B = & *= & %= &, &B @ %= & A MTEaLNjE G@IFGTN_E, IS GCFSH DdPjHC CHNaTEaMEN, *= < ==O <=, = <= =*=** ++ < < <. TE T

F_CE:r A @FHjNNEaJTaM N_GIN_MC LHMTLaHE _NIHIF_Mr \HEaHNMMa FCMGLaMr A fLIEL_C MdEEHNaM (_FNF_H)r ENN_MC LHMTL LOFGM_ NaNFr #CHHMTbLIT_M HdPFaM, @FHjNNEaJTaMMF @IFFEITc CPCF-HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE LjNF-

DM N_GIN_Mr CPCF MTLPTNE MT_G_L @FHjNNEaJTaMC J_FS_TNIE HdPFaM (JF. A EaJTaMC E-

LNaH FfF)r #FHjNNEaJTaMC EELCN_Cc fLIEL_C_D_HE SMTLlMbNaM

r #FHjNNEaJTaMH MTENILMGFM @FNaNFE CTNIMbN_Mr H@ILG_FCM, HG@ILG_FCM NHOF_M FCMGLaM, GaLaMC LHMTLE ECIFIT_Mr _PGOHE, LaMTGOHECj N_GIN_M (CPCF MTLPTNEHaF)r XFFGJIF_LC CMGLNE NHbN_M_HE FETaM G_L SLEEILNcF, EdTIENN_MHr CPCF MTLPTNE @FHjNNEaJTaMC EELCN_CcD_HE N_GIN_M, GCHjMa GaLaMaHE

_NIHIF_M A @HNC EdPNETNNaME GFFNN >=*=< * * < * <>=, *=><

+ <= **= < /N== < < < /= <= /* <*=N, < *= =< , = >=*= < **= * <= ==. AEONN_M LaMTPPjC HG NONN_E, ECHE PaFGaHSaPF TIHIMOFNE, GHNMfFNE T MN-

FM FjbNaFNENjF. A EONN_M LGaHSC, DPMFNIE T LNC MT_HaEHE G@FFjH MTEN_L CFFNaEM GOHEN_LMCIT CM FDONINNE.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA110



A MTEaLNjE LL bPN_E @F @CSFGN, IS CPCF MTENILHE dHPCTM_FNL CM MTfEMaFHH, NHOF_MN dHGOEIH CM ETNCE MTLPTNE EaJPCMFjC, CPCF MTLPTNEGCHjMbNaM dHGOE @FN CM FHH.

A EONN_M GLjMbNNN TN HaTNN, IS HG FHj JOMTN_H GlEdNNaMaHENHCE_CN FMD_NbNHC (T_FEI_M, J_FS_TNbL_M, MTLPTjEaMTMa, GHTMLCMGLNE,GLENCH MN.), GLN MTLPTN HG NNjF P_FCE CPCFFa. &*> * = <, * < = * +* *=><, HH FaPj GLE, T SaHE IH-IFEI_MGcD, EdTdMMaC aLNaEC NNCE TT_.

6.5. #?? /

A >=*=< =* *<=**=* * * * / +* < = * <>=*. A EONN_MH LaMTN-

PPj MTEGLE G@IFGTN_E, GCFSH CMGLNEN, EaMTMaEN FN FMD_NbNHC CPCF-HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE GlEdNNaMEIL, TH EIGJNHC_E _N_M HaFEfFdTNNFH MTEGC EaJTaME MIL_H. TEN MTHIMbNINNOE IHJLI@CN aJTaMC lFS NDCPF, K < < - MTLPTj @FMj@IEe MTEEaJTaMC JLILG MTEGC aM PCTMEdPNFGaHSCHEECIFIT_MEIL, CFFNP T -H G_L 1998-cN DFHFaPj /= < MTEEaJTaMCJLILG GeDbN_MEIL.

6.6. A <;; >

A F@C PCTM_FN SCE aFD EfFdHdTj PaFGaHSE fNEdTNNaM, MTGFaFN@ILG_F_M, TSfNNGlEdaM FNjMaCHE @FGONN_M PIFN. A EILG_HSTNC LaMTNPPjE PIH_M_PFMCELfFN EdTF ITHC CPCF fSEEF aM @FHjNNEaJTaMMF @IFFEITc MTEGLE aM dHNaMITcE PaFGaHSaN. FSH @cLOG DdNN FaNL, GFS NLGaMTNM EdLfFGaHSE EdTdNNHG CTNIM, IS GPFcMOFN PIFH. A EONN_M SCE ITaE, IS G@IFGTINNCHNaTEaMC DPMFNIE @ILG_Fcc DIMT_FSIE, PS GcIMbN_MIE MIL_H MNHEaHN G-FFN_MN CM HSLNE. A fLIEL_C MdEEHNaMaL PIHNEITc aMTLPaNFE JaF_OF GLj-MbNNNaE TN EILG_HSTNC MT_HaEIN, GFS @FHjNNEaJTaM DFHNaMaHE SMTLlMbNaMaLaM T EELCN_Cc GCHCMTNL_CcD_HE SMTLlMbNaMaL CL_HSOFN.

A F@C EONN_MH PFc LaMTPaNF, EdTdM IHIFEI_M, EIHMTHTOMNLGNj @IFSGN

dHG_H CM S NHOF_MC @IFSGNHE NECHNNj.

!")#& (AX m #")+i(Yi( A (\\Y$& A+)X/[) 111



A (\\Y$ A+)XA112



7. ##EFGLAL@#

* =>< = N<= * ***=. A * ***= N<= * * < >*.

A * * < >* O= * . A * O= <<*+* * < <.

A * < < <<*+* *= * <. A * < *= +< < ==.

IH@OCOMT

IH@OCOMT (C.. 551-479) fTHN dMMTMH GOHE_HE aFDCPF. ZL_MOHEH NH-OF_M SaHCF GMTLTNj eNDC GFFNN, EdTdMMa aM NHOF_M, T SaH aM N_L-

MFIG EJMIFNLHMTLaN PCTM_FNOE, LL L_GONNP, IS T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NH-OF_M @CFITc@C_D_HE GaLNaM HaFEfFdTNNFH T SaH IFIOF_M_IT. A CPCF-HIH-JLI@CN MTLPTNE, HG@ILG_FCM aM CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_MC EdTN CTNIMbNP HSGaLNaEHITT_D_LOFHE GIEL_C NHOF_M_IT, NONIM _FFGJIF_LC FaN ECFEbN_M_IT. A CPCFMTLPTNE NJMTNFNC NHOF_M MTbHNLC, CPCF EOL_TMC _NdLdEbNjC.

ONN_MOHE MIL_H SLaMTN == * < = = =*= =*>< << += /*** *<*==. A NLGCHIFcCC EaLaME NCMTN_T_M_G GCHHMNH ECNaLNfHE CPCF MTENIL DFHNjMaaL aM HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE MTLJaL, GCHN T

aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M @ILG_FCM JLILGIE GFFNN, HG@ILG_FCM NHOF_M aMT CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_M SL DFHNjM NLJ. IFITNOHE aFECNlTaM CPCF MTLPTNEHE HG@ILG_FCM aM T CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_MH NdFNdNN MTLJaL CL_HSOFN. AT FGaFNC FGTaMNEdPNjH * /= < = =* === /< =*> < = < =, <=*==*= <, = N< /< <, **= *=*= = < < < =>. A CPCF MTLPTNEH GPFcMOFc CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_M GaLaMaL EPFCNNbP F@C GcMTLN FEFGTNOE, GFS FNjPa NNN GEaLTNN MTEGLEPaFGaHSaHE @FN_L_M ON_H EIHMTHTOMIH FJOFc **<*= / ** <= < + << < <= CM.

7.1. A? /? ; ; ;; ;< / <;; ;

AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M @CFITc@C_D NECHNNaH FGIHNc, IS HGME @IFFEIT-NN_MC aFIE _FFHE T IENN_MJIFCNCEC IEOGHNOGIE aM NHOF_M EdTaJJIHND_H, T aMTaFNH _N NLNc NHOF_MN SeNNF T SaH IFIOF_M_HE, NFDM aFN GPFcMbN_M_HE aM LaMTPaNFC GIEL_C_EH EbP_HNIM ENbP _FFGJIF_LM_ MTEdTaHE CM NECHNCE.

AT IENN_MJIFCNCE_PF @IFFEITc HGTNEdTC MTLPTNE (, , OLcJCHCc MN.) _FNF ECINN aM F@IINN HSCFNEITNIE, IEOGHNOGIE, MFEPaMC NLPEEFL_FD_E T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M @CFITc@C_D_N, M MNLNaCC aFIEHE G@FFjH

ENOFCT_FD_E MFEPaMC NLPCEN NHOF_M N_GIN_M_HE @j FPCLjF. A IFCMTNCEOM MTGFaFNlIEOGHNOGIE TM_C aFIE GFFNN N_LMFGC aM T SaHC aLEEN CM G@IFGTT_E,

\"#,$)A)X 113



T INN IEOGHNOGIN ECc MTLPTN MTFFGCMaaHE aM aFECNlTaMCHE G@FFjH. ATOLcJC HCc NILMT_C _FNF F@IINN ELaNOGIE @IFFEITNN_MJIFCNCEC aFIE GFFaLH-FNMaaH GIELNCEOM LHTEaMT MTfEMaM _FFGJIF_LC EIGJNHC_E FMD_Nb-

N_M_N P_LD_E T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M GPFcMbN_M_NcF.SLILMT_IH m EfFdHdMH T OLcJC OHCcM NM_ EdPNETNaH m T aMT aFNH

_N NLNc NHOF_M @CFITc@C_D JcOM-HLcOM MTEG FGaFNC MTEGLC MT_-G_L F@IINN JLCG_P_ P_FN. A EFL_FN FPE aM TIE SEILFNC GPFcMOF_MEdTcNN TIHH G HG @FFaM NJMTNFNc. AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_MLcF 2005-HECIFITINN EILG_HSMNLNaC Ga T OLcJC CL_HSFPEHE G@FFjH EaMTfFN. AN_GIN_MC LHMTL TIHH G_L @IFFEITNN_MJIFCNCEC aFIEN FSTC FjNaL. AT IENN_MJIFCNCEOMIE MTH_FD_E T aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_M @IFG_N, @CFITc@C aMTG_L HG _FF JLILGIE aM N_GIN_MC JIFCNCE_E GddNN. A EONN_MH LaMTN PNNMTEGLE LL NdMTdL CM @FbPN_E @CSFGN. XG HG ME aFECNlTaM NlHCE

dHEILF_NITcHE, HG GPFcMbN_M CM, bS HG PaFNFH, IS TC SEILFN MTbHPIHFFGL T HCc ILMT_CNcF. CH T OLIMNN m IFITNH GONNINN 2004. aPC NCm, GCH # FONc PaTNN @FGaLaM, CNCTHnM PCQM IH FC@FIH FLHCH CHN 10 HQ GL NNM m A 10 eD NILMT_H _FFGJIF_LCHE HaTN T aMT aFNH _NNLNc NHOF_MLcF (@IJ 2008) TN GONND, IS SLILMT_ T ONIFMcE EdTdNN _FF NHOF_MC ENCPCN_M aM NHOF_M MTHIMOF_M_HE GbNaFaM NECHNNaH CM.

7.2. A ?/ ;<

AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M MTECLIFG_HE FGTaM aM GEaLTNN MT_GIMFCMGLN MTEGL PaFGaHSaHE @FIFIT_M ON_H CJINaTCMfHE CTIHSIMIINN: * = <** =N< =+ > * =*><. A EONN_M LGaHSEaJJHDPMFNIN NMTfHE NHOF_M DFHNjMaaHE FCMGLaMaL aM EdTdMMaH, MTICFCT_CcM@IFSGNIEH aM CPCF MT@aL_H PaGHj NHOF_M GONN_M_L. AT CMGLNNNNGONNINN EHC EONN_MIE @FMTH_F_M_PF ( 2007) < < =*><= - =N +<= < === <==, * /* ** <* < = * **= <* < = < .18 A PCTO_FCM-MTCGIFCEOM GL_M, eS PaFDfE, NaG_HE FaHSaNCM DIH GPCF_bND.

SNGM MTCGcFOG PCF_@. CHH NLGaMTNC HaJ, GCHH GCNIFcC G_aHE

aLTC @HN aM FHN PCF__N dMMTEdNj, SdELCPF @dF EJMTEIc, Gb FIGEILI-H_D_PF T a NdLj, PMN NdLTMaPF _FFHcM_IN GDFHbNj HdPaHSN. A NLGaMTNC Ha-JE PCF__H OSHeS GDFHCE, GCHN T cEILC SCJNIGC _FFHcM_IN DFHNj TMIMTFIJEaHN, ELMTNaHS EOFNeLEdLH NO_M @_DEaHN PS GSL EOFNeL aFN@GINbPOGEaHN. CHH GL MT_G_L aFNN DFHN: SfGdFM N_JF_F, @_D DNcHE MMTNFOHE, HJ _LHSaE_N PS NlT GFaN D. A NdFS@ dFMjNjF T E_@ EIJILMcCDFH PH HaJFCHEH. A HaJGMC aC aLj @_N GG_MTP PS $HTCM FG@_D_HE

A (\\Y$ A+)XA114

18 A L@CEOM GOHE $LGC _LC, SGLIMC aJTjGlPaMTNC SMfFN GlPaMT-PTNjDaHE

FEIN_M FJD_H EaMTfFN, dHTNFH MbNMaHSeDN_M_N TeNIH CM EdMTdHDfE. A MTaJ L@CE_N m MDH_FNNF m CENCEOM FPEHE G@FFjH SMTLlMbNNNfE F.



EFF EaJTaMC JLILGIN GPFcMbNHC, aM TIELcF HG EFF @IFSGNIM MNNCMTNCE_N Fj_FFbNHC. A PCTM_FN HG P_LN aM ELNFH EdPNETGaHS T FNN, IS HG MT_FSIM GlEdaMN@N @F, GFSN DcLaMTN G MT_FSIT_M CaT Fj. A EONN_M bS L_GONNINN MT_FSIT_MHG G@FFj PIFNL CM.

A LCMTNL_FN EaJTjE aFD GCHjMaCTNIMbN_M_N DFHNj EELCN_Cc GMTLTaM,EfFdHdMH, GCcN @FHjNNEaJTaMC aFe _FFGC aM OHCcM N_GIN_MIEN ME T TTFLHFETjE HSLNCE F. A JLILG PS CHNaTGaHSC EELCN_CcPF LHFETjE DFFGTjHJCC MTIF_FNN_MIEN HSeDNHE PS IFSH EaJTaMEN, GFSEL _FFGC N_GIN_MNNOHE MTLTHC. A @FGaLaMH LaMTN PNN, FaNCTIHSNFHM_H FEFGTEI_ML EaHSMTLfFN

MTLPTNE NdMaaH MTEGC EaJTaMEN MTLPTHE. A SIG_HSIM _FNF_HIMGlPFNMaC PS _FFGJIF_LC CMGLNE FMD_NbN_M_N _NNaL MTILbND_E.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA116

10. ?. . A ?/ ;< ;-



* == * * = < <=, * /= < = <* =< <= ****. XFNF_HIMM_H HG MTaFNfHE GcMTLNHC eDbN_MLcF, _LMIE MTLPTN HSCNINN T OLcJC GcMTLE JN_F_M_L aM GPFcMbN_M_L, GaCM CHE_

ECM GLHFaMjF, PS EaJTaM NLNFG_cF cc MTGaFSMMa, PS MTIF_FNN_MIE_TIT MT_FFbN_M SELH NJMTNFN DFHMa. A EaJTjE GOE CM eS PaFCE, P_FFFEIT_MCMT@aL FEFGM() T eD NHCEC @DFMTNaME GPFcMbN_M_L, HI GcMTLNHC EOFNeLHG TIHIMbNNc NHCEC @FMTLFNMaF. S EfFdHdTj GC_FCM MTEdTdEEF DcF FF_NINNMTLPTN JLILGDC HG @FNaNFHfF NaEIHSE, aM PCMTIHN: SIG_HSIM, FMIHS MT-EdT-CaHSl GcMTLEEF CM @IFSNNN S MTLPTN CENCEC aM GNICEC MTGJIHNcFGM MTbHPIHFe aM NaEIHS GOHE_N.

A OG_HLj@ILL_M PCTM_FN_L CL_HSOFc @FGaLaM LGaHSEaJJH G@IFGTcINN,IS NLNFGC NECHNNH IFSH MTEGC EaJTaME MTfEMaME, GFSE PTNjC, DIC aMT_FEI_MC CMGLNEN aM EaJMMaEN HSeDNHE, FNjMaN NLGNHE MNLNaCC

IHIFEI_M FMD_NbN_M_L.

7.4. A O;; ;< += ?=?;

A F@C GcMTLLF PCTM_FN EONN_M LGaHSEaJJH CTIFcINN T CJINaTCM, GFSMTLCHN * *= = <** < < <, >< < * < -= *= /<=. fFdHdMH FEFGM N_LMFGC @IFSGNIE, GIELNCEOM aLNaELHGaLNaMaL, T SfNNGlEdaMC aM EIGGOHCE_CcM NHCE_E, EIH@FCENOMETFaM FMD_-NbN_M_L aM EdTdMMaC aFGaHSE GNJMTNF_M_L. A MTLPTNE GlEdNNaM JC DIC,

T_FEI_MC, GHTMGHN CMGLNEN, EaJMMaEN aM NNCNldEN @DFMTN. A EONN_MLGaHSEaJJH LL DONINNOHE, HIHJLI@CN MTEGLE EaJTaMEIL GEaLTNNMTEaLNjE _FNF @IHNIMHE NLNINN FGEN EFF GPFcMbNHC EaJTaMC JLILG MIL_H.

A @FGaLaMH MTEGLE L_PCF_bNINNE LL, IS MTfEMaM HIHJLI@CN MTLPT-NEN aM @FHjNNEaJTaMN MeDNc GCHCMTNL_Cc MdEEHNaM. A PaFGaHSN HSCFP_HbNcES@DN NHOF_MN HaJMTLlMbNj aM NHOF_M-GcMTLNHC MbNMaHSeDN_MN CM P_LHE HIH-JLI@CN MTLPTNENjF aM TN, IS MTLPTNE GCHNEaHN MTIF_FDHE GIELNCEOMaLNaELH, CPCF NNCNl _N_M_L.

7.5. A <;; > ;?O +=-; ??/ ;; /; ?/;

A EONN_M MT_GIM LGaHSN ITINN MTENIL NECHNNaH. SLaMTN dMMT@IFFc EaJN @FHjNNEaJTaMC MTLPTNELjF, GFFSF C HG LHFETNN MG MTEG, MG HIHJLI@CNMTENIL. A PCTM_FNNF NONIMH NdLENfHE FGaFNC aM SEILFNC CMGLNEN dMMTTHC CPCF MTLPTNE MT_G_L, HHE NON_H, IS Nd CPCF MTLPTN MD_N EaJTaMC JLILGIENCHbN GOHEN_LMC MTEGC @FEaMTfFNMaaHE CTNIMbN_M_L, MT_GIM @FMjIENN_MC CHNaTGaHSHJC MJCFCT_CcEaHN, PS S-S NHN_LS LLDaC MTLJF HIHJLI@CN CMGLNE NHbN_M. A CPCF-HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE GlEdNNaMaL CL_HSOFc CMGLNE, EIGJNHC_E GMTLTa-

MaPF _FFGCF FCMGLN MTEEaJMbNaMN CM FN MTLTHC. A @FMILIFN JLILGIEH T L-GaHSE DcF MTHIMbNNcE FJTc DFFfE aM ENO_FCM NLNFGOE LaPaH.

\"#,$)A)X 117



JLILGIN GONNDOE, MOJ_H JLILG GIOF_LCM MTLETNaN, ECGFDfE MTEGC-, MTGaFSM-, N_LMM- aM GcMTLEIGJNHC_EN, GFSE F@C EONN_MH CPCFENCPCN_ML aM MTLPTNC GlEdaML PIHNEITc EaLaM P_FMTCcF G_L CMGLjME FN-

HE. CHHE FjNN GOHENLfFN GONN_M MTfEMaM.

K < < - < N <* <=< >*== , N / **=- <*:m dTLGlEdCE HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE FJbN_M_PF aM GlEdaMaPF EJMIFNIM

MTLPTaMC @FNIE DIMTLl FIHSIFbN_M_H.m CaJbNC FSC EJMIFNLHMTLN, JLNHLMaC SfNNGlEdaMN aJbN.m \MTNdHTC FIE_FCM LaMTPaNFN, MTEGCF N_GIND FSC MFEPaMN.m dTLGlEdCE T_FEI_MN aLCHNj dHNaME FjEaMTbNaMaH, GPFcMbN_M_H

aM FFHjLTaMaH.m aMTN PMT HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE MTLPTNC-PTNaMC @FNCHE FF_N_M_H.

m dTLGlEdCE GILH GLENCH aM JOFC LFNCIHM HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNELMJC@CE_FN FEFGT_M_H.

m TC aM HGTNEdTC JLIDENEN, J_FS_TNIEN NLPT G aM IHSIFbN F.m #ILL_MNLGNaMC NHCE_EN FEFGT.m aJTaMEN, NLaHCHEN MTLPT, N_GIND T aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_MN.m bNC MTLPTN GOHEN_LMC, dHEaHNMC GOHE_D_HE EIILCH_F_M_N.m ILH EIGGOHCE_CcM MTEdTdE, MNILH_E aM NHCE_E MbNMaaPF fSPCNFC

@FNIEN F_N F.m AFEFGTT T aLEaLPaHSMbNj aM aLEEaJPCMFNC NHCE_EN.

A EdTdMMaC-CPCF MTLPTj MTEEaJTaMC JLILG GIOF_LCM @FaJbNaM

4. ?. ;. A ?/-+= ?=?O ?? / <

A MTEGC EIGJNHC_E GFFNN FMD_NbNHc EIGJNHC_EN, NFDM MTEEaJMbNaMMTEGC aM PCTMEdPNFGaHSCN JaHTfSGCHCMTNaLCOG N_MEdLa NLNITc MTEEaJ-

MbNaME MTEGC aM PCTMEdPNFGaHSCLjF MTcFc 23/2008. (.08.) LHFNNLNFGTT.

\"#,$)A)X 119

A 55 345 03 0000 00 00 AZ[ X], \\Y$ - i$Yk AYZY AA \YAA

A?; /=?

2720-06 CPCF N_LMFIG m CPCF-HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE

2721-06 dTdMMaMTLPTaM .

2722-06 A HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE GHTMFaM2004-06 LIDENNLPTaM aM JLIDENGHTMGHN

2723-06 dTdMMaC NHOF_M aM MTLPTaM

2001-06 AT fTFNPCNFFF EJMIFNIM MTGaFSM aM MTLPTNC EIGGOHCE_CcM

@FNIE GSL aM CH HSFPH

2025-06 T_GbN_MNHCEC @FNIE



7.5.2. N'* && %& = '* B*= C " 20

A @HNCET MIHFcH EONN_MOHE FMj @ILOFcM LGaHSCHE @CSFGPaNFaPFEaMTfFNE F MTEEaJMbNaM MTEGC aM PCTMEdPNFGaHSC.

A HIHJLI@CN GHTML MTEEaJMbNaM GOHENLfFNaHE LdPC, DFFGTj FbL_M:m dTLGlEdCE HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE FJbN_M_H, GlEdaM @FNaNFCHE CTNIMbN_M_H,

GOHEN_LME CL_HSbN_M_H.m #IFSGNIM EJMIFNIEN _JIF HIHJLI@CN MTLPTN NM__PF aM P_FMTNINN PTNjCPF

PS EOLNcLCOG_PF, CTNIMbND T CH@ILG_Cc-_LGF_MN aM PaFGaHSMLaN.m aMTN PMT FSC EJMIFNLHMTL ECaJbNaMaH, aM IHITT MTEGC EJMIFNIEN.m dTLGlEdCE MTLPTN NPaEHSMaaHE, GOHEJLILGD_HE NLPTaMaH,

CL_HSbN_M_H, FGTaMaH aM aLNaEFaMaH.m LIDENEN NLPT aM GPFcMbN_MOEN CL_HSbND.m aMTN PMT JaHTfSC-T_FEI_MC NPaEHSMa CL_HSbN_M_H, FFHjLTaMaH.

m SfNNGlEdCE dHEaHNMEEF, CFFNP EIILCH_FD GOHE_DOEN.m #ILL_MNLGNaMC NHCE_EN FEFGT, GMTLPTC aM GlEdNNC J_FS_TN@CSFaMC

aM N_GIN_M-MTLPTjC LHMTLN.m L_HSbND aM MTLPTC - aM [email protected] HTPaHSEN aM EaJTaMEN MTLPT.m JMIFNIEN NLN, CFFNP SfNNGlEdCE TC aM HGTNEdTC HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNEEF.m aJPCMFC MTLPTNN, N_DaEITNN_MN HSeDN, NIN MTIF_FNN.m AFEFGTT T aLEaLPaHSMbNj aM aLEEaJPCMFNC NHCE_EN.m MTLPTC aM GlEdNNC HJLEaMT, Nd@OHECcM HSCFP_HNLN_MIE LHMTLaN.m T_GbN_MNHCEC MTEdTdEN FEFGT T fSPCNFC @FNIE FF_N_M_IT.

m INCP_CcM MTEdTdEN FEFGT.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA120

20 A 54 345 04 0000 00 00 TIHIMbNcMT_Ge HIHJLI@CN GHTML (aM HHE LaMTNLfFNCN G_H

@IFFc HIHJLI@CN fSCHNaTj) JLILG EIGJNHCFJe aM GIOFLHMTLl ECIFIT_M_H BLfFF CN aM ALJIPCM _LC PNN LaMTN. A MTEG EIL_H,1998-H ELfF T LMT_IM aJTaMC STaE.



NHOFc MTLPTN ECP_Fc JaF_D CM SH. A lFS SfNNGlEdaMC EOFNeL_D _FNF_H G_NLCR-MTLPTNEN DFFGTC, aM GCHN JLILGIE FaNLDdNN CTIHSbNINN, ECP_FcH FEFGM EONN_MC LGaHSE GCFjC SEILFNC @FMTH_F_M_N FjGITbNHC.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA122



I"DALM

1. A EILG_HSTN CPCF MNLNaC_D. 2003. QQQ.MTGG.IP.O2. A FCMMTIHC MNLNaC eD ETN (2005): NNJ://.OLIJ.O/LIQNHDIM/

J@/IGGMJLCHO.J@ 3. A SL dTN_LMM_ ILG_HS_HE MNLNaC_D T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_MLcF.

2005. NNJ://QQQ.IG.O/GCH.JJ?@IFL=10744. A NHOF_M NFG. A SL aJ@jCMEIFC _LMM_ fFNaM SCFNEITN, 2004.

DHO_L ([email protected])5. A NHOFc LaCc MTLJ T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M GPFcMbN_M_H. H: ]D

cCC TGF. YP@./6. 72-83. IF.6. A@C DIM (1900): A MTEjGlPMMa NdLNaHN. AEaGCC Cc, JLCHN (1993)

BOJMN.7. X_G $SdLS (2008): FjMTc. H: BHE AHL_M m _MTFc (MTLE.) (2008)

HOF_M aFNH _N /a/ SLILMT_IH. GJOM dTFJbNP_HS, BOJMN. 11-15.I.8. AFL OCN (2004): A 45 aPH @FfFCE @IFFEITNN_MC FSTN. LMT_IM #IFFEIT-

NN_MC dTFJbNP_HS ([email protected], FNdFNP: 2004. IENcL 15.)9. AHILE OIF@ (1997) BPTNaM MTICIFcC_. MCLCM, BOJMN.

10. AHFOMT cLN - LIM cLN (MTLE.) (2001): _LMFGE LDNNN _FcTN.SL dTPaFGaHSEONNc HNaTN. BOJMN.

11. AHCL, FGON . m $LLM, fLH m IGI, #LHE (1998): A NjE aM N_LMFGCMNLOENeL @ILG_C EOFNOL_FCM GTjEH: BIOLCO N_LMFGC NIJIL_@C_D_HE PCTM_FN.H: HSFm T_HNc (MTLE.):. 177-206. I.

12. AHCL, FGON . (2005): IHJLI@CN LHCTNCIHM. ILS, GHGHN, JIFCS.IHIH m Q ILE, IONF.

13. AHCL, . FGON m $FMCOM, LFCM- FIL, LS (MTLE.) (2004): $FI_FCM CPCFN_LMFIG. BOJMN, SJINR.

14. AHNIHS $CHM (1998): CL S: HQF I@ ICF GILS. IFCNS

LMM, GLC, ..15. ALJIPCM _LC (1997): ITLN aM MTEjGlPMMa. TEIFITN, #EaTCLN.

16. ALJIPCM _LC (2004): AEELCN_FN @FMjIENN_MC JLILGIE CPCF N_LMFIG aMHIHJLI@CN EaJTaM NLfFNaH SLILMT_IH m EONN_MC dMMT@IFFc. H: BLHSCYPmBLfFF CN (MTLE.) (2004): aTCME, HIHJLI@CN MTENIL @DFMTNaMaN MbNjNHOFG_HSIE. AFJbNP_HS SL #FMjIENN_MaLN aM ONN_MaLN, BOJMN.

17. ALJIPCM _LC (2005): A CPCF MTLPTNE MTLJ 45 aP @FNNC @FHjNNEEaJTaMaH. H: T. IFH_L AHH (2005): AT CjM @FHjNN LaNE (45 aP @FNNCE)@FHjNNEaJTaMC CaHSC aM EaJTaMC FNjMaC, #, EONN_MC MT_GIFc.

18. ALJIPCM _LC (2005): AT IENN_M aM EOFNeL EILHM @DFMTNaMaHE FNjMaC.aTCLN, \-A, BOJMN.

&/,!A),* 123



19. ALJIPCM _LC (2006): qCPCF N_LMFIG aM HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNEp EELCN_FNEaJTaMC JLILG T cCC aM MTCIFcCC LIH. H: CPCF #cLOG,IFITMP_L, 2006. 4. T.

20. ALJIPCM _LC (2007): #FHjNNEaJTaMC HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE SLILMT_IH. ATaMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M aM CPCF MTLPTNE. _Cc Cc m AT YFNIMMTCLNc lPFjaMaLN AFJbNP_HS, BOJMN.

21. ALJIPCM _LC (2007): ENN_MC aM @FHjNNIENN_MC HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE MNNCMTNCE NfELaH. aJTaM aM $SEILFN, JIMP_LC SNG, 2007/3. 73-88.

22. ALJIPCM _LC (2007): #FHjNNIENN_MC HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE. H: HTC DIM(MTLE.) (2007) A MTE- aM @FHjNNEaJTaM-MTLPTaM SEILFN. AAB H_Mc aMCc @N., BOJMN.

23. ALJIPCM _LC (2007): qaHC_EIEp m HOFHC CjM EILH. H: OG_H Fc,2006/5, 213-215.

24. ALJIPCM _LC (2008): A CPCF-HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE MTLJP_FFF_M @FHjNNEEaJTaMaH. CPCF TGF @IFScCLN 2008/3. 37-58.

25. ALJIPCM _LC. (2009) A CPCF N_LMFIG aM HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE MTLJ TaMT aFNL ECNLDj NHOF_MH. PFaMNOIG_HSC IENILC MEIF.IENILC () CMMTLN_Cc.

26. ALNI, AHLQ m IH, H (1992): CPCF ICNS H IFCNCF ILS. LMM,GLC.

27. ALNI, AHLQ m IH, H . IH, H . (1992): CPCF ICNS H IFCNCFILS. GLC MM. m IHIH, LMM.

28. ALCMTNINFaMT (1984): IFCNCE. 2. EC_M. $IHIFN Cc, BOJMN.

29. ALH LFMH (2002): LGFjCMEIF_E (_HC_H) MTcCEE. H: #FHjNNIENN_MC aMEaJTaMC FRCEIH, SL cCC _LMM_, BOJMN.

30. ALIHMIH, FFCIN (1978): A N_LMM FaHS. dTTM_C aM IC dHSPECc, BOJMN.31. ALLIQ, . . (1979): AT SNGC IENN_M LIMN_Fc MTLJ. H: SHMeFS aM dHNaM.

dTTM_C aM IC Cc, BOJMN.32. AMJCH, .. m JGH, ..: C@FIH LHCH: IHJNM H IHJNCIHM. H: HN.

IOLHF I@ C@FIH ONCIH. 17 (4) 2-20.33. ANECHMIH, CN . m ANECHMIH, CL . m GCN, QL . m BG, LSF . m

IFH-IEMG, OMH (2001): MTCIFcC. MCLCM Cc, BOJMN.34. AT OLcJC LFGHN aM H_M AD_HF_M (2008. _JLCFCM 23.) AT aMT aFNH _N

NLNc NHOF_M OLcJC aJMbNaMC LNLHMTLaHE FaNLIT_M_LcF (2008/ 111/01).35. AT OLcJC dTdMMa BCTINNM__HE dTFGaHS T dHEaHNM MTLPTNE aM FJbN-P_HSIE MTLJaHE LjMbNaMaLjF OLcJ_H (1998): G CPNFIM @ILbN_M. BOJMN,OLcJ _T.

36. B_IMCE MNP_H (1993): A MJIHN_H ECLEMTNjaM, GCHN CMEIFC _LNFIG. ]D cCCTGF, 7-8 MT. 86-88.

37. B_IMCE MNP_H (1999): A HPFaM FGaFN aM SEILFN. GTNC HEdHSPECc,BOJMN.

38. B_IMCE MNP_H (2004): PFaMFGaFN. PFaM T OLcJC HCcH. MCLCM, BOJMN.39. B_IMCE MNP_H (MTLE.) (1997): A GILH HPFaM FGaFN. FIMT Cc, BOJMN.

40. BDOMT F_L (2008): A @FHjNNEILH MTfEMaM EOFMEIGJNHC_E. H: AHLcCCCMGLNE, # 3.5.1, BOJMN 2008.117-177.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA124



41. BDOMT F_L m #CFc MCFF - aGN BF_TM (2004): A GSL @FHjNNIENN_M NdLNaHN 20. MT_T EdTJaC. aM, ##, SNGC DSTN.

42. BEMC $SOF m BIEIL ANNCF m M_MT_L M m $FC AHL_M m IP_NM FOC m

E_M _HIL (1999): NLNaCC GLC Lj@ILL_M GHTMGHN. dTTM_C aM IC dHSPECc, BOJMN.

43. BFI BH - aMT_LIM $ST m MNaHS MNP_H (2003): cMTL aM SEILFN. AHIHJLI@CN MNNCMTNCE 10 aP. 1992-2002, dTJIHNC NNCMTNCEC CPNF.

44. BFI aNL (2007): A @FHjNNEaJTaMN @IFSNNc CHNaTGaHSE HSCFP_HNLN_M. H:HTC DIM (MTLE.) (2007): A MTE- aM @FHjNNEaJTaM-MTLPTaM SEILFN. AABH_Mc aM Cc @N., BOJMN.

45. BHMcE cTM@ m CM IFS (2006): ONN_M @FHjNNIENN_M aM EaJTaM TC aF aM@FNLHMTLaHE P_FNIT_M_LcF EILMTLl JCTM_, CFFNP NHOFc N_LM-FIG @DFjaMaHE NfELaH. #, BOJMN.

46. BLNN, $CH IFI (1993): @CHCH N HIHJLI@CN MNIL: NFS. H: MNL .FGIHmFGON . AHCL M.: ILECH JJLM I@ N IHM IJECHMIGJLNCP IHJLI@CN NIL LIDN I. 8. IHM IJECHM HMNCNON @IL IFCSNOCM, BFNCGIL.

47. BLNN, IFI (1991): A HIHJLI@CN MTENIL TM_C MTLJ. H: MaFS. 1. 11-22. I.48. BLNF AHH _LC (1999): IHJLI@CN FJCMGLNE EaTCEdHSP. BOJMN, CNOLC.49. BLNF AHH _LC (2005): IHJLI@CN FGaFNE, GIFFE, NLHE. T_TPa,

BOJMN.50. BLNF AHH _LC (2010): \HEaHNME aM HG-dHEaHNME 2008. aPC OLcJC YLNaE

CTM_FN NfELaH, PS AEC dHEaHNM HSI PFcMTbHlMaF IFI aM Fa-

NN? QQQ.PIFOHNLGINCPNCIH.O51. BLNF AHH _LC m GNNS IFN_H (2009): A GSL dHEaHNME GINCP_CcHE

PCTM_FN aM SL \HEaHNMGINCP_CcM aLjbP (\) MTNHLCT_F_M_HELGaHSC. QQQ.PIFOHNLGINCPNCIH.O

52. BaFHL, OF (1995): C@FIH LHCH: CFNCM I@ qC@FIH ONCIHMp.H. BaFHL, OF m $FJC, NNIL (M.) (1995): C@FIH ONCIH. FOQL.ILLN. 353-383.

53. BHE AHL_M m _MTFc (MTLE.) (2008) HOF_M aFNH _N /a/ SLILMT_IH.GJOM dTFJbNP_HS, BOJMN.

54. BLH . P_H (2003): A DcFaNC _FFG: P_FM_ aM ECONE, CMNcLC 2003/7.

NNJ://QQQ.CMNILC.O/LCPOG/2003/0307LH.NG55. BLHC B. BLIQH (1968): "FJC LIMM: A NIIFIS M @IL N FCCNNCIHI@ JCHCIHM I@ RJLNM." : AH LFCL JJL JOFCM S A (IOGHN I: -3925.)

56. BCc MNP_H (1986): _FININN NHOFG_HSIE (1945m49). PNj, BOJMN.57. BbLc HL (2002): IHJLI@CN MTENIL HFbTCM. A LIDEN, A SMfFN,

BOJMN.58. BFMEc MOTM (2002): OFNOL_FCM LJLIOECc PS EOFNOL_FCM GICFCN_M. H: TICIFcCC

TGF 2002/2. 3-27.I.59. BIT _HIM m M OCN m ONC YP m aMT_LIM $ST m MNSaH MNP_H (2002):

IHJLI@CN MTLPTNE SLILMT_IH 2000. dTJIHNC NNCMTNCEC CPNF, BOJMN.

60. BIT _HIM m GLC MNP_HHa m ONC YP maMT_LIM $ST m MNSaH MNP_H (1998):IHJLI@CN MTLPTNE SLILMT_IH 1996. dTJIHNC NNCMTNCEC CPNF, BOJMN.

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61. BIT _HIM m $aLCH m GNNS m Tc m LCNF (2006): IHJLI@CN MTLPTNESLILMT_IH 2004. dTJIHNC NNCMTNCEC CPNF, BOJMN.

62. BcC $SdLS (2000): 1% SEILFNH. CH: 1% - #ILCHNMTPTNIEp CPCF MTLPTNEL.

HOFG_HSIE. IHJLI@CN ONN_MIE 9. IHJLI@CN ONNcMIJILN, BOJMN, 121-136.63. BINECH, GM . m FGHDL, C m FCNT, CL (1979): I FCGCNM NI FLHCH.

BLCHC N OGH $J. A JILN NI N FO I@ IG, FO I@ IG.64. BIOLCO, . m KOHN, . (1992): AH HPCNNCIH NI @FRCP ICIFIS. CI:

HCPLMCNS I@ CI LMM.65. BIOLCO, . (1978): A N_LMFGC SHFjNFHMaE eDLNLGFjaM. $IHIFN,

BOJMN.66. BIOLCO, . (1997): $TM_C NjE, EOFNOL_FCM NjE, N_LMFGC NjE. H.: AHFOMT

. (MTLE.): A N_LMFGC LaNTjaM EIGJIHHMC. _FININN NHOFG_HSIE. ]DH_NOG dHSPECc, BOJMN, 156-177.

67. BIOLCFFIH, A. (.) (1945): IFOHNLS ICF LPCM: F CHN ILHNN. NOH, IHIH.

68. BITcEC AHL_M (1999): A GIEL_C GLjMdaMaHE N_LMFGC @FNaNFC. H:M@Ec #LH m ILP_N M (MTLE.) (1999): SL aM OLcJC CPCF N_LMFIG. A aMNN 1999. G_LCOM 5-7-aH qAT OLcJC CPCF N_LMFIGp bGGF LHTNNEIH@LHC HS_cF. A OH_HNeFC OIG_HSIM HNaTN m aM-BLHSCYLNFGCMaC SMfFN, aM.

69. BLCHL G_M (1999): IHJLI@CN FJCMGLNE. dNPdM cTM@ #jCMEIF, BD.70. BLCHL G_M (2001): A FECM EdTdM NdMTdLdM. qA F_MTFa fHHJ

F_MTFa @jP_LIM_Hp HPl LHTPaHS EdTdMMa@ILG_Fc N_M BD_H. H: NCHLHa

IFH_L OCN m aMT_LIM $_IL (MTLE.) (2001): HbNcEaJTaM aM _NNL HGTNCMaCNHbNcEaJTaM, CHHSFP IENN_M, EdLHSTNPaFGC aM GlMTEC EONN_MIE TdNPdM cTM@ #jCMEIF_H, BD.

71. BLHNIH, LC (1985): IFOHNLS NIL CH BLCNCM ICF LPCM, IHGH,IHIH m Q ILE.

72. BLCM, AM (1961): F@L NN CH CMNILCF LMJNCP. OLIJH OLHF I@ ICIFIS, 2. 221-258 SLOF: A DcFaNC _FFG NdLNaHNC JLMJENbP_H.: #L M.m aPC . (MTLE) (1991): A DcFaNC _FFG. -QCHM, BOJMN, 223-238.

73. BLIQH, BLHC B. (1968): FJC LIMM: A NIIFIS M @IL N FCCNNCIHI@ JCHCIHM I@ RJLNM. AH LFCL JJL JOFCM S A (IOGHN I:

-3925, 1968)74. BLIQH, IGM (1972): AH RJLCGHN CH LICFCMNC #ILMNCH, -944-AA,1972 - N @CLMN A JJL.

75. BLfFF CN (2006): #FHjNNEaJTaM aM EdTGlPFjaM. A OJMNC EdTGlPFjaMCCHNaTGaHSE FS aM MTLJ T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_MH. aTCLN.

76. BOJMNC SCFNEITN EdTdMMa@DFMTNaMLjF (2004) LIF 2004. fFdHMT_G.1-3.I.

77. BSMNLdG, (1996): NOS CLFM. H: HNLHNCIHF HSFIJC I@ AOFN ONCIHH LCHCH (. OCDHGH, A..) R@IL.

78. . LHL (1964): LGCHOMIE GN_LIT_M. H: $. HMH, A.A CPLCN aM .

FFHE (): AOFN ONCIH, 1964. CH: LcNC A. (MTLE): (2001): AHLcCCTdPSlDNGaHS, 9. EC_M, GTNC HEdHSPECc, BOJMN.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA126



79. MNFFM, HOF (1996): H@ILGNCIH A: IHIGS, ICNS H OFNOL. IF.1. CM I@ N NQILE ICNS. R@IL, BFEQFF OFCMLM.

80. @IJ (2008): CNCTHM PCQM IH FC@FIH FLHCH CH N 10 Q GL NNM.

# HILG LCM, 150, ORGIOL.81. A (1994): MEIFLHMTLH EbPfFC @FHjNNIENN_M PaILMT_H. HNLOG @IL

MGFFMLN I GICFCMLCH. H: dTdMMa@DFMTNjE SMfFN (2003): aJTjEEaJTjD(QQQ.EEJMIFN.O) NNJ://QQQ.EE.O/ITIMMCANNL/-.M@/0/32@789160312566003862?JHIOGHN, (FNdFNP:2008-11-06)

82. IFGH, . . (1994): #IOHNCIHM I@ ICF ILS. GLC.83. IFGH, . . (1996): _LMFGC NjE. H: HSF $SdLS m T_HNc IFN_H

(MTLE.)(1996): A TM_C aFN MTICIFcC_D. BOJMN: B TICIFcCC aM TI-C_FJIFCNCEC HMTaE, 99-129.

84. IFGH, GM . (1986): HCPCOF HNLMNM H IFFNCP ANCIH. GLC,GLC HCPLMCNS LMM.

85. IFGH, GM . (1988): ICF JCNF CH N LNCIH I@ OGH JCNF. H: AGLCH IOLHF I@ ICIFIS. 94. 95-120. I.

86. IFGH, GM . (1990): #IOHNCIHM I@ ICF ILS. LPL HCPLMCNS LMM,GLC.

87. IIGM .. m LIMML . m AG (1973): Q NM NI LHCH: #IL OLFCFLH H ION. MMR, HNLHNCIHF IOHCF #IL ONCIHF PFIJGHN.

88. IIGM, .. (1969): C FNCFOHMELCM. LHMN LF, NONNLN.89. IOHCF I@ OLIJ (1996): ONCIH @IL GILNC CNCTHMCJ () LIDN.

90. TEc XHM - LM_HSC _MTFc - ONC YP - D XHM (1995): EIMM_C IG_HSIEaM dHEaHNM GOHE. BOJMN, dTJIHNC NNCMTNCEC CPNF m IHJLI@CN ONNcMIJILN.

91. TCE F_L m ONC YP (2005): EIMM_C IG_HSIE aM dHEaHNM NPaEHSMaE.$SILMDFHNaM 2004-M @FGaLaM LGaHSCLjF. \HEaHNM dTJIHN AFJbNP_HS mIHJLI@CN ONNcMIJILN SMfFN BOJMN.

92. M P_H m cN MNP_H $SdLS (MTLE.) (1999): A DcFaNC _FFG JIFCNCEC TM_N-H. MCLCM, BOJMN.

93. M@Ec #LH m ILP_N M (MTLE.) (1999): SL aM OLcJC CPCF N_LMFIG. A aMNN 1999. G_LCOM 5-7-aH qAT OLcJC CPCF N_LMFIGp bGGF LHTNNEIH@LHC HS_cF. A OH_HNeFC OIG_HSIM HNaTN m aM-BLHSC

YLNFGCMaC SMfFN, aM.94. MaHSC aNL m _EC _MTFc (MTLE.) (1999): dTNM FSTN? CHCMTNLFHdECCPNF, BOJMN.

95. MaHSC aNL m _EC _MTFc (MTLE.) (2000): dTNM FSTN?! CHCMTNLFHdECCPNF, BOJMN.

96. MLGFS aNL (2005): A LDNNN _FcTNIE LD. CH Cc, BOJMN.97. MLH_E LCHH m H_E NFCH m F_HHa FLC AHCEc (MTLE.) (2004): AT

aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_M. dTJIHNC NNCMTNCEC CPNF, BOJMN.98. MCTGC . (2003): H CH N_LMFGC-NjE FGaFN. H: aGC aHM m TLC

L m #IHSc ANNCF (MTLE.) (2003): dNj-DFE 2002. AT TICIFcC IENILC

MEIF_D_HE YPEdHSP, TICIFcCC aM TIC_FJIFCNCEC HNaTN, BOJMN.99. MIG $SOF (2005): AHLcCC MTGFPaHSE. SCNINN dHSP, BOJMN.

&/,!A),* 127



100. MIG $SOF (2008): TGJIHNIE T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_MIT EJMIFccIENN_MJIFCNCEC JLILGIJE aLNaEFaMaT.H: BHE AHL_M m _MTFc (MTLE.)(2008) HOF_M aFNH _N /a/ SLILMT_IH. GJOM dTFJbNP_HS, BOJMN.

66-104.I.101. LHIL@, F@ (1997): A@NL 1989 m ILFM, PIFONCIH H CPCF ICNS. R@IL,

N. AHNIHSnM IFF.102. FES, . H FGL, (1963): AH RJLCGHNF AJJFCNCIH I@ N FJC

NI NI N M I@ RJLNM, HGHN H 9, I. 3 (AJLCF 1963):, J, 458.103. GNL CH (MTLE) (2006): A EIGJNHC: ECbP_MIE aM aLNFGTaME, ,

BOJMN.104. CHS _MTFc m #LEM #LH - NMC LTMaN m LM IFN_H (2004): IHOMCHMM

GLENCH aM GHTMGHN. -\ IC aM ^TFNC Cc @N, BOJMN.105. OLEc _NS_M m LcNC AHIL (1966): aJGlPFaMFGaFN, HEdHSPECc, BOJMN.

106. EIF, ILG m LP, JCI (1976): A @FHjNNIENN_M ECCHOFcJIHNDC aM [email protected]: LcNC A. (MTLE) (2001): AHLcCC TdPSlDNGaHS. 9. EC_M, GTNCHEdHSPECc, 41-61.

107. FLN ILLN #. m #LEM #LH m LIFCHS _LNIHHa m IcL cTM@ (1993):TGaFSTNC/GLC Lj@ILL_M GHTMGHN. HOM HHIHCOM SNGC Cc, aM.

108. GjES AHL_M m ETECHa cN NFCH m TCF_SC F_L m dFSMS _F (2005): AGMNLEaJTaM JcC_D. TENO_M Cc _T LN.

109. (1948): AT GLC IIE SNGM SCFNEITN, SMfFN GTNE TLPTN.110. MJCH m AHLMH, $IMN (1990): L ILFM I@ F@L JCNFCMG. LCHNIH:

HCPLMCNS LMM. 19-34, SLOF: C DcFaNC _FFG? H #L M.-aPC . (MTLE)

(1991): A DcFaNC _FFG, -QCHM, BOJMN, 116-134.111. MNFF, GM (1987): A HIHJLI@CN MTENLIL FGaFN HGTNEdTC dMMTMIHFbN_M

NfELaH. H: ONC Y. m LMFF . (MTLE.) (1991) A LGCE MTENIL. IHJLI@CNONNcMIJILN, BOJMN, 45-56.J.

112. MNFF, GM (1991): A HIHJLI@CN MTENIL FGaFN HGTNEdTC dMMTMIHFbN_MIENfELaH. H: ONC Y. m LMFF . (MTLE.) (1991): A LGCE MTENIL, IHJLI@CNONNcMIJILN, 45-56. I.

113. OLcJ BCTINNM_ (2007): HOFHC MIMG EaMj. MFEPaMC NLP @FHjNNEILCNHOF_MLcF. BLfMMTF, 27.9.2007, (2007): 558 PaFM

114. OLcJ H_M (2006): #FHjNNEILC NHOF_M: HOFHC MIMG EaMj. BCTINNM_

dTFGaHS, BLfMMTF, 23.10.2006.115. OLcJC BCTINNM_ (2000) GILHOG T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_MLcF. H: T.cN _HIM (MTLE.) (2001): OLcJ aTCEdHSP T aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_MLcF.SL aJ@jCMEIFC _LMM_ m THN MNP_H SNG, BOJMN.

116. OLcJC BCTINNM_ (2005): PMFN T aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_MN MTIF_Fc OLcJCEaJMbNaMC ELNLHMTL ECFEbN_M_L. 2005. OOMTNOM 7. BCTINNM_C EIHTOFN_CcMIEOGHNOG. (2005 ): 957, BLfMMTF.

117. OLIJH IGCMMCIH (1994): CN JL IH $LIQN, IGJNCNCPHMM HGJFISCFCNS. . BLOMMFM-ORGIOL.

118. OLIJH IGCMMCIH (1996): OLIJH L I@ C@FIH LHCH. , BLOMMFM.

119. OLIJH IGCMMCIH (1996): CN JL IH ONCIH H LHCH: CH HLHCH. IQLM N LHCH ICNS. BLOMMFM-ORGIOL.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA128



120. OLIJH IGCMMCIH (2002): OLIJH JILN IH OFCNS HCNILM I@ C@FIHLHCH. OLIJH IGGCMMCIH, BLOMMFM.

121. OLIJH IGGCMMCIH (1995): CN JL IH CH H LHCH, IQLM N

LHCH ICNS. OLIJH IGGCMMCIH , ORGIOL.122. OLIJH IGCMMCIH (2000): A GILHOG IH C@FIH LHCH, BLOMMFM,

30.10.2000 (2000) 1832123. OLIJH IGGCMMCIH (2004): OJJILNCH ANCP CNCTHMCJ. KOF JJILNOHCNCM

H ICF IMCIH. $ ONCIH H OFNOL, BLOMMFM.124. OLIJH LFCGHN (1993): JILN I@ N IGGCNN IH OFNOL, ION, ONCIH

H N C IH @IOHNCIHM H OLIJ. //241/241238 (1993.GL 8.): JJ. 4-5

125. OLIMNN NNCMNCM CH #IOM, IJOFNCIH H ICF IHCNCIHM (2005) oC@FIHFLHCH CH OLIJ. 8/2005, (QQQ.OLIMNN.OLIJ.O)

126. OLSC (2000): C@FIH LHCH: N IHNLCONCIH I@ ONCIH MSMNGM CH NGGL NNM I@ N OLIJH HCIH, BLOMMFM.

127. OLSCE (2000) C@FIH LHCH: N IHNLCONCIH I@ ONCIH SMNGM CH NGL NNM I@ N OLIJCH HCIH. OLSC OLIJH HCN, CMMTIH, 2000.G_LCOM 17m18.

128. PLM, AFLN (1998): C@NM CH N F@L CR. H: PLM A- CHNLMLL, (M.) C@NM CH N F@L CR CHH: OLIJH HNL @IL ICF F@QLLCHCH H ML. 7-30 SLOF: FNIFc_MIE DcFaNGCRH. H: AHILE .-LCF, .-ML, . (MTLE.): _LMFGC LaNTjaM, 1995, BOJMN, AOF, 605-632.

129. #. TEIM YP (MTLE) (2005): #cEOMTH @FHjNNE NHOF_M. OG_HNOIG_HSC aM

H_LEaJTj HNaTN, $ddFFj.130. #FOM P_H (MTLE.) (2000): BPTNaM JcCC EONN_M GcMTLC. lMTEC C-

c, BOJMN.131. #FOM P_H m CGGF IFH (2003): A JILN@cFCc. ENN_M-GcMTLNHC CMEdHSPN_L

., $IHIFN, BOJMN.132. #FOM P_H m FFa _HIM (2000): NNCMTNCEC GcMTLE JcOMIE MT_G_L,

Cc, BOJMN.133. #FOM P_H (MTLE.) (1997): CENCE. GTNC HEdHSPECc, BOJMN.134. #OL, L N F (1972): LHCH NI B: ILF I@ ONCIH IS H

IGILLIQ, , LCM.

135. #_SHa IGC AFC - F_ . mL . (2004): A HPFaMFGaFN FJDC. A $SOF.136. #_SHa IGC AFC (2000): cCC aFECNlTaME . MT_T GSL JcC-_D_H, A $SOF.

137. #aL NFCH (1999): A @FPCF_IMI_M JcCC MTGaC SLILMT_IH. dNPdM cTM@ Cc. BOJMN.

138. #aL NFCH (2006): DNc aM HPFaM SLILMT_IH. dNPdM cTM@ Cc.139. #ENaHa TEIM YP (2002): A @FHjNNE NHOF_M aM IENN_M m eD @F@I_MH.

AEaGCC Cc, BOJMN.140. #ENaHa TEIM YP (2003): AT FMj TC HLcCC FJC EONN_M LGaHSCjF.

H: SL cC, 103. aP@. 3. MT. 339-369.

141. #ENaHa TEIM YP (MTLE.) (2006): #cEOMTH @FHjNNE NHOF_M. THN MNP_HSNG $TM_C aM _LMFIGNOIG_HSC L, H_LEaJTj HNaTN, $ddFFj, 2006.

&/,!A),* 129



142. #CF, IH (2006): C@FIH LHCH H N Q ONCIHF LL. LHNGBIIEM, NIE IH LHN.

143. #CML, OLN $LL (1961): OL $MCN OH ILC L IFEMCFCH. CHT, 44-54.

SLOF: $IHIFNIE @FHjNNEaJTaM FGaFNaT. H: LcNC AHIL (MTLE): AHLcCC TdPSlDNGaHS, 9. EC_M, GTNC HEdHSPECc, 2001. 9-15.

144. #IFEIDMEIFLHM #ILHCH C HGLE (aJ@jCMEIF_E _HCC SMfFN): CPNFIM,HIF HSFPl IHFJD ([email protected])

145. #LCL, (1972): IS JJLMMM. LGIMQILN, OCH.146. #OEOSG #. (2000): A HS MTaNIGF_M: T GLC NLGaMTN aM N_LMFGC LH eD-

D_MTLPTaM. OLcJ, BOJMN.147. #OEOSG, #. (1997): BCTFIG. OLcJ, BOJMN.148. #OEOSG, #. (1999): ICF JCNF H CPCF ICNS. H: IH $HLNCIH

@ILGM, #, MCHNIH.

149. #OEOSG, #LHCM (1997): H I@ LL. IHIH, ICF LEN#IOHNCIH.

150. #OFFL B. m OCHMIH, . (1979): IM N NN RJH IIFCH? PCQ I@ NPCH. CH: #OFFL B. m OCHMIH, . (), IFCNCF IHMNLONCIH I@ ONCIHm NN, IIF RJHMCIH H IHIGC H, LL, Q ILE, MNJILN,IHHNCON, IHIH.

151. #OFFL B. m OCHMIH, . (1999): AT CMEIF_TINNM_ N_M HGTNTM_ HdPE-aMaL. H: F_MT $_IL m HHLN . (MTLE.) ENN_MC LHMTLE FGaFN. TdP-SlDNGaHS. EEL Cc, BOJMN.

152. #ONc aNL m HNS CH m _HSC _F m C_FS AHL_M m L. IFNaMT AHCEc (2005):

A MTIC_FCM TM_ DFH aM DdPjD SLILMT_IH. GTNC #FHjNNEaJTaMC HNaTN,BOJMN.

153. #fFdJ $aT (1978): SL IFPMcEdTdHMa @FPCF_IMI_M CDaH aM L@ILGEILH. AEaGCC Cc, BOJMN.

154. $_M _HIM (2005): A CMMTIHC #IFSGN: DNaFSE, FGaFNC aM SEILFNCHaTMaE. A dTTM_NOIG_HSC HNaTN lFSNHOFG_HSIE, 2005/1.

155. $FLCN, . .(1980): AOFN FLHCH GNIM. FL, #FILC.156. $FCFC _IFS IHFJD (QQQ.FCFC.O)157. $FHMaL NFCH m Nj _MTFc (MTLE.) (2002): dTGlPFjaM aM @FHjNNEaJTaM,

AT YFNIMMTC LNc lPFjaMaLN AFJbNP_HS, BOJMN.

158. $FHMaL NFCH (1998): A @FHjNNGlPFjaM @OHECcCHE @j P_FNIT_MC. H:LcNC-OIPMTES-_LC (MTLE.) (1998): A GSL @FHjNNIENN_M NdLNaHN. BOJMN, 15-25.159. $FHMaL NFCH (2006): AT CjMEILeE GlPFjaM aM EdTdMMaC @ILG_C SLIL-

MT_IH. OFNeJIHN LI, BOJMN.160. $LS, FOE (2004): FJC NI. fCNE, OLES. HCPLMCNS I@ AHEL.161. $LFS $SOF (2004): OFMEIGJNHC_E JC HCHMHE. H.: ]D cCC TG-

F 2004.11. MT_G.162. $CHM, AHNIHS (1998): CL S. IFCNS LMM, GLC.163. $CHM, AHNIHS (2003): TICIFcC. MCLCM Cc, BOJMN.164. $FHHLMNL, . (1999): AT IENN_M TM_NH: A MTLHM @ILHc? H: M . m

cN . $S. (MTLE.) (1999): A DcFaNC _FFG JIFCNCEC TM_NH, MCLCM, BOJMN,317-335.I.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA130



165. $FIF CPCF ICNS m AH PLPCQ (2003): IHM IJECHM HCPLMCNS HMNCNON@IL IFCS NOCM, HNL @IL CPCF ICNS NOCM, BFNCGIL, A.

166. $IN, . . (1809) IHT_MIE aM NMTbN_MIE. H: $IN _FININN GlPC (1963)

aHSE, OLcJ Cc, BOJMN.167. $IFHI@L LTMaN (1997): A NHOFc. H: #FOM P_H (MTLE.): CENCE. GTNC

HEdHSPECc, BOJMN.168. $LHIPNNL, LE (1988): A SH EdNaME LD. A _FcTNFGaFN @FfFPCTM_FN.

H: AHFOMT cLN m LIM cLN (MTLE.) (1991): _LMFGE LDNNN _FcTN.BOJMN, 1991, SL dTPaFGaHSEONNc HNaTN. 371m400. I.

169. $LO, LLN (1968): #IFGE aM PCMTIHSFNIE @FHjNNEaJTaMH. H: LcNC AHIL(MTLE): (2001): AHLcCC TdPSlDNGaHS, 9. EC_M, GTNC HEdHSPECc,BOJMN, 21-32. I.

170. $LPM, ILN (1985): $dLd GbNIMTIE, OLcJ, BOJMN.

171. $LC@@CH, IFCH: C@FIH LHCH H ICF GILS. H: HNLHNCIHF IOLHF I@ C@FIH ONCIH, IF 18., I. 5. 27-329. JJ.

172. $LIINL, LCMNCH (2001): ICF JCNF: CMMC CHE? H: ICF JCNF HLNCCJNCIH CH PLSS C@ M: OF EEL, LC . MFHL, IONF,IHIH (2001): 9-29.JJ.

173. $SjL@@S $_IL (1998): A HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE CMGaLPC aM NPaEHSMafE. H:dLdE LCHH m CHT LCMTNCH (MTLE.) (1998): AFJ@IEe EaTCEdHSP HIHJLI@CNMTLPTNEHE. BOJMN, AFJbNP_HS m ILIM mCIE LI.

174. $SdLSC IFN_H (2004): A GSLILMT_C @FHjNNEaJTaM. #, BOJMN.175. LGM, fLH (1987): ILS I@ IGGOHCNCP ANCIH. 2 PIFOGM. BIMNIH,

BIH LMM.176. LGM, fLH (1993): A N_LMFGC HSCFP_HIMM_ MTLETNP_FNIT_M. T_TPa

Cc, BOJMN.177. DO $aT (2002): AT IFPMcEdLdE P_LIM: _M_LFSC EdLdE 1945-2000.

cGTjP_M_LFS SC Ie _LIM \HEILG_HSTN, cGTjP_M_LFS.178. F_MT $_IL (2002): aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M: T eD IENN_MJIFCNCEC JLCG.

#FHjNNIENN_MC AEaGC, $SOF. H: CbP_MIE aM P_FMTIE: ]D J_FS_H T CMEIFLH-MTLl @FHjNNIENN_M (2002): LMT_IM dTIENN_MC HNaTN, #FHjNNIENN_MC aM CM-MaC dTJIHN, BOJMN (QQQ.IEC.O).

179. F_MT $_IL: A P_FFFEITcC EaMTMa @DFMTNaM. H: A EIGJNHC. CbP_MIE aM

aLNFGTaME. NNJ://QQQ.IEC.O180. HECMM FGaL (1983): _LMFGC MJ_E. CHcTCMIE. PNj, BOJMN.181. HECMM FGaL (2002): ]D CHcTCMIE. MCLCM, BOJMN.182. HMGHH, HLS (1987): A HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE EdTTM_C FGaFNC. H: ONC

YP m LMFF CEFcM (MTLE) (1991) A LGCE MTENIL, IHJLI@CN ONNcMIJILN,BOJMN, 29-44.I.

183. HMGHH, HLS (1987): IHIGC ILCM I@ IHJLI@CN LHCMNCIH. H:IQFF, FNL . (.): (1987): 27-42. JJ.

184. LHC _MTFc m LCLN CHTH m T. cN _HIM (MTLE.) (1998): GTNEdTCHSCFNEITNIE aM IEOGHNOGIE @FHjNNIENN_MLcF aM T aMT aFNH _N NLNc

NHOF_MLcF. aGN aJ@jCMEIFC TdPNMa GTNEdTC SfNNGlEdaMC HNaTN,BOJMN.

&/,!A),* 131



185. LHC _MTFc (1986): AT dHNPaEHS MTLPTNE MTLJ SLILMT_IH.BOJMN.

186. LHC _MTFc (1998): BMT_GIFc T . #FHjNNIENN_MC CF_EIH@LHC_D_LcF

(GOL, 1997. DeFCOM 14m18.) H: ]D cCC TGF, 1998/1.187. LHC _MTFc (2003): aJ@jCMEIF_E SLILMT_IH . MT_T EfMTdaH. H:

CHL aNL (MTLE) (2003): #FHjNNIENN_M aM mEaJTaM CMEIFLHMTLH aM TIHEbPfF. , BOJMN.

188. LCMIH, #. m SLM, . A. (1966): FGaFNE T GLC Lj@ILL_M @DFjaMaLjF. H:FFaM DIMHa (MTLE.) (1966): AT IENN_M TM_IMM_. HEdHSPECc, BOJMN.

189. LCMIH, #. (1968): GLC Lj@ILL_MIE aM @DFjaM. H: AT IENN_M NLPTaM.HOFG_HSIE. , HEdHSPECc, BOJMN.

190. LM_HSC, _MTFc (1999): A LGCE MTENIL. H: cC_M _MTFc (MTLE.) (1999):SfNNGlEdaMC FNjMaE CPCF MTLPTNE aM FSC dHEILG_HSTNIE EdTdNN:

aTCEdHSP CPCF MTLPTNE aM dHEILG_HSTNIE MT_G_L. BOJMN, _FcTN GIEL_C_aLN, 9-23. I.

191. MH, A.: C@FIH LHCH. CH A.. OCDHGH (.) (1996): HNLHNCIHFHSFIJC I@ AOFN ONCIH H LCHCH. LGIH LMM, R@IL, 33-41. JJ.

192. FGL, . H ML, (1960): H N JCMNGIFIS I@ N HRN CHM.LIDN H JILN -353, #LOLS 1960.

193. HTC DIM (2005): #FHjNNEaJTaMC GHTMGHN. L@EN Cc, BOJMN.194. HTC DIM (2007): A @FHjNNEaJTaM CHNaTGaHSLHMTL. H: HTC DIM (MTLE.)

(2007): A MTE- aM @FHjNNEaJTaM SEILFN. AAB H_Mc aM Cc @N.,BOJMN.

195. HTC DIM (MTLE.) (2007): A MTE- aM @FHjNNEaJTaM-MTLPTaM SEILFN. AABH_Mc aM Cc @N, BOJMN.

196. CHTH, LCLN (2001): A aGN aJ@jCMEIFC TdPNMa NPaEHSMa. H: LHC_MTFc m IL_HS LIFN (MTLE.) (2001): AT OLcJC @FHjNNIENN_M aM EdTGlPFjaMJLMJENbP_C. , BOJMN.

197. CHTH, LCLN (2002): qGTNEdTC EIH@LHC_E @FHjNNIENN_MLcFp MTcCEE,#FHjNNEaJTaMC RCEIH (2002): 397. I.

198. ILP_N YP (2007): A @FHjNNEaJTaMC HILGNbP N_GIN_M. H: HTC DIM (MTLE.)(2007): A MTE- aM @FHjNNEaJTaM-MTLPTaM SEILFN. AAB H_Mc aM Cc@N., BOJMN.

199. IQL, L ILDa (2003): EHMM I@ CPCF ICNS CH IMN-IGGOHCMNOLIJ. GLC HCPLMCNS LMM, GLC.200. IQL, L ILDa (2003): S JIMN-IGGOHCMN CNCTHM I HIN DICH PIFOHNLS

ILHCTNCIHM. H: BMO - MFHL (M.): 165-183. JJ.NNJ://.OLIJ.O/LIQNHDIM/J@/IGGMJLCHO.J@

201. OHSS $SdLSHa m . _MC _LC (2000): cCC NLPTaM. IGHCOM BN., aM.202. OMaH, ILMNH (1974): LHCH ICNS. NOH, IHIH.203. PH FFC (1971): MIIFCH ICNS. CNOFCTNCIH I@ LILMM, LJL & IQ

OFCMLM H, Q ILE.204. MCM BaF (2001): A HIHJLI@CN MT@aL FGaFN, IHJLI@CN TIF_FNNc dTJIHN,

FLMT.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA132



205. GM, MNFF (1987): IHJLI@CN NIL CH IGJLNCP LMJNCP. H: IQF,. (.): IHJLI@CN NIL: A ML HIIE. Q PH, F HCPLMCNSLMM. 27-42 JJ. SLOF: A HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE TM_C FGaFN HGTNEdTC

dMMTMIHFbN_MIE NfELaH. H: ONC YP m LMFF CEFcM (MTLE.) (1991): ALGCE MTENIL. IHJLI@CN ONNcMIJILN, BOJMN, 123-130.I.

206. LPCM, NL (2001): AT OLcJC @FHjNNIENN_M NLHDC. H: LHC _MTFc m, FHL$CNN (MTLE) (2001): AT OLcJC @FHjNNIENN_M aM EdTGlPFjaM JLMJENbP_C.SL lPFjaMC HNaTN, BOJMN, 7-18.I.

207. LPCM, NL (2004): AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M MTICIFcCC JLMJENbP_C.bMTIENILC MTaE@IFFc MTa, O_MGHTMGHN . aP@IFSG, 1. MT_G(NNJ://[email protected]/NOMGHTMGHN/)

208. LPCM, NL (2007): $FIFCMNCIH, C@FIH LHCH H N LHCH ICNS.IONF, IHIH.

209. @@M, . H GCN, . . (1999): H@ILGF ONCIH. IHPLMNCIH, GILSH FLHCH. CEHFF: ONCIH IQ.

210. CFCM, GHOF m CFIM, JSLCIH (2005): C@FIH LHCH CH OLIJ. NNCMNC CH#IOM. IJOFNCIH H ICF IHCNCIHM, OLIJH IGGOHCNCM, 2005/8.

211. _EC _MTFc (2005): ILTOF_MIE HIHJLI@CN MTENILH, CPCF TGF, 2005/3.212. _FG_H AHCEc (2005): A @FHjNNIENN_MH aM mEaJTaMH FEFGTNc EIGJNH-

CFPl GcMTLE aM TIE FEFGTNcM_. ONN_MC T_LcNHOFG_HS, 13-M #FHjNN-EaJTaMC ONN_MC #fTN, # GTNC #FHjNNEaJTaMC HNaTN, BOJMN.

213. _FG_H AHCEc (2005): AHLcCC HNLCMTCJFCH_LCM ONN_MGcMTLNH, _MICEEC_M: SNGC C@FIH LHCH dTJIHN, C@FIH LHCH #fTNE, ,

BOJMN.214. _FG_H AHCEc (2006): A FC@FIH FLHCH ENOFCN_MC m C@FIH FLHCH T OLcJC

HCc IENN_MJIFCNCE_D_H. H: #ENaHa TEIM YP (MTLE.) (2006): #cEOMTH @FHjNNE NHOF_M, THN MNP_H SNG $TM_C aM _LMFIGNOIG_HSC L,H_LEaJTj HNaTN, $ddFFj, 95-108. I.

215. _FG_H, AHCEc- IMCHMES, . (2007): ANCP CNCTHMCJ H ONCIH. LICHM,3L HNLHNCIHF IH@LH IH HNLCMCJFCHLCNS CH ONCIH, ANHM, 15-17 L2007, OLIJH IGGCMMCIH $ ONCIH H OFNOL m H IHHN LILGGNOS H ML HNLM, NCIHF HCF HCPLMCNS I@ ANHM.

216. _FG_H AHCEc (2008): A @FHjNNEILC NHOF_M MD_NIMM_CLcF. H: BHE AHL_M m

_MTFc (MTLE.) (2008) HOF_M aFNH _N /a/ SLILMT_IH. GJOM dT-FJbNP_HS, BOJMN. 126-152. I.217. H, IH (1988): GILS H CPCF ICNS. H N LCGHNM I@

OLIJH ICFCMG, N LIMJNM @IL GILS, H N LIFG I@ IHNLIFFCHICF H IFCNCF IQL, LMI, IHIH.

218. H, IH (1998): CPCF ICNS: F GM. Q CMCIHM, IFCNS LMM, GLC.219. H, IH (2004): A CPCF N_LMFIG. aC EaJTNE, eD F_NIG_MIE. SJINR

Cc, BOJMN.220. H, IH (.) (1988): CPCF ICNS H N NN: Q OLIJH LMJNCPM,

LMI, IHIH.

&/,!A),* 133



221. LH G_M m Tc AHL (2000): A HIHJLI@CN EaJTaM FSTN GSL @FMjIE-NN_MH. H: MaHS aNL m _EC _MTFc (MTLE.) (2000): dTNM FSTN?!,CHCMTNLFHdEC CPNF, BOJMN.

222. FGL, ALDI m OCI@, NL CG (2000): A LGCE MT@aL MTLJ GlPaMTNEPCF__H. H: OHL m ILP_N m NLc (MTLE.) (2000):167-184. I.

223. FCMT LaT - CMT LaT m IMCM C_FS (2008): TdPSlDNGaHS EOFMEIGJ-NHC_E, NHOF_M aM GINCP_Cc EaLaMEdLaT. H: AHLcCC CMGLNE. #3.5.1, BOJMN 2008. 435-456.

224. HIFF, dL (1996): H@IFSG- aM MTGCH_LCOG-GcMTLNH. aGN aJ@jCMEIFCTdPNMa GTNC SfNNGlEdaMC HNaTN, BOJMN.

225. IF, . A. m #LS, .(1975): IQLM H AJJFC ILS I@ RJLCHNCF LHCH.H ILCM I@ $LIOJ LIMM (1975): .. IIJL, CNIL, CFS.

226. IFNC aHM (1992): FSTN aM MaFS @FHjNNEaJTaM GHCJ_CcD_H. H: IFNC,

. (MTLE.) (1992): #FHjNNEaJTaM T TL@ILOFc P_FNITc PCF__H, aM.227. IFNC aHM (2005): #FGaLaM TC @FHjNNEaJTaMC MTLPTNE EELCN_FN

JLILGDCHE FSTNaLjF. #, BOJMN.228. IFNC aHM (2005): #FGaLaM TC @FHjNNEaJTaMC MTLPTNE GlEdaMaLjF. #,

BOJMN.229. IGHTC BLNFH (2001): AT OLcJC BCTINNM_ GGILHOG T aMT aFNL

ECNLDj NHOF_MLcF. H: ]D cCC TGF. 2001/6. MT_G.230. IHILIMC #LH (1998): CPCF N_LMFIG SLILMT_IH, IFCNCE aM OFNeL

AFJbNP_HS, BOJMN.231. IJJ LCE (2005): A NH_LEaJTaM eD eNDC aM FNjMaC. H: cOMEaJTaM

2005/3. MT_G.232. IJJ_HSC C_FS m NLc NFCH m _C _LNIH (2002): dTTM_NH .

CELIdEIHcGC. GTNC HEdHSPECc, BOJMN.233. IPFMCE cTM@ (1987): A EOFNeL MLHIEC -, lPFjaMEONNc HNaTN, BOJMN.234. IPFMCE cTM@ (2003): A EOFNeL MLHIEC, _MICE EC_M, CNCI FOLCHO,

BOJMN.235. LOM, . (2001): HMFHM LHH m LLCL CHL CNC. ONMM HMNCNON

@fL LQMHHCFOH.236. (2007): A HIHJLI@CN MTENIL F@IHNIM DFFGTjC 2005-H (2007): NNCMTNCEC

fEdL 2007/15. MT, dTJIHNC NNCMTNCEC CPNF, BOJMN.

237. OJ_H XLJ_ (2003): TCHTS #LH, GSL MTEjGlPMMa FMj HSMTGaFSCMa. H: _L 2003. 2. aP@IFSG 4. MT_G (NNJ://QQQ.J.IMTE.O/00100/00181/00008/21.NG)

238. ONC YP - LMFF CEFcM (1991): A HIHJLI@CN MTENIL @IFG. H: MaFS. 1. 61-69. I.239. ONC YP - LMFF CEFcM (MTLE.) (1991): A LGCE MTENIL. HOFG_HSIE.

IHJLI@CN ONNcMIJILN. BOJMN.240. ONC YP (1998): bPDOE NF_H HIHJLI@CNHEs, IHJLI@CN ONNcMIJILN, BOJMN.241. ONC YP (2003): CHE JaHT, ECHE dHNaM. IHJLI@CN ONNcMIJILN, BOJMN.242. ONC YP (2006): A HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE HCcM J_FS_TNIEIH FaLN LGaHSC.

NNJ://[email protected]/ECPHSIE/NHOFGHSIE.NGF, FNdFNP: 2006.03.13.

243. ONC YP (MTLE.) (1992): A HIHJLI@CN MTENIL SLILMT_IH. HOFG_HSIE.IHJLI@CN ONNcMIJILN, BOJMN.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA134



244. _MTFc (2008): A qHOF_M YFNH _p IHIFN GSLILMT_C GPFcMOF_M_HEFeDEILC NdLNaHNajF. H: BHE AHL_M m _MTFc (MTLE.) (2008) HOF_MaFNH _N /a/ SLILMT_IH. GJOM dTFJbNP_HS, BOJMN. 44-65.I.

245. QMIH, . . (1975): #CFITc@CC @IFGE aM aLNaEE @FHjNNIENN_MH. H: LcNC AHIL (MTLE) (2001): AHLcCC TdPSlDNGaHS, 9. EC_M, GTNCHEdHSPECc, 65-107.JJ.

246. CLGHH, FNL (1998): aS@aF HPFaMC EOFNeL. BOJMNC LIDENCLI,BOJMN.

247. HLH, OF (1970): HLNIONCIH FnaONCIH JLGHHN, LCM.248. HSF $SdLS m T_HNc IFN_H (MTLE.) (1998): jE@DN_E: A N_LMFGC aM EOFNOL_FCM

Lj@ILL_MIE MTICIFcC_D. BOJMN, AOF Cc.249. HSF $SdLSmT_HNc IFN_H (MTLE.) (1998): jE@DN_E. A N_LMFGC aM EOFNOL_FCM

Lj@ILL_MIE MTICIFcC_D.AOF, BOJMN.

250. IHL . FCPL (1987): NOS CLFM: IGCH INL @IL LMIHF $LIQN HICF H. PH IEM LMM.

251. aPC NFCH (MTLE.) (1998): CPCF J_FS_H. SfNNGlEdaM T dHEILG_HSTNIE aM CPCF MTLPTNE EdTdNN. FSC _LMFIG ONNc MIJILN, BOJMN.

252. CHGH, . . (1926): HCH I@ AOFN ONCIH, Q ILE: QJOFC. Q CNCIH (1989): EFIG ML HNL @IL IHNCHOCHLI@MMCIHF H CL ONCIH.

253. CHGHH, OL (1926): HCH I@ AOFN ONCIH (1989 H): ILGH:EFIG ML HNL @IL IHNCHOCH LI@MMCIHF H CL ONCIH.

254. CHMNIH, LIF A. m OLI@@, OLLS (.) (1975) FJC NI: HCKOM

H AJJFCNCIHM: PCFS L@LH QILE IH NCM GNI QCN H RNHMCPCFCIL@S, CHMNIH & OLI@@.

255. IOLS, $. (1987): S MIOF Q L ION LIOJ CHKOFCNS? H: ICF CFIMIJSH IFCS, 1987. 5. 249-271. JJ.

256. . _MC _LC (1997): A L@ILGJcC HPFaMC-IENN_MC CHNaTGaHSCHENHOFcC NPaEHSMaLHMTL. H: B_IMCE MNP_H (MTLE.)(1997): A GILH HPFaMFGaFN. FIMT Cc, BOJMN.

257. SL SILCHM IHFJD (QQQ.HSILCHM.O).258. SL aJ@jCMEIFC _LMM_ FJD 2007. aP NPMTC MT_G.259. SL CLNO_FCM HCEFIJaC (2004) \MMT_FFbNINN: BHE AHL_M, NIFMc

@LCMMbNaM: 2004. @LO_L 15, A, 2003m2004.260. _HC . (1975) ENN_M aM TM_C HdPEaM @DFjj ILMT_IEH. AEaGCC,BOJMN.

261. LE . GCN m IHS @@M (1999): H@ILGF ONCIH - IHPLMNCIH, GILSH FLHCH. (1996 JLCHN 1999, 2005). ONCIHF LNCM LMM 113 ALOHFLCP, BLGIN CFFM, INNCHG.

262. _LEOM CH (2006): TENILMGFMMa EOFNeL NLfFNaH m OFNOL_FCM aFeHIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE. H Z m EdTdMMaC GlPFjaM IENcL 35-39.

263. LcNC AHIL (1980): cMTLNH @FHjNNE EaJTaMaT aM N_DaEITNN_M_IT.BOJMN.

264. LcNC AHIL (1992): A LaMTNPPj-EdTJIHNeM_ @FHjNNE NHbN_M_H. H: A @ILOFNMaFS @FHjNNE NHOF_M_H (1992): TdPNMa, BOJMN.

&/,!A),* 135



265. LcNC AHIL (2002): N- NHOFHC S aFNH _N? H: ]D cCC TGF,2002/DeFCOM-OOMTNOM.

266. LcNC AHIL (2006): A NHOFc @FHjNN. H: #ENaHa TEIM YP (MTLE.) (2006):

#cEOMTH @FHjNNE NHOF_M, THN MNP_H SNG $TM_C aM _LMFIGNOI-G_HSC L, H_LEaJTj HNaTN, $ddFFj. 9-18. I.

267. LcNC AHIL (MTLE.) (1997): AHLcCC MTdPSlDNGaHS -, GTNCHEdHSPECc, BOJMN.

268. LMFF, IGM . (1950): CNCTHMCJ H ICF FMM H NL MMSM.GLC HCPLMCNS LMM, GLC.

269. LMFF, IGM . (1973): FMM, CNCTHMCJ H ICF PFIJGHN. MNJILN., $LHQII LMM.

270. CFCME LaTC (MTLE.) (2005): A NHOF_MC @IFSGN GNHbN_M. A PMC$SIJ_L AFJbNP_HS GIFFJLILGD T aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_M NfELaH, BOJMN.

271. C_FS FCEc (@ILbNINN aM P_FINN, 2006): OFMEIGJNHC_E GN_LIT_M aMECP_FMTN_M, NNJ://QQQ.IEC.O

272. CEIHS $SdLS (2003): CeN PS NaPeN? dNPdM Cc, BOJMN.273. CEIHS $SdLS (2005): A NHbN_MGlPaMTN GcMTL. $IHIFN Cc, BOJMN.274. CMTFCPNT #LH (1999): A CPCF N_LMFIG HSIGPIHFC T eD OLcJC NaLH. H:

M@Ec #. m ILP_N M. (MTLE.) (1999): 178-193. I.275. CMTFCPNT, #LH m HMH, . (1998): AH GLCH LIR: CPCF ICNS @LIG

AIP? H: OMGSL, . m OMGSL, . m CNNLIE, B. (M.) (1998):LNCCJNCIH H GILS MN H MN.: IGJLCMIHM H HNLJLNNCIHM. ALGIHE, . .. LJ.

276. IFH_L _Na (2007): A NdMTdLdMH _NL_HSIM FSTNl, @CNF GOHEHaFEfFCEEdTdMMaC HPFaM m T FMj SLm_H LGFj MEIF AFJbNP_HS. H: LIF2007/5. MT. 11-14.

277. ILI, $CIPHHC (2002): op I@ OLIJH CNCTHMCJ. GILNC @CCN,IPLHH JJLI H HIH-MNHL CNCTHMCJ. = NNJ://QQQ.NCPCNCTHMCJ.HN/CNCTHMJIFCNCM/[email protected]@

278. _L_Ha cN BIL_F (2007): A JLILGEELCN_Cc. H: HTC DIM (MTLE.) (2007): A MTE- aM @FHjNNEaJTaM SEILFN. AAB H_Mc aM Cc @N., BOJMN.

279. S cTM@ (2000): 2000 . MT_T aM HPFaM. BOJMN, OHLS; MCLCM Cc.280. S cTM@ (2007): IGJNHCFJe ELCNaLCOGILCHN_FN JcC. ITCE

Cc, T.281. S SLNCF m HCF OhEIP_ (2007): A MTLPTN@DFMTNaM. QQQ.HIGHOF.IL (FNdFNP: 2007. G_DOM 30.).

282. FE MNP_H (1997): AT IENN_M N_LMFGC GN_LITINNM_. H: #FOM P_H(MTLE.) (1997): CENCE. GTNC HEdHSPECc, BOJMN.

283. FE MNP_H (1997): IHMNLOENbP JcC m S eD JLCG F_NN_LIH.MEIFEOFNeL, 1997/2,3,4.

284. aGN AHL_M - CEIHS $SdLS - ECL LHL (MTLE:) (2005): YFNL@ILG aML@ILGJcC - HGTNEdTC NdLEPaME GSL JcCC LJCcD. $IHIFN,BOJMN.

285. aGN BF_TM (2002): A FC@FIH FLHCH EIHJCc NdLNaHNC SdELC. H: O_M-GHTMGHN ./1. 39-44.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA136



286. aGN BF_TM (2003): AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M IHIFN_HE @FN_G_M, PSGCaLN FNN EIHJCccF JIFCNCEOG. H: O_MGHTMGHN (2003): . YP@./1. 30-40. I.

287. aGN BF_TM (2006): A @FHjNNEaJTaM MTLJaHE P_FNIT_M T OLcJC HCc aMT

aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_MC MNLNaC_D_H 2000 aM 2004 EdTdNN. H: IFNC aHM m _MTFc (TLE.) (2006): AT HLcC CjMTLl EaLaMCLjF aM GcMTLCLjF. #BOJMN. 2006. 25-39.

288. aGN BF_TM (2007): A FC@FIH FLHCH JLCG aLNFGTaM. #A, aM-BLHSC LMEFGC aM JLEGL.

289. GTNEdTC HSCFNEITN T dHEaHNM MTENIL FJFPCLjF (aP HaFEfF): IHMIJECHM HCPLMCNS HMNCNON @IL IFCS NOCM. IHJLI@CN ONNcMIJILNSMfFN.

290. CT_E aNL m aNL@C #LH (2005): A EdTdMMaC LaMTPaNF m N_LMFGC aM NFGC_STINNM_. H: _LEOM MTNL (MTLE.) (2005): MGL, aLNM, IS MFEMM.

IHJLI@CN TENIL AHFbTCM, A SMfFN, BOJMN.291. ILPa ENN_MC aM ONN_MC CHCMTNaLCOG IHFJD NNJ://QQQ.HILPC.O/ O-

NCIH/ONCIH/@IFE/@IFE.NG292. (1973): OLLHN ONCIH. A NLNS @IL C@FIH LHCH. LHCMNCIH

@IL IHIGC I-IJLNCIH H PFIJGHN. LCM.293. (1996): C@FIH LHCH @IL AFF, , LCM.294. (2001): HIQF H ECFFM @IL C@. #CLMN LMOFNM @LIG A 2000.

LHCMNCIH @IL IHIGC I-IJLNCIH H PFIJGHN. LCM.295. (2007): ENN_MC EdLEaJ 2007. AT dMMT@IFF_M. SLILMT_LcF.

QQQ.I.IL/O/2007.

296. [CS AHL (2006): C@FIH LHCH. S IENN_MJIFCNCEC EIHJCc aLNFGTaMCFNjMaC OLcJ_H. ]D cCC TGF, 6. MT. 65m71.

297. [CS AHL (2006): C@FIH LHCH m AT IENN_MJIFCNCEC EIHJCcNcF JcCC JLCG_C. ]D JcCC TGF 2006/11. MT. QQQ.IEC.O

298. _F@SmBDTCEm_E (2001): A NLGFjCMEIF. $TM_C CHCMTNaLCOG, BOJMN.299. PFOME FaLC (1999): A HIHJLI@CN MTENIL. HOM HHIHCOM OIG_HSSNG

#FHjNNEaJTaMC aM GLC Lj@ILL_M #DFMTNaMC HNaTN, aM.300. PFOME FaLC (2006): LENCHFGaFNC EdPNETNNaME CPCF N_LMFIG aM

CPCF HIHJLI@CN MTLPTNE NLGaMTNaHE PCTM_FN_cF. IENILC aLNETaM. aMCOIG_HSSNG (EaTCLN), aM.

301. LLC, 6 (1991): ]NH T OLcJC EdTdMMa @Fa: EdTdM JCC NM_ P_LNc N_MCSLILMT_ HIHJLI@CN MTENIL_L. H: ONC, YP (MTLE.)(1991): A HIHJLI@CN MTENILSLILMT_IH, IHJLI@CN ONNcMIJILN, BOJMN, 46-67. I.

302. aNL@C #LH (1997): AT dHEaHNMMa eDD_MTfFNaM. H: LIF 1997/1.303. Nj _MTFc (2000): A @FHjNNIENN_M @IFG_HE P_FNIT_M_LcF H:]D cCC

TGF 2000/ 11 (QQQ.IEC.O):304. Nj _MTFc (2002): CIHFCT_Cc aM N_LMFGMbN_M m @FHjNNIENN_MC aM GlPFjaM-

MTICIFcCC NHOFG_HSIE. _MTLaHS.305. Nj _MTFc (2006): AT CjMEILeE EaJTaMaHE JLIFaG_C. H: #FHjNNEaJTaM. 2006. 3. MT.306. Nj _MTFc (2006): #FHjNNIENN_M aM JIFCNCE. H #ENaHa TEIM YP (MTLE.)

(2006): #cEOMTH @FHjNNE NHOF_M, THN MNP_H SNG $TM_C aM _LMFIG-NOIG_HSC L, H_LEaJTj HNaTN, $ddFFj, 133-140. I.

&/,!A),* 137



307. Nj aE m . ALJIPCM _LC (2007): IHJLI@CN MTLPTNE aM @FHjNNEaJTaMCEELCN_Cc SLILMT_IH, CPCF #cLOG, 2007/1 MT. IFITMP_L.

308. IF_HSC _LIFS (1984): LMEFG, JCIE aM JaHT T cEILC $dLdILMT_H.

$IHIFN Cc, BOJMN.309. IFcHSC MNP_H (2002): AT IENN_M TM_NH, MCLCM, BOJMN.310. IL_HS LIFN (2000): #DFMTNaMC CL_HSIE aM MTfEMaFNE T CMEIFLHMTLH EbPfFC

@FHjNNEaJTaMH. H: #FHjNNEaJTaM EdTGlPFjaMH, , BOJMN.311. IQFF, FNL . (.) (1987): IHJLI@CN NIL. A ML HIIE. F

HCPLMCNS LMM, Q PH.312. ONHG, ILN (1994): A JLIMJL_Fc EdTdMMa. A N_LMFGC NjE aM EdTaFN

(LaMTFNE) H: LIF, 2004/3.313. ONHG, ILN (1993): ECH GILS ILE: CPC LCNCIHM CH ILH NFS.

LCHNIH HCPLMCNS LMM, LCHNIH.

314. ONHG, ILN . (2000): BIQFCH AFIH. IFFJM H PCPF I@ AGLCHIGGOHCNS. CGIH H OMNL, Q ILE.

315. H JL -2982 (1966): IMN I@ N MNOS QM FNL CHILJILN CHNI FGL'MICF HIFIS, BMC BIIEM, Q ILE.

316. O, . (1979): CMCIH FJC. HIFICF #ILMNCH H ICFH. 15. MT. 159-169.

317. -N #CHF JILN (2004): PCQCH ONCIH H LCHCH @IL $IPLHHH ANCP CNCTHMCJ CH OLIJ m A HNLF H MNLH OLIJH LMJNCP. GJFCNCIHM I@ N ML @IL HNLF H MNLH OLIJH IFCS MCH IH ANCP CNCTHMCJ H $IPLHH. LIDN OJJILN S N OLIJH IGGCMMCIH

#LGQILE LILGG 5. CDGH, CDGH HCPLMCNS.318. JILN IH LHCH CH H (2007): @CHCH IQ MOMM CM GMOL CH #CLMN

NCIHM, HOCN H aNCM LHCH, HCH IOHCF @CL LHCH (2008) NNQ mHIOPL (QQQ.F-.).

319. IcT cTM@ (2006): AT GLCLj@ILL_M-GHTMGHN FJDC. L@EN Cc LN, BO-JMN.

320. IM-AELGH, OMH (.): (1986): IH-JLI@CN NIL: IHIGC ILS HOFC IFCS. R@IL HCPLMCNS LMM, Q ILE.

321. cTM_M XLJ_M m bP_LC AHL_M (2005): AMILJNCIH JCNS I@ FIF MF@-IPLHGHNM CHOHLS. H: ANNCF X (.) (2005): HMNCNONCIHF MCH H LCIHF JSNS-OCFCH

CHN JIMN-MMCIH JLCI. OHLCH HNL @IL GILS NOCM, BOJMN.322. OM, . (1990): F@C dLdEdMC. $IHIFN Cc, BOJMN.323. EGH, . (1974): FJC AMMMMGHN: RJLN JCHCIH, #ILMNCH H $LIOJ

LIMM, -1283-, AJLCF 1974.324. FGIH, MNL . - AHCL, FGON . m H MM. (1999): GLCH NIL

PCMCN: OGGLS. BFNCGIL, IHM IJECHM HCPLMCNS HMNCNON @IL IFCSNOCM.

325. FGIH, MNL . m AHCL, FGON . (1992): H L I@ N IHJLI@CN NIL: OMNCIH I@ @CHCIHM. = IFOHNM. 3. 2.125-151.

326. FGIH, MNL . m AHCL, FGON . (1994): GLCH NIL:

IHJLI@CN NIL CH IGJLNCP LMJNCP m AH PLPCQ. BFNCGIL. IHMIJECHM HCPLMCNS HMNCNON @IL IFCS NOCM.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA138



327. FGIH, MNL . m AHCL, FGON . (1995): TENIL MTfFNCE. A HIHJLI@CNMTENIL HGTNEdTC dMMTMIHFbN_MH. IHJLI@CN ONNcMIJILN. (IHJLI@CNEONN_MIE 4.) BOJMN.

328. FGIH, MNL . m AHCL, FGON . (1998): ICF LCCHM I@ CPCF ICNS:RJFCHCH N IHJLI@CN NIL LIMM-NCIHFFS. H: IFOHNM. 9. 3. 213-247. J.

329. FGIH, MNL . m AHCL, FGON . (1999): TENIL MTfFNCE . \MMT@IFFcS HGTNEdTC HIHJLI@CN EONN_M G_MICE MTEMT_LcF. #IL. _LC NFCH. CPCNFCMSMfFN, BOJMN.

330. FGIH, MNL . m IEIFIQMEC, IDC . m CMN, CH (2003): $FIF CPCFICNS. AH PLPCQ. BFNCGIL, IHM IJECHM HCPLMCNS HMNCNON @IL IFCSNOCM HNL @IL CPCF ICNS NOCM.

331. FGIH, MNL . (1987): LNHLM CH OFC LPC: IJ H ILS I@ $IPLHGHN-IHJLI@CN FNCIHM. H: IQFF, FNL . (.): 99-117. I.

332. FGIH, MNL . (1991): A JC EOL, T dHNPaEHSMa EOL aM EILG_HSHIHJLI@CN MTENILLF ECFEbNINN EJMIFNC GILH DcFaNC _FFGH. H: ONC Y. mLMFF . (MTLE.) (1991): 57-69. I.

333. FGIH, MNL .m AHCL, FGON . (1995): TENIL MTfFNCE. IHJLI@CN ON-NcMIJILN, BOJMN

334. FGIH, MNL .m AHCL, FGON .(1996): TENIL MTfFNCE . BOJMN.335. _HN _FG_H (2006): aNTCE- CJINaTCM EPFCNNbP EONN_MH? ]D cCC

TGF 2006/11.336. _ME $aT (1992): CEFCEOMM_ aM HNLFCT_Cc m A EdTJIHNIMbNINN NHfSCTN_M aM

@FHjNNIENN_M MN, ONCI, BOJMN.

337. _ME $aT (2004): #IS GSL: MIE PH T HEfHE. H: BMTaFj, 2004/7-8.338. _ME $aT (2006): AT IENN_MC CIFcC_E P_FNITaEIHSM__LcF, 19. aM 20. MT_TC

FCL_FCM IENN_MJIFCNCE_E. ]D cCC TGF, 2006/10.339. @@OML #LHT (2000): A HPFaM FHSC @FNaNFC.FIMT Cc, BOJMN.340. jH MNP_H (2000): FMj HGTNC CHNaTGaHSCHE GFEOF_M aM MTEj-

GlPME, SL OIG_HS, 2000/11. MT.341. OFNT, IIL .(1983): BLO_T_M T GLC NjEa. dTTM_C aM IC

Cc, BOJMN.342. MNaHS MNP_H (1997): ENN_MC MTLPTNE GSL HIHJLI@CN MTENILH. H: ]D

cCC TGF, 1997/2.

343. MNSaH MNP_H (2003): A IHJLI@CN MTENIL @OHECIH_FCM GEdTFbNaM. A HIHJLI@CNJLCTG. CPCFCNM SMfFN (NNJ://[email protected]/ECPHSIE/NHOFGHSIE.NGF,FNdFNP: 2006. 03 .14.

344. FCGH, AG B. (1992): I@ CPCF ICNS. #L LMM Q ILE.345. FCGH, AG B. (1997): A CPCF N_LMFIG MTGaD. _Pa Cc, BOJMN.346. NaHSC _HIM (2003): YFNIMMTCFHC NHOF_M: T eD JLCG, , BOJMN.347. CLN, ILMN (1977): ILCHMNT L LQMMHCFOH. H: . CLN ()

(1977): BLfHOHH HQ`LNCHL LQMMHCFOH, BLOHMQC.MNLGH LF, 11-36 JJ. SLOF: CLN (2001): A @FHjNNEaJTaM FGaFNCFJDC. H: LcNC A. (MTLE)(2001): AHLcCC TdPSlDNGaHS, 9. EC_M,

GTNC HEdHSPECc, 121-140.

&/,!A),* 139



348. CLCMN, . (1997): OFMEaJMMaE. H: LcNC A. (MTLE.) (1997): AHLcCCMTdPSlDNGaHS . _FIN_M @FHjNNIENN_M FGaFNaHE MTECLIFG_cF.GTNC HEdHSPECc, BOJMN, 140m147.

349. CGJMIH, .A. (1972): A @FHjNNIENN_M @IFG_HE eD GN_LIT_M. H: LcNC A. (MTLE)(2001): AHLcCC TdPSlDNGaHS, 9. EC_M, GTNC HEdHSPECc, 33-40.

350. CHL aNL (2003): #FHjNNIENN_M aM mEaJTaM CMEIFLHMTLH aM TIH EbPfF. H:j. (MTLE) (2003): #FHjNNIENN_M aM mEaJTaM CMEIFLHMTLH aM TIH EbPfF. HOF-G_HSIE. LMT_IM dTIENN_MC HNaTN, BOJMN.

351. GCN, AG (1992): A HGTNE TM_, TM_ NLGaMTNaHE aM IECHEPCTM_FN. dTTM_C aM IC dHSPECc, BOJMN.

352. GCN, . . (1996, 2001): 'C@FIH FLHCH', N HSFIJC I@ CH@ILGF ONCIH.NNJ://[email protected]/FC@FIHFLHCH/[email protected]

353. GCN, . . (2007): 'BMCF RF, FC@FIH FLHCH H CH@ILGF ONCIH', N

HSFIJC I@ CH@ILGF ONCIH [email protected]/NCHELM/N-SR.NG.354. dL `NNLSHM #IFEdMEIF (#): IHFJD QQQ.MP@[email protected]. JHL, . (1973): I LEN CHFCH OLNLFS. IOLHF I@ IHIGCM. IF. 87.356. NNCMTNCEC DFHNaM SL aJ@jCMEIFC _LMM_ 2004. aPH @IFSNNINN HaJ@jCM-

EIFC NPaEHSMaaLjF ([email protected], FNdFNP: 2007. G_DOM 30.).357. NLCEL _HIL (1989): AT dHNPaEHSMa N_LMFGC fTHN. H: OFNeL aM dTdMMa,

79-92, 1989/3358. NLCEL, _HIL (1987): IFOHNLS ONCIH M OFC IGGOHCNCIH. H: NOM-

cN (M.) (1987): H N LIF I@ PIFOHNLS MMICNCIHM CH MICF H OFNOLF PF-IJGHN CH OHLS H N NLFHM, BOJMN.

359. NOS $LIOJ IH ONCIH H LCHCH (1997): qAIGJFCMCH OLIJ NLIOONCIH & LCHCHp H: NNJ://OLIJ.O.CHN/H/IGG/22/L@FR/IG.NGF

360. OD MCFF OCN (MTLE.) (2004): ]D GcMTLE @FHjNNEaJTaMH. IHNEN AFJbNP_HS, #, BOJMN.

361. T. IFH_L AHH (1998): AT HLcOM GlPFjaMFGaFNH. HOFG_HSIE @FHjNNHPFaMLjF 5. @fTN, H_LEaJTj #jCMEIFC L lPFjaMMTLPTjaMHMTaEC TEMIJILN, BOJMN.

362. T. IFH_L AHH (2002): A @FHjNNEN IENNc NH_LIE MTEGC EaMTMaC EIGGO-HCENbP HLcC HaTjJIHND_cF. H: B. $FHMaL NFCH m Nj _MTFc (2002):dTGlPFjaM aM @FHjNNEaJTaM. AT YFNIMMTC LNc lPFjaMaLN

AFJbNP_HS, BOJMN.363. T. IFH_L AHH (2003): A JLI@MMTCIH_FCM NH_L. A EIGGOHCENbP aM CHNLENbPEaMTMa GCHN @FHjNNIENNcC EIGJNHCNLfFN. #FHjNNEaJTaM, . aP@IFSG 4. MT_G.

364. T. IFH_L AHH (2004): A @FHjNNIENNc eD GEdTFbNaMH. L SMfFNNHOFG_HSEdNN, LH.

365. T. IFH_L AHH (2005): A @FHjNNIENNcC MTEG ECFEOF_M_HE ETNC SL-ILMT_IH. H: #. TEIM YP (MTLE.) (2005): #cEOMTH @FHjNNE NHOF_M, OG_HNOIG_HSC aM H_LEaJTj HNaTN, $ddFFj.

366. T. IFH_L AHH (2005): AT CjM @FHjNN LaNE (45 aP @FNNCE): @FHjNNEaJTaMC CaHSCaM EaJTaMC FNjMaC. GTNC #FHjNNEaJTaMC HNaTN, BOJMN.

367. T. cN _HIM (2006): OLcJC ECbP_MIE m GSL FNjMaE. A @FHjNNEILC NHOF_MDdPjEaJaHE EdLPIHFC. GTNC #FHjNNEaJTaMC HNaTN, BOJMN.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA140



368. T. cN _HIM (MTLE.) (2001): OLcJ aTCEdHSP T aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_MLcF.SL aJ@jCMEIFC _LMM_ m THN MNP_H SNG, BOJMN.

369. T. cN _HIM (MTLE.) (2004): #FHjNNEaJTaM T OLcJC HCcH. aTCEdHSP T

aFNIMMTC NLNc NHOF_MLcF . SL aJ@jCMEIFC _LMM_, BOJMN.370. T. cN _HIM (MTLE.) (2004): #FHjNNEaJTaM T OLcJC HCcH. SL aJ@jCMEIFC

_LMM_ m GTNC #FHjNNEaJTaMC HNaTN, BOJMN.371. Tc _Na (MTLE.) (2000): $FI_FCM CPCF N_LMFIG? A HGTNEdTC aM EfF@dFC

$-E MTLJ GSL CPCF N_LMFIG @DFjaMaH. BOJMN, CFF_HSC eNC dHSPECc.

372. TIFM YP (2001): PFCNNbP EONN_MC GNIIFcC JcC_H. A ONN_M-GcMTLNHC ECMEdHSPN_L, lMTEC Cc, BOJMN.

373. TaGH MOTM m LM_HSC _MTFc (1999): FE aM _FcE. JMIFNIE FSCMTIC_FJIFCNCE_H. IHJLI@CN ONNcMIJILN, BOJMN.

374. TaJ Mc@C (2007): AT _FFGC N_GIN_M MTEdTC aM FNjMaC T CMEIFLHMTLHEbPfFC @FHjNNEaJTaMH. H: HTC FDIM (MTLE.) (2007): A MTE- aM @FHjNNEaJTaM-MTLPTaM SEILFN. AAB H_Mc aM Cc @N., BOJMN.

375. TIGIF_HSC MOTM (2004): A CPCF N_LMFIG m N_LNFHOF. H: CPCF TGF2004/1.

376. TlM AHCN m aT $SjTj-#aL $SdLS (2007): aLMaC CHNL_FN MTEEaJTj EdT-JIHNIE GOHE_D_HE aLNaEFaM. ENN_MC aM OFNOL_FCM CHCMTNaLCOG _GIN_METFjCTNcM_, BOJMN.

377. . FS m . INa m. #. FFCQFF (2000): FF-BCH NCIHM. IF I@ OGH H ICF JCNF. ONCIH H ECFFM, .

378. ESIMC AGHIGILC (1993): @CHCH N HIHJLI@CN MNIL: JH. H: MNL .FGIH - FGON . AHCL (M.) (1993): ILECH JJLM I@ N IHM IJECHMIGJLNCP IHJLI@CN NIL LIDN I. 15. ( IHM IJECHM HMNCNON @ILIFCS NOCM, BFNCGIL.

379. bLE (2007): . [email protected]. 2007.G_DOM.380. IKOPCFF, AFRCM (1983): A GIEL_C AGLCE_H. _FIN_M. $IHIFN

Cc, BOJMN.381. IJFL, N@H m AHCL, FGON . (2004): LHCTNCIHF ILS H IHJLI@CN

HGHN: AH PLPCQ. H: CGGL, A. m LCFFL, A. (M.) (2004): #ONOL I@ CPCF ICNS: ECH HNLF OLIJH IHJLI@CN-LHCTNCIHM ILE. CMH,

LF @fL [email protected]. cN YP (1998): A HG @ILG_FCM NHOF_M FCMGLaM m MTGFaFN aM GcMTLE. H:TEEaJTaMC TGF, 2001/2 MT.

383. cN YP (2005): A GOHEPaTaMT EJMIFcc CH@ILG_FCM NHOF_M DFFGTjC, T bSMTLTNN NO_M @FN_L_M_HE aM MTHIMbN_M_HE FNjMaC. #A ONN_MC_LcNHOFG_HS. ([email protected]).

384. cN AHCEc (2007): A MTEEaJTaM CHNaTGaHSLHMTL. H: HTC DIM (MTLE.)(2007): A MTE- aM @FHjNNEaJTaM-MTLPTaM SEILFN. AAB H_Mc aM Cc@N., BOJMN.

385. cN XLJ_ (2005): \HMTLPTjj JIF_LIE. nLNGHH, BOJMN.

386. dLdE LCHH m CHT LCMTNCH (MTLE.) (1998): AFJ@IEe EaTCEdHSP HIHJLI@CNMTLPTNEHE. BOJMN, AFJbNP_HS m ILIM-CIE LI.

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387. F, . . (1991): FJC HCKO. H: PS, A. (MTLE.) (2001): HNLHNCIHFHSFIJC I@ OLLCOFOG.

388. (1998): C@FIH ONCIH @IL AFF. , LCM.

389. (1996): LHCH: N LMOL CNCH, N LJILN NI I@ NHNLHNCIHF IGGCMMCIH IH ONCIH @IL N QHNS-@CLMN HNOLS. , LCM.

390. HMI (1997): ENN_M m DNNN ECHM. MCLCM Cc mSL HMI BCTINNM_, BOJMN.391. L A. G_MmLM FIH (1998): dTdMMa@DFMTNaM. dTdMMa@DFMTNjE SMfFN m

SL lPFjaMC HNaTN, BOJMN.392. L A. G_M mL _Na m LM FIH (2002): dTdMMa@DFMTNaM aM @FHjNNEaJTaM

m $IHIFEIDOHE GIEL_C_LcF. H: $FHMaL NFCHmNj _MTFc (2002):dTGlPFjaM aM @FHjNNEaJTaM, AT YFNIMMTC LNc lPFjaMaLN AFJbNP_HS,BOJMN, 385-389.

393. LM FIH (2004): dTdMMa@DFMTNj FEaE ETjEHE aM FcEHE. LIF

@fTN, dTdMMa@DFMTNjE SMfFN, BOJMN.394. CN_HSC P_H (1981): _LMFIG, EOFNeL, MTICIFcC. BOJMN.395. FTL, CF (1995): IQL $FIF CPCF ICNS. LIPCH, BLH BIIEM.396. PL, . . (1971): FJC #ILMNCH NI. ONCIHF IFCS ML

HNL, SLOM HCPLMCNS, SLOM, . .397. L, R (1979): A JLINMN_HM NCE aM EJCNFCTGOM MTFFG. BOJMN, $IHIFN

Cc.398. CHGHH, BLH (1995): CELM NH@IFSGIE aM MTGCH_LCOGIE. aGN aJ@j-

CMEIFC TdPNMa GTNC SfNNGlEdaMC HNaTN, BOJMN.399. CMLI, BLONIH (1975): A _LIGMTENILIM TM_H GlEdj dHNPaEHS HIH-

JLI@CN MTLPNE S FGaFN @Fa. H: ONC YP m LMFF CEFcM (MTLE.) (1991): ALGCE MTENIL. IHJLI@CN ONNcMIJILN. BOJMN, 15-28.

400. CMLI, BOLNIH A. (1975): IQL ILS I@ N IFOHNLS IH-LI@CN NIL CH L-NIL IHIGS. H: FJM . . (.) (1975): AFNLOCMG, ILNFCNS HIHIGC ILS. Q ILE, OMMFF #IOHNCIH. 171-195.

401. CMLI, BOLNIH A. (1988): IHJLI@CN IHIGS. LPL HCPLMCNS LMM,GLC, A - IHIH.

402. CMLI, BOLNIH A. (1991): A _LIGMTENILIM TM_H GlEdj dHNPaEHSHIHJLI@CN MTENIL S FGaFN @Fa. H: ONC YP m LMFF CEFcM (MTLE.) (1991): A LGCE MTENIL (1991): 15-28.

403. F@L NNM CH IL L , BLFCH: $LOSNL. 3-25. SLOF: dPEaM N_LIEC. H: AHILE .-LCF, .-ML, . (MTLE.) (1995): _LMFGC LaNTjaM,BOJMN, AOF 503-529.

404. CG IE DFHNaM T OLcJC BCTINNM_ MT_G_L (2004): NNJ://.OLIJ.O/ HFLGHN /LCPM/J@/HFLGHNJLIMM/JMNHFLGHNM/IGGOHCNCIHMNLNS/EIECHNLIONCIHO.J@,

405. IF@H CF NHOFG_HS_N: A EILG_HS aM HIHJLI@CN MTENIL EdTdNNC EJMIFNHGTNEdTC dMMTMIHFbN_MH: #LHCILMT_ aM T , MaFS, 1991/1.

406. _L (2003): A @FHjNNEaJTaM @DFjaMC CL_HSC. S LHMTLMTGFaFNl GEdTFbNaM.#FHjNNEaJTaM, #FHjNNEaJTaM 1. aP@. 1. MT. 12-19.

407. _L _MTFc (1997): #FHjNNEaJTaM aM GOHELj-JCC EaJTaM. B/T/,BOJMN.

A (\\Y$ A+)XA142



408. _L _MTFc (2002): AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M CL_HSC. TEEaJTaMC TGF,2002. 4. MT. 370m383.

409. _L _MTFc (2008): AT aMT aFNH _N NLNc NHOF_M NLNFG aM TC @FHjNNEaJTaMC

LHMTL. H: H_L-NIP_EaJTaMC #fTNE (2008): BHE AHL_M m IFNC aHM-TELM G_M- MM _MTFc, (MTLE): #, 15-87.

410. _G _LC (2006): A GSL HIHJLI@CN MTENIL DdPjD GOHEHaFEfFCMa ETFaMaHT OLcJC CHNL_Cc @IFSGN_H. qCNLNINNM_ PS CHNL_Cc m @FT_LEcT_MMaFSC T OLcJC JCIHp, IHJLI@CN ONNcMIJILN SMfFN, BOJMN([email protected] FNdFNP: 2006. G_DOM 22.).

411. GLIPMEg, IDN (1970): MNHE aM jMdE dLd-LcGC GIHPCF_H. cL#LH @DeM_C dHSPECc. BOJMN.

412. LCHMTES _MTFc (2005): A @FHjNNEaJTaM NOIG_HS, , BOJMN.413. MLHC TCF_L (2003): MEIFLHMTLH EbPfFC EaJTaM SLILMT_IH. AT LMT_IM

aJTaMC STaEH MTLJFj MTEG_E NLfFNaH EbPfF. H: CHL aNL MTLE. (2003):#FHjNNIENN_M aM mEaJTaM CMEIFLHMTLH aM TIH EbPfF. HOFG_HSIE. LMT_IMdTIENN_MC HNaTN, BOJMN.

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